George Eliot - biography, information, personal life. George Eliot (English)

George Eliot real name is Mary Ann Evans ( Mary Ann Evans). Born November 22, 1819 at the Arbury estate in Warwickshire - died December 22, 1880 in London. English writer.

In 1841 she moved with her father to Foulshill, near Coventry.

In 1854, her translation of The Essence of Christianity by L. Feuerbach was published. At the same time, her civil marriage began with J. G. Lewis, a famous literary critic who also wrote for scientific and philosophical themes. In their first months life together Mary Ann finished translating Spinoza's Ethics and in September 1856 turned to fiction.

Her first work was a series of three stories, which appeared in Blackwoods Magazine in 1857 under the general heading "Scenes of Clerical Life" and the pseudonym "George Eliot". Like many other writers of the 19th century (, Marco Vovchok, the Bronte sisters - “Carrer, Ellis and Acton Bell”, Krestovsky-Khvoshchinskaya) - Mary Evans used a male pseudonym in order to evoke in the public serious attitude to their writings and taking care of the inviolability of their personal lives. (In the 19th century, her writings were translated into Russian without revealing a pseudonym, which was inclined as male name and surname: "George Eliot's novel"). Nevertheless, Charles Dickens immediately guessed the woman in the mysterious Eliot.

Anticipating her future and best creations, the "Scenes" are full of intimate memories of the former, who did not yet know railways England. Published in 1859, the novel Adam Bede (eng. Adam Bede), an unusually popular and perhaps the best pastoral novel in English literature, brought Eliot to the forefront of the Victorian novelists.

In "Adam Bide" George Eliot wrote about the times of her father's youth (England late XVIII century), in The Mill on the Floss (eng. The Mill on the Floss, 1860) turned to her own early impressions. The heroine of the novel, the passionate and spiritual Maggie Tulliver, has much in common with the young Mary Ann Evans. The most substantive of Eliot's "rural" novels is Silas Marner. The characters live a life convincing in the eyes of the reader, they are surrounded by a concrete, recognizable world. This is Eliot's last "autobiographical" novel.

Romola (1863) tells of 15th-century Florence, and the paintings of Renaissance Italy are as subtracted from books as they were nourished by the memories of the “scene” of the outgoing England. In Felix Holt the Radical (1866), returning to English life, Eliot discovered the temperament of a sharp social critic.

Eliot's universally recognized masterpiece is the novel "Middlemarch" (eng. Middlemarch); published in parts in 1871-1872.

Eliot shows how a powerful striving for good can destroy a hidden weakness, how complexities of character nullify the noblest aspirations, how a moral rebirth befalls people who are not initially bad at all.

Last novel Eliot, "Daniel Deronda", appeared in 1876. Lewis died two years later, and the writer devoted herself to preparing his manuscripts for publication.

In May 1880 she married old friend family of D. W. Cross, but died on December 22, 1880.

Bibliography of George Eliot:

1859 - "Adam Beed"
1860 - "The Mill on the Floss"
1861 - "Siles Marner"
1863 - "Romola"
1866 - "Felix Holt, Radical"
1871-1872 - "Middlemarch"
1876 ​​- "Daniel Deronda".

Eliot's work is close to naturalism in some ways, which, however, did not prevent her in the novel The Mill on the Floss (Russian translation, 1860) from typical picture life of the provincial bourgeoisie.

Works signed by the male name "George Eliot" (George Eliot), already a century and a half. The way of life, way of life and traditions, against which the action of such novels as "Middlemarch", "Siles Manner", "The Mill on the Floss" unfolds, has long gone down in history, but the concreteness and recognizability of details, the psychological accuracy of the characters and the relationships of the characters, as well as masterfully painted pictures of old England attract new and new generations of readers to them. Mary Evans, in the marriage of Cross, was not the only writer who preferred to publish her works under a male name - it is enough to recall such a well-known in literature XXI century name like Georges Sand. However, such a subtle connoisseur human souls how Charles Dickens, not being familiar with the writer, immediately guessed that a woman calls herself George Elliot.

Mary Ann (or Marian) Evans was born on November 22, 1819 in a house located in countryside Derbyshire. Her father, Robert Evans, a native of Wales, was the manager of Arbury Hall, the family estate of the Newdigate barons, and her mother, Christina Pearson, was the daughter of a farmer. Robert's two children from a previous marriage were already growing up in the family, as well as eldest daughter Chrissy and son Isaac. Mary was considered an ugly girl, but she was smart and loved to read. Robert Evans understood that neither external data nor a dowry could provide his daughter with an advantageous marriage and a worthy place in society, so he decided to give her a good education. From the age of five to sixteen, the girl studied at closed schools.

Christina Evans died in 1836. Mary took over

and all household, she did not part with her father until his death in 1849. The girl was allowed to use the magnificent library of Archery Hall, and she perfectly studied the books of the classics, including in Latin and Greek. In 1840, after her brother's marriage, Mary Evans and her father moved to the town of Foulshill, near Coventry. There she met the philanthropist manufacturer Charles Bray, who maintained extensive communication with philosophers, writers, liberal religious figures, in particular, with Robert Owen, David Strauss, Ludwig Feuerbach.

In 1846, Mary Evans anonymously published her first book, a translation of Strauss' Life of Christ. After the death of her father, she traveled around Europe for some time, then came to London, where she settled in the house of her old acquaintance from Coventry, the publisher John Chapman. He published the Westminster Review, a literary and philosophical journal, and after much hesitation and persuasion by Chapman, Mary, who began to call herself Marian, took the position of an unpaid assistant editor in the journal. Simultaneously with the enormous work that had to be done in the magazine, Marian was translating Feuerbach's book, The Essence of Christianity. This translation was published in 1854 and became the only work, which Marian Evans published under her real name. In the same year, she met the philosopher and critic George Henry Lewis. Despite the fact that Lewis was married to Agnes Jervis and had three children, he entered into an agreement with his wife on mutual freedom; four children of Agnes

Whose father was the editor of the Daily Telegraph, Thornton Hart, were formally considered the children of Lewis, and divorce under the laws of that time was almost impossible. Although extramarital affairs were not uncommon in Victorian England, and among writers and journalists they were very common, open communication was considered a challenge to society. The romance of Marian Evans and George Lewis began in 1854 and marked a new stage her literary creativity. In the first months of their joint journey to Weimar, Marian completed the translation of Baruch Spinoza's Ethics and began to write fiction.

In 1857, the Blackwood Magazine began publishing a series of short stories entitled "Scenes from the Life of the Clergy" by George Elliot. The choice of a male pseudonym was not accidental - at that time, as to this day, "ladies'" prose is a priori considered as a frivolous entertaining reading; in addition, Marian did not want to draw the attention of readers to her person and the peculiarities of her personal life. In 1859, Marian wrote her first major novel, Adam Bede. The background for this book was the time familiar to her from the stories of her father - the end of the 18th century. The novel was extremely popular, and to this day is considered the best English novel in rural style. This book was admired by Queen Victoria, who commissioned the artist Edward Corbould to create a series of paintings based on Adam Bede.

Next novel, "The Mill on the Floss" (1860), described the events that took place during the youth of the writer herself, and the heroine of this work, Maggie Tewle

liver, in many ways resembled the young Mary Evans. On title page"Mills on the Floss" flaunted a dedication: "To my beloved husband, George Henry Lewis, I dedicate my third book, written in the sixth year of our life together." The following year, the writer published her last "autobiographical" work, Silas Marner. In 1863 Marian Evans wrote historical novel"Romola", which takes place in Renaissance Florence, and in 1866 - a sharp socio-critical narrative "Felix Holt, Radical". This was followed by the poem "Spanish Gypsy", written in blank verse, but she, like the poetic experiments of the young Mary Evans, was not successful. But the novel "Middlemarch" (1870), showing the story of the moral rebirth of heroes, became her best book and made the glory of English literature. The latest work writer was "Daniel Deronda", written in 1876.

The success of the George Elliot novels softened the public reaction to the union between Lewis and Evans, especially since their relationship had stood the test of time; in 1877, the writer was even introduced to Queen Victoria's daughter, Princess Louise. Lewis died in 1877. For two years, Marian prepared his last work, Life and Mind, for publication, and in May 1880 she again challenged society: she married an old family friend, John Cross, who was fifteen years younger than her and was depressed after the death of her mother. However, the marriage was short: in December 1880, the writer died. Her ashes are buried in Highgate Cemetery, next to the grave of Henry Lewis.

Eliot's work is close to naturalism in some ways, which, however, did not prevent her in the novel The Mill on the Floss (Russian translation of 1860) from reproducing a typical picture of the life of provincial philistinism.

Works signed by the male name "George Eliot" (George Eliot), already a century and a half. The way of life, way of life and traditions, against which the action of such novels as "Middlemarch", "Siles Manner", "The Mill on the Floss" unfolds, has long gone down in history, but the concreteness and recognizability of details, the psychological accuracy of the characters and the relationships of the characters, as well as masterfully painted pictures of old England attract new and new generations of readers to them. Mary Evans, married Cross, was not the only writer who preferred to publish her work under a male name - just think of such a well-known name in the literature of the XXI century as Georges Sand. However, such a subtle connoisseur of human souls as Charles Dickens, not being familiar with the writer, immediately guessed that a woman calls herself George Elliot.

Mary Ann (or Marian) Evans was born on November 22, 1819 in a house located in the countryside of Derbyshire. Her father, Robert Evans, a native of Wales, was the manager of Arbury Hall, the family estate of the Newdigate barons, and her mother, Christina Pearson, was the daughter of a farmer. Robert's two children from a previous marriage were already growing up in the family, as well as the eldest daughter Chrissy and son Isaac. Mary was considered an ugly girl, but she was smart and loving.

la read. Robert Evans understood that neither external data nor a dowry could provide his daughter with an advantageous marriage and a worthy place in society, so he decided to give her a good education. From the age of five to sixteen, the girl studied in closed schools.

Christina Evans died in 1836. Mary took over the entire household, she did not part with her father until his death in 1849. The girl was allowed to use the magnificent library of Archery Hall, and she perfectly studied the books of the classics, including in Latin and Greek. In 1840, after her brother's marriage, Mary Evans and her father moved to the town of Foulshill, near Coventry. There she met the philanthropist manufacturer Charles Breuil, who maintained extensive communication with philosophers, writers, liberal religious figures, in particular, with Robert Owen, David Strauss, Ludwig Feuerbach.

In 1846, Mary Evans anonymously published her first book, a translation of Strauss' Life of Christ. After the death of her father, she traveled around Europe for some time, then came to London, where she settled in the house of her old acquaintance from Coventry, the publisher John Chapman. He published the literary and philosophical journal Westminster Review, and after long

Chapman's persuasion and persuasion Mary, who began to call herself Marian, took the post of assistant editor in the magazine without pay. Simultaneously with the enormous work that had to be done in the magazine, Marian was translating Feuerbach's book, The Essence of Christianity. This translation was published in 1854 and was the only work that Marian Evans published under her real name. In the same year, she met the philosopher and critic George Henry Lewis. Despite the fact that Lewis was married to Agnes Jervis and had three children, he entered into an agreement with his wife on mutual freedom; Agnes' four children, whose father was the editor of the Daily Telegraph, Thornton Hart, were formally considered the children of Lewis, and divorce under the laws of that time was almost impossible. Although extramarital affairs were not uncommon in Victorian England, and they were quite common among writers and journalists, an open relationship was considered a challenge to society. The novel by Marian Evans and George Lewis began in 1854 and marked a new stage in her literary work. In the first months of their joint trip to Weimar, Marian completed the translation of Baruch Spinoza's Ethics and began writing fiction.

In 1857, in the Blackwood Mag.

ezin" began to publish a cycle of stories entitled "Scenes from the Life of the Clergy", the author of which was George Elliot. The choice of a male pseudonym was not accidental - at that time, as to this day, "ladies'" prose is a priori considered as a frivolous entertaining reading; except In addition, Marian did not want to draw the attention of readers to her person and the peculiarities of her personal life.In 1859, Marian wrote her first big novel called "Adam Bede".The background for this book was the time familiar to her from the stories of her father - the end of the 18th century. was extremely popular, and to this day is considered the best English novel in the "country" style.This book was admired by Queen Victoria, who commissioned a series of paintings based on "Adam Beed" by the artist Edward Corbould.

The next novel, The Mill on the Floss (1860), described the events that took place during the youth of the writer herself, and the heroine of this work, Maggie Tulliver, in many ways resembled the young Mary Evans. On the title page of The Mill on the Floss was a dedication: "To my beloved husband, George Henry Lewis, I dedicate my third book, written in the sixth year of our life together." The following year, the writer published her last "autobiographical" work.

eating Silas Marner. In 1863, Marian Evans wrote the historical novel Romola, set in Renaissance Florence, and in 1866, the poignant socio-critical narrative Felix Holt, the Radical. This was followed by the poem "Spanish Gypsy", written in blank verse, but she, like the poetic experiments of the young Mary Evans, was not successful. But the novel "Middlemarch" (1870), showing the story of the moral rebirth of heroes, became her best book and made the glory of English literature. The last work of the writer was "Daniel Deronda", written in 1876.

The success of the George Elliot novels softened the public reaction to the union between Lewis and Evans, especially since their relationship had stood the test of time; in 1877, the writer was even introduced to Queen Victoria's daughter, Princess Louise. Lewis died in 1877. For two years, Marian prepared his last work, Life and Mind, for publication, and in May 1880 she again challenged society: she married an old family friend, John Cross, who was fifteen years younger than her and was depressed after the death of her mother. However, the marriage was short: in December 1880, the writer died. Her ashes are buried in Highgate Cemetery, next to the grave of Henry Lewis.

In 1841 she moved with her father to Foulshill, near Coventry.
In 1846, Mary Ann anonymously published a translation of D. F. Strauss's Life of Jesus. After her father's death (1849), she accepted the post of assistant editor at the Westminster Riviera, not without hesitation, and in 1851 moved to London. In 1854, her translation of The Essence of Christianity by L. Feuerbach was published. At the same time, her civil marriage began with J. G. Lewis, a well-known literary critic who also wrote on scientific and philosophical topics. In the first months of their life together, Mary Ann completed the translation of Spinoza's Ethics and in September 1856 turned to fiction.

Her first work was a cycle of three stories that appeared in the Blackwoods Magazine in 1857 under the general title Scenes from the Life of the Clergy (Eng. Scenes of Clerical Life) and the pseudonym George Eliot. Like many other writers of the 19th century (George Sand, Marco Vovchok, the Bronte sisters - “Carrer, Ellis and Acton Bell”, Krestovsky-Khvoshchinskaya) - Mary Evans used a male pseudonym in order to arouse a serious attitude towards her writings in the public and taking care of the inviolability his personal life. (In the 19th century, her writings were translated into Russian without disclosing a pseudonym, which was inclined like a male name and surname: "George Eliot's novel"). Nevertheless, Charles Dickens immediately guessed the woman in the mysterious Eliot.
Anticipating her future and best creations, the "Scenes" are full of intimate memories of the former England, which did not yet know the railways.
Published in 1859, the novel Adam Bede, an extremely popular and perhaps the best pastoral novel in English literature, brought Eliot to the forefront of Victorian novelists. In "Adam Bide" George Eliot wrote about the times of his father's youth (England of the late 18th century), in "The Mill on the Floss" (Eng. The Mill on the Floss, 1860) she turned to her own early impressions. The heroine of the novel, the passionate and spiritual Maggie Tulliver, has much in common with the young Mary Ann Evans. The most substantive of Eliot's "rural" novels is Silas Marner. The characters live a life convincing in the eyes of the reader, they are surrounded by a concrete, recognizable world. This is Eliot's last "autobiographical" novel. Romola (1863) tells of 15th-century Florence, and the paintings of Renaissance Italy are as subtracted from books as they were nourished by the memories of the “scene” of the outgoing England. In Felix Holt the Radical (1866), returning to English life, Eliot discovered the temperament of a sharp social critic.
Published in 1868, a long poem in white verse, The Spanish Gypsy, like her other experiments in poetry, did not stand the test of time.
Eliot's universally recognized masterpiece is the novel "Middlemarch" (eng. Middlemarch); published in parts in 1871-1872. Eliot shows how a powerful striving for good can destroy a hidden weakness, how complexities of character nullify the noblest aspirations, how a moral rebirth befalls people who are not initially bad at all. Eliot's last novel, Daniel Deronda, appeared in 1876. Lewis died two years later, and the writer devoted herself to preparing his manuscripts for publication. In May 1880, she married an old family friend, D. W. Cross, but she died on December 22, 1880.