Alexey Peshkov, famous in literary circle, like Maxim Gorky, was born in Nizhny Novgorod. Alexei's father died, in 1871, when the future writer was only 3 years old, his mother lived only a little longer, leaving her son an orphan at 11 years old. For further care, the boy was sent to the family of his maternal grandfather Vasily Kashirin.
It was not the cloudless life in his grandfather's house that made Alexei switch to his own bread from childhood. Getting food, Peshkov worked as a messenger, washed dishes, baked bread. Later future writer will talk about it in one of the parts autobiographical trilogy titled "Childhood".
In 1884, young Peshkov aspired to pass the exams at Kazan University, but to no avail. Difficulties in life unexpected death his own grandmother, who was a good friend of Alexei, lead him to despair and attempted suicide. The bullet did not hit the young man's heart, but this incident doomed him to lifelong respiratory weakness.
Craving for change state structure, young Aleksey contacts the Marxists. In 1888 he was arrested for anti-state propaganda. After his release, the future writer is engaged in wandering, calling this period of his life his "universities".
The first steps of creativity
Since 1892, having returned to his native place, Alexei Peshkov became a journalist. The first articles of the young author are published under the pseudonym Yehudiel Khlamida (from the Greek cloak and dagger), but soon the writer comes up with another name for himself - Maxim Gorky. With the word "bitter" the writer strives to show the "bitter" life of the people and the desire to describe the "bitter" truth.
The first work of the master of the word was the story "Makar Chudra", published in 1892. Following him, the world saw other stories "Old Woman Izergil", "Chelkash", "Song of the Falcon", " former people"and others (1895-1897).
Literary rise and popularity
In 1898, the collection Essays and Stories was published, which brought fame to Maxim Gorky among the masses. The main characters of the stories were the lower classes of society, enduring the unprecedented hardships of life. The suffering of the "tramps" the author displayed in the most exaggerated form, in order to create a simulated pathos of "humanity". In his works, Gorky nurtured the idea of the unity of the working class, protecting the social, political and cultural heritage of Russia.
The next revolutionary impulse, openly hostile to tsarism, was the Song of the Petrel. As punishment for calling for a fight against the autocracy, Maxim Gorky was expelled from Nizhny Novgorod and recalled from the membership. Imperial Academy. Remaining in close ties with Lenin and other revolutionaries, Gorky wrote the play "At the Bottom" and a number of other plays that received recognition in Russia, Europe and the United States. At this time (1904-1921), the writer connects his life with the actress and admirer of Bolshevism, Maria Andreeva, breaking ties with his first wife, Ekaterina Peshkova.
Abroad
In 1905, after the December armed rebellion, fearing arrest, Maxim Gorky went abroad. Collecting the support of the Bolshevik Party, the writer visits Finland, Great Britain, the USA, gets acquainted with the famous writers Mark Twain, Theodore Roosevelt and others. .
Not daring to go to Russia, from 1906 to 1913 the revolutionary lives on the island of Capri, where he creates a new philosophical system, which is vividly displayed in the novel "Confession" (1908).
Return to the fatherland
An amnesty for the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty allowed the writer to return to Russia in 1913. Continuing his active creative and civic activities, Gorky publishes the key parts of the autobiographical trilogy: 1914 - "Childhood", 1915-1916 - "In People".
During the First World War and the October Revolution, Gorky's Petersburg apartment became the site of regular Bolshevik meetings. But the situation changed dramatically a few weeks after the revolution, when the writer explicitly accused the Bolsheviks, in particular Lenin and Trotsky, of lust for power and the falsity of the intentions of creating democracy. The newspaper Novaya Zhizn, which was published by Gorky, became the object of persecution by censorship.
Together with the prosperity of communism, criticism of Gorky decreased and soon the writer met Lenin personally, admitting his mistakes.
Staying from 1921 to 1932 in Germany and Italy, Maxim Gorky writes the final part of the trilogy entitled "My Universities" (1923), and is also being treated for tuberculosis.
The last years of the writer's life
In 1934, Gorky was appointed head of the Union of Soviet Writers. As a sign of gratitude from the government, he receives a luxurious mansion in Moscow.
In the last years of his work, the writer was closely associated with Stalin, in every possible way supporting the policy of the dictator in his literary works. In this regard, Maxim Gorky is called the founder of a new trend in literature - socialist realism, which is more associated with communist propaganda than with artistic talent. The writer died on June 18, 1936.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Maksim Gorky - pseudonym Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov, the incorrect use of the writer's real name in combination with a pseudonym - Alexei Maksimovich Gorky, (March 16 (28), 1868, is also well-established). Nizhny Novgorod, Russian empire- June 18, 1936, Gorki, Moscow region, USSR) - Russian writer, prose writer, playwright. One of the most significant and famous Russian writers and thinkers in the world. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, he became famous as the author of works with a revolutionary tendency, personally close to the Social Democrats and in opposition to the tsarist regime.
Gorky was initially skeptical October revolution. However, after several years of cultural work in Soviet Russia(in Petrograd he headed the publishing house " world literature”, petitioned the Bolsheviks for those arrested) and living abroad in the 1920s (Berlin, Marienbad, Sorrento), returned to the USSR, where in the last years of his life he received official recognition as the founder of socialist realism.
Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov was born in Nizhny Novgorod, in the family of a carpenter (according to another version - the manager of the Astrakhan shipping company I. S. Kolchin) - Maxim Savvatevich Peshkov (1840-1871), who was the son of a soldier demoted from officers. M. S. Peshkov in the last years of his life worked as a manager of a steamship office, died of cholera. Mother - Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-1879) - from a bourgeois family; widowed early, remarried, died of consumption. Gorky's grandfather Savvaty Peshkov rose to the rank of officer, but was demoted and exiled to Siberia "for cruel treatment with the lower ranks, ”after which he enrolled in the tradesmen. His son Maxim ran away from his father five times and left home forever at the age of 17. Orphaned early, Gorky spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Kashirin. From the age of 11, he was forced to go “to the people”: he worked as a “boy” at a store, as a buffet utensil on a steamer, as a baker, studied at an icon-painting workshop, etc.
In 1884 he tried to enter Kazan University. He got acquainted with Marxist literature and propaganda work.
In 1888 he was arrested for his connection with the circle of N. E. Fedoseev. He was under constant police surveillance. In October 1888 he entered as a watchman at the Dobrinka station of the Gryase-Tsaritsyno railway. Impressions from staying in Dobrinka will serve as the basis for the autobiographical story "The Watchman" and the story "For the sake of boredom".
In January 1889, by personal request (a complaint in verse), he was transferred to the Borisoglebsk station, then as a weigher to the Krutaya station.
In the spring of 1891 he went on a wandering and soon reached the Caucasus.
Literary and social activity
In 1892 he first appeared in print with the story "Makar Chudra". Returning to Nizhny Novgorod, he publishes reviews and feuilletons in the Volzhsky Vestnik, Samarskaya Gazeta, Nizhny Novgorod Leaflet, and others.
1895 - "Chelkash", "Old Woman Izergil".
1896 - Gorky writes a response to the first cinematic session in Nizhny Novgorod:
And suddenly something clicks, everything disappears, and a train of the railway appears on the screen. He rushes with an arrow straight at you - beware! It seems that he is about to rush into the darkness in which you sit, and turn you into a torn bag of skin, full of crumpled meat and crushed bones, and destroy, turn into rubble and dust this hall and this building, where there is so much wine. , women, music and vice.
1897 - "Former People", "The Orlov Spouses", "Malva", "Konovalov".
From October 1897 to mid-January 1898, he lived in the village of Kamenka (now the city of Kuvshinovo, Tver Region) in the apartment of his friend Nikolai Zakharovich Vasiliev, who worked at the Kamensk paper factory and led an illegal working Marxist circle. Subsequently, the life impressions of this period served as material for the writer's novel "The Life of Klim Samgin".
1898 - The publishing house of Dorovatsky and A.P. Charushnikov published the first volume of Gorky's works. In those years, the circulation of the young author's first book rarely exceeded 1,000 copies. A. I. Bogdanovich advised to publish the first two volumes of "Essays and Stories" by M. Gorky, 1200 copies each. Publishers "took a chance" and released more. The first volume of the 1st edition of Essays and Stories was published in 3,000 copies.
1899 - the novel "Foma Gordeev", a poem in prose "The Song of the Falcon".
1900-1901 - the novel "Three", a personal acquaintance with Chekhov, Tolstoy.
1900-1913 - participates in the work of the publishing house "Knowledge".
March 1901 - "Song of the Petrel" was created by M. Gorky in Nizhny Novgorod. Participation in the Marxist workers' circles of Nizhny Novgorod, Sormov, St. Petersburg; wrote a proclamation calling for a fight against the autocracy. Arrested and expelled from Nizhny Novgorod.
In 1901, M. Gorky turned to dramaturgy. Creates the plays "Petty Bourgeois" (1901), "At the bottom" (1902). In 1902, he became the godfather and adoptive father of the Jew Zinovy Sverdlov, who took the surname Peshkov and converted to Orthodoxy. This was necessary in order for Zinovy to receive the right to live in Moscow.
February 21 - the election of M. Gorky to the honorary academicians of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature.
In 1902, Gorky was elected an honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences ... But before Gorky could exercise his new rights, his election was annulled by the government, since the newly elected academician "was under police surveillance." In this regard, Chekhov and Korolenko refused membership in the Academy
1904-1905 - writes the plays "Summer Residents", "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians". Meets Lenin. For the revolutionary proclamation and in connection with the execution on January 9, he was arrested and imprisoned in Peter and Paul Fortress. In defense of Gorky famous figures art G. Hauptmann, A. France, O. Rodin, T. Hardy, J. Meredith, Italian writers G. Deledda, M. Rapisardi, E. de Amicis, composer G. Puccini, philosopher B. Croce and other representatives of the creative and scientific world from Germany, France, England. Student demonstrations took place in Rome. On February 14, 1905, under public pressure, he was released on bail. Member of the revolution 1905-1907. In November 1905 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.
1906, February - Gorky and Maria Andreeva set off through Europe to America. Abroad, the writer creates satirical pamphlets about the "bourgeois" culture of France and the United States ("My Interviews", "In America"). He writes the play "Enemies", creates the novel "Mother". Because of tuberculosis, he settled in Italy on the island of Capri, where he lived for 7 years (from 1906 to 1913). He settled in the prestigious hotel Quisisana. From March 1909 to February 1911 he lived at the Spinola villa (now Bering), stayed at the villas (they have commemorative plaques about his stay) Blasius (from 1906 to 1909) and Serfina (now Pierina) ). On Capri, Gorky wrote "Confession" (1908), where his philosophical differences with Lenin and rapprochement with the god-builders Lunacharsky and Bogdanov were clearly identified.
1907 - a delegate with an advisory vote to the V Congress of the RSDLP.
1908 - the play "The Last", the story "Life unnecessary person».
1909 - the novels "The Town of Okurov", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin".
1913 - Gorky edits the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda, the art department of the Bolshevik journal Enlightenment, publishes the first collection of proletarian writers. Writes Tales of Italy.
At the end of December 1913, after the announcement of a general amnesty on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Romanovs, Gorky returned to Russia and settled in St. Petersburg.
1914 - founded the Chronicle magazine and the Parus publishing house.
1912-1916 - M. Gorky creates a series of stories and essays that compiled the collection "Across Rus'", autobiographical novels "Childhood", "In People". In 1916, the publishing house "Sail" published the autobiographical story "In People" and a series of essays "Across Rus'". The last part of the My Universities trilogy was written in 1923.
1917-1919 - M. Gorky does a lot of public and political work, criticizes the methods of the Bolsheviks, condemns their attitude towards the old intelligentsia, saves a number of its representatives from the repressions of the Bolsheviks and hunger.
Emigration
1921 - M. Gorky's departure abroad. official reason departure was the resumption of his illness and the need, at the insistence of Lenin, to be treated abroad. According to another version, Gorky was forced to leave due to the aggravation of ideological differences with the established government. In 1921-1923. lived in Helsingfors (Helsinki), Berlin, Prague.
Since 1924 he lived in Italy, in Sorrento. Published memoirs about Lenin.
1925 - the novel "The Artamonov Case".
1928 - at the invitation of the Soviet government and Stalin personally, he makes a trip around the country, during which Gorky is shown the achievements of the USSR, which are reflected in the cycle of essays "On the Soviet Union".
1929 - Gorky visits the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp and writes a laudatory review of his regime. A fragment of the work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago" is devoted to this fact.
Return to the USSR
(From November 1935 to June 1936)
1932 - Gorky returns to Soviet Union. The government provided him with the former Ryabushinsky mansion on Spiridonovka, dachas in Gorki and Teselli (Crimea). Here he receives an order from Stalin - to prepare the ground for the 1st Congress of Soviet Writers, and for this to carry out preparatory work among them.
Gorky created many newspapers and magazines: the book series "History of Factories and Plants", "History civil war”, “Library of the poet”, “History young man XIX century”, the journal “Literary Studies”, he writes the plays “Egor Bulychev and Others” (1932), “Dostigaev and Others” (1933).
1934 - Gorky spends I All-Union Congress Soviet writers, speaks at it with the main report.
1934 - co-editor of the book "Stalin's Channel".
In 1925-1936 he wrote the novel "The Life of Klim Samgin", which remained unfinished.
On May 11, 1934, Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, unexpectedly dies. M. Gorky died on June 18, 1936 in Gorki, having outlived his son by a little more than two years.
After death, he was cremated, the ashes were placed in an urn in Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow.
The circumstances of the death of Maxim Gorky and his son are considered by many to be "suspicious", there were rumors of poisoning, which, however, were not confirmed. At the funeral, among others, the coffin with the body of Gorky was carried by Molotov and Stalin. Interestingly, among other accusations of Genrikh Yagoda at the Third Moscow Trial in 1938, there was an accusation of poisoning Gorky's son. According to Yagoda's interrogations, Maxim Gorky was killed on the orders of Trotsky, and the murder of Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, was his personal initiative. Some publications blame Stalin for Gorky's death. An important precedent for the medical side of the accusations in the "doctors' case" was the Third Moscow Trial (1938), where among the defendants were three doctors (Kazakov, Levin and Pletnev), who were accused of killing Gorky and others.
“Medicine is innocent here…” This is exactly what the doctors Levin and Pletnev, who treated the writer in the last months of his life, and later brought in as defendants in the process of the “right-wing Trotskyist bloc” at first stated. Soon, however, they "recognized" the deliberately wrong treatment...
and even "showed" that their accomplices were nurses who gave the patient up to 40 injections of camphor per day. But as it was in fact, there is no consensus.
The historian L. Fleischlan directly writes: "The fact of Gorky's murder can be considered irrevocably established." V. Khodasevich, on the contrary, believes in the natural cause of the death of a proletarian writer.
On the night when Maxim Gorky was dying, a terrible thunderstorm broke out at the government dacha in Gorki-10.
The autopsy was carried out right here, in the bedroom, on the table. The doctors were in a hurry. “When he died,” Gorky’s secretary Pyotr Kryuchkov recalled, “the attitude of the doctors towards him changed. He became just a corpse for them ...
They treated him horribly. The orderly began to change his clothes and turned him from side to side, like a log. The autopsy began ... Then they began to wash the insides. The incision was sewn up somehow with a simple twine. The brain was put in a bucket ... "
This bucket, intended for the Institute of the Brain, Kryuchkov personally carried to the car.
In Kryuchkov's memoirs there is strange entry: "Alexey Maksimovich died on the 8th."
Ekaterina Peshkova, the writer's widow, recalls: "June 8, 6 pm. Alexei Maksimovich's condition deteriorated so much that the doctors, who had lost hope, warned us that the near end was inevitable ... Alexei Maksimovich - in a chair with eyes closed, with his head bowed, leaning now on one, then on the other hand, pressed to his temple and resting his elbow on the arm of the chair.
The pulse was barely noticeable, uneven, breathing weakened, the face and ears and limbs of the hands turned blue. After a while, as we entered, hiccups began, restless movements of his hands, with which he seemed to be pushing something away or filming something ... "
And suddenly the mise-en-scene changes... New faces appear. They were waiting in the living room. Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov enter with a cheerful gait to the resurrected Gorky. They had already been informed that Gorky was dying. They came to say goodbye. Behind the scenes - the head of the NKVD Heinrich Yagoda. He arrived before Stalin. The leader didn't like it.
"And why is this one hanging out here? So that he wouldn't be here."
Stalin behaves in the house in a businesslike way. Shuganul Genrikh, scared Kryuchkov. "Why so many people? Who is responsible for this? Do you know what we can do to you?"
The "owner" has arrived... The leading party is his! All relatives and friends become only a corps de ballet.
When Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov entered the bedroom, Gorky came to his senses so much that they started talking about literature. Gorky began to praise women writers, mentioned Karavaeva - and how many of them, how many more will appear, and everyone should be supported ... Stalin jokingly besieged Gorky: "We'll talk about business when you get better.
Thinking of getting sick, get better soon. Or maybe there is wine in the house, we would drink a glass to your health.
They brought wine... They all drank... As they left, at the door, Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov waved their hands. When they left, Gorky seemed to say: "What good guys! How much strength they have ..."
But how much can one trust these memoirs of Peshkova? In 1964, when asked by the American journalist Isaac Levin about Gorky's death, she replied: "Don't ask me about it! I won't be able to sleep for three days..."
The second time Stalin and his comrades came to the terminally ill Gorky on June 10 at two in the morning. But why? Gorky was asleep. No matter how afraid the doctors were, they did not let Stalin in. Stalin's third visit took place on 12 June. Gorky did not sleep. The doctors gave ten minutes to talk. What were they talking about? About Bolotnikov's peasant uprising... We moved on to the position of the French peasantry.
It turns out that on June 8, the main concern of the Secretary General and Gorky, who returned from the other world, were writers, and on the 12th, French peasants became. All this is somehow very strange.
The visits of the leader seemed to magically enliven Gorky. It was as if he did not dare to die without Stalin's permission. It's unbelievable, but Budberg will be blunt about it:
"He died, in fact, on the 8th, and if not for a visit to Stalin, he would hardly have returned to life."
Stalin was not a member of the Gorky family. So the nighttime intrusion attempt was driven by necessity. And on the 8th, and the 10th, and the 12th, Stalin needed or straight Talk with Gorky, or steely confidence that such a frank conversation would not take place with someone else. For example, with Louis Aragon, who was traveling from France. What would Gorky say, what statement could he make?
After Gorky's death, Kryuchkov was accused of having "killed" Gorky's son Maxim Peshkov, along with doctors Levin and Pletnev, on the instructions of Yagoda, by "wrecking methods of treatment". But why?
If we follow the testimony of other defendants, the "customers" - Bukharin, Rykov and Zinoviev - had a political calculation. In this way, they allegedly wanted to hasten the death of Gorky himself, fulfilling the task of their "leader" Trotsky. Nevertheless, even at this trial, there was no talk of the direct murder of Gorky. This version would be too incredible, because the patient was surrounded by 17 (!) Doctors.
One of the first to talk about the poisoning of Gorky was the revolutionary émigré B.I. Nikolaevsky. Allegedly, Gorky was presented with a bonbonniere with poisoned sweets. But the candy version doesn't stand up to scrutiny.
Gorky did not like sweets, but he loved to treat them to guests, orderlies and, finally, his beloved granddaughters. Thus, anyone around Gorky could be poisoned with sweets, except for himself. Only an idiot would think of such a murder. Neither Stalin nor Yagoda were idiots.
There is no evidence of the murder of Gorky and his son Maxim. Meanwhile, tyrants also have the right to the presumption of innocence. Stalin committed enough crimes to hang on him one more - unproven.
The reality is this: on June 18, 1936, the great Russian writer Maxim Gorky died. His body, contrary to the will to bury him next to his son in the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent, was cremated by order of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the urn with the ashes was placed in the Kremlin wall.
Softmixer.com›2011/06/blog-post_18.html
The purpose of this article is to find out true reason the death of the Russian writer ALEKSEY MAXIMOVICH PESHKOV according to his FULL NAME code.
Watch in advance "Logicology - about the fate of man".
Consider the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.
16 22 47 58 73 76 77 89 95 106 124 130 140 153 154 165 183 193 206 221 224 234 258
P ESH K OVA A L E K S E Y M A K S I M O V I C
258 242 236 211 200 185 182 181 169 163 152 134 128 118 105 104 93 75 65 52 37 34 24
1 13 19 30 48 54 64 77 78 89 107 117 130 145 148 158 182 198 204 229 240 255 258
ALEKSEY M A K S I M O V I CH P E SH K O V
258 257 245 239 228 210 204 194 181 180 169 151 141 128 113 110 100 76 60 54 29 18 3
PESHKOV ALEXEY MAKSIMOVICH \u003d 258 \u003d NATURAL DEATH.
258 \u003d 77-LACK OF \ Oxygen \ + 181- LACK OF OXYGEN.
258 = OXYGEN STARVATION MYO \ karda \.
258 \u003d 165-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION\ a\ + 93-INFARCTION.
258 \u003d 58-FROM IN \\ infarction ... \ + 200-FROM MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION \ a \.
258 = HYPOXIA OF THE MYOCARDIAL HEART \ a \.
258 \u003d 228-LIDING TO DEATH HEART + 30- ... CT (the end of the word coming towards the HEART).
Let's check this statement:
10 24 45 46 63 74 93
I N F A R C T
93 83 69 48 47 30 19
We see the numbers 19, 30, 48, 93
Let's decrypt individual columns:
89 = DEATH
_____
181 = 77-SHORT + 104-OXYGEN
198 = SUDDEN DEATH
_____________________________
76 = LACK OF Oxygen \
145 = DEAD
___________________________________________________
128 \u003d FROM HYPOXIA \u003d MYOCARDIA WITHOUT CIS / LORD \ \u003d FROM INFARCTION
140 \u003d MYOCARDIA WITHOUT ACID / OROD \
__________________________________
128 \u003d MYOCARDIA WITHOUT KIS\ loroda \
193 = MYOCARDIA WITHOUT OXYGEN
__________________________________
75 = HEART
73 = MYOCARDIA
___________________________________
200 = FROM MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION \ a \
154 = MYOCARDIAL FASTING \ a \
________________________________
105 = FASTING MI\okarda\
165 = NOT ENOUGH
_______________________
104 = OXYGEN
Reference:
Myocardial hypoxia is a condition in which the heart muscle, and the myocardium - this is the muscle of the heart, does not receive the right amount of oxygen.
ddhealth.ru›bolezni-i-lechenie/1190…miocarda
DATE OF DEATH code: 06/18/1936. This is \u003d 18 + 06 + 19 + 36 \u003d 79 \u003d FROM HYPO \ xii \ = FROM INF \ arcta \.
258 = 79 + 179- THE END HAS COME.
Code of the full DATE OF DEATH = JUNE 226-EIGHTEENTH + 55-\ 19 + 36 \-\ code of the YEAR OF DEATH \-DIES = 281.
281 = 75-HEART + 206-OXYGEN HUNGER = HEART ENDED.
281 - 258-\ FULL NAME code \ \u003d 23 \u003d MI \ ocard \.
Number code full YEARS LIFE = 177-SIXTY + 84-EIGHT = 261 = SUDDEN MYOCAR INFARCTION \ yes \.
Let's look at the column:
89 = DEATH
______________________________
180 = SIXTY B \ eight \
180 - 89 = 91 = DYING.
Reviews
Are you sure that he is a great Russian??? Very doubtful...
Maxim Gorky (real name and surname - Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov; 1868-1936) thanks to his pre-revolutionary writings, enjoyed a reputation as a friend of the poor, a fighter for social justice. Meanwhile, sympathy for people of the social “bottom” merged in these works with arguments that all Russian life is continuous “ lead abomination"(" The town of Okurov "," The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin ", etc.). Gorky argued that the Russian soul is by its very nature "cowardly" and "morbidly evil" (he considered the disgusting old voluptuous Fyodor Karamazov from Dostoevsky's novel to be the most successful portrait of it). He wrote about "the sadistic cruelty inherent in the Russian people" (an afterword to the book by S. Gusev-Orenburgsky on Jewish pogroms in Ukraine, 1923). Perhaps not a single publicist wrote with such hostility about any nation - except perhaps Hitler's ideologists about the Jews. Such accusations as expressed by Gorky in the work "On the Russian Peasantry" are brought only to those whom it is decided to destroy.
And Gorky took a direct part in this destruction. In 1905 he joined the RSDLP. In 1917, having parted with the Bolsheviks on the issue of the timeliness of their coup, he formally remained outside the party. He was rich, could afford from 1906 to 1914 to live in a villa on about. Capri and donate large sums to the party fund. He financed the Leninist newspapers Iskra and Vperyod. During the December rebellion of 1905, his Moscow apartment, guarded by the Caucasian squad, became a workshop where bombs were made; where they brought weapons for the militants. In 1906, Gorky went on a tour of America, collected about 10 thousand dollars for the Bolsheviks. After the newspapers printed his proclamation "Don't give money to the Russian government," the US refused to give Russia a loan of half a billion dollars. Gorky thanked America by describing it as a gloomy "country of the yellow devil."
After 1917, Gorky continued to cooperate with the Bolsheviks. In words, often criticizing their policies (with their full permission), he actually took part in their actions. For example, in 1919, on behalf of the Bolsheviks, he formed an expert Commission, the conclusions of which served as the basis for the export of many works of art abroad. This ruined the largest art repositories in Russia.
Although Gorky understood that “the commissars treat Russia as material for experiment” and that “Bolshevism is a national misfortune,” he continued to be on friendly terms with the new government and with its leader, in the essay “Vladimir Ilyich Lenin” (1920; not to be confused with the later “V. I. Lenin”) equated them with saints (I. A. Bunin called this article a “shameless akathist”).
From 1921 to 1931 Gorky lived abroad, mainly in Italy. Even from abroad, the proletarian writer consecrated with his authority death sentences handed down on absurd charges. Returning to the USSR, he energetically joined in the all-out hunt for imaginary "enemies" and "spies." In 1929–1931 Gorky regularly published articles in Pravda, which later compiled the collection Let's Be on Guard! They urge readers to look around them for wreckers who have secretly betrayed the cause of communism. The most famous of these articles is "If the enemy does not surrender, he is destroyed" (1930); its title became a kind of motto for all Soviet politics. At the same time, Gorky, like the punitive organs that admired him, did not need any evidence to attach the label “enemy”. Most worst enemies, in his opinion, are those against whom there is no evidence. “Gorky not only sings in the choir of accusers, he writes music for this choir,” says Swiss researcher J. Niva.
The language of these articles by the "humanist writer" is striking: people here are constantly referred to as flies, tapeworms, parasites, semi-human beings, degenerates. “There are traitors, traitors, spies among the masses of the workers of the Union of Soviets… It is only natural that the workers’ and peasants’ power beats its enemies like a louse.” At the same time, Gorky praised the "historically and scientifically substantiated, truly universal, proletarian humanism of Marx - Lenin - Stalin" (article "Proletarian Humanism"); admired “how simple and accessible the wise comrade Stalin” (“Letter to the delegates of the All-Union Congress of Collective Farm Shock Workers”). Preserving his long-standing hatred of the peasantry, Gorky reminded that “peasant strength is a socially unhealthy force and that the cultural-political, consistent work of Lenin-Stalin is aimed precisely at erasing this ‘strength’ from the consciousness of the peasant, for this strength is ... the instinct of a small owner, expressed, as we know, in the forms of zoological brutality ”(“ An open letter to A. S. Serafimovich ”, 1934). Recall that this was published in the years when the most industrious and economic peasants ("kulaks") were shot or evicted to the permafrost zone.
In support of the “case of the Industrial Party” fabricated by the OGPU, Gorky wrote the play “Somov and Others” (1930). In accordance with this absurd process, wrecking engineers are bred in it, who, in spite of the people, slow down production. In the finale, “just retribution” comes in the person of the OGPU agents, who arrest not only engineers, but also former teacher singing (his crime is that he "poisoned" Soviet youth with talk about the soul and early music). In the articles "To the Workers and Peasants" and "Humanists" Gorky supports an equally ridiculous accusation against Professor Ryazanov and his "accomplices" who were shot for "organizing a food famine."
Gorky did not necessarily approve of all repressions. The arrests of the old Bolsheviks, fighters against "damned tsarism," worried him. In 1932, he even expressed his bewilderment at the arrest of L. Kamenev to the head of the Chekists, G. Yagoda. But the fate of millions condemned to death ordinary people he was not so perplexed. In 1929 Gorky visited the Solovetsky camp. One of the juvenile prisoners, seeing in him a defender of the oppressed, ventured to tell him about the monstrous conditions of life in this camp. Gorky shed a tear, but after talking with the boy (almost immediately shot) in the Book of Reviews of the Solovetsky camp, he left enthusiastic praises for the jailers.
In 1934, under the editorship of Gorky, the collection "The White Sea-Baltic Canal named after Stalin" was published. The book supports all the delusional accusations of those years: that engineers, for example, poison workers with arsenic in factory canteens, and secretly break machine tools. The concentration camp is depicted as a beacon of progress; it is claimed that no one dies in it (in reality, at least 100,000 prisoners died during the construction of the White Sea Canal). Speaking to the builders of the canal on August 25, 1933, Gorky admired “how the OGPU re-educates people,” and spoke with tears of emotion about the excessive modesty of the Chekists. According to A. I. Solzhenitsyn, given by him in The Gulag Archipelago, in the book The White Sea-Baltic Canal named after Stalin, Gorky for the first time in Russian literature glorified slave labor.
Regardless of whether Gorky's talent is considered top-notch or overblown by the press; whether to believe in his sincerity or in the fact that in his heart he did not approve of Stalin's policy; Regardless of whether to trust the version that the 68-year-old writer, who had been treated for a long time for consumption, died not from the disease, but from poison given by order from the Kremlin, the fact remains: Gorky contributed to the organized murder of millions of innocent people.
The Gorky myth, having been formed in its main features even before the revolution, was cemented by the Soviet canon, and then debunked by dissident and perestroika criticism. The true figure of the writer was blurred to absolute indistinguishability under layers of contradictory mythologizations and demythologizations, and a biography full of fascinating episodes successfully replaced his work in the collective imagination. Arzamas collected controversial moments of the biography and work of the tramp writer, the petrel of the revolution, the founder of socialist realism, close friend Lenin, Soviet boss, singer of the White Sea Canal and the Solovetsky camp.
1. Gorky is an insignificant writer
The most famous formulation of this thesis belongs, apparently, to Vladimir Nabokov. "Gorky's artistic talent has no great value"and" not devoid of interest "only" as a vivid phenomenon of Russian public life”, Gorky is “pseudo-intelligent”, “deprived of visual acuity and imagination”, he “completely lacks intellectual scope”, and his gift is “wretched”. He tends to "flat" sentimentalism
“in the worst case”, in his works there is “not a single living word”, “only ready-made stamps”, “solid molasses with a small amount of soot”. Merezhkovsky spoke no less caustically about Gorky's literary talent:
“It is not worth talking about Gorky as an artist more than two words. The truth about the tramp, told by Gorky, deserves the greatest attention; but poetry, with which, unfortunately, he sometimes considers it necessary to decorate this truth, deserves nothing but condescending oblivion.
Dmitry Merezhkovsky. "Chekhov and Gorky" (1906)
Another recognized bearer of high literary taste, I. A. Bunin, directly wrote about the “unprecedented undeservedness” of Gorky’s world fame (“Gorky”, 1936), accusing him of almost falsifying his own tramp biography.
Stepan Wanderer, Leonid Andreev, Maxim Gorky, Nikolai Teleshov, Fyodor Chaliapin, Ivan Bunin, Evgeny Chirikov. Postcard from the beginning of the 20th century vitber.lv But next to these derogatory characteristics it is easy to put others - directly opposite, breathing love for Gorky and admiration for his talent. According to Chekhov, Gorky is a “real”, “roaring” talent, Blok calls him a “Russian artist”, Khodasevich, always caustic and restrained, writes about Gorky as a writer of high standard, and Marina Tsvetaeva notes on the occasion of Bunin being awarded the Nobel Prize: “I I don’t protest, I just don’t agree, because incomparably more Bunin: more, and more humane, and more original, and more necessary - Gorky. Gorky is an era, and Bunin is the end of an era ”(in a letter to A. A. Teskova dated November 24, 1933).
2. Gorky - the creator of socialist realism
Soviet literary criticism interpreted the development of realistic art as a transition from critical realism, embodied in the works of Pushkin, Gogol, Turgenev and Tolstoy, to socialist realism, which was the official and only artistic method of Soviet art. Chekhov was appointed the last representative of critical realism, and Gorky got the role of "the founder of the literature of socialist realism" and "the founder of Soviet literature" (Great Soviet Encyclopedia).
Gorky's play Enemies (1906) and especially the novel Mother (1906) were recognized as "outstanding works of socialist realism". At the same time, the theory of socialist realism finally took shape only in the 30s, it was then that the genealogy of this “ artistic method... representing an aesthetic expression of the socialist conscious concept of the world and man" - with Gorky at the head and with his novel "Mother" written almost 30 years ago in America as the highest example.
Later, Gorky felt the need to justify the fact that the masterpiece of socialist realism was written in America, away from Russian realities. In the second edition of the essay "V. I. Lenin "(1930), the phrase appeared:" In general, the trip was not a success, but I wrote "Mother" there, which explains some of the "blunders", shortcomings of this book.
Maxim Gorky in Italy, 1907 Archive ITAR-TASS
Maxim Gorky in Italy, 1912 Archive ITAR-TASS
Maxim Gorky in Italy, 1924 Archive ITAR-TASS
Today, Gorky researchers are discovering the ideological spring of exemplary Soviet novel not at all in Marxism, as Soviet literary criticism wanted, but in the peculiar ideas of god-building that occupied Gorky throughout his life:
“Gorky was not fascinated by Marxism, but was fascinated by the dream of a new man and a new God...<...> main idea“Mothers” is the idea of a new world, and it is symbolic that the place of God the Father in it is occupied by the Mother.<...>The scenes of the meetings of the working circle are sustained in the same quasi-biblical style: they resemble the secret meetings of the apostles.
Dmitry Bykov."Was there Gorky?"
It is noteworthy that, contrary to the iron chronological logic of the Soviet theory of styles last work Gorky "The Life of Klim Samgin" (1925-1936; the fourth part was not completed) in the article Bolshoi Soviet encyclopedia about socialist realism is classified as critical realism.
3. Gorky is a fighter against social injustice
Maxim Gorky at the presidium of the solemn meeting dedicated to the celebration of May 1. Petrograd, 1920 Wikimedia Commons There is no doubt that Gorky rebelled against the contemporary world order, but his rebellion was not limited to the social sphere. The metaphysical, theomachic nature of Gorky's work was indicated by his fierce critic D. S. Merezhkovsky:
“Chekhov and Gorky are indeed ‘prophets’, although not in the sense they are thought of, as perhaps they think of themselves. They are "prophets" because they bless what they wanted to curse and curse what they wanted to bless. They wanted to show that man without God is God; but they showed that he is a beast, worse than a beast is cattle, worse than cattle is a corpse, worse than a corpse is nothing.
Dmitry Merezhkovsky."Chekhov and Gorky", 1906
It is known that Gorky was close to the ideas of Russian cosmism, the idea of fighting death as the embodiment of absolute evil, overcoming it, gaining immortality and resurrecting all the dead (N. F. Fedorov’s Common Cause). According to O. D. Chertkova, two days before his death, in delirium, Gorky said: “... you know, I just argued with the Lord God. Wow, how he argued! The Gorky rebellion captured the universe, life and death, was called upon to change the world order and man, that is, it aimed much higher simple change social device. The direct artistic expression of this is the fairy tale in verse "The Girl and Death" (1892), which caused Stalin's famous resolution: "This thing is stronger than Goethe's Faust (love conquers death)".
4. Gorky is an anti-modernist
The image of Gorky as a champion of realistic tendencies in literature, an opponent of decadence and modernism, the founder of socialist realism crumbles if you look closely at his real place V literary process Silver Age. Bright romanticism early stories, Nietzscheanism and God-seeking turn out to be consonant with the modernist tendencies of Russian literature at the turn of the century. Annensky writes about the play "At the Bottom":
“After Dostoevsky, Gorky, in my opinion, is the most pronounced Russian symbolist. His realism is not at all the same as that of Goncharov, Pisemsky or Ostrovsky. Looking at his paintings, one recalls the words of the author of The Teenager, who once said that at certain moments the most everyday atmosphere seems to him a dream or an illusion.
Innokenty Annensky."Drama at the Bottom" (1906)
Portrait of Maxim Gorky. OK. 1904 Getty Images/Fotobank Gorky's mythologization of his life can also be read in a new way in the context of symbolist life-creation, and closeness with many modernists clearly demonstrates the relativity of the traditional Soviet view of Gorky's place in the literary process. It is no coincidence that the subtlest look at the nature of Gorky's art belongs to none other than Vladislav Khodasevich, the most important figure of Russian modernism, who for several years was part of the writer's home circle.
5. Gorky and Lenin
The image of Gorky as a great proletarian writer, canonized by the Soviet official culture, necessarily included the legend of the closest friendship that connected the petrel of the revolution with Lenin: the legend had a powerful visual component: numerous sculptures, paintings and photographs depicting scenes of lively conversations between the creator of socialist realism and the proletarian leader.
Lenin and Gorky with fishermen on Capri. Painting by Efim Cheptsov. 1931 Getty Images/Fotobank In fact, Gorky's political position after the revolution was far from unambiguous, and his influence was limited. Already since 1918, the writer played a somewhat ambiguous role in Petrograd, the reason for which was his very critical attitude towards socialist revolution essays that made up the book Untimely Thoughts”(the book was not reprinted in Russia until 1990), and a feud with the powerful chairman of the Petrograd Council, Grigory Zinoviev. This situation eventually led to Gorky's honorary exile, which lasted almost twelve years: there was no place for the singer of the revolution in post-revolutionary reality.
However, Gorky himself had a hand in the creation of this myth, in sentimental colors depicting friendship with Lenin in a biographical sketch about him.
6. Gorky and Stalin
The last period of Gorky's life - after his return to Soviet Russia - as well as his entire biography, was overgrown with legends, bearing, however, the opposite ideological charge. A special place among them is occupied by popular rumors that Gorky, upon returning, fell under the strict control of the Chekists, that Stalin threatened him and his family and eventually cracked down on the objectionable writer (having previously organized the murder of his son).
But the facts show that Gorky's Stalinism was sincere, and relations with Stalin at least neutral. After returning, the writer changed his mind about the methods of the Bolsheviks, seeing in Soviet reality a grandiose laboratory for the alteration of man, which aroused his deep admiration.
“In 1921-1928, Gorky was embarrassed and burdened by the semi-disgraced position of the petrel of the revolution, forced to live abroad in the position of almost an emigrant. He wanted to be where the proletarian revolution was going on. Stalin, who dealt with his foe Zinoviev (I mean not the execution of Zinoviev, but his preliminary disgrace), gave Gorky the opportunity to return and occupy that high position arbitrator for cultural issues, which Gorky could not achieve even under Lenin. The very personality of Stalin, of course, is in his the highest degree impressed.<...>Undoubtedly, he flattered Stalin not only in official speeches and writings."
Vladislav Khodasevich."On the Death of Gorky" (1938)
Molotov, Stalin, Mikoyan carry the urn with the ashes of Gorky to the Kremlin wall.
Gorky's funeral. Stalin, Molotov, Kaganovich take out an urn with ashes from the House of Unions.
Moscow workers at a mourning meeting on Red Square.Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow
Gorky's funeral. Stalin, Molotov, Kaganovich, Ordzhonikidze and Andreev carry an urn with ashes during a funeral meeting.
The version that Gorky was killed was first voiced during the Third Moscow Trial in 1937: the former People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Genrikh Yagoda, as well as Gorky's secretary Pyotr Kryuchkov and three famous doctors- Lev Levin, Ignatius Kazakov and Dmitry Pletnev. All this was presented as part of a vast "right-wing Trotskyist" conspiracy. In particular, Yagoda admitted that he had killed Gorky on Trotsky’s personal order, transmitted through Yenukidze: allegedly, the conspirators tried to quarrel Gorky with Stalin, and when nothing came of it, they decided to eliminate him, fearing that after the overthrow of the Stalinist leadership, Gorky, whose opinion was listened to and in the country, and abroad, "will raise his voice of protest against us." Yagoda allegedly ordered Maxim Peshkov to be poisoned for personal reasons, since he was in love with his wife. A little later, versions arise according to which Stalin himself ordered Yagoda to poison Gorky, or even did it himself, sending him a box of chocolates. It is known, however, that Gorky did not like sweets, but loved to give sweets to relatives and guests, so it would be difficult to poison him in this way. In general, no convincing evidence of the version of the murder is known, although a lot has been written about it.
But this version turned out to be profitable: Stalin used it as a pretext for reprisals against the Trotskyist-Zinovievist bloc. Stalin's whistleblowers, in turn, were happy to list Gorky among Stalin's victims.
7. Gorky, Russian people and Jews
Portrait of Maxim Gorky. Painting by Boris Grigoriev. 1926 Wikipedia Foundation The image of Gorky as the singer of the Russian people will crumble if we take into account that the great proletarian writer treated the Russian peasantry and the countryside with hatred. In Gorky's system of views, the peasant personified all the negative properties of human nature: stupidity, laziness, earthiness, narrow-mindedness. The tramp, Gorky's favorite type, coming from a peasant milieu, towered over her and denied her with his whole existence. The clash of Chelkash, "the old poisoned wolf", "an inveterate drunkard and a clever, bold thief", with the cowardly, weak and insignificant peasant Gavrila vividly illustrates this opposition.
“The half-wild, stupid will die out, heavy people Russian villages and villages ... and they will be replaced by a new tribe - literate, reasonable, cheerful people. In my opinion, it will not be a very “nice and sympathetic Russian people”, but it will be - finally - a businesslike people, distrustful and indifferent to everything that is not directly related to its needs.
Maksim Gorky."On the Russian peasantry" (1922)
Merezhkovsky understood Gorky’s attitude towards the peasantry in his own way: “The tramp hates the people, because the people—the peasantry—still unconscious Christianity, while the old, blind, dark one is the religion of God, only God, without humanity, but with the possibility of paths to a new Christianity. , sighted, bright - to the conscious religion of God-manhood. The ultimate essence of the bosyatstvo is anti-Christianity...” (“Chekhov and Gorky”, 1906).
For Gorky, the Jews served as an example of a nationality in which the desired ideals of reason, diligence and efficiency had already been embodied. More than once he wrote about the Jews in the same terms in which he painted the image of a new person who would replace the Russian peasant. The Jewish theme occupies important place in the writer's journalism, he always acts as a consistent defender of Jewry and a tough opponent of anti-Semitism:
“In the course of the whole difficult path of mankind to progress, to the light ... the Jew stood in a living protest ... against everything dirty, everything low in human life against gross acts of human violence against man, against disgusting vulgarity and spiritual ignorance.
Maksim Gorky."About the Jews" (1906)
Initially, Gorky was skeptical about the October Revolution. However, after several years of cultural work in Soviet Russia (in Petrograd he headed the World Literature publishing house, interceded with the Bolsheviks for those arrested) and living abroad in the 1920s (Marienbad, Sorrento), he returned to the USSR, where he was surrounded for the last years of his life official recognition as a "petrel of the revolution" and "a great proletarian writer", the founder of socialist realism.
Biography
The pseudonym "Gorky" Aleksey Maksimovich invented himself. Subsequently, he told Kalyuzhny: "Don't write to me in literature - Peshkov ...". More information about his biography can be found in his autobiographical stories "Childhood", "In People", "My Universities".
Childhood
Alexey Peshkov was born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a carpenter (according to another version - the manager of the Astrakhan shipping company I. S. Kolchin) - Maxim Savvatevich Peshkov (1839-1871). Mother - Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-1879). Gorky's grandfather Savvaty Peshkov rose to the rank of officer, but was demoted and exiled to Siberia "for ill-treatment of the lower ranks", after which he signed up as a tradesman. His son Maxim ran away from his father five times and left home forever at the age of 17. Orphaned early, Gorky spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Kashirin. From the age of 11, he was forced to go “to the people”: he worked as a “boy” at a store, as a buffet utensil on a steamer, as a baker, studied at an icon-painting workshop, etc.
Youth
- In 1884 he tried to enter Kazan University. He got acquainted with Marxist literature and propaganda work.
- In 1888 he was arrested for his connection with the circle of N. E. Fedoseev. He was under constant police surveillance. In October 1888 he entered as a watchman at the Dobrinka station of the Gryase-Tsaritsyno railway. Impressions from staying in Dobrinka will serve as the basis for the autobiographical story "The Watchman" and the story "For the sake of boredom".
- In January 1889, by personal request (a complaint in verse), he was transferred to the Borisoglebsk station, then as a weigher to the Krutaya station.
- In the spring of 1891 he set off to wander around the country and reached the Caucasus.
Literary and social activities
- In 1892 he first appeared in print with the story "Makar Chudra". Returning to Nizhny Novgorod, he publishes reviews and feuilletons in the Volzhsky Vestnik, Samarskaya Gazeta, Nizhny Novgorod Leaflet, and others.
- 1895 - "Chelkash", "Old Woman Izergil".
- 1896 - Gorky writes a response to the first cinematic session in Nizhny Novgorod:
- 1897 - "Former People", "The Orlov Spouses", "Malva", "Konovalov".
- From October 1897 to mid-January 1898, he lived in the village of Kamenka (now the city of Kuvshinovo, Tver Region) in the apartment of his friend Nikolai Zakharovich Vasiliev, who worked at the Kamensk paper factory and led an illegal working Marxist circle. Subsequently, the life impressions of this period served as material for the writer's novel "The Life of Klim Samgin".
- 1898 - The publishing house of Dorovatsky and A.P. Charushnikov published the first volume of Gorky's works. In those years, the circulation of the young author's first book rarely exceeded 1,000 copies. A. I. Bogdanovich advised to publish the first two volumes of "Essays and Stories" by M. Gorky, 1200 copies each. Publishers "took a chance" and released more. The first volume of the 1st edition of Essays and Stories was published in 3,000 copies.
- 1899 - the novel "Foma Gordeev", a poem in prose "The Song of the Falcon".
- 1900-1901 - the novel "Three", a personal acquaintance with Chekhov, Tolstoy.
- 1900-1913 - participates in the work of the publishing house "Knowledge"
- March 1901 - "The Song of the Petrel" was created by M. Gorky in Nizhny Novgorod. Participation in the Marxist workers' circles of Nizhny Novgorod, Sormov, St. Petersburg, wrote a proclamation calling for a fight against the autocracy. Arrested and expelled from Nizhny Novgorod. According to contemporaries, Nikolai Gumilyov highly appreciated the last stanza of this poem.
- In 1901, M. Gorky turned to dramaturgy. Creates the plays "Petty Bourgeois" (1901), "At the bottom" (1902). In 1902, he became the godfather and adoptive father of the Jew Zinovy Sverdlov, who took the surname Peshkov and converted to Orthodoxy. This was necessary in order for Zinovy to receive the right to live in Moscow.
- February 21 - the election of M. Gorky to the honorary academicians of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature.
- 1904-1905 - writes the plays "Summer Residents", "Children of the Sun", "Varvara". Meets Lenin. For the revolutionary proclamation and in connection with the execution on January 9, he was arrested, but then released under pressure from the public. Member of the revolution 1905-1907. In the autumn of 1905 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.
- 1906 - goes abroad, creates satirical pamphlets about the "bourgeois" culture of France and the USA ("My Interviews", "In America"). He writes the play "Enemies", creates the novel "Mother". Because of tuberculosis, he settled in Italy on the island of Capri, where he lived for 7 years (from 1906 to 1913). He settled in the prestigious hotel Quisisana. From March 1909 to February 1911 he lived at the Spinola villa (now Bering), stayed at the villas (they have commemorative plaques about his stay) Blasius (from 1906 to 1909) and Serfina (now Pierina) ). On Capri, Gorky wrote "Confession" (1908), where his philosophical differences with Lenin and rapprochement with Lunacharsky and Bogdanov were clearly identified.
- 1907 - delegate to the V Congress of the RSDLP.
- 1908 - the play "The Last", the story "The Life of an Unnecessary Man".
- 1909 - the novels "The Town of Okurov", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin".
- 1913 - Gorky edits the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda, the art department of the Bolshevik journal Enlightenment, publishes the first collection of proletarian writers. Writes Tales of Italy.
- 1912-1916 - M. Gorky creates a series of stories and essays that compiled the collection "Across Rus'", autobiographical novels "Childhood", "In People". The last part of the My Universities trilogy was written in 1923.
- 1917-1919 - M. Gorky conducts a lot of public and political work, criticizes the "methods" of the Bolsheviks, condemns their attitude towards the old intelligentsia, saves many of its representatives from Bolshevik repressions and hunger.
Abroad
- 1921 - M. Gorky's departure abroad. IN Soviet literature a myth arose that the reason for his departure was the resumption of his illness and the need, at the insistence of Lenin, to be treated abroad. In reality, A. M. Gorky was forced to leave because of the aggravation of ideological differences with the established government. In 1921-1923. lived in Helsingfors, Berlin, Prague.
- Since 1924 he lived in Italy, in Sorrento. Published memoirs about Lenin.
- 1925 - the novel "The Artamonov Case".
- 1928 - at the invitation of the Soviet government and Stalin personally, he makes a trip around the country, during which Gorky is shown the achievements of the USSR, which are reflected in the cycle of essays "On the Soviet Union".
- 1931 - Gorky visits the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp and writes a laudatory review of his regime. A fragment of the work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago" is devoted to this fact.
Return to the USSR
- 1932 - Gorky returns to the Soviet Union. The government provided him with the former Ryabushinsky mansion on Spiridonovka, dachas in Gorki and Teselli (Crimea). Here he receives an order from Stalin - to prepare the ground for the 1st Congress of Soviet Writers, and for this to carry out preparatory work among them. Gorky created many newspapers and magazines: the book series "The History of Factories and Plants", "The History of the Civil War", "The Poet's Library", "The History of the Young human XIX centuries”, the journal “Literary Studies”, he writes the plays “Egor Bulychev and Others” (1932), “Dostigaev and Others” (1933).
- 1934 - Gorky holds the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, speaks at it with the main report.
- 1934 - co-editor of the book "Stalin's Channel"
- In 1925-1936 he wrote the novel "The Life of Klim Samgin", which remained unfinished.
- On May 11, 1934, Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, unexpectedly dies. M. Gorky died on June 18, 1936 in Gorki, having outlived his son by a little more than two years. After his death, he was cremated, the ashes were placed in an urn in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow. Before cremation, the brain of M. Gorky was removed and taken to the Moscow Brain Institute for further study.
Death
The circumstances of the death of Maxim Gorky and his son are considered by many to be "suspicious", there were rumors of poisoning, which, however, were not confirmed. At the funeral, among others, the coffin with the body of Gorky was carried by Molotov and Stalin. Interestingly, among other accusations of Genrikh Yagoda at the Third Moscow Trial in 1938, there was an accusation of poisoning Gorky's son. According to Yagoda's interrogations, Maxim Gorky was killed on the orders of Trotsky, and the murder of Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, was his personal initiative.
Some publications blame Stalin for Gorky's death. An important precedent for the medical side of the accusations in the "doctors' case" was the Third Moscow Trial (1938), where among the defendants were three doctors (Kazakov, Levin and Pletnev), who were accused of killing Gorky and others.
Family and personal life
- Wife - Ekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova (née Volozhina).
- Son - Maxim Alekseevich Peshkov (1897-1934) + Vvedenskaya, Nadezhda Alekseevna ("Timosha")
- Peshkova, Marfa Maksimovna + Beria, Sergo Lavrentievich
- daughters Nina and Nadezhda, son Sergei (they bore the surname "Peshkov" because of the fate of Beria)
- Peshkova, Daria Maksimovna + Grave, Alexander Konstantinovich
- Maxim and Ekaterina (they bore the surname Peshkov)
- Alexey Peshkov, son of Catherine
- Maxim and Ekaterina (they bore the surname Peshkov)
- Peshkova, Marfa Maksimovna + Beria, Sergo Lavrentievich
- Daughter - Ekaterina Alekseevna Peshkova (died as a child)
- Peshkov, Zinovy Alekseevich, brother of Yakov Sverdlov, godson of Peshkov, who took his last name, and de facto adopted son + (1) Lydia Burago
- Son - Maxim Alekseevich Peshkov (1897-1934) + Vvedenskaya, Nadezhda Alekseevna ("Timosha")
- Cohabitant 1906-1913 - Maria Fedorovna Andreeva (1872-1953)
- Ekaterina Andreevna Zhelyabuzhskaya (daughter of Andreeva from the 1st marriage, stepdaughter of Gorky) + Abram Garmant
- Zhelyabuzhsky, Yuri Andreevich (stepson)
- Evgeny G. Kyakist, Andreeva's nephew
- A. L. Zhelyabuzhsky, nephew of Andreeva's first husband
- Long-term life partner - Budberg, Maria Ignatievna
Environment
- Shaikevich Varvara Vasilievna - the wife of A. N. Tikhonov-Serebrov, Gorky's lover, who allegedly had a child from him.
- Tikhonov-Serebrov Alexander Nikolaevich - assistant.
- Rakitsky, Ivan Nikolaevich - artist.
- Khodasevichi: Valentin, his wife Nina Berberova; niece Valentina Mikhailovna, her husband Andrey Diderikhs.
- Yakov Izrailevich.
- Kryuchkov, Pyotr Petrovich - secretary, later, together with Yagoda, races
Maxim Gorky (real name - Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov). Born March 16 (28), 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod - died June 18, 1936 in Gorki, Moscow Region. Russian writer, prose writer, playwright. One of the most significant and famous Russian writers and thinkers in the world.
Since 1918 he has been nominated 5 times for Nobel Prize on literature. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, he became famous as the author of works with a revolutionary tendency, personally close to the Social Democrats and in opposition to the tsarist regime.
Initially, Gorky was skeptical about the October Revolution. However, after several years of cultural work in Soviet Russia (in Petrograd he headed the World Literature publishing house, petitioned the Bolsheviks for those arrested) and life abroad in the 1920s (Berlin, Marienbad, Sorrento), he returned to the USSR, where in recent years life received official recognition as the founder of socialist realism.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, he was one of the ideologists of god-building, in 1909 he helped the participants in this trend to maintain a factional school on the island of Capri for workers, which he called "the literary center of god-building."
Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov was born in Nizhny Novgorod, in the family of a carpenter (according to another version - the manager of the Astrakhan shipping company I. S. Kolchin) - Maxim Savvatevich Peshkov (1840-1871), who was the son of a soldier demoted from officers. M. S. Peshkov in the last years of his life worked as a manager of a steamship office, died of cholera. Alyosha Peshkov fell ill with cholera at the age of 4, his father managed to get him out, but at the same time he became infected himself and did not survive; the boy almost did not remember his father, but the stories of his relatives about him left a deep impression - even the pseudonym "Maxim Gorky", according to the old Nizhny Novgorod residents, was taken in memory of Maxim Savvateevich.
Mother - Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-1879) - from a bourgeois family; widowed early, remarried, died of consumption. Gorky's grandfather Savvaty Peshkov rose to the rank of officer, but was demoted and exiled to Siberia "for ill-treatment of the lower ranks", after which he signed up as a tradesman. His son Maxim ran away from his father five times and left home forever at the age of 17. Orphaned at an early age, Alexei spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Kashirin. From the age of 11, he was forced to go “to the people”: he worked as a “boy” at a store, as a buffet utensil on a steamer, as a baker, studied at an icon-painting workshop, etc.
In 1884 he tried to enter Kazan University. He got acquainted with Marxist literature and propaganda work. In 1888 he was arrested for his connection with the circle of N. E. Fedoseev. He was under constant police surveillance. In October 1888 he entered as a watchman at the Dobrinka station of the Gryase-Tsaritsyno railway. Impressions from staying in Dobrinka will serve as the basis for the autobiographical story "The Watchman" and the story "For the sake of boredom".
In January 1889, by personal request (a complaint in verse), he was transferred to the Borisoglebsk station, then as a weigher to the Krutaya station.
In the spring of 1891 he went on a wandering and soon reached the Caucasus.
In 1892 he first appeared in print with the story "Makar Chudra". Returning to Nizhny Novgorod, he publishes reviews and feuilletons in the Volzhsky Vestnik, Samarskaya Gazeta, Nizhny Novgorod Leaflet, and others.
1895 - "Chelkash", "Old Woman Izergil".
From October 1897 to mid-January 1898, he lived in the village of Kamenka (now the city of Kuvshinovo, Tver Region) in the apartment of his friend Nikolai Zakharovich Vasiliev, who worked at the Kamensk paper factory and led an illegal working Marxist circle. Subsequently, the life impressions of this period served as material for the writer's novel "The Life of Klim Samgin". 1898 - The publishing house of Dorovatsky and A.P. Charushnikov published the first volume of Gorky's works. In those years, the circulation of the young author's first book rarely exceeded 1,000 copies. A. I. Bogdanovich advised to publish the first two volumes of "Essays and Stories" by M. Gorky, 1200 copies each. Publishers "took a chance" and released more. The first volume of the 1st edition of Essays and Stories was published in 3,000 copies.
1899 - the novel "Foma Gordeev", a poem in prose "The Song of the Falcon".
1900-1901 - the novel "Three", a personal acquaintance with,.
1900-1913 - participates in the work of the publishing house "Knowledge".
March 1901 - "Song of the Petrel" was created by M. Gorky in Nizhny Novgorod. Participation in the Marxist workers' circles of Nizhny Novgorod, Sormov, St. Petersburg; wrote a proclamation calling for a fight against the autocracy. Arrested and expelled from Nizhny Novgorod.
In 1901, M. Gorky turned to dramaturgy. Creates the plays "Petty Bourgeois" (1901), "At the bottom" (1902). In 1902, he became the godfather and adoptive father of the Jew Zinovy Sverdlov, who took the surname Peshkov and converted to Orthodoxy. This was necessary in order for Zinovy to receive the right to live in Moscow.
February 21 - the election of M. Gorky to the honorary academicians of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature.
1904-1905 - writes the plays "Summer Residents", "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians". Meets Lenin. For the revolutionary proclamation and in connection with the execution on January 9, he was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Well-known artists Gerhart Hauptmann, Auguste Rodin, Thomas Hardy, George Meredith, Italian writers Grazia Deledda, Mario Rapisardi, Edmondo de Amicis, composer Giacomo Puccini, philosopher Benedetto Croce and other representatives of the creative and scientific world from Germany, France, spoke in defense of Gorky. England. Student demonstrations took place in Rome. On February 14, 1905, under public pressure, he was released on bail. Member of the revolution 1905-1907. In November 1905 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.
1906, February - Gorky and his actual wife, actress Maria Andreeva, set off through Europe to America, where they stayed until autumn. Abroad, the writer creates satirical pamphlets about the "bourgeois" culture of France and the United States ("My Interviews", "In America"). Returning to Russia in autumn, he writes the play "Enemies", creates the novel "Mother". At the end of 1906, due to tuberculosis, he settled in Italy on the island of Capri, where he lived with Andreeva for 7 years (from 1906 to 1913). He settled in the prestigious hotel Quisisana. From March 1909 to February 1911 he lived at the Spinola villa (now Bering), stayed at the villas (they have commemorative plaques about his stay) Blasius (from 1906 to 1909) and Serfina (now Pierina) ). On Capri, Gorky wrote "Confession" (1908), where his philosophical differences with Lenin and rapprochement with the god-builders Lunacharsky and Bogdanov were clearly identified.
1907 - a delegate with an advisory vote to the V Congress of the RSDLP.
1908 - the play "The Last", the story "The Life of an Unnecessary Man".
1909 - the novels "The Town of Okurov", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin".
1913 - Gorky edits the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda, the art department of the Bolshevik journal Enlightenment, publishes the first collection of proletarian writers. Writes Tales of Italy.
At the end of December 1913, after the announcement of a general amnesty on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Romanovs, Gorky returned to Russia and settled in St. Petersburg.
1914 - founded the Chronicle magazine and the Parus publishing house.
1912-1916 - M. Gorky creates a series of stories and essays that compiled the collection "Across Rus'", autobiographical novels "Childhood", "In People". In 1916, the publishing house "Sail" published the autobiographical story "In People" and a series of essays "Across Rus'". The last part of the My Universities trilogy was written in 1923.
1917-1919 - M. Gorky does a lot of public and political work, criticizes the methods of the Bolsheviks, condemns their attitude towards the old intelligentsia, saves a number of its representatives from the repressions of the Bolsheviks and hunger.
1921 - M. Gorky's departure abroad. The official reason for his departure was the resumption of his illness and the need, at the insistence of Lenin, to be treated abroad. According to another version, Gorky was forced to leave due to the aggravation of ideological differences with the established government. In 1921-1923. lived in Helsingfors (Helsinki), Berlin, Prague.
1925 - the novel "The Artamonov Case".
1928 - at the invitation of the Soviet government and personally for the first time comes to the USSR and makes a 5-week trip around the country: Kursk, Kharkov, Crimea, Rostov-on-Don, Nizhny Novgorod, during which Gorky is shown the achievements of the USSR, which are reflected in a series of essays "On the Soviet Union". But he does not stay in the USSR, he goes back to Italy.
1929 - the second time he comes to the USSR and on June 20-23 visits the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp, and writes a laudatory review of his regime. October 12, 1929 Gorky leaves for Italy.
1932, March - two central Soviet newspapers Pravda and Izvestia simultaneously published Gorky's pamphlet article under the title, which became a catchphrase - "Who are you with, masters of culture?"
October 1932 - Gorky finally returns to the Soviet Union. The government provided him with the former Ryabushinsky mansion on Spiridonovka, dachas in Gorki and Teselli (Crimea). Here he receives an order from Stalin - to prepare the ground for the 1st Congress of Soviet Writers, and for this to carry out preparatory work among them. Gorky created many newspapers and magazines: the book series "History of Factories and Plants", "History of the Civil War", "Poet's Library", "History of a Young Man of the 19th Century", the journal "Literary Studies", he writes plays "Egor Bulychev and others" (1932), "Dostigaev and others" (1933).
1934 - Gorky holds the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, speaks at it with the main report.
1934 - co-editor of the book "Stalin's Channel".
In 1925-1936 he wrote the novel "The Life of Klim Samgin", which remained unfinished.
On May 11, 1934, Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, unexpectedly dies. M. Gorky died on June 18, 1936 in Gorki, having outlived his son by a little more than two years. After his death, he was cremated, the ashes were placed in an urn in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow. Before cremation, the brain of M. Gorky was removed and taken to the Moscow Brain Institute for further study.
The circumstances of the death of Maxim Gorky and his son are considered by many to be "suspicious", there were rumors of poisoning, which, however, were not confirmed.
On May 27, 1936, after visiting his son's grave, Gorky caught a cold in the cold windy weather and fell ill. He was ill for three weeks, and on June 18 he died. At the funeral, among others, Stalin also carried the coffin with Gorky's body. Interestingly, among other accusations of Genrikh Yagoda at the Third Moscow Trial in 1938, there was an accusation of poisoning Gorky's son. According to Yagoda's interrogations, Maxim Gorky was killed by order, and the murder of Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, was his personal initiative. Some publications blame Stalin for Gorky's death. An important precedent for the medical side of the accusations in the "doctors' case" was the Third Moscow Trial (1938), where among the defendants were three doctors (Kazakov, Levin and Pletnev), who were accused of killing Gorky and others.
Personal life of Maxim Gorky:
Wife in 1896-1903 - Ekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova (nee Volzhina) (1876-1965). The divorce was not formalized.
Son - Maxim Alekseevich Peshkov (1897-1934), his wife Vvedenskaya, Nadezhda Alekseevna ("Timosha").
Granddaughter - Peshkova, Marfa Maksimovna, her husband Beria, Sergo Lavrentievich.
Great-granddaughters - Nina and Nadezhda.
Great-grandson - Sergei (they bore the surname "Peshkov" because of the fate of Beria).
Granddaughter - Peshkova, Daria Maksimovna, her husband Grave, Alexander Konstantinovich.
Great-grandson - Maxim.
Great-granddaughter - Ekaterina (they bear the surname Peshkovs).
Great-great-grandson - Alexei Peshkov, son of Catherine.
Daughter - Ekaterina Alekseevna Peshkova (1898-1903).
Adopted and godson - Peshkov, Zinovy Alekseevich, brother of Yakov Sverdlov, Gorky's godson, who took his last name, and de facto adopted son, his wife Lydia Burago.
Actual wife in 1903-1919 - Maria Fedorovna Andreeva (1868-1953) - actress, revolutionary, Soviet statesman and party leader.
Adopted daughter - Ekaterina Andreevna Zhelyabuzhskaya (father - real state councilor Zhelyabuzhsky, Andrei Alekseevich).
Adopted son - Zhelyabuzhsky, Yuri Andreevich (father - real state councilor Zhelyabuzhsky, Andrei Alekseevich).
Cohabitant in 1920-1933 - Budberg, Maria Ignatievna (1892-1974) - baroness, adventurer.
Novels of Maxim Gorky:
1899 - "Foma Gordeev"
1900-1901 - "Three"
1906 - "Mother" (second edition - 1907)
1925 - "The Artamonov Case"
1925-1936 - "The Life of Klim Samgin".
The stories of Maxim Gorky:
1894 - "Wretched Pavel"
1900 - “Man. Essays" (remained unfinished, the third chapter was not published during the life of the author)
1908 - "The life of an unnecessary person."
1908 - "Confession"
1909 - "Summer"
1909 - "The Town of Okurov", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin".
1913-1914 - "Childhood"
1915-1916 - "In people"
1923 - "My Universities"
1929 - "At the End of the Earth".
Stories and essays by Maxim Gorky:
1892 - "The Girl and Death" (a fairy tale poem, published in July 1917 in the newspaper " New life»)
1892 - "Makar Chudra"
1892 - "Emelyan Pilyai"
1892 - "Grandfather Arkhip and Lyonka"
1895 - "Chelkash", "Old Woman Izergil", "Song of the Falcon" (poem in prose)
1897 - "Former people", "Spouses Orlovs", "Malva", "Konovalov".
1898 - "Essays and Stories" (collection)
1899 - "Twenty-six and one"
1901 - "Song of the Petrel" (poem in prose)
1903 - "Man" (poem in prose)
1906 - "Comrade!", "Sage"
1908 - "Soldiers"
1911 - "Tales of Italy"
1912-1917 - "In Rus'" (a cycle of stories)
1924 - "Stories 1922-1924"
1924 - "Notes from a diary" (a cycle of stories)
1929 - "Solovki" (essay).
Plays by Maxim Gorky:
1901 - "Philistines"
1902 - "At the bottom"
1904 - Summer Residents
1905 - "Children of the Sun"
1905 - "Barbarians"
1906 - "Enemies"
1908 - "The Last"
1910 - "Eccentrics"
1910 - "Children" ("Meeting")
1910 - "Vassa Zheleznova" (2nd edition - 1933; 3rd edition - 1935)
1913 - "Zykovs"
1913 - "Fake Coin"
1915 - "The Old Man" (staged on January 1, 1919 on the stage of the State Academic Maly Theater; published 1921 in Berlin).
1930-1931 - "Somov and others"
1931 - "Egor Bulychov and others"
1932 - "Dostigaev and others".
Journalism of Maxim Gorky:
1906 - "My Interviews", "In America" (pamphlets)
1917-1918 - a series of articles "Untimely Thoughts" in the newspaper "New Life" (in 1918 it was published as a separate publication).
1922 - "On the Russian peasantry."
