March 02 2011
Writers have thought about humanism at all times. In the 20th century, the humanistic theme sounded in the works events Great Patriotic.
War is. It brings destruction and sacrifice, separation and death. Millions of people were orphaned at that time. War is inhuman: it kills a man. He is required to be cruel and evil, to forget about moral laws and God's commandments.
The answer to this question can be found in M. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of Man". Main character works - driver Andrey Sokolov. It is in his actions that the humanistic theme is reflected.
The ordinary soldier had to go through a lot. He was wounded three times, was taken prisoner (“whoever did not experience this in his own skin, you will not immediately enter into his soul so that it humanly dawns on him what this thing means”), all the horrors of concentration camps (“They beat him easily in order to so that someday yes kill to death, so that he chokes on his last blood and dies of beatings. Andrey's family died: “A heavy bomb hit right in my hut. Irina and her daughters were just at home ... they did not find a trace of them. Son, "the last joy and last hope", kills a German sniper" exactly on the ninth of May, on Victory Day. “From such a blow, Andrei “darkened in his eyes, his heart sank into a ball and did not unclench in any way.”
These severe troubles and hardships became a real test for Sholokhov's hero - a test of humanity. His eyes, which, as you know, are the mirror of the soul, although "as if sprinkled with ashes", but still they have neither vengeful misanthropy, nor a poisonous skeptical attitude to life, nor cynical indifference. Fate "distorted" Andrei, but could not break, kill in him living soul.
With his story, Sholokhov refutes the opinion of those who believe that fortitude, courage do not get along with tenderness, responsiveness, affection, kindness. On the contrary, he believes that only strong and adamant people are able to show humanity, as if this is a "sign" of this nature.
Sholokhov specifically does not show the details of front-line life, camp ordeals, wanting to focus on depicting the “culminating” moments, when the character of the hero, his humanity, are manifested most strongly and vividly.
So, Andrey Sokolov with honor withstands the "duel" with the lagerführer. The hero manages, even for a moment, to awaken something human in the Nazis: Muller, in recognition of his soldier's prowess (“May I, a Russian soldier, drink for the victory of German weapons ?!”) saves Andrey and even presents “a small loaf bread and a piece of lard. But the hero understood: the enemy is capable of any deceit and cruelty, and at that moment, when a shot in the back could have thundered, it flashed through his head: “He will light up between my shoulder blades now and I won’t inform the guys of these grubs.” In a moment of mortal danger, the hero thinks not about his own life, but about the fate of his comrades. Muller's gift was "divided without offense" ("equally for everyone"), although "everyone got a piece of bread the size of a matchbox ... well, bacon ... - just anoint your lips." And Sholokhov's hero performs such a generous act without hesitation. For him, this is not even the only correct, but the only possible solution.
War is inhuman, so there are situations that require decisions on the verge of cruelty and humanism, on the verge of what is permitted and not permitted ... under normal conditions. Such a test moral principles Andrey Sokolov was subjected to, being forced to deal with Kryzhnev in order to save the platoon leader - "snub-nosed boy." Is it humane to kill a person? For Sholokhov, under the circumstances, the strangulation of Kryzhnev, a traitor guided by the principle “one’s own shirt is closer to the body,” has “humanistic legitimacy.” The writer is convinced that the spiritual responsiveness and tenderness, the ability for active (precisely active) love, shown by Andrei Sokolov when he encounters kind, just people who need his protection, is moral basis intransigence, contempt, courageous firmness (the ability to step over the moral law - to kill) in relation to cruelty and betrayal, lies and hypocrisy, and aloofness and cowardice.
That is why, trying to convince the reader of the humanity of Andrei's act, Sholokhov creates "Comrade Kryzhnev" as exclusively negative, trying to arouse contempt, hatred for the traitor "big-faced", "fat gelding". And after the murder, Andrei “became unwell”, “terribly wanted to wash his hands”, but only because it seemed to him that he “strangled some creeping bastard”, and not a person.
But the hero accomplishes both a truly humanistic and civic feat. He adopts a “little ragamuffin”, a little orphan: “It won’t happen that we disappear separately.” “Distorted”, “crippled by life” Andrey Sokolov does not try to motivate his decision to adopt Vanyushka philosophically, for him this step is not connected with the problem of moral duty. For the hero of the story, "protecting the child" is a natural manifestation of the soul, the desire that the boy's eyes remain clear, "like a sky", and the fragile soul is not disturbed.
Andrey gives all his unspent love and care to his son: “Go, my dear, play near the water ... Just look, don’t get your feet wet!” With what tenderness he looks at his blue "little eyes". And “the heart departs”, and “it becomes joyful in the soul, which cannot be said in words!”
Having adopted a boy who no one needs, but in whose soul there was hope for a "good share", Sokolov himself becomes the personification of the indestructible humanity of the world. Thus, in the story "The Fate of a Man" he showed that despite all the hardships of the war, personal losses, people did not harden their hearts, they are able to do good, strive for happiness, love.
At the beginning of the story, the author calmly talks about the signs of the first post-war spring, as if preparing us for a meeting with the main character, Andrei Sokolov, whose eyes “seem to be sprinkled with ashes, filled with inescapable mortal longing.” Sholokhov's hero recalls the past with restraint, wearily; before confession, he "hunched over", put his big, dark hands on his knees. All this makes us feel how tragic the fate of this man.
Life passes before us ordinary person, Russian soldier Andrey Sokolov. From childhood, he learned how much "a pound is dashing", he fought in civilian life. A modest worker, the father of a family, he was happy in his own way. The war broke the life of this man, tore him away from home, from his family. Andrei Sokolov goes to the front. From the beginning of the war, in its very first months, he was twice wounded, shell-shocked. But the worst was waiting for the hero ahead - he falls into Nazi captivity.
The hero had to experience inhuman torment, hardship, torment. For two years Andrei Sokolov endured the horrors of fascist captivity. He tries to escape, but unsuccessfully, cracking down on a coward, a traitor who is ready, to save his own skin, to betray the commander. With great clarity of feeling dignity, great fortitude and endurance were revealed in the moral duel between Sokolov and the commandant of the concentration camp. The exhausted, exhausted, exhausted prisoner is ready to meet death with such courage and endurance that it amazes even a fascist who has lost his human appearance.
Andrei still manages to escape, and he again becomes a soldier. More than once death looked into his eyes, but he remained human to the end. And yet the most serious trials fell to the lot of the hero when he returned home. Coming out of the war as a winner, Andrei Sokolov lost everything he had in life. In the place where the house built by his hands stood, a crater from a German air bomb was darkening ... All members of his family died. He says to his random interlocutor: “Sometimes you don’t sleep at night, you look into the darkness with empty eyes and think: “Why did you, life, cripple me like that?” There is no answer for me either in the dark or in the clear sun ... "
After everything that this man went through, it would seem that he should have become embittered, hardened. However, life could not break Andrei Sokolov, she hurt, but did not kill the living soul in him. The hero gives all the warmth of his soul to the orphan Vanyusha adopted by him, a boy with "eyes as bright as a sky." And the fact that he adopts Vanya confirms the moral strength of Andrei Sokolov, who, after so many losses, managed to start life anew. This person conquers grief, continues to live. “And I would like to think,” writes Sholokhov, “that this Russian man, a man of unbending will, will survive, and one will grow up near his father’s shoulder, who, having matured, will be able to withstand everything, overcome everything in his path, if his Motherland calls him to this” .
Mikhail Sholokhov's story "The Fate of Man" is imbued with a deep, bright faith in man. Its title is symbolic: it is not just the fate of the soldier Andrei Sokolov, but about the fate of the Russian people, simple soldier who endured all the hardships of the war. The writer shows what at a huge cost victory was won in the Great Patriotic War and who was the real hero of this war. The image of Andrei Sokolov instills in us a deep faith in the moral strength of the Russian people.
Need a cheat sheet? Then save it -" The theme of war and humanism in Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man". Literary writings!Mikhail Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man" is dedicated to the theme of the Patriotic War, in particular the fate of a man who survived this difficult time. The composition of the work fulfills a certain purpose: the author makes a short introduction, talking about how he met his hero, how they talked, and ends with a description of his impressions of what he heard. Thus, each reader seems to personally listen to the narrator - Andrei Sokolov. Already from the first lines it becomes clear what a difficult fate this person has, as the writer makes the remark: “Have you ever seen eyes, as if sprinkled with ashes, filled with such inexpressible longing that it’s hard to look into them?” The main character, at first glance, - a common person with a simple fate that millions of people had - fought in the ranks of the Red Army during civil war, worked for the rich to help the family not die of hunger, but death still took all his relatives. Then he worked in an artel, at a factory, learned to be a locksmith, eventually came to admiration for cars, became a driver. And family life, like many others - married beautiful girl Irina (an orphan), children were born. Andrey had three children: Nastunya, Olechka and son Anatoly. He was especially proud of his son, as he was persistent in learning and capable of mathematics. And it is not for nothing that they say that the happy are all the same, but everyone has their own grief. It came to Andrei's house with a declaration of war. During the war, Sokolov had to experience grief "up to the nostril and above", endure incredible trials on the verge of life and death. During the battle, he was seriously wounded, he was captured, tries to escape several times, works hard in a quarry, runs away, taking a German engineer with him. Hope for a better flashed, and just as suddenly faded away, as two terrible news came: a wife and girls died from a bomb explosion, and a son died on the last day of the war. Sokolov survived these terrible trials that fate sent him. He had life wisdom and courage that relied on human dignity which can neither be destroyed nor tamed. Even when he was from death in a moment, he still remained worthy of the high title of a person, he did not yield to his conscience. Even the German officer Muller recognized this: “Here's the thing, Sokolov, you are a real Russian soldier. You are a brave soldier. I am also a soldier and respect worthy enemies. I won't shoot you." It was a victory of vital principles, since the war burned his fate, and could not burn his soul. For enemies, Andrei was terrible and indestructible, and he appears completely different near the little orphan Vanya, whom he met after the war. Sokolov was struck by the fate of the boy, since he himself had so much pain in his heart. Andrei decided to adopt this child, who even own father didn't remember, except for his leather coat. He becomes a father for Vanya - caring, loving, which he could no longer be for his children. An ordinary person - this is probably too simplistic to say about the hero of the work, it would be more accurate to indicate - complete person for whom life is inner harmony, which is based on truthful, pure and bright life principles. Sokolov never stooped to opportunism, this was contrary to his nature, however, as a self-sufficient person, he had a sensitive and kind heart, and this did not add indulgence, since he had gone through all the horrors of war. But even after the experience, you will not hear complaints from him, only "... the heart is no longer in the chest, but in the gourd it beats, and it becomes hard to breathe." Mikhail Sholokhov solved the problem of thousands of people - young and old - who became orphans after the war, having lost their loved ones and relatives. the main idea the work is formed during the acquaintance with the main character - people should help each other in any trouble that happens on life path This is the true meaning of life.
man at war
Many works of art were written about the Great Patriotic War, including large-scale and epic ones. It would seem that against their background short story M. A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man" should have been lost. But he not only did not get lost, but became one of the most popular and beloved by readers. This story is still taught in schools today. Such a long age of the work indicates that it is talentedly written and is distinguished by artistic expressiveness.
This story tells about the fate of an ordinary Soviet man named Andrei Sokolov, who went through a civil war, industrialization, the Great Patriotic War, a concentration camp and other trials, but managed to remain a man with capital letter. He did not become a traitor, did not break down in the face of danger, he showed all his willpower and courage in captivity of the enemy. A vivid episode is the incident in the camp, when he had to stand face to face with the Lagerfuehrer. Then Andrew was just a hair away from death. One wrong move or step, he would have been shot in the yard. However, seeing in him a strong and worthy opponent, the Lagerführer simply let him go, treating him with a loaf of bread and a piece of bacon as a reward.
Another incident, testifying to the heightened sense of justice and the moral strength of the hero, occurred in the church where the prisoners spent the night. Upon learning that there was a traitor among them, who was trying to hand over one platoon commander to the Nazis as a communist, Sokolov strangled him with his own hands. Killing Kryzhnev, he did not feel pity, nothing but disgust. Thus, he saved an unknown platoon leader and punished the traitor. Strength of character helped him escape from Nazi Germany. This happened when he got a job as a driver for a German major. Once on the way, he stunned him, took away the gun and managed to leave the country. Caught on native side, he kissed the earth for a long time, could not breathe it.
The war more than once took everything dear from Andrei. During the Civil War, he lost his parents and sister, who starved to death. He himself was saved only by leaving for the Kuban. Subsequently, he was able to create new family. Andrei had a wonderful wife and three children, but the war took them away from him. A lot of sorrows and trials befell this man, but he was able to find the strength to live on. The key incentive for him was little Vanyusha, an orphaned person like him. The war took Vanya's father and mother away, and Andrei picked him up and adopted him. This also testifies to inner strength Main character. Having gone through a series of such difficult trials, he did not lose heart, did not break down and did not harden. It is this his personal victory over the war.
The Great Patriotic War passed through the fate of millions Soviet people, leaving a heavy memory of himself: pain, anger, suffering, fear. Many during the war years lost their dearest and closest people, many experienced severe hardships. Rethinking of military events, human actions occurs later. Appear in the literature works of art in which, through the prism of the author's perception, an assessment of what is happening in difficult wartime is given.
Mikhail Sholokhov could not pass by the topic that was of concern to everyone and therefore wrote a short story “The Fate of a Man”, touching on the issues heroic epic. In the center of the narrative are the wartime events that changed the life of Andrei Sokolov, the protagonist of the work. The writer does not describe military events in detail, this is not the task of the author. The purpose of the writer is to show the key episodes that influenced the formation of the hero's personality. major event in the life of Andrei Sokolov is a prisoner. It is in the hands of the Nazis, in the face of mortal danger, that various aspects of the character's character are manifested, it is here that the war appears to the reader without embellishment, exposing the essence of people: the vile, vile traitor Kryzhnev; real doctor who "did his great work both in captivity and in the dark"; "such a thin, snub-nosed boy", platoon commander. Andrei Sokolov had to endure inhuman torments in captivity, but the main thing is that he managed to maintain his honor and dignity. The climax of the story is the scene at the commandant Muller, where they brought the exhausted, hungry, tired hero, but even there he showed the enemy the strength of the Russian soldier. The act of Andrei Sokolov (he drank three glasses of vodka without a snack: he did not want to choke on a handout) surprised Muller: “Here's the thing, Sokolov, you are a real Russian soldier. You are a brave soldier." The war appears before the reader without embellishment: after escaping from captivity, already in the hospital, the hero receives terrible news from home about the death of his family: his wife and two daughters. The heavy war machine spares no one: neither women nor children. The last blow of fate is the death of the eldest son Anatoly on the ninth of May on Victory Day at the hands of a German sniper.
War robs people of the most precious thing: family, loved ones. In parallel with the life of Andrei Sokolov, the story line little boy Vanyusha, whom the war also made an orphan, depriving his relatives of his mother and father.
This is what the writer gives to his two heroes: "Two orphaned people, two grains of sand, thrown into foreign lands by a military hurricane of unprecedented strength ...". War dooms people to suffering, but it also brings up will, character, when you want to believe “that this Russian man, a man of unbending will, will survive, and one will grow up near his father’s shoulder, who, having matured, will be able to endure everything, overcome everything in his path if his homeland calls for it.
The influence of war on the fate of man is a topic that has been the subject of thousands of books. Everyone theoretically knows what war is. Those who felt her monstrous touch on themselves are much less. War is a constant companion human society. She contradicts everyone. moral laws, but despite this, every year the number of people affected by it is growing.
The fate of a soldier
The image of a soldier has always inspired writers and filmmakers. In books and films, he commands respect and admiration. In life - detached pity. The state needs a soldier as a nameless manpower. His crippled fate can excite only those close to him. The influence of war on the fate of a person is indelible, regardless of what was the reason for participating in it. And there can be many reasons. Starting from the desire to protect the homeland and ending with the desire to earn money. One way or another, it is impossible to win the war. Each of its participants is obviously defeated.
In 1929, a book was published, the author of which, fifteen years before this event, dreamed of getting to his homeland at all costs, nothing disturbed his imagination. He wanted to see the war, because he believed that only she could make a real writer out of him. His dream came true: he received many stories, reflected them in his work and became known to the whole world. The book in question is Farewell to Arms. Author - Ernest Hemingway.
About how the war affects the fate of people, how it kills and maims them, the writer knew firsthand. He divided people related to her into two categories. The first included those who fight on the front lines. To the second - those who kindle the war. About the latest american classic judged unequivocally, believing that the instigators should be shot in the first days of hostilities. The influence of war on the fate of man, according to Hemingway, is devastating. After all, it is nothing more than a "brazen, dirty crime."
Illusion of immortality
Many young people begin to fight, subconsciously unaware of possible final. tragic end in their thoughts does not correlate with their own destiny. The bullet will overtake anyone, but not him. Mina he can safely bypass. But the illusion of immortality and excitement dissipate like yesterday's dream during the first hostilities. And with a successful outcome, another person returns home. He does not return alone. With him is a war that becomes his companion until last days life.
Revenge
About the atrocities of Russian soldiers in last years began to speak almost openly. Books by German authors, eyewitnesses of the Red Army march on Berlin, have been translated into Russian. The feeling of patriotism weakened for some time in Russia, which made it possible to write and talk about mass rapes and inhuman atrocities carried out by the victors on German territory in 1945. But what should be the psychological reaction of a person after native land an enemy appeared who destroyed his family and home? The influence of war on the fate of a person is impartial and does not depend on which camp he belongs to. Everyone becomes a victim. The true perpetrators of such crimes usually go unpunished.
About responsibility
In 1945-1946, a trial was held in Nuremberg to try the leaders Nazi Germany. The convicts were sentenced to death penalty or long-term imprisonment. As a result of the titanic work of investigators and lawyers, sentences were passed that corresponded to the severity of the crime committed.
After 1945 wars continue around the world. But the people unleashing them are sure of their absolute impunity. Over half a million Soviet soldiers died during Afghan war. Approximately fourteen thousand Russian military personnel account for the losses in Chechen war. But no one was punished for the unleashed madness. None of the perpetrators of these crimes died. The effect of war on a person is all the more terrible because in some, although rare cases, it contributes to material enrichment and strengthening of power.
Is war a noble cause?
Five hundred years ago, the leader of the state personally led his subjects on the attack. He risked the same as ordinary fighters. The picture has changed over the past two hundred years. The influence of war on a person has become deeper, because there is no justice and nobility in it. Military masterminds prefer to sit in the rear, hiding behind the backs of their soldiers.
Ordinary fighters, once on the front line, are guided by a strong desire to escape at any cost. There is a “shoot first” rule for this. The one who shoots second, inevitably dies. And the soldier, pulling the trigger, no longer thinks about the fact that there is a person in front of him. There is a click in the psyche, after which it is hard, almost impossible to live among people who are not versed in the horrors of war.
More than twenty-five million people died in the Great Patriotic War. Every Soviet family knew grief. And this grief left a deep painful imprint, which was passed on even to descendants. A female sniper with 309 lives on her account commands respect. But in modern world the former soldier will not find understanding. Tales of his murders are more likely to cause alienation. How does war affect the fate of a person in modern society? Just like on a participant in the liberation of Soviet land from German occupiers. The only difference is that the defender of his land was a hero, and whoever fought on the opposite side was a criminal. Today, war is devoid of meaning and patriotism. Even the fictitious idea for which it is kindled has not been created.
Lost generation
Hemingway, Remarque and other authors of the 20th century wrote about how war affects the fate of people. It is extremely difficult for an immature person to post-war years adapt to civilian life. They had not yet had time to get an education, their moral positions were not strong before they appeared at the recruiting station. The war destroyed in them that which had not yet had time to appear. And after it - alcoholism, suicide, madness.
Nobody needs these people, they are lost to society. There is only one person who will accept the crippled fighter as he has become, will not turn away and refuse him. This person is his mother.
woman at war
A mother who loses her son is not able to come to terms with it. No matter how heroically a soldier dies, the woman who gave birth to him will never be able to come to terms with his death. Patriotism and lofty words lose their meaning and become ridiculous next to her grief. The influence of war on becomes unbearable when this person is a woman. And we are talking not only about soldiers' mothers, but also about those who, along with men, take up arms. A woman was created for the birth of a new life, but not for its destruction.
Children and war
Why is war not worth it? She's not worth it human life, maternal grief. And she is not able to justify a single tear of a child. But those who conceive this bloody crime are not touched even by children's crying. World history full of terrible pages that tell of atrocious crimes against children. Despite the fact that history is a science necessary for a person to avoid the mistakes of the past, people continue to repeat them.
Children not only die in the war, they die after it. But not physically, but mentally. It was after the First World War that the term "children's homelessness" appeared. This social phenomenon has different preconditions for its occurrence. But the most powerful of them is war.
In the 1920s, orphaned children of war filled the cities. They had to learn to survive. They did this by begging and stealing. The first steps in a life in which they are hated turned them into criminals and immoral creatures. How does war affect the fate of a person who is just beginning to live? She deprives him of his future. Only Lucky case and someone's participation can make a child who lost his parents in the war, a full-fledged member of society. The impact of the war on children is so profound that the country that participated in it has to suffer its consequences for decades.
Fighters today are divided into "murderers" and "heroes". They are neither the same nor the other. A soldier is someone who has been unlucky twice. For the first time - when he got to the front. The second time - when he returned from there. Murder depresses a person. Awareness comes sometimes not immediately, but much later. And then hatred and a desire for revenge settle in the soul, which makes unhappy not only former soldier but also those close to him. And it is necessary to judge for this the organizers of the war, those who, according to Leo Tolstoy, being the lowest and vicious people, received power and glory as a result of the implementation of their plans.
