Roman "Dubrovsky" A.S. Pushkin is the most famous Russian robber novel, created in the spirit of the genre popular in England, France and Germany in the 18th-19th centuries. literary composition, in the center of which is the image of a noble robber.
The novel is based on the idea of moral decay Russian nobility and its opposition common people. The themes of protection of honor, family lawlessness, peasant revolt are revealed.
History of creation
The novel in 3 parts was begun by Alexander Pushkin (1799 - 1837) after finishing work on the composition of Belkin's Tale in the autumn of 1832.
Pushkin wrote only 2 volumes of the planned three-volume work, the second of which was completed in 1833, that is, work on the novel went quite quickly. The third volume was never launched.
The first publication of the work took place 4 years after the death of the poet in a duel in 1841. Pushkin did not leave the name of the novel in the manuscript, and he was prefaced with the name of the protagonist "Dubrovsky".
The basis for the work was a case told to the poet by his comrade Nashchokin. According to the story, the landowner Ostrovsky, ruined by the fault of a high-ranking neighbor, gathered his serfs and created a gang of robbers. History interested Pushkin as a realistic basis for prose writing.
Analysis of the work
Main plot
(Illustration by B. M. Kustodiev "Troekurov chooses puppies")
The landowners Troekurov and Dubrovsky, the father of the protagonist Vladimir, are neighbors and friends. Row conflict situations they divorce friends from each other, and the Troekurovs, taking advantage of their special position, claim the rights to the neighbor's only estate. Dubrovsky is unable to confirm his right to the estate and goes crazy.
The son Vladimir, who arrived from the city, finds his father near death. Soon the elder Dubrovsky dies. Not wanting to put up with injustice, Vladimir burns down the estate along with the officials who came to register it for Troekurov. Together with the devoted peasants, he goes into the forest and terrifies the entire district, however, without touching the people of Troekurov.
A French teacher goes to serve in the Troekurovs' house and, thanks to bribery, Dubrovsky takes his place. In the enemy's house, he falls in love with his daughter Masha, who loves him back.
Spitsyn recognizes in the French teacher a robber who robbed him. Vladimir has to go into hiding.
At this time, the father gives Masha in marriage to the old prince against his will. Vladimir's attempts to upset the marriage are not successful. After the wedding, Dubrovsky and his gang surround the carriage of the young and Vladimir frees his beloved. But she refuses to go with him, as she is already married to another.
The provincial authorities are making an attempt to surround Dubrovsky's gang. He decides to stop the robbery and, disbanding the people loyal to him, goes abroad.
Main characters
Vladimir Dubrovsky in the work of Pushkin appears as one of the most noble and courageous heroes. He is the only son of his father, a hereditary impoverished nobleman. The young man graduated Cadet Corps and is a cornet. At the time of the news about the estate taken from his father, Vladimir was 23 years old.
After the death of his father, Dubrovsky gathers loyal peasants and becomes a robber. However, his robbery is painted with noble tones. All the victims of the gang are rich people leading an unworthy lifestyle. In this, the image of the protagonist largely intersects with the image of Robin Hood.
Dubrovsky's goal is revenge for his father and it is aimed at Troekurov. Under the guise of a teacher, Vladimir settles in the landowner's house and starts a good relationship with all family members, and falls in love with her daughter Masha.
Dubrovsky's courage and determination are evidenced by an incident in Troekurov's house. Being jokingly locked in a room with a bear, Dubrovsky does not lose his composure and kills the bear with one shot from a pistol.
After meeting with Masha the main objective the hero changes. For the sake of reuniting with his beloved, Dubrovsky is ready to give up his desire to take revenge on her father.
Masha's refusal to follow Dubrovsky after her marriage to Vereisky, as well as the raid on the gang, force Vladimir to abandon his plans. He nobly lets his people go, not wanting to drag them into trouble. The rejection of his beloved and the flight abroad testify to the humility of the young man and unwillingness to go against fate.
In the existing outlines for the third volume, Vladimir's return to Russia and attempts to return Masha can be traced. In this regard, we can say that the hero does not give up his love, but only accepts the desire of his beloved to live according to church laws.
(note from the editor - Kirila Petrovich - not to be confused with Kirill)
Troekurov in the novel is the main negative character. A rich and influential landowner knows no bounds in his tyranny; for the sake of a joke, he can lock a guest in a room with a bear. At the same time, he respects independent people, which include Vladimir's father Andrei Gavrilovich. Their friendship comes to an end because of trifles and Troekurov's pride. Deciding to punish Dubrovsky for insolence, he appropriates his estate, using his unlimited power and connections.
At the same time, the image of Troekurov is built not only in negative tones. The hero, having cooled down after a quarrel with a friend, regrets his act. In his behavior, Pushkin lays the pattern of the Russian social structure in which the nobles felt omnipotent and unpunished.
Troekurov is characterized as loving father. His younger son born out of wedlock, but brought up in a family on an equal footing with his eldest daughter Masha.
The pursuit of profit can be traced in the choice of a husband for her beloved daughter Masha. Troekurov knows about his daughter's reluctance to marry an old man, but organizes a wedding and does not allow his daughter to run away with her beloved Dubrovsky. This is a great example of how parents try to make their children's lives contrary to their wishes.
Masha Troekurova at the time of the action is a 17-year-old girl who is brought up alone big estate She is silent and withdrawn into herself. Her main outlet is her father's rich library and French novels. The appearance in the house of a French teacher in the form of Dubrovsky for a romantic young lady develops into love, similar to numerous novels. The truth about the personality of the teacher does not frighten the girl, which speaks of her courage.
It is important to note that Masha is principled. Married to an unwanted husband - an old count - Masha rejects Dubrovsky's offer to run away with him and talks about her duty to her husband.
The work is dramatic in its composition and stands on bright contrasts:
- friendship and judgment
- meeting of the protagonist with his native places and father's death,
- funeral and fire
- holiday and robbery,
- love and escape
- marriage and battle.
Thus, the composition of the novel is based on the conflict method, that is, the collision of contrasting scenes.
Pushkin's novel "Dubrovsky" under the shell romantic essay contains a number of deep reflections of the author on the problems of Russian life and organization.
Begins in the 1930s new stage in the work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. From romantic heroes and paintings, the writer moves on to realistic sketches, trying to show reality as it is. He starts to worry about problems Russian society to which he dedicates one of his most famous novels"Dubrovsky".
Documentary basis of the novel
Once, while talking with his friend P. V. Nashchokin, Pushkin heard the story of a poor Belarusian nobleman Pavel Ostrovsky, who owned a small village in the Minsk province. During the war of 1812, the documents for the ownership of the estate burned down. The rich neighbor of young Ostrovsky took advantage of this, took away from the young man native home. The peasants of Ostrovsky revolted, refusing to submit to the new master, and preferred to rob. According to rumors, the young nobleman first became a teacher, and then joined his former subjects. He was arrested for robbery, but Pavel managed to escape from custody and hide. The further fate of this man, as well as Dubrovsky, the main character Pushkin's novel, unknown.
Ostrovsky's situation so struck Pushkin that he immediately decided to write about noble robber novel, initially giving the protagonist the name of his desperate, dashing prototype.
Creation of a work
Alexander Sergeevich began work on it in 1832. In the drafts of the writer, the place of events is marked - the Kozlovsky district of the Tambov province. That's where another one happened. real story, which is reflected in the novel: Colonel Kryukov won a lawsuit on the ownership of the estate from his neighbor Lieutenant Martynov. Litigation with similar outcomes occurred repeatedly. All over Russia, more wealthy noblemen took away the estates from poor landowners. The flagrant injustice of the court in such a situation outraged Pushkin, he decided to describe a similar situation with the most subtle details. Among the victims of eminent and unprincipled aristocratic neighbors was the landowner Dubrovsky. This sonorous surname Alexander Sergeevich chose for his noble hero.
Pushkin worked on the work for a year. The last draft notes date back to 1833.
How did the novel appear in print?
Pushkin did not have time to complete the novel about the noble robber. The author did not even give the final title to the work (instead of the title in the drafts, there is simply the date "October 21, 1821"). The work appeared in print after the death of the great poet, in 1841. Such is the history of the creation of the novel "Dubrovsky".
But the researchers of Pushkin's drafts found a continuation of the story in him. According to the writer's plan, the elderly Prince Vereisky was to die, and Dubrovsky was to return to Russia, hide his identity, be exposed and then run away again. If Alexander Sergeevich had not died, perhaps the ending of the novel would have been happy.
- "Dubrovsky"- unfinished (at least, unprocessed) and not published during his lifetime, the novel by A. S. Pushkin (1833), which is romantic story about the love of Vladimir Dubrovsky and Maria Troekurova - the offspring of two warring landlord families. Many phrases from this novel have survived to this day. The word "Troekurovshchina" is often used, denoting the rules and procedures adopted by Troekurov ( cruel treatment to courtyards, disrespect for ranks, etc.).
- Alexander Pushkin worked on the novel "Dubrovsky" from 1832 to 1833. It was neither completed nor published during the poet's lifetime. The publishers themselves named the manuscript after the name of the protagonist. First published in 1842.
The image of Dubrovsky had several prototypes. Nashchokin told Pushkin about the landowner Ostrovsky, who “had a process with a neighbor for land, was ousted from the estate and, left with some peasants, began to rob first clerks, then others. Pushkin knew about the case of the Nizhny Novgorod landowner (the surname is the same as that of the hero), from whom in 1802 the estate of his relative was illegally taken away. Irakli Andronikov points to a number of other possible prototypes. The typical nature of the situation of the unfair loss of the estate allowed Pushkin to include a detailed document on several pages in the text of the novel. Which? – The decision of the court to deprive the father of the Dubrovsky estate in favor of Troekurov.
Pushkin was interested in the fate of a Russian nobleman who became a victim of injustice.
In the 19th century, the adventure novel genre became popular. Numerous works appeared, where honesty was opposed to meanness, generosity - to greed, love - to hatred. Writers often used the "dressing up" of the characters and the violation of the chronology of the story to add entertainment. Main character such a story was invariably handsome, noble, honest and bold. The adventurous romance ended with the victory of the protagonist. A.S. Pushkin made an attempt to write a similar work.
Nobility is morality, selfless honesty and openness. In the novel, nobility loses everywhere and in everything: the story of friendship ends in enmity, the arrival of the son turns out to be next to the death of the father. A funeral and a fire, a holiday and a robbery - these are such dissimilar events that coexist in the novel.
Vladimir Dubrovsky, like his father, is endowed with nobility, a sense of human dignity, kindness and selflessness. However, he could not save his father, lost Kistenevka, did not connect with Masha, and parted ways with the peasants. Pushkin regrets that there is no place for nobility in the world. But the hero has earned the respect of his father, Troekurov, Masha's interest and our admiration.
The work of A.S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky" - 180 years from the date of publication
Some storylines :
- image of the Russian nobility;
- relations between peasants and nobles;
- love line.
The beginning of the conflict between the heroes
Troekurov's kennel
sincere Dubrovsky's fortune
- illustration by artist D.A. Shmarinov
scene in court
Did Troekurov succeed in achieving his goal: to break pride, trample on human dignity former friend?
artist illustration
B.M. Kustodieva
"You are free!"
What do you think further fate Masha?
Pushkin planned further development the plot of the novel
Life of M.K.
Death kn.Ver.
Englishman.
Date.
Chief of Police.
denouement
Speaking names.
Pushkin was very thoughtful in choosing names for his heroes. The significance of names literary characters originates from folklore. Most often, the essence of the main conflict is highlighted through the name. In six works of Pushkin, the name main character– Maria (“ Captain's daughter”, “Snowstorm”, “Poltava”, “Dubrovsky”, “Bakhchisarai Fountain”, “Shot”). Mary - from ancient Egyptian - beloved by God, from Hebrew - bitter.
"Dubrovsky" and other types of art:
Dubrovsky (opera) - opera by E. F. Napravnik. The first production of Eduard Napravnik's opera "Dubrovsky" took place in St. Petersburg on January 15, 1895, at the Mariinsky Theater, under the direction of the author.
Dubrovsky (film) - directed by Alexander Ivanovsky, 1935.
Dubrovsky (film-opera) - Vitaly Golovin's film-opera based on opera of the same name E. F. Napravnika. 1961
"The noble robber Vladimir Dubrovsky" - a film directed by Vyacheslav Nikiforov and his 4-episode extended television version called "Dubrovsky", 1989.
The Eagle (film) - silent film starring Rudolph Valentino, 1925 The plot of the film differs significantly from Pushkin's novel.
The idea for the novel "Dubrovsky" arose at the end of September 1832. Pushkin in September 1832 met in Moscow with P.V. Nashchokin and heard from him a story about the prototype of Dubrovsky - the Belarusian nobleman Ostrovsky. At this time, Pushkin was working on a story to a Pugachev nobleman, whom the vicissitudes of his personal fate make him an accomplice in a peasant revolt, and therefore the story of Ostrovsky produced on Pushkin great impression, it lay on the ground prepared by his previous reflections and artistic work.
A true incident that happened in the early 1830s with a poor nobleman, "who had a lawsuit with a neighbor for land, was ousted from the estate and, left with some peasants, began to rob, first clerks, then others," becomes the basis of the novel "Dubrovsky ".
The title was given to the novel by the publishers when it was first published in 1842. In the Pushkin manuscript, instead of the title, there is the date when work on the work began: "October 21, 1832". The last chapter is dated February 6, 1833.
The basis of the novel "Dubrovsky" is the tragic idea of the social and moral stratification of people from the nobility and the social enmity between the nobility and the people. It also gives rise to internal drama, which is expressed in contrasts in the composition of the novel:
friendship resists the scene of judgment,
the meeting of Vladimir Dubrovsky with his native home is accompanied by the death of his father, stricken by misfortunes and a deadly disease,
the silence of the funeral is broken by the menacing glow of the fire,
the holiday in Pokrovsky ends with a robbery,
love is a flight
wedding - battle.
Such dissimilar events coexist in the novel. The action of the novel develops at first sequentially, then the author uses a retrospective, i.e. return to the past. Important role plays conflict in the novel.
" The plot of Pushkin's novel is extremely simple. After a carefully designed exposition, the action centers around one hero and his fate. Nevertheless, the main line of narration in "Dubrovsky" is formed, as it were, from several ready-made narrative blocks, each of which is associated with a special literary tradition. The story about the strife of the fathers is followed by another - about the transformation of a guards officer into a robber. Further history goes Dubrovsky's love for Marya Kirilovna, giving way to a story about the forced marriage of Troekurov's daughter ... "
Vladimir Dubrovsky, like his father, is endowed with courage, nobility, a sense of human dignity, and kindness. But he does not achieve success, he inexorably loses everything: in the first volume we learn that his patrimony has been taken away from him, he is deprived of his parental home and familiar society, the socio-cultural environment in which he lived before. In the second volume, we see how Vereisky robs him of love, and the state takes away his robber will. In the novel human feelings enter into tragic duel with prevailing laws and customs.
Pushkin's heroes strive to arrange their own destiny in their own way, but they fail to do so. Vladimir Dubrovsky is testing three options for his life lot: a wasteful and ambitious guards officer, a modest and courageous Deforge, a formidable and honest robber. But he fails to change his fate, since the place of a hero in society is fixed forever. He is the son of an old nobleman with the same qualities that his father had - poverty and honesty, dignity and pride, nobility and independence. Maintaining honesty in poverty is too great a luxury, poverty obliges to be complaisant, moderate pride and forget about honor. Therefore, all attempts by Vladimir Dubrovsky to defend his right to be poor and honest end in disaster: spiritual qualities hero are incompatible with his social and property status.
Dubrovsky
"Dubrovsky"- the most famous robber novel in Russian, an unedited (and possibly unfinished) work of A. S. Pushkin. It tells about the love of Vladimir Dubrovsky and Maria Troekurova - the descendants of two warring landlord families.
History of creation
When creating the novel, Pushkin was based on the story of his friend P. V. Nashchokin about how he saw in prison “one Belarusian poor nobleman, by the name of Ostrovsky, who had a lawsuit with a neighbor for land, was forced out of the estate and, left with some peasants , began to rob, first clerks, then others. During the work on the novel, the main character's surname was changed to "Dubrovsky". The action takes place in the 1820s and spans about a year and a half.
The title was given to the novel by the publishers when it was first published in 1842. In the Pushkin manuscript, instead of the title, there is the date when work on the work began: "October 21, 1832." The last chapter is dated February 6, 1833.
The plot of the novel
A rich and wayward Russian master, a retired general-in-chief landowner Kirila Petrovich Troekurov, whose whims are catered to by neighbors and whose name provincial officials tremble, maintains friendly relations with his closest neighbor and former comrade in the service, a retired lieutenant, a poor but independent nobleman Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky. Troekurov has a violent personality, often subjecting his guests to cruel pranks by locking them in a room with a hungry bear without warning.
Due to the insolence of the serf Troekurov, a quarrel occurs between Dubrovsky and Troekurov, turning into enmity between neighbors. Troyekurov bribes the provincial court and, taking advantage of his impunity, sues Dubrovsky for his estate Kistenevka. Senior Dubrovsky goes crazy in the courtroom. The younger Dubrovsky, Vladimir, a guards cornet in St. Petersburg, is forced to leave the service and return to his seriously ill father, who soon dies. Dubrovsky sets fire to Kistenevka; the estate given to Troekurov burns down along with the court officials who came to formalize the transfer of property. Dubrovsky becomes a robber like Robin Hood, terrifying on local landowners, who, however, did not touch the Troekurov estate. Dubrovsky bribes a passing French teacher Deforge, who intends to enter the service of the Troekurov family, and under his guise becomes a tutor in the Troekurov family. He is put to the test with a bear, which he kills with a shot in the ear. Between Dubrovsky and Troekurov's daughter, Masha, love arises.
Troekurov gives the seventeen-year-old Masha in marriage to the old Prince Vereisky against her will. Vladimir Dubrovsky tries in vain to prevent this unequal marriage. Having received the agreed sign from Masha, he arrives to save her, but too late. During the wedding procession from the church to the Vereisky estate, Dubrovsky's armed men surround the prince's carriage, Dubrovsky tells Masha that she is free, but she refuses his help, explaining her refusal by the fact that she has already taken an oath. Some time later, the provincial authorities try to surround Dubrovsky's detachment, after which he disbands the "gang" and hides abroad from justice.
Possible sequel
In Maykov's collection of Pushkin's drafts, several drafts of the last, third volume of the novel have been preserved. Decryption of a later version: The text is based on the book "From Pushkin's Papers" Researchers interpret Pushkin's plan as follows: after the death of Vereisky, Dubrovsky returns to Russia to reunite with Marya. Perhaps he is pretending to be English. However, Dubrovsky receives a denunciation related to his robbery, this is followed by the intervention of the police chief.
Criticism
In literary criticism, there is a similarity of certain situations of "Dubrovsky" with Western European novels on a similar topic, including the authorship of Walter Scott. A. Akhmatova ranked "Dubrovsky" below all other works by Pushkin, pointing out its compliance with the standard of the "tabloid" novel of that time:
Screen adaptations
- "Eagle" ( The Eagle) - Hollywood silent film with a heavily modified plot (1925); V leading role- Rudolph Valentino
- "Dubrovsky" - film Soviet director Alexander Ivanovsky (1936)
- "The noble robber Vladimir Dubrovsky" - a film directed by Vyacheslav Nikiforov and his 4-episode extended television version called "Dubrovsky" (1989).
Opera
- Dubrovsky - opera by E. F. Napravnik. The first production of Eduard Napravnik's opera "Dubrovsky" took place in St. Petersburg on January 15, 1895, at the Mariinsky Theater, under the direction of the author.
- Dubrovsky (film-opera) - film-opera by Vitaly Golovin (1961) based on the opera of the same name by E. F. Napravnik
