"Bivouac of the Italian Guard, September 7, 1812".
Lithograph after a drawing by Albert Adam.
1827-1833.
Italy (Italia), a state in southern Europe in the Mediterranean basin. In addition to the mainland, it occupies the islands of Sicily, Sardinia and a number of smaller islands. Population 50.5 million (1961 census), mostly (98%) Italians. The predominant religion is Catholicism. The capital is Rome.
The highest point of the Apennine Peninsula is Mount Corno, 2914 m. There are traces of former volcanic activity and modern active volcanoes (Vesuvius, Etna, Stromboli). The rivers flowing from the Alps (Po with tributaries, Adige, etc.) are constantly high-water, regulated by lakes (Como, Lago Maggiore, Garda), the rest (Tiber, Arno, etc.) are low-water during the period of drought. Forests (coniferous and deciduous) are found mainly in the mountains.
In ancient times, a slave-owning state existed on the territory of Italy. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire at the end of the 5th century, Italy was conquered by the Ostrogoths, Byzantium, and the Lombards. In the 8th-9th centuries, most of Italy was part of the Frankish state, in 756 the Papal States, the secular state of the popes, was founded. Since the 11th century, Italy has become the object of the struggle between the popes and the German emperors. As a result crusades(11-13 centuries) the cities of Northern and Central Italy took over the intermediary trade between Western Europe and the East. Venice, Florence, Milan, Genoa, and others became independent republics that subjugated significant territories. In 1378, the world's first uprising of hired workers, the ciompi, took place in Florence. In the 14-15 centuries, tyranny was established in most city-states in Italy - the sole power. With the movement of trade routes from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean, the decline of the urban republics of Italy began, which turned into an object of struggle between France, Spain and Austria. At the end of the 18th century in Italy, where they entered French troops, several republics dependent on France were formed. Suvorov's Italian campaign of 1799 crushed French rule in Italy, but in 1800 Napoleon's victory over the Austrians restored it. The Vienna Congress of 1814-1815 transferred Lombardy and Venice to Austria and restored the former monarchs in the Italian states. Big role played in the unification of Italy folk hero G. Garibaldi. His revolutionary campaign in Sicily and Naples (1860) was of decisive importance for the creation in 1861 of a unified Italian kingdom. In 1866, as a result of the Austro-Prussian War, in which Italy participated on the side of Prussia, Venice passed to Italy. The unification of Italy was completed in 1870, after the liberation of Rome from the power of the popes. In 1915 Italy joined the 1st world war on the side of the Entente. Under the Treaty of Saint-Germain in 1919, Italy received Trentino, and under the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920, Trieste, Istria, and some other lands on the Adriatic. In 1922, the fascist dictatorship of Mussolini was established in Italy. In 1940, Italy entered World War II on the side Nazi Germany. In October 1940, Italy attacked Greece, and in April 1941, Yugoslavia. June 22, 1941, the day of the German attack on the USSR, Italy declared war on the USSR. July 25, 1943 as a result of victories Soviet army over the Nazi troops and the growth of the anti-fascist movement in Italy, as well as in Italy, as well as in connection with the landing of Anglo-American troops in Sicily, Mussolini's regime fell. In 1948 Italy was included in the Marshall Plan.
encyclopedic Dictionary. « Soviet Encyclopedia". 1963
Boris Mikhailovich Kozmin.
Quiet bay in Italy. Province of Calabria.
2004.
Italy of the 14th century represented six large and many small states, constantly at war with each other, which could not unite in any way, but not because there were no forces, but because both the wealthy urban communes and the nobility had too many forces. striving for power, and no one wanted to give in to anyone.
The south of Italy, with the city of Naples and Sicily, was occupied by the Kingdom of Naples, which for some time belonged to Provence and possessions in the Balkans. However, Sicily early stood out as a separate state with the Spanish Aragonese dynasty, and Provence went to France. Above it was the papal region, "the patrimony of St. Peter." Even further north is the Florentine Republic, which gradually absorbed all of Tuscany, made the best cloth in the world, grew rich both in trade and in financial transactions, whose banking houses were hosted in almost all Western countries. The north of Italy, Lombardy, was occupied by Milan (later the Duchy of Milan), which also sought to expand its possessions at the expense of its neighbors. On west coast, near France, the mistress of the seas, the Republic of Genoa of St. George, was located in a narrow strip, and in the East - Venice, the second mistress of the seas. Both republics dominated the Black and mediterranean seas, traded, grew rich, and desperately fought with each other in disputes over the inheritance of the defeated and aging Byzantine Empire. The Genoese almost captured Constantinople, ruled in the Crimea, kept trading yards in Moscow. Now we can confidently say that it was the Genoese who organized Mamai's campaign against Rus'.
And between these six states there were many small, sometimes also quite strong ones. To the west are Pisa, which once rivaled Genoa at sea, and Lucca. In the east - Rimini, Urbino, Verona, Padua, Mantua, Ferrara, Ravenna, Bologna ... All of them allied and fought, taking each other's lands and cities. Armed detachments of the leaders of mercenary squads, the condottieri, swept through the country, and no one listened to far-sighted thinkers, like the same Machiavelli, who warned that this would not end well, that fragmented Italy would eventually be conquered by strong neighbors (if not the French king, then the German emperor or Austrian Habsburgs), which happened a century and a half later.
Yes, and how it was - behind the flowering of secular culture, poetry, painting, architecture, the flourishing of industry and trade, the growth of universities, financial expansion (the bankers of Italy lent money even to English and French kings!), As it was in the age of Giotto and Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio, Donatello and Pisano, in an age when Italy reigned in everything: in fashion, morals, jurisprudence, fine arts Guess this is the beginning of the end!
Dmitry Balashov. "Balthasar Kossa".
Vasily Petrovich Petrov.
"Italian landscape".
1800.
“What can I say about Italy? She is beautiful. It is less striking the first time than after. Only peering more and more, you see and feel its secret charm. There is a silvery sheen in the sky and clouds. sunlight further embraces the horizon. And the nights? .. beautiful. The stars shine more than ours, and in appearance they seem larger than ours, like planets. And the air? - it is so pure that distant objects seem close. ( * Letter to N. Ya. Prokopovich March 30-18, 1837)
“You fall in love with Rome very slowly, little by little, and for the rest of your life. In a word, the whole of Europe in order to watch, and Italy in order to live. ( * Letter to A. S. Danilevsky April 5-3, 1837)
“Here is my opinion: whoever was in Italy, say “forgive” to other lands. He who has been in heaven will not want to come to earth.” ( *Letter to Varvara Balabina dated July 16-4, 1837.)
“My beautiful Italy! She is mine! Nobody in the world can take her away from me. I was born here. Russia, Petersburg, snow, scoundrels, department, department, theater - all this I dreamed about. I woke up again at home. ( * Letter to V. A. Zhukovsky dated October 30-18, 1837)
“I saw the homeland of my soul, where my soul lived even before me, before I was born into the world ... What kind of air! It seems that when you pull your nose, at least seven hundred angels fly into the nasal nostrils ... Do you believe that a frantic desire often comes to turn into one nose: so that there is nothing else - no eyes, no hands, no legs, except for one huge nose who would have nostrils in good buckets, so that he could draw in as much incense and spring as possible ... ". ( * Letter from Maria Balabina, April 1838.)
Henri Troyat. "Nikolay Gogol".
Vasily Petrovich Petrov.
"Italian landscape".
1806.
Italians, Italiani (self-name), people, the main population of Italy. The total number is 65.34 million, including 53.75 million in Italy. They also live in other countries of Europe (2.7 million people, including France 1100 thousand, Germany 600 thousand, Switzerland 400 thousand, Belgium 280 thousand, Great Britain 280 thousand people), America (8.05 million people, including in the USA 5 million, Argentina 1.3 million, Canada 750 thousand, Brazil 600 thousand, Venezuela 220 thousand, Uruguay 100 thousand people), Australia and Oceania (about 300 thousand people), Africa (100 thousand people), Asia (about 10 thousands of people). Sub-ethnic groups: Venetians, Ligurians, Calabrians, Piedmontese, Tuscans. They speak Italian.
The most ancient basis of the Italian ethnos were the Italic tribes (Italics), which made up most population of the Apennine Peninsula in the 1st millennium BC. e. One of them is the Latins, who lived in the region of Latium and founded Rome in the 6th-2nd centuries BC. e. conquered the rest of the Italic tribes and the Etruscans, Ligurians, Venets, Celts who inhabited the north of the peninsula, and the Greeks, Carthaginians and Sicules in the south of the peninsula and the islands of Sicily and Corsica. In the 1st-2nd centuries A.D. e. the entire population of the peninsula spoke the so-called dialect of Latin. The languages of the conquered tribes of Italy served as the basis for the formation of the dialect features of Latin and later - Italian. From the first centuries A.D. e. the romanized population of Italy was constantly mixed with slaves various origins, and from the 5th century, with the Germans - the Ostrogoths and the Lombards, etc., during the 6-11th centuries, certain regions of Italy were conquered by the Byzantines, Franks, Arabs, Normans; there was a massive mixing of the Italian population with the conquerors, during which the Italian nationality and the Italian vernacular. In the 11th-13th centuries, the Italian ethnic community. For the formation of the Italian nation, the formation of capitalist relations, the culture of the Renaissance and the establishment in the 13-14 centuries was important. literary language based on the Tuscan dialect. However, long-term retention political fragmentation country prevents the consolidation of the population of individual Italian regions, distinguished by dialects and cultural characteristics, into a single nation. This process was completed only in the 2nd half of the 19th century during the development of capitalism in Italy and its state unification. With a highly developed industry in Italy, traditional industries are preserved Agriculture- arable farming, viticulture, horticulture (including citrus fruits), breeding of cattle and small cattle.
About half of Italians live in cities that retain numerous architectural monuments (Rome, Venice, Florence, etc.) and partially traditional planning. The main material for the construction of rural dwellings is stone. In some places there are archaic round buildings (for example, trulli in Puglia), estates of ancient Roman origin - corti ("courtyards"). Residential and outbuildings in them form a closed quadrangle. Traditional complex types rural dwellings: Levantine - a stone house of several rooms, each of which has an independent roof; Mediterranean - a two-story stone house, rectangular in plan, utility rooms are located on the lower floor, and a kitchen and rooms are on the upper floor; alpine - a large two- or three-story building, to the upper floor of which a covered gallery is attached; Venetian - a two-story stone building, strongly elongated in plan, with a portico along one of the long walls. The only heated room in the peasant house was the kitchen with a large wall or central hearth.
Italian food is characterized by an abundance of vegetables and fruits. An Italian breakfast is usually light, in the country it consists of bread and cheese, in the city it is a cup of black coffee with a small bun. The first course of dinner (minestra) is most often from pasta, the second - fish or meat. The usual dessert is fruit and cheese. An indispensable accessory for lunch is dry wine. Wheat bread, in the north it is often replaced with polenta - thickly cooked, sliced corn porridge. In the south, pizza is often the only meal of the day - an open round pie made from unleavened dough, most often stuffed with cheese and tomato sauce. For the preparation of many dishes, southerners also use the so-called "frutti di mare" ("fruits of the sea").
In a number of holidays (Christmas, Epiphany, Easter, San Giovanni Day), Christian rites are intertwined with pagan ones. Italy is the birthplace of carnival, which is usually held in cities and is accompanied by masquerading. Folk dances- tarantella, saltarello, pawnshop, bergamasca, etc.; musical instruments- guitar, bagpipe, flute.
"Peoples of the World". Moscow, "Soviet Encyclopedia". 1988
Heinrich Semiradsky.
"Italian Courtyard"
In our rural life words: family and court, take almost the same synonymous meaning when, on the contrary, in the west there are huge barracks houses, like entire small towns, where instead of streets there are stairs and corridors. This is especially striking in rural life in Italy, where sometimes a whole village consists of one or two stone houses, farms or osteria.
D. Shepping. Myths of Slavic paganism. Moscow, "TERRA" - "TERRA". 1997.
Heinrich Semiradsky.
"Italian landscape".
"Italian landscape".
1855.
Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovski.
"Italian landscape. Evening".
1858.
Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovski.
Foggy Morning in Italy.
1864.
Ilya Efimovich Repin.
"Italian Models".
Isaac Ilyich Levitan.
1890.
Isaac Ilyich Levitan.
“Near Bordighera. in northern Italy."
1890.
Isaac Ilyich Levitan.
"Spring in Italy".
1890.
Isaac Ilyich Levitan.
"Spring in Italy".
1890.
Isaac Ilyich Levitan.
"Italian landscape".
1890.
Isaac Ilyich Levitan.
“By the sea. Italy".
1890.
Isaac Ilyich Levitan.
Lake Como. Italy".
1894.
"Italian Morning"
1823.
"Italian Noon (Italian Woman Picking Grapes)".
1827.
"Italian Afternoon"
1831.
Italian family.
1831.
"Portrait of the Italian lawyer Francesco Ascani".
1834.
Leonardo da Vinci.
"Map of Northern Italy with the Arno watershed".
1502.
"Italian landscape".
1847.
"Seaside view in Italy".
1840s
"Portrait of an Italian".
1856.
Coliseum
The Trevi Fountain (Italian: Fontana di Trevi) is the largest fountain in Rome, 25.9 m high and 19.8 m wide.
This baroque fountain was built between 1732 and 1762 by the architect Nicola Salvi. It adjoins the facade of the Palazzo Poli (Italian: Palazzo Poli), which belonged, in particular, to Zinaida Volkonskaya. The majestic facade of the palace and the fountain are perceived as a single whole, and therefore the fountain seems even grander.
St. Peter's Basilica (Italian: Basilica di San Pietro; St. Peter's Basilica) - Catholic cathedral, which is the largest building of the Vatican and until recently was considered the largest christian church in the world. One of Rome's four patriarchal basilicas and ceremonial center Roman Catholic Church. The total height of the cathedral is 136m.
They always went to Rome. No wonder that to this day it is believed that "all roads lead to Rome." They came here for inspiration. In the 19th century, a stream of poets and artists of all nationalities literally poured into Rome, among which were Goethe, Stendhal and Henry James. The ancient Roman ruins delighted the famous English romantics - Byron, Keats and Shelley.
Vatican
SARDINIA
Sardinia is the second largest among the Mediterranean islands. Sardinia got its name from the Greek sandaliotis. It was the sandal that reminded the ancient Greeks of the shape of this island. Legend has it that it was here that the Creator entered the earth, leaving his first footprint.
Cala Luna beach
Sardinia (ital. Sardegna, Sard. Sardigna) - an island in the Mediterranean Sea, located west of the Apennine Peninsula between Sicily and Corsica, is the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.
Reggio Calabria (Italian: Provincia di Reggio Calabria) is a province in Italy, in the region of Calabria.
Rieti (Italian: Provincia di Rieti) is a province in Italy, in the Lazio region.
Buonconsiglio Castle in Trento
The National Museum and Gallery of Capodimonte (Italian: Museo e Gallerie Nazionali di Capodimonte) is the main city museum and Art Gallery Naples. former palace and the summer residence of the Bourbons in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
Abbey of Vezzolano
Puglia is the easternmost region of Italy: Cape Otranto in Salento is located about 80 km from the coast of Albania - this is the easternmost point of the country.
Caltabellotta (Italian: Caltabellotta) is a commune in Italy, located in the region of Sicily, subject to the administrative center of Agrigento.
Nicastro-San Teodoro, central Calabria
Sassocorvaro (Italian Sassocorvaro) is a commune in Italy, located in the Marche region, subject to the administrative center of Pesaro e Urbino.
Cella Monte,Monferrato
Llo Cinqueterre, Riomaggiore -Liguria
Cinque Terre (Liguria)
Medieval city of Ceriana, provincial Liguria
Piazza Tasso, Sorrento (Campania)
Sovana medieval village in the community of Sorano, province of Groseto (Tuscany)
In San Vitor - Chiuse Abbey
Via Po, Torino (Piedmont)
St. Johan, (Trentino-South Tyrol)
Lake on Varese (Lombardy)
Roccascalegna Castle. Kieti region
In a country as hot and sultry as Italy on a summer afternoon, most people hide in their homes and cool cafes. Only inverter air conditioners can save them from overheating in such heat.
The presence of an artistic canvas in the interior changes the geometry of space. Attracting attention, it can make it dynamic if the images are unusual, bizarre. Or, on the contrary, bring peace and balance, such as paintings, reproductions with views of Italy.
Landscapes from the Italian collection
Salons "Fabian Smith" offer an extensive collection in which you can find piece of art suitable in style and mood for any interior. Our partner, the Italian factory Dekor Toscana, is widely known in Europe as a manufacturer of home accessories. Among them, a worthy place is occupied by landscapes:
works contemporary artists written in different technique;
copies of paintings famous artists, "brought" to perfection by hand;
reproductions from the originals, printed using modern technologies.
Of particular interest in the gallery of proposals are views of Italy - oil paintings, watercolors, graphic images. The beauty of nature and the special flavor of the Mediterranean give rise to canvases that are conducive to peace and contemplation. They are appropriate in any room: living room and fireplace room, bedroom, dining room and hallway.
Rules for the arrangement of paintings in the interior
In order for the artistic canvas to organically complement the decor, emphasize the chosen style, you need to remember a few simple rules decor.
1. ("Inner courtyard") effectively solves the problem of an "empty" wall, including the traditional technique - the location above the sofa. It must match the size of the room.
2. Collage from the series small canvases() looks especially good on a monochrome wall surface. At the same time, a baguette and a passe-partout can link decor elements (textiles, wallpapers) to each other, or create an expressive contrasting composition.
3. Classic ways location - above the console, chest of drawers, in the inter-window gap. But, in principle, it depends on the style of design. can stand on a shelf, and a large one (without a frame) - even on the floor.
In Fabian Smith stores you can buy paintings of different styles, italian landscape- the most popular choice of buyers. Consultation and advice professional designer will facilitate the search for a suitable option, if necessary, it will help to order the canvas you like from the catalog.
