The poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'” is the result of all the work of N.A. Nekrasov. It was conceived "about the people and for the people" and was written from 1863 to 1876. The author considered his work "the epic of modern peasant life". In it, Nekrasov asked himself the question: did the abolition of serfdom bring happiness to the peasantry? To find the answer, the poet sends seven men on a long journey across Russia in search of at least one lucky man.
On their way, wanderers meet many faces, heroes, destinies. Savely becomes one of the people they meet. Nekrasov calls him "the hero of the Holy Russian." Travelers see an old man in front of them, "with a huge gray mane, ... with a huge beard", "he has already turned, According to fairy tales, a hundred years." But, despite his age, this man felt great strength and power: “... will he straighten up? The bear will punch a hole in the light room with its head!
This strength and power, as the wanderers later learned, manifested itself not only in Savely's appearance. They are, first of all, in his character, the inner core, moral qualities.
The son often called Savely a convict and "branded". To which this hero always replied: “Branded, but not a slave!” Love of freedom, the desire for internal independence - that's what made Saveliy a real "Holy Russian" hero.
Why did this hero go to hard labor? In his youth, he revolted against the German manager sent by the landowner to their village. Vogel made it so that "hard labor came to the Korezsky peasant - Ruined to the bone!" At first, the whole village endured. In this, Savely sees the heroism of the Russian peasant in general. But what is his wealth? In patience and endurance - for seventeen years the peasants endured the yoke of Vogel:
And it bends, but does not break,
Doesn't break, doesn't fall...
Really not a hero?
But soon the peasant's patience came to an end:
It happened, I lightly
Pushed him with his shoulder
Then another pushed him
And third...
People's anger, having received a push, like an avalanche, fell on the monster-manager. The peasants buried him alive in the ground, in the same hole that he ordered the peasants to dig. Nekrasov, thus, shows here that the patience of the people comes to an end. Moreover, despite the fact that patience - national trait character, it must have its limits. The poet calls to start fighting for the improvement of his life, for his destiny.
For the crime committed, Savely and other peasants were exiled to hard labor. But before that, they were kept in prison, where the hero learned to read and write, and were flogged with whips. But Saveliy does not even consider this a punishment: “They didn’t tear it out - they anointed it, There’s a bad rag there!”
The hero escaped from hard labor several times, but he was returned and punished. Saveliy spent twenty years in strict penal servitude, twenty years in settlements. Returning home, he built his own house. It would seem that now you can live and work in peace. But is this possible for Russian peasants? Nekrasov shows that he is not.
Already at home with Savely, probably the most happened terrible event, worse than twenty years of hard labor. old hero did not look after his great-grandson Demushka, and the pigs ate the boy. This sin Savely could not forgive himself until the end of his life. He felt guilty before Demushka's mother, and before all people, and before God.
After the death of the boy, the hero almost settled on his grave, and then completely went to the monastery to atone for his sins. It is the last part of Savely's life that explains the definition that Nekrasov gives him - "Holy Russian". The poet sees great strength, the invincibility of the Russian man precisely in morality, the inner core of a simple peasant, largely based on faith in God.
But better than Savely himself, no one, probably, will tell about his fate and fate. Here is how the old man himself evaluates his life:
Oh, the share of Holy Russian
Homemade hero!
He's been bullied all his life.
Time will reflect
About death - hellish torments
In the next worldly life they are waiting.
In the image of Saveliy, the Holy Russian hero, the enormous forces of the Russian people, their powerful potential, are embodied. This is expressed both in the physical appearance of the hero, and in his inner purity, love of freedom, pride. However, it is worth noting that Savely has not yet decided on a complete rebellion, on a revolution. In anger, he buries Vogel, but in his words, especially at the end of his life, humility sounds. Moreover, Savely believes that torment and suffering will await him not only in this life, but also in the next world.
That is why Nekrasov places his revolutionary hopes on Grisha Dobroskolonov, who must understand the potential of such Savelis and raise them to the revolution, lead to a better life.
N. A. Nekrasov Russian women Princess Trubetskaya Winter night 1826 Princess Ekaterina Trubetskaya follows her Decembrist husband to Siberia. The old count, the father of Ekaterina Ivanovna, with tears, lays the bear's cavity into the wagon, which should forever take his daughter away from home. The princess mentally says goodbye not only to her family, but also to her native Petersburg, which she loved more than all the cities she had seen, in which her youth happily passed. After the arrest of her husband, Petersburg became a fatal city for her. Despite the fact that at each station the princess generously rewards the Yamskaya servants, the way to Tyumen is
The novel "War and Peace" is one of the central works great writer Leo Tolstoy. Despite the panorama, the abundance of characters and events, this is, first of all, a work about people, about their search for their place in life. Against the backdrop of large historical events Tolstoy is interested private life a person, which does not consist in serving people in general, one's estate, people, state, but in serving one's relatives, family. This "family thought" was most clearly embodied in the images of women, primarily in the images of Natasha Rostova and Marya Bolkonskaya. Tolstoy, as if from afar, through many
In his novel "Eugene Onegin" Pushkin gives a broad, complete and true picture of the life of Russian society of his time. He draws life and customs different groups nobility: St. Petersburg, Moscow and local. But most of all, he reveals the images of representatives younger generation. The main thing actor novel, the young nobleman Eugene Onegin, is shown by Pushkin as a person with a very complex and controversial character. The poet does not hide his shortcomings and does not try to justify them. Already from the first chapter, we learn that the author became friends with Onegin, that the poet "liked his features" and that he loved to spend
One of the main characters of Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” - Savely - the reader will recognize when he is already an old man who has lived a long and hard life. The poet draws a colorful portrait of this amazing old man:
FROM big gray mane,
Tea, twenty years uncut,
FROM big beard,
Grandpa looked like a bear
Especially, as from the forest,
Bending down, he left.
Savely's life turned out to be very difficult, fate did not spoil him. In his old age, Savely lived in the family of his son, father-in-law Matryona Timofeevna. It is noteworthy that grandfather Saveliy does not like his family. Obviously, all households have far from the most best qualities, and an honest and sincere old man feels this very well. In his native family Saveliy is called “branded, convict”. And he himself, not at all offended by this, says: “Branded, but not a slave.
It is interesting to observe how Saveliy is not averse to playing a trick on his family members:
BUT hit him hard-
Jokes: “Look
Matchmakers to us!” Unmarried
Cinderella - to the window:
en instead of matchmakers- beggars!
From a tin button
Grandfather fashioned two kopecks,
Tossed up on the floor-
Father-in-law got caught!
Not drunk from drinking-
The beaten one dragged on!
What does this relationship between the old man and his family indicate? First of all, it is striking that Saveliy is different both from his son and from all relatives. His son does not possess any exceptional qualities, does not shun drunkenness, is almost completely devoid of kindness and nobility. And Savely, on the contrary, is kind, smart, outstanding. He eschews his household, apparently, he is disgusted by pettiness, envy, malice, characteristic of his relatives. Old man Savely is the only one in her husband's family who was kind to Matryona. The old man does not hide all the hardships that have fallen to his lot:
“Oh, the share of Holy Russian
Homemade hero!
He's been bullied all his life.
Time will reflect
O death is the torment of hell
In the other world they are waiting.”
Old man Savely is very freedom-loving. It combines qualities such as physical and mental strength. Savely is a real Russian hero who does not recognize any pressure on himself. In his youth, Savely had remarkable strength, no one could compete with him. In addition, life used to be different, the peasants were not burdened with the hardest duty to pay dues and work off corvée. Savely says:
We did not rule corvee,
We didn't pay dues
BUT so when you decide
AT send three years.
In such circumstances, the character of the young Savely was tempered. Nobody pressured her, nobody made her feel like a slave. In addition, nature itself was on the side of the peasants:
Dense forests all around,
Swamps all around,
Not a horse ride to us,
Neither pass on foot!
Nature itself protected the peasants from the invasion of the master, the police and other troublemakers. Therefore, the peasants could live and work in peace, not feeling someone else's power over them.
As you read these lines, remember fabulous motifs, because in fairy tales and legends people were absolutely free, they were in charge of their own lives.
The old man tells how the peasants dealt with the bears:
We were only concerned
Bears... yes with bears
We got along easily.
With a knife and with a horn
I myself am scarier than the elk,
Along the reserved paths
I go: “My forest!” - I scream.
Saveliy, like a real fairy tale hero, claims his rights to the forest surrounding him. It is the forest - with its untrodden paths, mighty trees - that is the real element of the hero Savely. In the forest, the hero is not afraid of anything, he is the real master of the silent kingdom around him. That is why in old age he leaves his family and goes into the forest.
The unity of the bogatyr Savely and the nature around him seems undeniable. Nature helps Savely to become stronger. Even in old age, when years and hardships have bent the old man's back, you still feel remarkable strength in him.
Savely tells how, in his youth, his fellow villagers managed to deceive the master, to hide the wealth from him. And although we had to endure a lot for this, no one could reproach people for cowardice and lack of will. The peasants were able to convince the landowners of their absolute poverty, so they managed to avoid complete ruin and enslavement.
Savely - very proud man. This is felt in everything: in his attitude to life, in his steadfastness and courage with which he defends his own. When he talks about his youth, he recalls how only weak-minded people surrendered to the master. Of course, he himself was not one of those people:
Excellently fought Shalashnikov,
And not so hot great Incomes received:
Weak people gave up
BUT strong for the fiefdom
They stood well.
I also endured
He hesitated, thinking:
“Whatever you do, dog son,
BUT You won't knock out your whole soul
Leave something!”
Old man Savely bitterly says that now there is practically no self-respect left in people. Now cowardice, animal fear for oneself and one's well-being and lack of desire to fight prevail:
Those were the proud people!
BUT now give a crack-
Corrector, landowner
Drag the last penny!
Savely's young years passed in an atmosphere of freedom. But peasant freedom did not last long. The master died, and his heir sent a German, who at first behaved quietly and imperceptibly. The German gradually became friends with the entire local population, little by little he observed peasant life.
Gradually, he got into the confidence of the peasants and ordered them to drain the swamp, then cut down the forest. In a word, the peasants came to their senses only when a magnificent road appeared along which it was easy to get to their godforsaken place.
And then came the hardship
Korean peasant -
thread ravaged
The free life was over, now the peasants fully felt all the hardships of a servile existence. Old man Saveliy speaks of people's long-suffering, explaining it by the courage and spiritual strength of people. Only the truly strong courageous people they can be so patient as to endure such mockery of themselves, and so generous as not to forgive such an attitude towards themselves.
BUT so we endured
What we- heroes.
AT that is Russian bogatyrdom.
Do you think, Matryonushka,
man- not rich"?
And his life is not military,
And death is not written for him
In battle- and a rich man!
Nekrasov finds amazing comparisons, speaking of people's long-suffering and courage. He uses folk epic speaking of heroes:
Hands twisted with chains
Legs forged with iron
Back ... dense forests
Passed on it - broke down.
And the chest? Elijah the prophet
By it rattles-rides
On a chariot of fire...
The hero suffers everything!
Old man Savely tells how for eighteen years the peasants endured the arbitrariness of the German manager. Their whole life is now in the grip of this cruel man. People had to work tirelessly. And every time the manager was dissatisfied with the results of the work, he demanded more. Constant bullying by the Germans causes the strongest indignation in the soul of the peasants. And once another portion of bullying made people commit a crime. They kill the German manager. When reading these lines, the thought of higher justice comes to mind. The peasants have already managed to feel absolutely powerless and weak-willed. Everything they held dear was taken from them. But after all, a person cannot be mocked with complete impunity. Sooner or later you will have to pay for your actions.
But, of course, the murder of the manager did not go unpunished:
The life of Savely, the Holy Russian hero, after hard labor was very difficult. He spent twenty years in captivity, only closer to old age he was free. Savely's whole life is very tragic, and in old age he turns out to be the unwitting culprit in the death of his little grandson. This case once again proves that, despite all his strength, Savely cannot withstand hostile circumstances. He is just a plaything in the hands of fate.
In the poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'”, Nekrasov is looking for an answer to a question that has long been of concern to mankind. The work presents the happiness of a priest, a landowner, and local people.
But most often Nekrasov thinks about the happiness of the people and dreams that sooner or later the people will perk up and gather strength to actively fight against the existing system for their freedom and a decent life.
The images of the peasants presented in the poem confirm the writer's hopes and meet his aspirations. And one of the main figures of the poem, which stands out for its extraordinary physical strength and spiritual power, is Savely, the Holy Russian hero:
It's a sin to keep silent about grandfather,
Lucky was also...
This is what Matrena Timofeevna says about Savely.
We learn about Savelia from the chapter “Peasant Woman”, which says that this peasant grew up in a remote area near the Korez River. The name itself - the Korezsky region - attracted the writer as a symbol of hardy labor and a powerful people with great strength, prominent representative which is Savely. The word “mangle” means “to bend”, “break”, “to work”, and therefore Korezhin is a land of stubborn and hardworking people.
The appearance of Saveliy personifies the mighty forest element: “With a huge gray mane, not cut for tea since twenty years, with a huge beard, grandfather looked like a bear ...”
Nekrasov shows hard way, which was the growth of the rebellious moods of Saveliy: from silent patience to open resistance. Prison and Siberian penal servitude did not break Savely and did not destroy his feelings dignity. “Branded, but not a slave,” he says of himself. He passed all the tests that fell to his lot, but at the same time he was able to save himself. Savely treats the resigned fellow villagers with contempt and calls for a mass action for the final reprisal against the oppressors, but his thoughts are not without contradictions. It is no coincidence that he is compared with Svyatogor, the strongest, but also the most motionless hero of the epic epic. At the same time, the image of Savely is very contradictory. On the one hand, he called for struggle, on the other hand, for patience:
Be patient, you bastard!
Be patient, long-suffering!
We can't find the truth!
Savely advises Matryona Timofeevna. These words sound despair, hopelessness, disbelief in the possibility of changing the bitter fate of the peasant. In the image of Matryona Timofeevna Nekrasov embodied best features character of Russian peasant women. The high moral qualities of Matryona are harmoniously combined with her external beauty.
With her restrained and strict beauty, full of self-esteem, Matryona represents the type of stately Slav woman, revealed by Nekrasov in the poem “Frost, Red Nose”. The history of her life confirms that the character of Matryona was formed in the conditions of seasonal fishing, when most of the male population went to the cities. On the shoulders of a woman lay not only the whole burden peasant labor but also a huge measure of responsibility for the fate of the family, for the upbringing of children.
From the chapter “Before marriage” we learn about Matrena’s youth, and from the chapter “Songs” - about the difficult fate of the heroine after marriage. Matryona's songs are nationwide, so her personal fate reflects typical fate peasant woman, ceasing to be her own. Short joys gave way to frequent and severe misfortunes that could break even strong man. But Matryona persevered and found the spiritual and physical strength in herself to fight for her happiness. The dearly beloved first-born Demushka dies, she saves her second son Fedotushka from a terrible punishment at the cost of ordeals, she had to make a lot of effort to achieve the release of her husband - and we see that no obstacles stop her, she is ready to fight independently to the last for her happiness. The image of Matryona Timofeevna was created in such a way that she, as it were, went through all the ups and downs that a Russian woman could go through. The voice of Matrena Timofeevna is the voice of the entire Russian people, of all Russian women who had the same difficult fate.
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“There was also a lucky man” ... With such ironic words, the image of grandfather Savely is introduced into Nekrasov's poem. He lived a long difficult life and now lives out his life in the family of Matrena Timofeevna. The image of Savely, the Holy Russian hero in Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is very important, because he embodies the idea of Russian heroism. The theme of the strength, endurance and long-suffering of the people in the poem grows from chapter to chapter (remember the story of a strong man at the fair, which serves as a prerequisite to the story of Savely) and is finally resolved in the image of the hero Savely.
Saveliy comes from remote forest lands, where even "the devil has been looking for a way for three years." The very name of this region breathes with power: Korega, from “mangle”, i.e. bend, break. A bear can cripple anything, and Savely himself "looked like a bear." He is also compared with other animals, for example, with the elk, and it is emphasized that he is far more dangerous than a predator when he walks through the forest "with a knife and a horn." This strength comes from profound knowledge its edge, complete unity with nature. One can see Saveliy's love for his land, his words “My forest! ” sound much more convincing than the same statement from the lips of the landowner Obolt-Obolduev.
But in any, even the most impassable region, the master's hand will reach. Savely's free life ends with the arrival of a German manager in Korega. At first, he seemed harmless and did not even demand the due tribute, but he set a condition: to work off the money by logging. The simple-hearted peasants built a road out of the forest and then realized how much they had been deceived: the gentlemen came to Korezhina along this road, the German brought his wife and children, and began to draw all the juice out of the village.
"And then came hard labor
Korean peasant -
Ruined to the bone!”
For a long time, the peasants endure the bullying of the German - he beats them and makes them work without measure. A Russian peasant can endure a lot, that's why he is a hero, - Savely believes.
So he says to Matryona, to which the woman replies with irony: such a hero and mice can seize. In this episode, Nekrasov outlines an important problem for the Russian people: their lack of response, their unpreparedness for decisive action. No wonder the characteristic of Savely coincides with the image of the most motionless of epic heroes- Svyatogora, who at the end of his life has grown into the ground.
"Untolerate - the abyss, endure - the abyss." This is how the bogatyr Savely thinks, and this simple but wise folk philosophy leads him to rebellion. Under the word he invented, “Naddai!” the hated German manager is buried in the ground. And although Savely ends up in hard labor for this act, the beginning of his release has already been made. For the rest of his life, the grandfather will be proud that he, at least “branded, but not a slave!”
But how does his life go on? He spent more than twenty years in hard labor, another twenty were taken away from the settlements. But even there, Savely did not give up, he worked, he was able to raise money, and, returning to his homeland, he built himself and his family a hut. And yet his life is not allowed to end peacefully: while his grandfather had money, he enjoyed the love of his family, and when they ended, he met with dislike and ridicule. The only consolation for him, as well as for Matryona, is Demushka. He sits on the old man's shoulder "like an apple in the top of an old apple tree."
But a terrible thing happens: through his, Savely, the fault of the grandson dies. And it was this event that broke the man who went through the whips and hard labor. The grandfather will spend the rest of his life in a monastery and wandering, praying for the remission of sins. That is why Nekrasov calls him Holy Russian, showing another feature inherent in all the people: deep, sincere religiosity. "One hundred and seven years" lived grandfather Saveliy, but longevity did not bring him happiness, and strength, as he bitterly recalls, "left over trifles."
In the poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'”, Savely embodies precisely this, deeply hidden power of the Russian peasant and his enormous, although not yet realized, potential. It is worth waking up the people, convincing them to give up humility for a while, and then they will win happiness for themselves, that's what Nekrasov says with the help of the image of the hero Savely.
Artwork test
Nekrasov wrote his poem for more than 13 years, but he spent even more time on collecting all the information about the Russian people "by word of mouth", as he himself put it. The poet showed not only all aspects of peasant life with its exhausting work, insults and oppression from the authorities, but also opposed them to the class of serf-owners. The poem has a single semantic center. This is the concept of happiness. The poet puts several meanings into the concept of "happiness". Moral meaning Nekrasov shows happiness on the example of the daily life of a peasant peasant, as well as through the images of women. Another aspect, political, is that the poet shows the path through which happiness can be achieved. This path lies through gaining freedom. Happiness for Nekrasov is a very real category, which consists in human justice, freedom and equality of all people.
The plot of the poem is based on the fact that seven peasants from the “Tighten province, Terpigorev district, Empty volost, from adjacent villages - Zaplatova, Dyryavina, Razutov, Znobishin, Gorely, Neeloy, Neyorozhayk, too” decide to go in search of happiness. On the way, the peasants get acquainted with peasants from the same unfortunate villages: Bosova, Dymoglotova, Stolbnyakov, the provinces of Frightened and Illiterate. But peasant happiness is the same everywhere - "leaky with patches, humpbacked with calluses." The peasants they meet on their way, all poor, hungry, ragged, exhausted from overwork:
From the bast shoes to the collar, the skin is all ripped open,
The belly swells from the chaff.
twisted, twisted,
Slashed, tormented,
Hardly Kalina wanders.
In order to forget themselves, the peasants go to a tavern to drown their anguish in wine. The author condemns this habit of the peasants and at the same time sympathizes with them.
But among the peasants there are already people capable of rebellion, even if only in words. Unable to bear the bullying of Prince Utyatin, Agap Petrov expresses to him everything that boiled in his soul:
Nishkni!. …
Today you are in charge
And tomorrow we
The last kick - and the ball is over!
Yakov Verny also rebelled in his own way. Trying to somehow avenge his nephew, he hanged himself. These peasants are only just beginning to understand the need for struggle, but they are groping Right way Luckily. Among the peasants who have risen to the realization of their lack of rights is Yakim Nagoi. He says this about the cause of the impoverishment of the peasants:
You work alone
And a little work is over,
Look, there are three equity holders:
God, king and lord!
In the chapter "Happy" Nekrasov talks about Yermil Girin, who came to the defense of the peasants. This is a smart, endowed with a sense of justice man. Becoming a peasant defender, Girin ends up in prison. The “hero of the Holy Russian” Saveliy had the same fate. Human sharp mind, a mighty force, he fights against slavish obedience and oppression. He understands the need to fight and rushes at the oppressors with an ax in his hands. He suffers the same fate as a convict, but his spirit is not broken: "branded, but not a slave."
Everyone sees and understands happiness in their own way. If Agap, Yakim, Saveliy and others see him in protest and struggle, then such as Klim, Ipat, Gleb are content with little - the title of serf.
Klim sees happiness not only in serving the prince, but also in drunkenness, theft and vagrancy. Klim calls Prince Utyatin nothing more than a prince, and himself - his unworthy slave. The courtyard of Prince Peremetyev licks the master's plates, finishes the wine remaining in the glasses and proudly says about himself:
At Prince Peremetyev's
I was a favorite slave.
The wife is a beloved slave.
Yegorka Shutov served in the police and was ready to sell his brother-man for money. Every time he endured beatings for his vile deeds. No wonder the peasants say: "Don't beat him, so beat someone." The headman Gleb, who agreed to destroy the freedom given by his master to the peasants, is also engaged in betrayal. Nekrasov condemns these people:
People of the servile rank -
Real dogs sometimes:
The more severe the punishment
So dear to them, gentlemen.
The landowner Obolt-Obolduev also has his own understanding of happiness. He tries with all his might to preserve his dear life under serfdom. The priest completely agrees with him, whose incomes grow as the peasants are oppressed.
The life of Matrena Timofeevna, like that of every peasant woman, is a difficult lot and overwork. “... It’s not a matter of looking for a happy woman among women,” Matryona answers the question of wanderers about happiness.
At the end of the poem, Nekrasov draws the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov. This is a new type of person, who embodies everything that latently slumbered in the souls of the peasants. Dobrosklonov belongs to the future, he looks ahead, believes in the strength and power of "mysterious Rus'":
You are poor
You are abundant
You are beaten
You are almighty
Mother Rus'!
In the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov, Nekrasov embodied his concept of happiness: it is in the liberation of the people from oppression and in universal equality.
