The study of youth subcultures is an important direction in the sociology of youth. Since the 1960s, leading sociologists have addressed this issue. different countries peace. In domestic sociology, however, the analysis of youth subcultural phenomena until the end of the 1980s was carried out within a very narrow framework. To a certain extent, this was explained by the fact that these phenomena, due to established scientific paradigms, were perceived as social pathology. In the process of formation and development of youth subcultures, the following types of them were formed:
- - politicized subcultures - actively participate in political life and have a clear ideological affiliation;
- - ecological and ethical subcultures - are engaged in the construction of philosophical concepts and are fighting for the environment;
- - non-traditional religious subcultures - mainly a passion for eastern religions (Buddhism, Hinduism);
- - radical youth subcultures - they are distinguished by their organization, the presence of older leaders, and increased aggressiveness;
- - lifestyle subcultures - groups of young people who form their own way of life;
- - subcultures by interests - young people united by a common interest - music, sports, etc.;
- - the subculture of "golden youth" - is typical for capital cities - is focused on spending leisure time (one of the most closed subcultures). Belsky V.Yu., Belyaev A.A. "Sociology", M., "INFRA - M", 2005. - 399 p.
An analysis of various types of youth subcultures shows that this phenomenon is dynamic and developing, manifesting itself through many forms. They differ in their origin and internal organization, in different historical times some are more relevant than others.
Subcultures of the 30s-60s
One of the brightest and most famous subcultural communities are youth movements associated with certain genres of music. The image of musical subcultures is formed largely in imitation of the stage image of performers popular in a particular subculture. The formation and development of subcultures happened a long time ago. The most striking in the formation of subcultures are the beginning of 1930 - 1940.
Swing youth. In 1939, an informal movement called the Swing Youth emerged in Germany. The most developed was mainly in Hamburg, Frankfurt and Berlin. "Swinging youth" - as a rule, these were children from bourgeois families - high school students, students, young musicians. They were fond of American jazz and swing dancing. The appearance of the "swinging youth" was the opposite of the official image of the "correct" German youth. "Swing-Boys" dressed "American". They wore long double-breasted jackets in a cage or "tennis" stripes, with huge shoulders, wide trousers with large lapels, boots with thick soles. Ties and scarves, as well as clothing in general, had to be bright, like "jungle fire". Young dandies had to get out in order to be stylish in conditions of military shortage - jackets were altered from their father's, old rubber soles were glued to boots. The Swingers walked with a deliberately loose gait, the obligatory cigarette hanging from the corner of their mouths, they held dance parties where they played American and English music. In the end, the authorities banned swing dancing.
Bikers. Bikers and biker subculture, like many other things, came from America. This is one of the oldest subcultures, formed back in the 1940s and 1950s. The appearance of bikers is quite recognizable: leather, jeans, metal accessories - this is not a complete list of the components of a biker style. From musical preferences - rock in all its manifestations, although some listen to pop music. Nowadays there are a lot of music festivals where the vast majority of viewers and listeners are bikers. These festivals are fun entertainment program, an abundance of beer and rock and roll. There are also various rock clubs where bikers like to gather. Such clubs can always be identified by motorcycles parked at the entrance. There, in the parking lot, they not only wait for their owner, but also attract the attention of others with their impressive appearance. Each biker pays great attention not only to the technical equipment of his steel horse, but also to his external attractiveness. In addition to freedom, bikers value their biker brotherhood and are always ready to help each other.
Teddy-boys. The Teddy Boy subculture originated in London in 1953 and quickly spread throughout the UK. Teddy-boys dressed in tapered trousers or trousers-pipes, long jackets, fitted coats, frock coats with double collars, bow ties. So they tried to look like a dandy and a "golden youth." The Teddies were mostly working class. Teddy-boys are the first youth culture in England that differentiates itself, having its own dress code and certain hobbies, and as a result adjusts the market to suit itself. It was with the advent of Teddy that the first youth clothing stores and youth television programs appeared. For Teddy Boys, appearance and clothing are important - this is what makes them stand out from the crowd. They were characterized by rather hooligan behavior, which shocked the older conservative generation, and newspapers usually "inflated" the hype around them even more, exaggerated and added fuel to the fire.
Fashion. Mods is a British youth subculture that formed in the late 1950s. among the London petty bourgeoisie and peaked in the mid-1960s. Mods replaced teddy-boys, and later the skinhead subculture formed from among the most radical mods. As a mode of transport, fashion chose scooters for themselves. Mods tended to meet in clubs and seaside resorts. The mods were not cohesive, they did not have some kind of connecting idea, where the ideas of brotherhood and unity are promoted. They were just young people, gathering at night and having fun until the morning. And, nevertheless, they left a mark in history with their bright appearance and peculiar tuning of their scooters. Initially, the preference was given to tailor-made suits, later - just suits of Italian and British brands. The language is extremely limited. They use drugs - pills and dark beer. In the second half of the 60s. the mod movement waned and has only sporadic revived since then.
Skinheads. The first mentions of skinheads in the press and music are found in England in the late 60s of the XX century. Skinheads of the 60s had common features style with mod subculture. The subculture was completely apolitical from the start. Neither left nor right politics prevailed. They were tough guys who equally hated both young bourgeois majors and relaxed hippie drug addicts. The ideology of "White Power" appeared - the White Power, which must maintain racial balance not only in Europe, but throughout the world. Real skinheads do not call for the destruction of other races, they simply say that everyone has their own home, their own homeland, the land of their ancestors. The Skins had their collars cut, their trousers narrowed, their badges removed, and their feet shod in heavy construction boots. This is how the canon of skinhead clothing was established. In this clothing, everything is strictly functional, adapted for street fight. Nothing superfluous: no glasses, no badges, no bags, shoulder straps, nothing that prevents you from dodging the hands of the enemy. In boots, instead of black laces, white laces appeared, as a symbol of the fact that the skins are fighting for the White Race.
Stilyagi. Stilyagi is a youth subculture in the USSR, which became widespread in large Soviet cities from the late 1940s to the early 1960s, having a predominantly American way of life as a standard. The dandy was distinguished by deliberate apathy, a certain cynicism in judgments, negative attitude to some norms of Soviet morality. Big role in the process of development of the dude subculture, Western cinema played. In the early years of the existence of this phenomenon, the appearance of the dude was rather caricatured: wide bright trousers, a baggy jacket, a hat with wide brim, socks bright colors, the notorious tie "fire in the jungle." Later, the dress code of Soviet dudes underwent significant changes: the famous trousers-pipes appeared, a whipped "cook" on the head, an elegant jacket with broad shoulders, a narrow tie "herring", an umbrella-cane. Of the shoes among Soviet fashionistas, pointed-toed boots with a high rubber soles. For a girl who positioned herself as a representative of a "stylish" culture, it was enough to paint brightly and wear a "crown of the world" hairstyle. Tight skirts were considered special chic, tightly fitting girl's hips. In musical preferences, dudes gravitated more towards jazz and rock "n-roll. Favorite dances were boogie-woogie, rock and roll, and later twist and shake. Distinguished dudes not only special clothes, music, dances and behaviors, but also specific slang, partially borrowed from jazzmen. Lisovsky V. T. Sociology of Youth, Moscow, 1996, p.54
In addition to the previously considered subcultures, in the 30-60s of the last century, such cultures as Edelweiss Pirates, Rockabilly, Rude-boys and Hipsters appeared.
Subcultures of the 70-80s of the XX century
Hip-hop. The hip hop subculture began in 1974 in the African American and Hispanic neighborhoods of the Bronx. Clothing style in the hip-hop subculture. Freedom of action implies loose clothing. Therefore, the hip-hop style is characterized by men's cut T-shirts, T-shirts, sweatshirts, hooded sweatshirts and hoodies. The colors of the clothes were originally dark and gray, but over time this convention was overcome in favor of more positive shades. On their feet, hip-hop fans prefer to wear wide "pipe" jeans, often with a low waist. Usually they are worn in such a way that part of the underwear becomes visible. You can call it a form of disregard for the norms of culture and ethics accepted in society. Hip-hop shoes are 100% sporty. Apart from attributes purely sports character, such as bandanas, wristlets, baseball caps, which are worn by almost all representatives of the movement, there are also hip-hop Jewelry, characteristic of those whose financial capabilities are much higher than average. Ponomarchuk V.A., Tolstykh A.V. Secondary education: two critical points modern school.// Sotsis 12/94 p.54
Ravers. Usually ravers are classified as musicians. At the heart of this subculture is present: a light, carefree attitude to life, the desire to live today, to be dressed in the latest fashion. The ravers subculture emerges in the 80s. in the US and UK. In Russia, it has been distributed since the beginning of the 90s. An integral part of the rave lifestyle is night discos with powerful sound, laser beams. Ravers clothing is characterized by bright colors and the use of artificial materials. The development of the rave subculture went hand in hand with the spread of drugs, in particular amphetamines. The use of stimulants and hallucinogens for the purpose of "mind-expanding" has become, unfortunately, almost an integral part of the raver subculture. However, many activists youth culture, including DJs - the key figures of the rave subculture - have expressed and continue to express an extremely negative attitude towards taking drugs.
Punks. Youth subculture that emerged in the late 1960s - early 1970s in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia, characteristic features which are a critical attitude towards society and politics. The philosophy of punk is mainly to fight dullness, aggression and monotony. Punks have a colorful image. Many punks dye their hair in bright unnatural colors, comb it and fix it with hairspray, brilliantine, gel or beer to make it stand up. In the 1980s, the mohawk hairstyle became fashionable among punks. They wear ripped jeans tucked into heavy boots and sneakers. The clothes are dominated by "dead style". Punks put skulls and signs on clothes and accessories. Also, punks wear various attributes of rocker subcultures: collars, wristlets, bracelets, mostly leather, with spikes, rivets and chains. A lot of punks get tattoos.
Goths. Goths are representatives of a youth subculture that originated in the late 70s of the XX century on the wave of post-punk. The Gothic subculture is quite diverse and heterogeneous. The main elements of the Gothic image are the predominance of black in clothing, the use of metal jewelry with the symbols of the Gothic subculture, and a distinctive make-up. Typical attributes used by the Goths are ankh, the ancient Egyptian symbol of immortality, skulls, crosses, straight and inverted pentagrams, the bats. Makeup is used by both men and women. It is not an everyday attribute, and is usually applied before visiting concerts and gothic clubs. Makeup usually consists of two elements: white face powder and dark eyeliner. Hairstyles in Gothic fashion are quite diverse. In the post-punk era, the main type of hairstyle was medium length tousled hair. But in modern subculture many wear long hair, or even the Iroquois. It is typical for the Goths to dye their hair black or - more rarely - red. Some Goths prefer clothing styled after the fashion of the 18th-19th centuries. with appropriate attributes: lace, long gloves and long dresses for women, tailcoats and top hats for men. The normal state for Goths is "anguish" - a fairly comprehensive term that describes the usual gothic state. The humor of the Goths is quite specific - it is purely black humor.
Hippie. Hippies were one of the first musical and youth subcultures of our time. Hippie is a philosophy and subculture that originated in the 1960s in the United States. The movement flourished in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Initially, the hippies protested against the puritanical morality of some Protestant churches, and also promoted the desire to return to natural purity through love and pacifism.
Hippie believes:
- - that a person should be free;
- - that freedom can be achieved only by changing the inner structure of the soul;
- - that beauty and freedom are identical to each other and that the realization of both is a purely spiritual problem;
- - that everyone who thinks otherwise is mistaken. Shchepanskaya T.B. System: texts and traditions of subculture. M., 2004
The hippie culture has its own symbolism, signs of belonging and attributes. Representatives of the hippie movement, in accordance with their worldview, are characterized by the introduction of ethnic elements into the costume: beads woven from beads or threads, bracelets, "baubles" and so on.
In the 70s and 80s, such subcultures as Metalists, Freaks and Glamor appeared.
Subcultures 1990-2000
Cyber Goth. Tentatively, the origins of the emergence of the Cyber Gotha subculture fall on the 1990th year. It is worth noting that the exact classification and definition of this informal direction does not yet exist, of course, there are some features that distinguish this direction from others, but due to the deep delusion of many, they have nothing to do with the usual Gotha subculture. The origins themselves were taken precisely from the Gothic movement, but in short term have been completely redirected. Like most subcultures, Cyber Goths were formed due to musical directions. The main focus of the Cyber Goths' musical preferences was guitar sounds and standard rock songs. The following are used as the main hairstyles: dreadlocks - hair dyed in different colors, often found among representatives of this movement and Iroquois, but they have nothing in common with the punk subculture. The color scheme ranges from green to black, but bright ones are predominantly used. Clothing is mostly made of leather or synthetic material. The design included elements of microcircuits, showing the predilection of Cyber Ready for computers. This is the hallmark of Cyber Goths from Goths. Shchepanskaya T.B. System: texts and traditions of subculture. M., 2004.
Grangers. One of the oldest subcultures is grungers, they arose under the influence of the musical direction of grunge, from where they actually stood out as a separate culture around 1990-1991. Its founders, the Nirvana group, who were able to promote not only their style to the masses, but also give rise to a whole generation of their followers. By appearance Grungers are easy to distinguish from representatives of other subcultures, they are distinguished by a plaid shirt, sneakers and long hair - these three elements completely form the image and image. Moreover, preference is given to worn out clothes. Often, such things are bought in second-hand stores to form an image, style and image. In their own way, they are completely harmless to others. Of the musical directions, priority is naturally given to Grunge. The grunge subculture is also distinguished by its conservatism, unwillingness to change its foundations of life, norms, philosophy or value system. The fashion for grunge ended around 2000-2005, but even now this subculture is adhered to, only by those people who are not indifferent to this direction. It is worth noting that it was from the direction of the Grangers that an element of clothing was later adopted - a T-shirt or sweatshirt with black and red colors. As for age, there are no restrictions. Among the grungers you can meet both at the age of 15, and fully formed and established people.
Alternatives. The subculture Alternatives was formed in the first half of the 90s. It included representatives of rappers, metalheads and punks. Of all youth musical directions, they stand out for their friendliness towards representatives of any subcultures. Unlike all musical movements, Alternative combined several styles at once, which made it possible to create a completely separate subculture. Based on the HardCore style. As for the musicians, not the followers, they tried to make a breakthrough in music, rejecting the existing standards. The main contribution that has been made to world music is the union of rap and rock. Closer to the turn of 2000, a new style hit the mainstream and began to massively spread around the world. The appearance of the Alternatives immediately catches the eye. They are easy to distinguish from representatives of other subcultures. They wear wide clothes and piercings. The peak of the popularity of the Alternative came in 2005. This subculture did not have a special ideology, everything rested on a musical experiment that radically changed the development of world music.
During this period, such a subculture as the Tolkienists appears.
Modern urbanized society, mostly multicultural, includes a large number of subcultures, defined in sociology (also in anthropology and cultural studies) as groups and whose beliefs differ from the interests of the general culture.
Subcultures are a set of cultures of groups of minors, different in styles, interests, behavior, demonstrating rejection. The identity of each group largely depends on social class, gender, intelligence, generally accepted traditions of morality, nationality of its members, is characterized by a preference for a specific style of clothing and hairstyles, gatherings in some places, the use of jargon - something that forms symbolism and values. But it should be noted that today each group is not characterized by a strict identity, it can change, in other words, individuals freely move from one group to another, various elements from different subcultures are mixed, in contrast to the classical separate categories.
Youth subculture can be defined as a way of life and a way of expressing it, developed in groups. The main theme in her sociology is the relationship between social class and everyday experience. So, in the work of a French sociologist, it is said that the main factor influencing the nature of a group is the social environment - the occupation of parents and the level of education that they can give their children.
There are many studies and theories regarding the development of these cultures, including the concept of declining morals. Some historians claim that until about 1955 youth subculture as such did not exist. Before the Second World War, young people, who were called exclusively children until they came of age, at least in Western society, had very little freedom and no influence.
The concept of "teenager" has its origins in America. One of the reasons for the emergence of youth groups is called the increase in the culture of consumption. Throughout the 1950s, a growing number of young people began to influence fashion, music, television, and film. The youth subculture was finally formed in the mid-1950s in the UK, when teddy boys appeared, distinguished by special attention to their appearance (they were replaced in the 1960s by fashion) and rockers (or tone up boys), who gave their preference to motorcycles and rock and roll. Many companies adapted to their tastes, developing marketing strategies, creating magazines such as the English music magazine New Musical Express (NME for short), and eventually a television channel - MTV. Fashion shops, discos and other establishments aimed at wealthy teenagers were opened. Advertising promised a new, exciting world for young people through the consumption of the goods and services offered.
However, some historians argue that the youth subculture may have appeared earlier, during the period between the world wars, citing the flapper style as an example. It was the "new breed" of girls in the 1920s. They wore short skirts, cut their hair short, listened to trendy jazz, excessively painted their faces, smoked and drank alcoholic beverages, drove cars, and generally showed disregard for what was considered acceptable behavior.
Today there is no single dominant group. Youth subcultures in modern Russia are mostly forms of Western youth cultures (for example, emo, goths, hip-hawkers), but are characterized by Russian specifics.
youth subculture
Youth subculture - a set of values, traditions, customs inherent in young people, in which leisure and recreation as the leading forms of life have supplanted labor as the most important need. The youth subculture is characterized by attempts to form: - own worldview; - peculiar manners of behavior, styles of clothing and hairstyles, forms of leisure activities, etc. The subculture of youth is formed under the direct influence of the culture of "adults" and is conditioned by it even in its countercultural manifestations. She also has her own language, special fashion, art and style of behavior; becomes an informal culture, the carriers of which are informal teenage groups. The youth subculture is largely surrogate in nature - it is full of artificial substitutes for real values: extended apprenticeship as pseudo independence, imitation of adults' relationships with the system of domination and domination strong personalities, ghostly participation in the adventures of screen and literary heroes instead of realizing one's own aspirations, finally, flight or rejection social reality instead of its reorganization and improvement. One of the ways to escape from reality, as well as the desire to be like adults, is the use of drugs.
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See what "Youth subculture" is in other dictionaries:
youth subculture- a system of values and norms of behavior, tastes, forms of communication, different from the culture of adults and characterizing the life of adolescents and youth. (Pedagogy. Textbook, edited by L.P. Krivshenko. M., 2005. P. 417) See also Informal associations of children ... Pedagogical terminological dictionary
YOUTH SUBCULTURE- - a special “whole form of consciousness”, mass behavior, communication and organization younger generation within the dominant culture of society. MS determines the lifestyle and way of thinking of boys and girls, and its carriers are distinguished by their ... ... Terminological juvenile dictionary
Cyber Goths Subculture (lat. sub under and cultura culture; subculture) concept (term) in co ... Wikipedia
A special sphere of culture, a sovereign holistic formation within the dominant culture, which differs in its own. values, customs and norms. The culture of any era has relative integrity, but in itself it is heterogeneous. Inside… … Encyclopedia of cultural studies
SUBCULTURE is a concept that came to philosophy and cultural studies from sociology, which studies the specifics of various groups of the population, and ethnography and ethnology, which studies the life and traditions of countries and regions that, in their customs, are far from European ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
A system of norms and values that distinguishes a group from the majority of society. S. (subculture) a concept that characterizes the culture of a group or class that differs from the dominant culture or is hostile to this culture (counterculture). ... ... The latest philosophical dictionary
s; and. 1. Subtropical culture, subtropical plant. 2. Book. Part, variety of culture in general or cultural, professional community and so on. of people. C. intelligentsia. Youth s. * * * SUBCULTURE SUBCULTURE (English subculture, from ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
SUBCULTURE- (from lat. sub under and culture), the totality is specific. social psychology. signs (norms, values, stereotypes, tastes, etc.) that affect the lifestyle and thinking of certain nominal and real groups of people and allow them to realize and ... ... Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia
Youth culture and subculture- - a system of VALUES, ATTITUDES and behaviors that are common to a group of young people and different from those of other young people or society as a whole. Sociologists have studied youth subcultures in the UK. Features of such subcultures ... ... Social Work Dictionary
YOUTH CULTURE- (YOUTH CULTURE) In the last sixty or so years, "youth" has become a more defined category in most Western countries. Young people began to develop their own culture and a distinct social identity that more clearly distinguished them from ... sociological dictionary
Books
- Informal youth subculture, S. I. Levikova. The book reveals the essential content of the phenomenon of informal youth subculture, its socio-philosophical, ethical, cultural aspects. In Part I, based on an extensive…
Any civilized society presupposes the existence, implementation and organization by people joint activities. The methods of its organization can be both formal and informal; they do not replace each other and proceed according to significantly different laws.
For example, in formal groups, relations are, as it were, impersonal: people act according to prescribed laws or rules. IN informal relationships, people or groups of people, there is communication and communication through public opinion or a system of interpersonal relations.
In other words, “formals” are members of society who adhere to the norms and laws of this society, and “non-formals” do not comply with these norms, “go beyond” social stereotypes and templates.
Teenagers are informal
At the heart of any informal movement is the idea of a free community of like-minded people, preserving emotional warmth and at the same time providing each member with a certain individual freedom.
Informals are those who break out of the formalized structures of our lives. They do not fit into the usual rules of conduct. Destroys all patterns and stereotypes, not only in appearance, but also in relationships. They strive to live in accordance with their own interests, and not those of others, imposed from outside.
In the 1980s, with the first impulses of freedom, the so-called "System" gained strength - a youth association mainly of punk rockers and hippies. It existed as a protest or rebellion against the communist system.
The informal youth subculture and its Sistema movement collapsed along with the collapse of the USSR, but new way people's lives, the desire for a better life and gradual disillusionment formed a large number of other informal youth and adolescent groups.
Features of youth subculture
IN modern world Whether we notice it or not, a rather stable youth subculture has already formed. It has its own internal and external features. Firstly, this general interest and one ideological program for all participants of the informal youth organization. Secondly, the fact that non-formals have a desire to assert themselves, along with competition in a group of the same.
At the same time, each informal youth group has a weakly expressed internal structure and internal communications.
Modern youth subcultures
Another important feature and feature of all youth movements is their external features. Each group has its own name, its own informal status and the so-called dress-code (clothing code). Those. a form of clothing or an attribute that indicates that a teenager or young man belongs to one or another informal model of youth subculture.
Let's understand the classification of modern youth subcultures
So, to start everything informal associations are divided into groups, and those, in turn, into micro groups. When dividing, they are guided purely by likes and dislikes.
There are also exclusively informal teenage movements, informal youth and mixed groups. There are anti-social informals and positive-minded.
General classification of informal youth organizations and types of youth subcultures
Sports directed informals
These are the so-called sports fans. Their movement is characterized by clear discipline and organization. Young people and teenagers who are well versed in a particular sport know its history. propagandize healthy lifestyle life. Appearance they are recognizable - sports scarves, caps, t-shirts, etc.
Politically oriented youth subcultures
The most socially oriented youth subculture and informal grouping. They differ social activity, participation in various rallies and have a clear political position. These include: pacifists, Nazis (skinheads), punks, etc.
- a youth subculture of pacifists who oppose war and approve of the struggle for peace.
- youth subculture "skinheads" (from the English. Skin - skin, Head - head) spontaneously emerged marginal organization, which is characterized by nationalist views and willingness to defend them. Skins are easy to distinguish from others: shaven-headed, black and green jackets, nationalist T-shirts, jeans with suspenders.
- the youth subculture of punks is basically an extremist informal teenage movement, whose behavior is distinguished by shocking and unbridled desire to attract the attention of others.
Philosophizing youth subcultures
Among them, such a youth subculture as hippies stand out. Sloppy clothes, blue jeans, embroidered shirts, T-shirts with inscriptions and symbols, amulets, bracelets, chains are distinctive external signs hippie. Informal youth is in the eternal search for the meaning of life, knowledge of themselves and the world around them.
Musically directed informal movement
The youth subculture of rappers, rockers, breakers, parkour (street acrobatics), etc. Informals of this youth subculture are united by a steady interest in music or dance. And this interest is most often transformed into a lifestyle.
Other modern youth subcultures
- Goths (they popularize the cult of death in every possible way, they look very similar to vampires);
- emo (short for the word "emotions"). Their youth subculture is based on the idea that the life of a teenager is a very severe test, and therefore an emo informal person is sad and sad. This is evidenced by the black color in the clothes of a teenager, combined with pink, which is a symbol of love and friendship.
- The youth subculture of anarchists is distinguished by their demonstrative straightforwardness in their views and aggressive behavior. Black color in clothes, and a mandatory metal accessory.
Psychology of informality
Informal teenagers have their own psychological features, above all, the desire and tendency to imitate. This is understandable, since teenagers “do not yet know how” to be themselves, they are in search of the meaning of “I” and their purpose in life. Another characteristic of any informal youth subculture is the desire to stand out, the craving for autonomy and independence.
The realization of this aspiration is quite real in a group of people like himself. But in fact, a teenager dissolves in a crowd of his own kind. “The vast majority of informal groupings of the youth subculture do not rest on conscious unity, which rarely happens among adolescents, but on the sameness of the loneliness of its members.”
One of the conditions for the existence of teenage informal groups is the presence or creation of opponents, ill-wishers, etc. Most often, the world of adults becomes enemy number one. A teenager informal expresses disagreement, dissatisfaction with the system and extends this protest to all informals in the group.
Top 10 youth subcultures, according to the American agency toptenz.net
,
youth subculture that emerged in the United States in the 1960s. The heyday of the movement came in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Initially, the hippies protested against the puritanical morality of some Protestant churches, and also promoted the desire to return to natural purity through love and pacifism.
,
a stylistic direction in rock music (a variant of "new wave grunge metal") and a youth subculture that became one of the most notable phenomena of alternative rock in the late 1980s - mid-1990s. The city of Seattle (USA, Washington state) became the birthplace of grunge, the most prominent representatives are four Seattle bands: Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Nirvana and Soundgarden. These groups are known as the "Seattle Four". Grunge refers to heavy music along with heavy metal and hard rock.
,
the emo subculture can be classified as the latest new style, although it looks very similar to goth and glam rock. Inspired stripes with long names, such as The Day My Dog Went To Town, sickly youths all over the world chose to wear their hair slicked to the side, neckerchiefs, black eyeliner, and skintight jeans.
,
a youth subculture that arose in the mid-70s in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia, the characteristic features of which are a critical attitude towards society and politics. The name of the famous American artist Andy Warhol and the band Velvet Underground, which he produced, is closely associated with punk rock. Their lead singer, Lou Reed, is considered the founding father of alternative rock, a movement closely associated with punk rock.
Chik,
This style has a resurgence every few years, with the last one still in full swing, Johnny Depp and Justin Timberlake are the bright representatives, plaid sneakers and a T-shirt tucked into the trousers.
rockers,
Rockers appeared in the mid-60s and reached their peak in the late 60s and early 70s, both in England and on the Continent. Rockers come predominantly from families of unskilled workers, without education, and often from single-parent and "problem" families.
Rocker clothes - leather jacket, worn jeans, rough big shoes, long hair combed back, sometimes tattoos. The jacket, as a rule, is decorated with badges and inscriptions. The main element of the rocker subculture is a motorcycle, which is also decorated with inscriptions, symbols and images. A motorcycle is a symbol of freedom, power and intimidation, the main source of strong sensations. At the same time, technical knowledge and driving skills are highly valued among rockers.
Gansta,
Gangsta Rap began its development in the late 80s. This direction originates in hardcore rap. Gangsta rap style had a hard, noisy sound. Lyrically, it was as edgy as rappers' crude tales of urban turmoil. Sometimes the lyrics are different accurate display reality, and sometimes they were just comics filled with exaggeration. This direction became the most commercially successful in the history of hip-hop development from the late 80s to the early 90s. In its infancy, gangsta rap became a source of considerable controversy, as some conservative groups attempted to ban the distribution of these musicians' albums.
New Romantic (Glam Rock),
musical movement that emerged in the UK in the early 80s and (as part of new wave) which had a significant impact on the development English pop and rock scene. New Romantic emerged as an alternative to the asceticism of punk culture and not only did not carry social protest, but (according to the Virgin Encyclopedia of 80's Music) "sang of glamor
Butter dish,
an offshoot of the British Teddy Boy culture - can be described as: Skinny jeans, tight T-shirts and slicked back hair. jukeboxes, cocktail bar and travel in cars.
Dandy Flapper,
Dandy flapper girls prevailed. Red lipstick, hair stuck to the head with lacquer and sequined dresses were the order of the day for the girls, and the men only wore a tweed suit with a bowler hat.
