The subject of this essay is the application of the phenomenological approach (mainly according to R. Ingarden) in the field philological analysis text. For illustration, let's take a poem by B.L. Pasternak "Being famous is ugly."
Being famous is not nice.
It's not what lifts you up.
No need to archive
Shake over manuscripts.
The goal of creativity is self-giving,
Not a hype, not a success.
It's shameful, meaning nothing
Be a parable on everyone's lips.
But we must live without imposture,
So live so that in the end
Attract the love of space
Hear the call of the future.
And leave gaps
In fate, not among papers,
Places and chapters of a whole life
Underlining in the margins.
And dive into the unknown
And hide your steps in it
How the area hides in the fog,
When you can't see anything in it.
Others on the trail
They will go your way span by span,
But defeat from victory
You don't have to be different.
And owe not a single slice
Don't back away from your face
But to be alive, alive and only,
Alive and only until the end.
Let's start by identifying "horizontal" text level, i.e. his syntagmatics. The poem consists of seven quatrains. There is no factual plot here, but there is an internal, psychological one. In quatrain 1 it is expressed the main idea in summary form: "Being famous is ugly". Quatrains 1-2 are negative in their content. They set forth a definite program of life and action through denial. Here an image of incorrect, improper behavior is drawn: what should not be done - start an archive, shake over manuscripts, wish buzz, success(cheap) be on everyone's lips, especially mean nothing. This fragment is a concentrated denial. But we do not know the opposite program: being famous is ugly– what is beautiful? Not this raises to the heights- and what? (The phrase is constructed in such a way that it hints at an alternative: NOT THIS raises- it means that there is something else that really elevates a person.) The next five quatrains set out a positive life and creative program: how to live and what to do.
Thus, the text is divided into two main parts - "negative" and "positive". This is indirectly confirmed by the fact that both of them have the same design, i.e. framed by constructions that are synonymous in meaning and grammatical structure, which contain the main content of these parts - the first: "Being famous is ugly - it's shameful to be a parable on everyone's lips"; second: "must live - must be alive". However, although we called the second part "positive", it also contains negations and even begins with this: "need to live WITHOUT IMPOSTICATION»
. Negation merges with affirmation. We see this further, but we will not talk about it now.
Let's move on to his "vertical" text dimension. This is much easier to do, because "vertical", i.e. paradigmatic, the layer does not require mandatory syntagmatic connectivity, association with adjacent linguistic units. It is just assumed that the elements of the paradigm are isolated from the immediate, nearest textual environment and are considered in combination with components related to them. So, let's move on to the analysis of the language of the text on various levels.
Level phonetic. Here we note first not yet linguistic, but poetic (from the word "poetics") features of the text: quatrains with cross-rhyming and alternation of feminine and masculine endings. The poems are written in iambic 4-foot with various deviations from it. You can see it in the first line: "B S t sign / me And/tym not/kras And/in"- first, a re-accent (moving the stress on the first syllable), then iambic, then pyrrhic, then iambic.
Or take the lines from the second quatrain: "Goal tv O r / quality / - self / otd BUT/cha…”(spondeus - pyrrhic - pyrrhic - iambic); “...B S t pr And/tchey/ mouth BUT x/ y sun E X"(Spondeus - Pyrrhic - Iambic - Iambic).
It could be assumed that spondees (i.e. two stresses in a row) have a special function in the text - they highlight the most important statements in terms of meaning: « GOAL TWOR honors - dedication ... "; « BUT ON to live without imposture, // LIVE LIKE THIS so that in the end ... // [Attract the love of space, // Hear the call of the future]"; " BUT TO BE alive, alive and only…”
However, this hypothesis is not confirmed: firstly, such lines do not always add up to complete statements; secondly, no less or even more important lines do not begin with spondees: “Being famous is ugly // It doesn’t lift you up”; “Shameful, meaning nothing, / To be a parable on the lips of everyone”; "But defeat from victory / You yourself should not distinguish."
Thus, it cannot be confidently asserted that the shifts in meter associated with meaning. The fact that spondeas draw attention to some fundamentally important conceptual statements is most likely an accident.
But phonics (sound) seems to have an expressive, pictorial significance and enhance the imagery of the text: "P roid T T howl P ut for P yadyu P yad" - phonetic monophony works to create an image of the path, movement, overcoming obstacles; the same impression is reinforced: the joint [ t t]; alternation - at / i; alliteration - [ Fri], [pd].
Here we come to the representative plane, where there is "a particular form in which the corresponding object of the image appears to us visibly." Here we observe the ascent along Ingarden: from the unity of sound and meaning to images that are tangible and visible to the reader.
The text contains light, barely noticeable alliterations (including internal ones), supported by assonances: “a R Khiva - R dig SA mi - t RI'M WITH ti With b". Also: "Shame H about, H and H his H e h H a H a, // Be a parable on US that X Y in FROM e X».
Their function can only be judged hypothetically. For example, repeated sounds (or phonemes) link standing side by side words into semantic blocks, unity.
derivational level can be considered in unity with the phonetic. Firstly, both refer to the means of the external organization of the word: it consists of sequentially arranged phonemes or morphemes (the connection between the "vertical" plan of the text and the "horizontal"). Secondly, phonetics and word formation are often interrelated in morphonology. A striking example like this in Pasternak: raises- instead of raises- absence epentheses(and at the same time interfix). We also note the word-formation option slice- diminutive (diminutive) and vernacular hype. All three cases are colloquial speech, i.e. give the text a tone of sincerity and simplicity.
And also, of course, Difficult words dedication and imposture in the text are opposed, which is facilitated by their structural similarity.
On the morphological level has the following features:
substantive - future (call); abstract nouns - creativity, dedication, hype, success, imposture, space, call, life, suspense; they are approached by non-objective words with generalized semantics: trail, path, defeat, victory(they clearly do not imply a correlation in number - one can hardly say in this context: on FOLLOW, your WAYS, distinguish DEFEAT from VICTORIES - i.e. can be said, but their meaning is rather generalized than specific
);
an abundance of infinitives, incl. in combination with modal words – need to start archive, shake, be parable, need to live, attract(love), hear, leave spaces, to dip, to hide, not to see never mind must not distinguish, must not back down on behalf of, to be alive; - such word forms and constructions give the author's statements categorical, peremptory, turn them into absolute moral maxims;
adverbial phrases
– "nothing doesn't mean"; “Places and chapters of a whole life // Emphasizing on the fields". The first turnover has a circumstantial meaning of the condition, the second only indicates an additional action, expands the general context.
As you can see, morphology often goes beyond the word and approaches phraseology and syntax, which will be discussed later.
Let's go to the level semantics.
To lexical text details include:
colloquial words: raises, shake, hype, never mind, slice(some of them, as was said, are related to word formation);
the words semantic field "life": "necessary live without imposture, // So live so that in the end…”. Double "live"
contrasts with the double “end” - perhaps it matters that life is in free combination, and death is in phraseological units, the semantics of the limit (however, within the framework of life).
Further: "Places and chapters life whole"- there are: a) life = book (the writer should speak not in interviews, etc., but in his books; in this sense, his whole life should be like a book); b) the theme of the integrity of life - see. "So live, to eventually"; "on alive follow"- on "hot"; not "cold", fresh (which is conditional for life path, this trace may not be completely "cold").
Here comes the opposition: "alive but only - to end»
(cf. above: to live in the end; By the way, in both cases LIFE duplicated).
From the basic meanings of the word "alive": possessing life; truthful, authentic living example); vigorous; vital ( living problem); easy and entertaining living story); experienced ( living resentment) - to a greater or lesser extent, all are suitable, and at the same time. It is important that they represent life in all its shades, in all its diversity, in its entirety.
"Imposter"- not in a literal sense (illegal appropriation of someone else's name, title for the purpose of deception), but a synonym for self-praise.
Main themes and metaphors:
a) life, fate - a book: the inseparability of life and creativity;
b) the animation of the world, embodied in abstract categories: the love of space, the call of the future.
Here we ascend third level - representations of objects, and partly on fourth - valuable and they are inseparable from each other.
Syntactic, i.e. formally - second text level associated with fourth - axiological.
Pasternak uses the following shapes: parcellization– due to this, the rubrication of values is achieved; anadiplosis ("alive and only") is the strengthening of the categoricity of the final conclusion; paraphrases: "It doesn't lift you up"- it does not elevate; "Attract the love of space"- fall in love with the space. Such turns reinforce the book coloring of the text.
Another important linguistic feature of the text: lexical synonymy is supported by synonymy at the level of syntax (with the element chiasma): "to be famous (ugly) - (shameful) to be a parable on everyone's lips". Estimated dynamics here: from ugly to shameful. Strengthening is achieved by raising the style (but raising the ironic: the expression "byword" already has this shade, and inaccurate reproduction even more so).
Additional Notes.
For the text, the opposition is relevant - "Being famous is ugly - you have to be alive". A contextual antonymy "famous - alive", and due to this hidden synonymy "famous - dead".
The syntax of these segments is different: "be famous"(subject) "ugly"(composite nominal predicate– state category); "(you) must be alive"(dispersed compound nominal predicate in a parcelled predicative unit; category of state). Movement from a generalized abstract truth to specific life rules for specific person.
Time(a category important for phenomenology) is presented in different ways in this text.
First, at the lexical level, the future is directly indicated: "Hear future call".
Secondly, time is expressed grammatically. The future time mentioned is not remote, but it goes beyond the life of the creator: "Others on a living trail // Will pass your way span span". The future in this poem is what will come after death, which we will not see. But the poet is able to get in touch with him - not so much to look as to hear.
The text also contains the present irrelevant, or rather, the abitual, i.e. pertaining to the usual, generally accepted state of affairs in human society: "It doesn't lift you up". The real gnomic, related to natural phenomena, is also approaching him: "Hiding in the fog area". Let's pay attention to the fact that the expressed present tense does not refer to people, but to abstract concepts: "locality" or even to "this"- Besides that "raises up".
In addition, the present, constantly lasting, indefinite corresponds to a zero connective equal to the verb form "there is": "To be ugly"(= being famous is ugly) “The goal of creativity is self-giving // And not hype, not success”, “Shameful (...) to be a parable on everyone’s lips”, “defeat from victory // You yourself should not distinguish” and further in the text. The very "invisibility" of this verb makes time hidden. The maxims uttered by Pasternak are separated from a specific time and acquire a universal sound - at least they pretend to be.
Moreover, the desire for universality is manifested in impersonal sentences with infinitives and modal words: "No need to start an archive" and etc.
It is remarkable that personal sentences with a hidden temporal meaning and impersonal ones without it are structurally closer (contain infinitives and modal words), especially when in the former both the subject and the modal part of the predicate gradually fade into the shadow:
(…)defeat from victory
YOU should not be distinguished.
And MUST not a single slice
DON'T RECEIVE on behalf of,
But TO BE alive, alive and only,
Alive and only until the end.
Pasternak's thought is gradually becoming, as it were, timeless in the form of embodiment, although in content it is precisely connected with the time limit: "to end". Form competes with content.
Here we move on to another phenomenal category of text - idea. In this text, it is expressed with the utmost frankness, primarily in the first two lines and the last quatrain. Idea works, according to R. Ingerden, only leaves its mark on him, but plays far from leading role, with which it is difficult to agree (in Pasternak's poem, everything is determined by it).
But in phenomenological theory this is how it should be, because it is oriented towards the reader's perception. Ingarden has two more categories - "schematic" and "concretization". The first means that much is left unsaid in the text, it is presented in a simplified form. But the text intentional, i.e. is directed at the reader, who is called upon to overcome this schematism by concretization. The reader fills the scheme with his thoughts, images, associations. And this is not arbitrariness, but the observance of the "rules of the game". A priori, it is believed that the author necessarily encourages the reader to think, that the reader answers the questions that, according to G. Gadamer, the text asks him.
How? After all, Pasternak does not ask us about anything - on the contrary, he teaches and preaches: this is ugly, this is shameful, you must not do this, but you must do this, you must not do this, but this is how you must. For him it absolute truths, he is sure that for others too.
But this is a real scheme, and the reader can rethink it in his own way and even disagree with something. Do Pasternak's declarations have an absolute meaning or a relative one? Is it always ugly to be famous? Why not archive? Is the goal of creativity really self-giving? (And if there is nothing to give?) And are there more important goals? Such doubts, for example, are expressed by V.S. Bushin. The reason for these doubts lies in the language: given truths are relative, but the poet formulates them as absolute.
So, the aspects of the phenomenological approach that are useful for the philologist are: the movement from linguistic material to the idea, the awareness of the incompleteness and the well-known schematicity of the text that the reader overcomes in the process of dialogue, as well as the concretization of the author's scheme by the reader's experience. But all this is also in the traditional linguo-aesthetic analysis, only with a large number of nuances. On the other hand, to ensure a gradual and rigorous ascent from linguistic specificity to figurative and semantic generalization is hardly possible, and even expedient. We never abstract from linguistic material, returning to it at every level.
Alexander Florya
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (January 29, 1890, Moscow - May 30, 1960, Peredelkino, Moscow Region) - Russian writer, one of the greatest poets of the 20th century, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1958).
The creative path of Boris Pasternak was very difficult and extraordinary. Today he is rightfully considered one of the brightest Russian poets of the 20th century. However, their most famous works, including the novel "Doctor Zhivago", which brought the author Nobel Prize, Pasternak wrote in the era of the formation and development of the USSR. Naturally, in order to famous writer in a country with totalitarian regime, it was necessary to have not only a bright and original talent, but also to be able to hide their true feelings both in public and in works. This parsnip was never able to learn, so it was periodically subjected to disgrace by the ruling elite. Nevertheless, he was popular, and his poems, novels and plays, which periodically disappeared from sale and were rejected by censors, were printed abroad and copied by hand. The author was really famous, but he was embarrassed that he was recognized on the street and tried in every possible way to belittle his own contribution to literature. However, not all Soviet writers behaved this way. Many of them, not having even a hundredth of Pasternak's talent, considered themselves real geniuses and emphasized this in every possible way. Moreover, in those days it was valued not so much literary gift how much loyalty to the party's policy.
Among creative intelligentsia Pasternak, for all his fame, had few friends. The poet himself explained this by the fact that he was unable to maintain warm and trusting relations with hypocrites and careerists. Those who were favored by the authorities could afford to live in luxury, although from the pages of the newspapers they called on the people to equality and fraternity. Therefore, in 1956, Pasternak wrote his famous poem “Being famous is ugly,” which he addressed to his colleagues in the literary workshop.
Pasternak knows that history is created by people and interpreted by them for the sake of their own interests. Therefore, he is convinced that everything in this world is relative, and you should not revel in your achievements, which after many years may be perceived in a completely different way. The author believes that a real poet should not distinguish between “defeats and victories”, because time will judge everyone in its own way anyway. And the only value that is an absolute value for Pasternak is the opportunity to "be alive" to the end, i.e. be able to sincerely love, despise and hate, and not portray these feelings to please someone in their works.
"Being famous is ugly" Boris Pasternak
Being famous is not nice.
It's not what lifts you up.
No need to archive
Shake over manuscripts.
The goal of creativity is self-giving,
Not a hype, not a success.
It's shameful, meaning nothing
Be a parable on everyone's lips.
But we must live without imposture,
So live so that in the end
Attract the love of space
Hear the call of the future.
And leave gaps
In fate, not among papers,
Places and chapters of a whole life
Underlining in the margins.
And dive into the unknown
And hide your steps in it
How the area hides in the fog,
When you can't see anything in it.
Others on the trail
They will go your way span by span,
But defeat from victory
You don't have to be different.
And owe not a single slice
Don't back away from your face
But to be alive, alive and only,
Alive and only until the end.
Don't sleep, don't sleep, artist
Don't give in to sleep.
You are the hostage of eternity
Time is a prisoner.
Damn you, darlings! Why this particular poem, why this particular damn lesson, this disgusting Monday? Oh, burn in hell - I'm with you.
Being famous is not nice.
It's not what lifts you up.
No need to archive
Shake over manuscripts.
The goal of creativity is self-giving,
Not a hype, not a success.
It's shameful to mean nothing
Be a parable on everyone's lips.
Hear the call of the future.
And leave gaps
In fate, not among papers,
Places and chapters of a whole life
Underlining in the margins.
And dive into the unknown
And hide your steps in it
Others on the trail
But defeat from victory
You don't have to be different.
And owe not a single slice
Don't back away from your face
Alive and only until the end.
The poem “Being famous is ugly” was written in 1956 and is included in Boris Pasternak’s lyrical cycle “When it clears up” (1956-1959). In addition, it includes 44 more poems. The basis of this cycle of reflections on time, being, truth, life and death, art and other philosophical topics. The release of the cycle of poems "When it clears up" is associated with the refusal in the USSR to publish the novel "Doctor Zhivago".
The theme of the poem is philosophical.
We can say that this poem “Being famous is ugly” is instructive, and Boris Pasternak himself is in the role of a mentor. He notices that “to be famous is ugly”, explains “the goal of creativity is dedication”, and then begins to teach in 3, 4, 5 stanzas about how to live, what to do
But we must live without imposture,
Live so that in the end
Attract the love of space
Hear the call of the future.
And leave gaps
In fate, not among papers,
Places and chapters of a whole life
Underlining in the margins.
And dive into the unknown
And hide your steps in it
How the area hides in the fog,
When you can't see anything in it.
And in the last 2 stanzas, explaining, gives instructions
Others on the trail
They will go your way span by span,
But defeat from victory
You don't have to be different.
And owe not a single slice
Don't back away from your face
But to be alive, alive and only,
Alive and only until the end.
The mood of the poem is sublime, solemn, aimed at success, desiring it. creative life the poet was complicated, so he tried to understand why everything was happening this way, what he was doing wrong, and most importantly, how long would it still continue?
Perhaps, at the same time, he noticed that there are many in Russia who write specifically for fame, height, “noise” and “success”, at the same time not at all betraying the importance of what to write and what to write about.
Read the poem and learn. You learn to understand the whole essence of writing, you learn to understand your role, not to become "noise", but "to attract the love of space." This poem uplifts, inspires, inspires
But to be alive, alive and only,
Alive and only until the end.
The rhyme of the poem is cross. There are practically no epithets, personifications, metaphors and comparisons in the text. It is filled with verbs, participial phrases, complex and complex sentences - the author tried to give movement to his instructions, to encourage movement, to life, because "there is no standing position: either you move forward or backward." Frequent alliterations in solid sounds“n”, “r”, “d”, “t”, “g” Pasternak gives his instructions firmness, steadfastness, confidence, thereby expressing his position in life.
"Being famous is ugly" Boris Pasternak
Being famous is not nice.
It's not what lifts you up.
No need to archive
Shake over manuscripts.The goal of creativity is self-giving,
Not a hype, not a success.
It's shameful, meaning nothing
Be a parable on everyone's lips.But we must live without imposture,
So live so that in the end
Attract the love of space
Hear the call of the future.And leave gaps
In fate, not among papers,
Places and chapters of a whole life
Underlining in the margins.And dive into the unknown
And hide your steps in it
How the area hides in the fog,
When you can't see anything in it.Others on the trail
They will go your way span by span,
But defeat from victory
You don't have to be different.And owe not a single slice
Don't back away from your face
But to be alive, alive and only,
Alive and only until the end.
Analysis of Pasternak's poem "Being famous is ugly"
The creative path of Boris Pasternak was very difficult and extraordinary. Today he is rightfully considered one of the brightest Russian poets of the 20th century. However, Pasternak wrote his most famous works, including the novel Doctor Zhivago, which brought the author the Nobel Prize, in the era of the formation and development of the USSR. Naturally, in order to become a well-known writer in a country with a totalitarian regime, it was necessary to have not only a bright and original talent, but also be able to hide his true feelings both in public and in his works. This parsnip was never able to learn, so it was periodically subjected to disgrace by the ruling elite. Nevertheless, he was popular, and his poems, novels and plays, which periodically disappeared from sale and were rejected by censors, were printed abroad and copied by hand. The author was really famous, but he was embarrassed that he was recognized on the street and tried in every possible way to belittle his own contribution to literature. However, not all Soviet writers behaved this way. Many of them, not having even a hundredth of Pasternak's talent, considered themselves real geniuses and emphasized this in every possible way. Moreover, in those days, it was not so much a literary gift that was valued, but a loyal attitude to the policy of the party.
Among the creative intelligentsia, Pasternak, for all his fame, had few friends. The poet himself explained this by the fact that he was unable to maintain warm and trusting relations with hypocrites and careerists. Those who were favored by the authorities could afford to live in luxury, although from the pages of the newspapers they called on the people to equality and fraternity. Therefore, in 1956, Pasternak wrote his famous the poem "Being famous is ugly", which was addressed to colleagues in the literary workshop. After the publication of this work, which was included in the collection "When it clears up", many famous poets and the writers simply stopped greeting Pasternak, believing that he addressed his rhymed message to them personally. In fact, the author created a kind of code of honor for a writer, talking about how he sees a real poet or writer. In his opinion, modern writers should not take care of their own creative heritage, create archives and "shake over manuscripts." Years will pass, and if these people were truly talented, then future generations of readers will appreciate it. If not, then carefully collected and sorted papers will forever gather dust in museum and library storerooms, so unclaimed by anyone. The poet is convinced that "the goal of creativity is dedication, not hype, not success". He urges his colleagues to "live without imposture", i.e. do not appropriate other people's merits and do not try to look better in the eyes of others. According to Pasternak, life will put everything in its place anyway, and it will be much more important for posterity to know that the person whose works they admire was not a scoundrel. Therefore, the author is convinced that one must live in such a way as to "attract the love of space to oneself, hear the call of the future." In addition, the poet calls on fellow writers to “dive into the unknown and hide their steps in it,” and not revel in power, money and wealth, which predetermine fate and deprive a person of that spark in creativity, which is called talent.
Pasternak knows that history is created by people and interpreted by them for the sake of their own interests. Therefore, he is convinced that everything in this world is relative, and you should not revel in your achievements, which after many years may be perceived in a completely different way. The author believes that a real poet should not distinguish between “defeats and victories”, because time will judge everyone in its own way anyway. And the only value that is an absolute value for Pasternak is the opportunity to "be alive" to the end, i.e. be able to sincerely love, despise and hate, and not portray these feelings to please someone in their works.
