Gypsies: who are they and where did they come from? Little-known facts about one of the most mysterious peoples. The meaning, origin and fate of the name Roman

Origin and meaning of the name Roman The name Roman comes from Latin word"Romanus", in translation means "Roman", "Roman", "from Rome". The name of the city of Rome was originally given from the names of the brothers Romulus and Remus. The name Roman is a derivative, a variant of the pronunciation of the name Romulus. Paired female name- Romana. Close in meaning will also be another female name - Romina.

Character and destiny. Novels love everything new, but they find it difficult to bring everything to the end. Everything distracts - now illnesses, now new hobbies. Each time he rushes with fervor to the implementation of his idea, but he needs great patience and endurance to achieve a result. But if it succeeds, then the result will be impressive!

The novel is a little reckless, frivolous, he will not look for a way out of difficult situation, but prefers to let everything take its course, give up on what did not work out and take up another matter, not at all regretting the missed opportunities. Roman is an optimist by nature and tries to see the good in everything, he will try to look at any bad event in his life with humor.

The novel will always help to find a way out, as it is not subject to stereotypes of thinking. Roman is a wonderful pioneer, not a single trip can do without him. Even a banal shopping trip can turn into a memorable event. The novel is proud, witty. He will not try to be a leader, achieve records or show his best side.

Roman is a very mobile boy, patience is not his thing, he needs to get everything at once. But main reason in that his thoughts run ahead of his capabilities, he is constantly distracted, quickly switches his attention. Too strict upbringing and rigid framework will only encourage Roman to inventively lie. Roma has a good memory, he quickly grasps everything on the fly, he will not have problems with his studies if his parents do not try to make him a diligent student.

The novel has a pronounced ability for art, he likes what happened before, but modern trends takes it with great difficulty. The novel values ​​freedom above all else. He does not like change, but sometimes he is ready to do things that are completely unimaginable for him. For example, just pick up and move to another country, or suddenly change your preferences.

Roman uses his enormous energy in his work. The owner of this name prefers professions related to communication with people. Often men with this name can be found among actors, directors, sales managers, advertising.

Roman never experiences problems with colleagues, difficulties in communication, he makes contact very easily and quickly finds common topics for conversation even in a completely new and unfamiliar company. The owner of this name is a very sociable person. Roma loves to talk very much, so she can accidentally give out someone's secret.

It is quite difficult for Roman to find that one, but having found her, he protects her more than his eyes. After all, it is she who will help Roman to be faithful to the end of his ideas and help bring them to life. Novels are most often monogamous and value family values.

Popularity. The name Roman is quite popular. For more than 15 years, the name Roman has not left the top 30 most popular names in Russia. Behind Last year the level of attention to this name even increased slightly, reaching a maximum in November 2016.

Roman's name day

Roman celebrates name days on January 18, February 11, February 16, March 2, March 29, May 15, June 5, June 13, August 1, August 6, August 11, August 15, August 23, September 24, October 8, October 14 November 13, December 1, December 10.

Notable people named Roman

• Roman Viktyuk (theater director)
• Roman Klein ((1858 - 1924) Russian architect)
• Roman Vreden ((1867 - 1934) the founder of Russian surgical orthopedics)
• Roman Kartsev (variety, theater and film artist)
• Roman Balayan ((born 1941) film director)
• Roman Girshman ((1895 - 1979) French archaeologist)
• Roman Ivanychuk ((born 1929) Ukrainian writer)
• Roman Yakobson ((1896 - 1982) Russian and American linguist, literary critic)
• Roman Polanski (one of the greatest filmmakers of the post-war era)
• Roman Kostomarov (Russian figure skater)

Gypsies are one of the most, perhaps, incomprehensible and mythologized peoples on our planet, and this has been the case for many centuries. There are rumors around the world that when gypsies come to town, they seduce men and women and then steal everything they see, including children.

There are also many myths about cunning and mysterious gypsy fortune-tellers and gypsy camps. In any case, even if we put all the myths and misconceptions aside, the gypsies remain one of the most interesting ethnic groups in history.

WHERE THEY COME FROM

The origin of the gypsies is shrouded in mystery. Sometimes it seemed that they appeared on the planet in some mysterious way. This in itself may have evoked a sense of fear among the Europeans and contributed to an atmosphere of mystery around the Roma. Modern scholars suggest that the Gypsies originally migrated en masse from India in the fifth century.

This theory suggests that their flight was due to the spread of Islam, which the Roma were desperate to avoid in order to protect their religious freedom. This theory claims that the Gypsies migrated from India to Anatolia and further to Europe, where they split into three separate branches: Domari, Lomavren, and the Gypsies themselves. Another theory suggests that there were as many as three separate migrations over several centuries.

THE NOMADIC LIFESTYLE OF THE GYPSIES

Many stereotypes have been formed around the gypsies for a long time. Who does not know the phrase “gypsy soul” (which is applied to freedom-loving people). According to these stereotypes, the gypsies prefer to live, as they say, not in the “mainstream” and eschew social norms in order to be able to lead a nomadic lifestyle, replete with fun and dancing. The truth is much darker.

For many centuries, the Roma were often forcibly expelled from the countries in which they lived. Such forced evictions continue to this day. Many historians have suggested that true reason The nomadic lifestyle of the Gypsies is very simple: survival.

Gypsies have no homeland

Gypsies are people without a specific citizenship. Most countries refuse to grant them citizenship, even if they were born in that country. Centuries of persecution and their closed community have left the Gypsies with no homeland. In 2000, the Roma were officially declared a non-territorial nation. This lack of citizenship renders Roma legally “invisible”.

Although they are not subject to the laws of any country, they cannot access education, health care and other social services. Moreover, the Roma cannot even obtain passports, which makes their travel very difficult or impossible.

Gypsy persecution

It's worth starting with the fact that the gypsies were actually enslaved people in Europe, especially in the 14th - 19th centuries. They were traded and sold like a commodity, and they were considered "subhuman". In the 1700s, Maria Theresa, the Empress of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, passed a law that outlawed the gypsies. This was done to force the Roma to integrate into society.

Similar laws have been passed in Spain, and many European countries Gypsies were banned from entering their territory. The Nazi regime also persecuted and exterminated Roma by the tens of thousands. Even today, gypsies are persecuted.

NO ONE KNOWS HOW MANY GYPSIES THERE ARE IN THE WORLD

No one knows how many gypsies live all over the world today. Because of the discrimination Roma often face, many of them do not publicly register or identify as Roma. In addition, given their “legal invisibility”, the birth of children without documents and frequent moves, many Roma are listed as missing.

Also problematic is that Roma are not provided with social services, which would help to paint a clearer picture of their numbers. However, The New York Times estimates the number of Roma worldwide at 11 million, a figure often disputed.

Gypsies - an offensive word

For many people, the term "gypsy" means nomad and is not considered a racial slur. But for the “Roma” themselves (or “Romals” - the self-name of the gypsies), this word has ominous overtones. For example, according to the Oxford Dictionary English word“gypped” (derived from “gypsie” - gypsies) means a criminally punishable act.

Roma, often referred to as gypsies, were considered losers and thieves, a word burned into their skin during the Nazi regime. Like many other racial slurs, the word "Gypsy" has been used for centuries to oppress the Roma.

FUTURE, CHEAP…

There are many myths surrounding gypsies. One of these myths says that the gypsies have their own magic, which has been passed down for centuries from generation to generation. The myth is associated with tarot cards, crystal balls and fortune-telling tents, as well as other stereotypes. Literature is replete with references to the gypsy language and the magical arts of this people.

In addition, there are many films that show the curses of gypsies. Even in art, there are many paintings describing Roma as mystical and magical people. However, many scientists believe that all this magic is fiction, derived from the fact that people simply did not know anything about gypsies at all.

NO FORMAL RELIGION

European folklore often claims that the Roma made a temple out of cream cheese. Presumably, they ate it when a period of severe famine set in, so they were left without an official religion. As a rule, gypsies join the church that is the most common in the country in which they live. However, there are many traditional gypsy beliefs. Some scholars believe that there are many links between Roma beliefs and Hinduism.

MODESTY

Although gypsy weddings often accompanied mass celebrations and sumptuous garments, casual clothes gypsies reflected one of their main life principles- modesty. Gypsy dances are most often associated with female dance belly. However, many gypsy women never performed what is commonly considered belly dancing today.

Instead, they perform traditional dances, in which only the stomachs are used for movement, but not the hips, since the movement of the hips is considered immodest. In addition, the long, flowing skirts commonly worn by gypsies serve to cover their legs, as exposing the legs is also considered immodest.

THE GYPSY CONTRIBUTION TO WORLD CULTURE IS HUGE

From the very beginning of their existence, the gypsies have been closely associated with singing, dancing and acting. They carried this tradition over the centuries, significantly influenced world art. Many gypsies assimilated into different cultures by influencing them. Many singers, actors, artists, etc. had gypsy roots.

Let's get it straight from the start. Gypsies is a nickname. There is no such nation. Gypsies in time immemorial Europeans nicknamed the Romans - the people who set up camps along the banks of the Tsygal River. And then all the other Romans began to be called gypsies.

- And what nationality was recorded in your passport?

- Romanian. All of us in Russia and Germany were recorded as Romanians or more often as Hungarians.

– Because the Roma as a nation originated in Hungary?

- Actually, the most common opinion is that the gypsies descended from the Himalayas ... It's hard to say where we are from. For the first time, romals are mentioned in Hebrew written sources. Initially, the Romans spoke Hebrew. Then they moved to Egypt, from there to India, and 300 years later, after Persian War the gypsies scattered all over the world. Most settled in Hungary.

– Why is there a negative stereotype of a gypsy in Russia?

“Because we never had our own state. Even now we have neither a party nor a clearly structured community. We are merging with local culture that in a century or two we consider it ours. But everywhere we continue to be considered strangers. Hitler played on this when we were persecuted and destroyed along with the Jews. Both us and them were considered insolent for trying to fit into another culture. And this is not human - this is ours national trait. Whose song is Black Eyes? Gypsy? But after all, both poetry and music were composed by Russians. Any romance (a word related to the name "Roma") will become gypsy if it is sung by a gypsy. Flamenco - gypsy dance but with a Spanish twist. Unfortunately, we continue to be recognized only when we sing and dance, as if we have no other business on earth. Our soul has been so tormented by centuries of persecution that it must be expressed through songs. The sadder we are, the farther away the songs. Romans never cry.

- You are being reproached that you, living in a foreign land and adopting a foreign culture and language, do not take into account the local moral laws. Do you have yours? For example, if your girlfriend falls in love with a Russian, will her parents let her marry him?

- My own daughter married a Russian. As for the laws, yes, there are those among us who do not respect them and are responsible for this. We even have our own court, which includes five elders. Romal can be anything, but the word of the elder is law for him. If the court recognized you as a "magardo" - a lawbreaker - you will be expelled from the city or village, depending on the severity of the crime, for life, for twenty years, for two years. "Magardo" leaves alone. If the wife decided to stay with him, she also becomes a "magardo", without trial or investigation. A person does not have the right to live with honest Roma in the same city if he is a murderer or a drug dealer. Real Roma are honest knights.

- And what crime is considered the most serious among romals?

– We have a cult of the family, a cult of matrimony, a cult of motherhood. Therefore, the most terrible for us is any crime on sexual grounds. We are counted in nations prone to, and I will give you such an example. In Russia, condoms are sold at every step, even in supermarkets, next to food. And here a person, if he just takes a condom in his hands, automatically becomes a “magardo”. There are no prostitutes among our women. Finally, if we find out that a person is using or selling drugs, we banish him for life. Because we think this way of life is wrong...

– And what is the “correct” life for Romanians?

“To live right means to live openly and beautifully. With his openness, he roamed and stands out, for which he pays. Besides, we live for today. Many people think that one cannot live one day at a time. This is wrong. Read the Bible. The word "day" is constantly repeated there. Each of your days could be your last. And that's why life should also be fun. Our most cheerful holidays are Easter, Christmas, the day of Peter and Paul. On such days we rent restaurants, we gather there for 300-400 people. And on weekdays we rarely see each other. Still, most of us work. And not only on stage. There is even an astronaut among us.

Why are gypsies called Romaly?

From Old Russian and Sanskrit Ro (Ra) and Ma (Me)

Ro-Ra - Vedic ancient Indian and ancient Slavic - the initial energy, it is also the Sun, it is also God - because then and now we understand that it is the Sun that feeds our system - as Dersu Uzala used to say, the Sun is the main person.

Male - Man (s) - a person of a certain clan-genus - Man-Manu - is also one of the incarnations of the supreme deity - the progenitor of all people - both male and female in life.

The ending -man can be found in many names and surnames, and it just shows belonging to one or another clan, clan, faith, or even the master-owner.

Remained in German and English- actually man and man - man-man.

In Russian and related languages, this is more compound word m-u-zh - I will not decipher, there it turns out indecent if verbatim.

Well, the letter e is more attractive than our e - from the old ancient esm - there is - it. East English Is.

From here it turns out Ro-Mal-e - Sunny Man There is - that is, a man of god or a man of the sun.

Gypsies - from the merger of tse - old Russian tse-it - is still in Ukrainian in this sense, and ha-go - movement Ga or Go - a symbol of movement - road noGa GA-t step-step G-lagol - all so or otherwise shows movement.

And it turns out a gypsy - tse-ga-n - this is a traveler, a vagabond.

romale - freedom-loving people ... gypsies call themselves that way ... besides, they have such an appeal in everyday life. like, hey romale

The most common and characteristic self-names of gypsies (exactly how they call themselves), which they brought from India, are rum or rum among the gypsies of Europe, home or scrap among the gypsies of Asia Minor and the Middle East. these names come from the Indo-Aryan dom, with a cerebral sound d, which is pronounced as a cross between the sounds p, d and l. of the linguistic research it follows that the Roma of Europe and the home and/or scrap of Asia and the Caucasus are the three main flows of migrants from India. to this day in India, under the name dom, there are groups attributed to low castes. according to Indo-Aryan sources of late antiquity and early medieval The tribes that inhabited the central and northwestern regions of India with the self-name dom for centuries led and maintained their nomadic and semi-nomadic lifestyle and type of culture.

the chain is as follows: Roma - the self-name of the people, gypsies; rum - a representative of the people, gypsies (separate); romale - vocative form, an appeal to a representative of the people.

Romale translated into Russian by gypsies, in their language there are many Indian words and dialects distorted by time. Romale is one of them, ro is qi, male is gane, tsy means the beginning, and gane is persecution from oneself. An interesting and unexplored people are the Gypsies, for which they went around the world. Each gypsy has his own world, unlike the others, he is both cunning and wise, evil and kind, always in the way of his thoughts, like his life.

Until our time, there were many myths and legends about the origin of the gypsies. Probably the most common of them is that the gypsies are the descendants of the inhabitants of Atlantis, which has sunk into oblivion. I would like to believe... beautiful legend, but, of course, all this comes from ignorance of world history, ignorance of the Gypsy culture, language, customs, customs. In our time, at dawn information technologies and a decent amount of resources, it is no longer a secret to anyone that the gypsies are from India. From which region, province, locality one can argue for a long time and to no avail. Experts say that Indian bands started their career as a result of the economic crisis in India. These are groups, mainly artisans, artists, merchants, who began their career no later than the 6th century. There is an opinion that the gypsies descended from Indian caste"House", later the name, which was transformed into the well-known "Roma", from which the self-name of all Roma ethnic groups came from. How did the economic crisis in India affect the spread of gypsies in the world? The answer is simple ... The ancestors of the gypsies have too little space left to exist and conduct their trade. Even at the present time, artists cannot exist without tours, merchants move to new places if the demand for their goods has fallen, manufacturers sell their goods in different countries peace. Perhaps someone will ask: "Why did only the ancestors of the Gypsies then start a nomadic?" But I have already given the answer to this question... The economic crisis... It is not necessary for wealthy people to wander in order to live, while Roma groups developed new spaces in small numbers, which is the reason for their long spread. Studying the history of the Gypsies, it is necessary to analyze the formation of the Gypsy language. Almost a third of the vocabulary of the Romani language is common with Sanskrit, which in Once again confirms Indian origin Gypsy. From this analysis, it is possible to trace the spread of Gypsy words borrowed from other languages. The Persian and Greek languages ​​had a significant influence on the Romani language. Before rather large groups of gypsies settled in Byzantium (this is the territory of modern Turkey, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, etc.), they passed through Persia. Roma settled in the Balkans large groups and for a long time (300-500 years). It's about politics Byzantine Empire, which not only did not drive the gypsies away, but also contributed to the development of their craft. Byzantium was an Orthodox state; many gypsies converted to Christianity. But at the beginning of the 15th century, the territory of Byzantium was significantly reduced due to hostilities, after which many Roma began to leave for Western Europe, although the majority still remained in the Balkans. The Ottoman Empire, which later arose on the site of Byzantium, also properly treated the Roma groups and contributed to the development of their craft. Although in Ottoman Empire Islam was preached, but less than a quarter of the gypsies who remained in the Balkans accepted it; the majority remained faithful to Christianity. Gypsies who migrated to the West faced a difficult fate, because. countries Western Europe they were not needed at all; Gypsies were outlawed there. Roma groups were vagrants and beggars for everyone. Many were killed, many were branded, trying to expel from their lands. Of course, the persecution of the gypsies left a huge imprint in their psychology, teaching them not to trust anyone but themselves, rallying them and teaching them how to survive in the most difficult situations. IN early XVIII century, gypsies appeared in Russia, where, with their appearance, anti-gypsy laws were not introduced. This is due to the fact that the gypsies came to Russia later than to Europe, where anger against the gypsies had subsided by that time, and Russian policy was aimed at the European way of life. The first gypsies modern group"Russka Roma" came to Russia through Poland and, as a result, ended up in their first major city, St. Petersburg. Later, other Roma groups appeared, coming from the Balkans. Time is running and in our gypsies ended up broken all over the world into different ethnic groups, differing from each other in some customs, dialects, upbringing and other factors. There are a large number of Roma groups in the world, for example, "Polish Roma"-Polish group, "Latfitska Roma"-Latvian group, "Lithuanian Roma"-Lithuanian group, "Kale"-Spanish group, "Sinti"-German group, "Romanichel "-English group and many others. etc. Gypsy religion is also surrounded by myths ... Some gajyo (non-gypsies) believe that gypsies worship their pagan gods, some believe that the Roma change their faith depending on the environment around them ... But these are all fairy tales ... Yes, not all Roma groups belong to the same faith. It depends on what society they live in: Christian or Muslim. There is not even a conversation about pagan rites. Yes, of course, they existed, but did the Russians have their own specific religion before the adoption of Christianity? No... There were pagan rites. Now some gypsies are very reverent about their faith; be it Islam, be it Christianity, now this faith is Theirs too! I wish people could see modern gypsies not only in poor people asking for their bread, or criminals, but also in the surrounding people, literate and educated. But if they are nearby, then they hide, for the most part, their nationality because of the opinion that has developed about them!