The brain is the main controlling organ of the central nervous system (CNS), its structure and functions have been studied for more than 100 years a large number of specialists in various fields, such as psychiatry, medicine, psychology and neurophysiology. Despite a good study of its structure and components, there are still many questions about the work and processes that take place every second.
The brain belongs to the central nervous system and is located in the cranial cavity. Outside, it is reliably protected by the bones of the skull, and inside it is enclosed in 3 shells: soft, cobweb and hard. Between these membranes circulates cerebrospinal fluid - cerebrospinal fluid, which serves as a shock absorber and prevents concussion of this organ in case of minor injuries.
The human brain is a system consisting of interconnected departments, each part of which is responsible for performing specific tasks.
To understand the functioning, it is not enough to briefly describe the brain, therefore, in order to understand how it works, you first need to study its structure in detail.
What is the brain responsible for
This organ, like the spinal cord, belongs to the central nervous system and plays the role of an intermediary between the environment and the human body. With its help, self-control, reproduction and memorization of information, figurative and associative thinking, and other cognitive psychological processes are carried out.
According to the teachings of Academician Pavlov, the formation of thought is a function of the brain, namely the cerebral cortex, which are the highest organs nervous activity. Behind different types the cerebellum responds to memory limbic system and some areas of the cerebral cortex, but since memory is different, it is impossible to single out any particular area responsible for this function.
It is responsible for managing the vegetative vital functions of the body: respiration, digestion, endocrine and excretory systems, body temperature control.
To answer the question of what function the brain performs, first you should conditionally divide it into sections.
Experts distinguish 3 main parts of the brain: anterior, middle and rhomboid (rear) section.
- The anterior one performs higher psychiatric functions, such as the ability to know, the emotional component of a person’s character, his temperament and complex reflex processes.
- The middle one is responsible for sensory functions and processing of information received from the organs of hearing, vision and touch. The centers located in it are able to regulate the degree of pain, since the gray matter, under certain conditions, is able to produce endogenous opiates that increase or decrease the pain threshold. It also plays the role of a conductor between the cortex and the underlying sections. This part controls the body through various innate reflexes.
- Rhomboid or posterior section, responsible for muscle tone, coordination of the body in space. Through it, purposeful movement of various muscle groups is carried out.
The structure of the brain cannot be simply briefly described, since each of its parts includes several departments, each of which performs certain functions.
What does the human brain look like
Brain anatomy is a relatively young science, as it was banned for a long time due to laws prohibiting the opening and examination of organs and the human head.
The study of the topographic anatomy of the brain region in the head area is necessary for accurate diagnosis and successful treatment of various topographic anatomical disorders, for example: skull injuries, vascular and oncological diseases. To imagine what a human GM looks like, first you need to study them appearance.
In appearance, GM is a gelatinous mass of yellowish color, enclosed in a protective shell, like all organs. human body They are 80% water.
The large hemispheres occupy practically the volume of this organ. They are covered with gray matter or bark - supreme body neuropsychic activity of a person, and inside - from white matter, consisting of processes of nerve endings. The surface of the hemispheres complex pattern, due to going to different sides convolutions and ridges between them. According to these convolutions, it is customary to divide them into several departments. It is known that each of the parts performs certain tasks.
In order to understand what the human brain looks like, it is not enough to examine their appearance. There are several study methods that help to study the inside of the brain in a section.
- Sagittal section. It is a longitudinal section that passes through the center of the human head and divides it into 2 parts. It is the most informative research method, it is used to diagnose various diseases of this organ.
- The frontal section of the brain looks like a cross section of large lobes and allows you to see the fornix, hippocampus and corpus callosum, as well as the hypothalamus and thalamus, which control the vital functions of the body.
- Horizontal cut. Allows you to consider the structure of this organ in a horizontal plane.
The anatomy of the brain, as well as the anatomy of the human head and neck, is a rather difficult subject to study for a number of reasons, including the fact that their description requires studying a large amount of material and having good clinical training.
How the human brain works
Scientists around the world are studying the brain, its structure and functions that it performs. Much has been done in the last few years important discoveries, however, this part of the body remains not fully understood. This phenomenon is explained by the complexity of studying the structure and functions of the brain separately from the cranium.
In turn, the structure of brain structures determines the functions performed by its departments.
This organ is known to be nerve cells(neurons) interconnected by bundles of filamentous processes, but how does their interaction occur simultaneously as unified system is still unclear.
The diagram of the structure of the brain, based on the study of the sagittal section of the cranium, will help to explore the sections and membranes. In this figure, you can see the cortex, the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres, the structure of the trunk, cerebellum and the corpus callosum, which consists of a roller, trunk, knee and beak.
The GM is reliably protected from the outside by the bones of the skull, and inside by 3 meninges: hard arachnoid and soft. Each of them has its own device and performs certain tasks.
- The deep soft shell covers both the spinal cord and the brain, while entering all the cracks and grooves of the cerebral hemispheres, and in its thickness there are blood vessels that feed this organ.
- The arachnoid membrane is separated from the first by a subarachnoid space filled with liquor (cerebrospinal fluid), it also contains blood vessels. This sheath consists of connective tissue, from which filiform branched processes (strands) depart, they are woven into a soft sheath and with age their number increases, thereby strengthening the connection. Between them. The villous outgrowths of the arachnoid bulge into the lumen of the sinuses of the dura mater.
- The hard shell or pachymeninx consists of a connective tissue substance and has 2 surfaces: the upper one, saturated with blood vessels, and the inner one, which is smooth and shiny. With this side, the pachymeninx is adjacent to the medulla, and the outer side is adjacent to the cranium. Between the hard and arachnoid there is a narrow space filled with a small amount of liquid.
In the brains of a healthy person, about 20% of the total volume of blood that enters through the posterior cerebral arteries circulates.
The brain can be visually divided into 3 main parts: 2 large hemispheres, trunk and cerebellum.
Gray matter forms the cortex and covers the surface of the cerebral hemispheres, and a small amount of it in the form of nuclei is located in the medulla oblongata.
In all brain regions there are ventricles, in the cavity of which the cerebrospinal fluid, which is formed in them, moves. In this case, the fluid from the 4th ventricle enters the subarachnoid space and washes it.
The development of the brain begins even during the intrauterine presence of the fetus, and it is finally formed by the age of 25.
Main parts of the brain
picture is clickable
What is the brain composed of and study the composition of the brain ordinary person can be from the pictures. The structure of the human brain can be viewed in several ways.
The first divides it into components that make up the brain:
- Final, represented by 2 cerebral hemispheres, united by the corpus callosum;
- intermediate;
- average;
- oblong;
- the posterior borders on the medulla oblongata, the cerebellum and the bridge depart from it.
It is also possible to single out the main composition of the human brain, namely, it includes 3 large structures that begin to develop even during embryonic development:
- diamond-shaped;
- average;
- anterior brain.
In some teaching aids The cerebral cortex is usually divided into sections, so that each of them plays a specific role in the higher nervous system. Accordingly, the following departments are distinguished forebrain: frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital zone.
Large hemispheres
First, consider the structure of the cerebral hemispheres.
The end brain of a person directs all vital processes and is divided by a central sulcus into 2 large hemispheres of the brain, covered on the outside with a bark or gray matter, and inside they consist of white matter. Between themselves, in the depths of the central gyrus, they are united by the corpus callosum, which serves as a link connecting and transmitting information between other departments.
The structure of the gray matter is complex and, depending on the site, consists of 3 or 6 layers of cells.
Each lobe is responsible for performing certain functions and coordinates the movement of the limbs on its part, for example, the right part processes non-verbal information and is responsible for spatial orientation, while the left part specializes in mental activity.
In each of the hemispheres, specialists distinguish 4 zones: frontal, occipital, parietal and temporal, they perform certain tasks. In particular, the parietal part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for visual function.
The science that studies the detailed structure of the cerebral cortex is called architectonics.
Medulla
This section is part of the brain stem and serves as a link between the dorsal and the bridge of the terminal section. Since it is a transitional element, it combines the features of the spinal and structural features of the brain. The white matter of this section is represented by nerve fibers, and the gray matter is in the form of nuclei:
- The nucleus of the olive, is a complementary element of the cerebellum, is responsible for balance;
- The reticular formation connects all the sense organs with the medulla oblongata, is partially responsible for the work of some parts of the nervous system;
- The nuclei of the nerves of the skull, these include: glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal nerves;
- The nuclei of respiration and circulation, which are connected with the nuclei of the vagus nerve.
Such internal structure due to the functions of the brain stem.
He is responsible for defensive reactions body and regulates vital processes such as heartbeat and blood circulation, so damage to this component leads to instant death.
Pons
The composition of the brain includes the pons, it serves as a link between the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum and the spinal cord. It consists of nerve fibers and gray matter, in addition, the bridge serves as a conductor of the main artery that feeds the brain.
midbrain
This part has a complex structure and consists of a roof, a midbrain part of a tire, a Sylviian aqueduct and legs. In the lower part it borders on the posterior region, namely the pons and the cerebellum, and at the top of it is the diencephalon connected to the terminal.
The roof consists of 4 hills, inside which the nuclei are located, they serve as centers for the perception of information received from the eyes and hearing organs. Thus, this part is included in the zone responsible for receiving information, and refers to the ancient structures that make up the structure of the human brain.
Cerebellum
The cerebellum occupies almost the entire back part and repeats the basic principles of the structure of the human brain, that is, it consists of 2 hemispheres and an unpaired formation connecting them. The surface of the cerebellar lobules is covered with gray matter, and inside they consist of white, in addition, the gray matter in the thickness of the hemispheres forms 2 nuclei. The white matter connects the cerebellum to the brainstem with the help of three pairs of legs. spinal cord.
This brain center is responsible for coordinating and regulating the motor activity of human muscles. It also helps to maintain a certain posture in the surrounding space. Responsible for muscle memory.
Bark
The structure of the cerebral cortex is quite well studied. So, it is a complex layered structure 3-5 mm thick, which covers the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres.
The cortex is formed by neurons with bundles of filiform processes, afferent and efferent nerve fibers, glia (provide the transmission of impulses). It has 6 layers, different in structure:
- grainy;
- molecular;
- external pyramidal;
- internal granular;
- internal pyramidal;
- the last layer consists of spindle-shaped cells.
It occupies about half the volume of the hemispheres, and its area in a healthy person is about 2200 square meters. see. The surface of the bark is dotted with furrows, in the depths of which one third of its entire area lies. The size and shape of the furrows of both hemispheres is strictly individual.
The cortex was formed relatively recently, but is the center of the entire higher nervous system. Experts distinguish several parts in its composition:
- neocortex (new) main part covers more than 95%;
- archicortex (old) - about 2%;
- paleocortex (ancient) - 0.6%;
- intermediate cortex, occupies 1.6% of the total cortex.
It is known that the localization of functions in the cortex depends on the location of the nerve cells that pick up one of the types of signals. Therefore, there are 3 main areas of perception:
- Touch.
- Motor.
- Associative.
The last region occupies more than 70% of the crust, and its central purpose is to coordinate the activity of the first two zones. It is also responsible for receiving and processing data from the sensory zone, and the goal-directed behavior caused by this information.
Between the cerebral cortex and the medulla oblongata is the subcortex or, in other words, the subcortical structures. It consists of visual tubercles, hypothalamus, limbic system and other nerve nodes.
The main functions of the brain regions
The main functions of the brain are to process data received from the environment, as well as control the movements of the human body and its mental activity. Each part of the brain is responsible for performing specific tasks.
The medulla oblongata controls the execution protective functions body such as blinking, sneezing, coughing and vomiting. It also controls other reflex vital processes - breathing, secretion of saliva and gastric juice, swallowing.
With the help of the Varoliyev bridge, the coordinated movement of the eyes and facial wrinkles is carried out.
The cerebellum controls the motor and coordination activity of the body.
The midbrain is represented by the stalk and the quadrigemina (two auditory and two visual hillocks). With its help, orientation in space, hearing and clarity of vision is carried out, it is responsible for the muscles of the eyes. Responsible for the reflex turn of the head towards the stimulus.
The diencephalon consists of several parts:
- The thalamus is responsible for the formation of feelings, such as pain or taste. In addition, he manages tactile, auditory, olfactory sensations and rhythms of human life;
- The epithalamus consists of the pineal gland, which controls the daily biological rhythms, dividing the daylight hours into the time of wakefulness and the time of healthy sleep. Has the ability to detect light waves through the bones of the skull, depending on their intensity, produces the appropriate hormones and controls metabolic processes in the human body;
- The hypothalamus is responsible for the work of the heart muscles, the normalization of body temperature and blood pressure. With its help, a signal is given for the release of stress hormones. Responsible for feelings of hunger, thirst, pleasure and sexuality.
The posterior pituitary gland is located in the hypothalamus and is responsible for the production of hormones that affect puberty and the functioning of the human reproductive system.
Each hemisphere is responsible for its own specific tasks. For example, the right cerebral hemisphere accumulates data about environment and experience with her. Controls the movement of the limbs on the right side.
In the left cerebral hemisphere there is a speech center responsible for human speech, it also controls analytical and computational activities, and abstract thinking is formed in its cortex. Similarly, the right side controls the movement of the limbs on its side.
The structure and function of the cerebral cortex directly depend on each other, so the gyrus conditionally divides it into several parts, each of which performs certain operations:
- temporal lobe, controls hearing and charm;
- the occipital part regulates vision;
- in the parietal, touch and taste are formed;
- the frontal parts are responsible for speech, movement and complex thought processes.
The limbic system consists of the olfactory centers and the hippocampus, which is responsible for adapting the body to change and regulating the emotional component of the body. It creates lasting memories by associating sounds and smells with certain period the time during which sensory upheavals occurred.
In addition, it controls restful sleep, data retention in short-term and long-term memory, intellectual activity, control of the endocrine and autonomic nervous system, and participates in the formation of the reproductive instinct.
How the human brain works
The work of the human brain does not stop even in a dream, it is known that some departments also function in people who are in a coma, as evidenced by their stories.
The main work of this body is carried out with the help of the cerebral hemispheres, each of which is responsible for a certain ability. It is noticed that the hemispheres are not the same in size and function - the right side is responsible for visualization and creative thinking, usually more than the left side, which is responsible for logic and technical thinking.
It is known that men have a larger brain mass than women, but this feature does not affect mental abilities. For example, this figure for Einstein was below average, but his parietal zone, which is responsible for cognition and image creation, was large sizes, which allowed the scientist to develop the theory of relativity.
Some people are endowed with super abilities, this is also the merit of this body. These features are manifested in a high speed of writing or reading, photographic memory and other anomalies.
One way or another, the activity of this organ is of great importance in the conscious control of the human body, and the presence of the cortex distinguishes humans from other mammals.
What, according to scientists, constantly occurs in the human brain
Specialists studying the psychological capabilities of the brain believe that the performance of cognitive and mental functions occurs as a result of biochemical currents, however, this theory is based on currently is questioned, because this organ is a biological object and the principle of mechanical action does not allow to know its nature completely.
The brain is a kind of steering wheel of the whole organism, performing a huge number of tasks every day.
The anatomical and physiological features of the structure of the brain have been the subject of study for many decades. It is known that this organ occupies a special place in the structure of the central nervous system (central nervous system) of a person, and its characteristics are different for each person, therefore it is impossible to find 2 absolutely identically thinking people.
Video
The brain is the most important part of the human body, responsible for all processes occurring in it. In addition, this organ is often used in symbolic sense: it denotes reason, the ability to think and create, generate new ideas. Therefore, learning how to draw a brain will be interesting and very useful, especially for a novice artist.
Draw the human brain
The human brain is a very complex structure, consisting of several main parts. Even the smallest violation of each of these parts can lead to serious health problems. In order to have an idea about this organ, let's figure out how to draw a human brain.
First, let's draw the so-called big brain, or rather, its hemisphere - we will depict a side view.
Let's start making convolutions on it - the degree of development of the organism depends on their number.
We will depict them on all surfaces.
Now you need to draw other details. Namely, the cerebellum and trunk. The main function of the cerebellum is coordination in space, muscle tone and maintaining balance.
That's all, we coped with the task.
Drawing the brain step by step
Let's practice more in the image of the brain. We will act step by step - it will be easier to learn how to draw this organ in stages. You can draw with what is convenient - with a pencil, charcoal, pen, marker, felt-tip pen, etc.
Let's start with general outlines. The shape of this organ is peculiar, with a certain bend.
Then we will gradually draw the convolutions, one after the other.
They should be on the entire surface - curved, smooth, without sharp corners.
Then we will draw other parts - the bridge, a trunk and a cerebellum. We talked about the functions of the cerebellum in the previous section, while the bridge is responsible for transmitting information from the spinal cord to the brain. The trunk combines all the structures of the central nervous system.
Brain - top view
Before that, we drew the brain exclusively from the side, but now it's time to look at this organ from a different angle, namely from above. So both his hemispheres will be visible. But on this example it will be very interesting to learn how to draw brains with a pencil. After all, the pencil is the very first tool of the artist.
First, the basic forms. We draw two connected halves. They are somewhat reminiscent of light or very rounded triangles.
After that, draw inside a lot of short curved lines- convolutions.
Let's outline the shadow parts around the edges. At first, it was just a light gray shade.
Then we will add colors already fully. Let's paint our body with a warm beige shade. In fact, its shade is just that, despite the fact that the substance contained in this organ is called gray.
Now that's it - the drawing is over. It turned out beautiful, didn't it?
Drawing of the human brain in color
The brain is a symbol of intelligence, creativity, creativity. We will use this when we learn how to draw a brain - it will help us create an interesting, truly unusual drawing.
First of all, let's outline auxiliary figures - an oval, a circle and two diagonal lines.
Then we will begin to depict the convolutions inside the large oval. They should be short, with smooth curves, without sharp corners.
Then we will draw them on the entire area.
And even a little outside, because our oval is general outline, not the exact form.
Then in a circle we will depict the cerebellum. It is half hidden behind the hemisphere. In addition, the convolutions on it look like straight lines located close to each other.
We will carefully guide all the main contours and remove all unnecessary ones.
It's time for color and, of course, for creativity. The brain itself will be pink, voluminous and shiny. And the background - it will be bright, with DNA helices, in blue and purple tones. You can add something of your own - formulas, graphs, burning light bulbs - a symbol of discoveries and new ideas. In a word, everything here is limited only by your imagination.
When everything is ready, you can safely show your drawing to everyone - it looks really cool.
Neck bones consist of seven cervical vertebrae, which include the upper part of the spine. Large muscles that influence the shape of the neck are the trapezius muscle in the back and the sternomastoideus muscle in the front. They run from the back of the ear down to the inner ends of the clavicles.
Neck able to move in all directions: Tilt your head back and forth, sideways to either shoulder, and rotate it from side to side 180 degrees.
Apart from the sound-conducting structures in the ears, only the jaw moves from the joints of the head. All other bones of the skull are rigidly linked and immovable.
The muscles of the face can be conditionally divided into two types:
The proportions of the human head. Simple construction method
The face is, of course, the most expressive part of the body. Here simple construction method which will help you see which simple shapes head consists. Average proportions human head shown in the figure below. The height of the head is about the same as its width when viewed from the side, so in profile it fits into a square. Seen from the front, the width of the head is much less than its height.. 
Start by drawing the head in profile. Draw a circle for the skull and then add two lines on the front of the face to represent the jaw as shown in the image above. 
The most common rookie mistake when depicting the head is that head looks flat. Therefore, as soon as possible, try to draw three-quarter view of the head, trying to display the roundness and solidity of the forms. Use light reference lines to indicate the center line of the face and the position of the eyes. 
The figure shows a rather spineless face, but at this stage the main thing is to understand the basic forms. People's faces differ from the average in many ways, which will be discussed in detail in the following lessons. These drawings represent the first step. If you draw hundreds of these simplified heads, you will come to understand all the subtleties of the relief. human face and be able to fill your drawings with life and character.
The most important thing to understand is that the face is not just a flat surface with details superimposed on it. To draw faces successfully, you must understand three-dimensional shape surfaces - that's why we started with a spineless average face that can belong to both a man and a woman. 
If you look at the hazy newspaper photo of the crowd below, you will see that each face differs from the rest only in the display of light and shadow on it, and not in the shape of the eyes or lips. If you can imagine face as a pattern, in this case you will avoid the common mistake of creating lifeless mechanisms of eyes, noses and mouths, indistinguishable from each other. 
That's why practice drawing the face template with the addition of light and shadow until you fully understand its shape. 
The images above show several basic face and head shapes under different angle. Once again, it is important now that you understood real shape surfaces and not just a plan.
The article used materials from the book Ron Tiner "Figure Drawing without a model".
The brain is the main regulator of the functions of any living organism, one of the elements Until now, medical scientists have been studying the features of the brain and discovering its new incredible possibilities. This is a very complex organ that connects our body with the external environment. The parts of the brain and their functions regulate all life processes. External receptors catch signals and inform any part of the brain about incoming stimuli (light, sound, tactile, and many others). The response is immediate. Let's take a closer look at how our head "processor" works.
General description of the brain
The brain regions and their functions completely control our life processes. The human brain consists of 25 billion neurons. This incredible number of cells forms the gray matter. The brain covers several layers:
- soft;
- hard;
- arachnoid (cerebrospinal fluid circulates here).
Liquor is a cerebrospinal fluid, in the brain it plays the role of a shock absorber, a protector from any impact force.
In both men and women, the brain is developed in exactly the same way, although its weight is different. More recently, the debate has subsided that the weight of the brain plays some role in mental development and intellectual abilities. The conclusion is unambiguous - it is not. The weight of the brain is approximately 2% of the total mass of a person. In men, its average weight is 1,370 g, and in women - 1,240 g. The functions of the parts of the human brain are developed in a standard way, vital activity depends on them. Mental capacity depend on the quantitative connections created in the brain. Each brain cell is a neuron that generates and transmits impulses.
The cavities inside the brain are called ventricles. The cranial paired nerves go to different departments.
Functions of the brain regions (table)
Every part of the brain has a job to do. The table below clearly demonstrates this. The brain, like a computer, clearly performs its tasks, receiving commands from the outside world.
The functions of the brain regions, the table reveals schematically and succinctly.
Let's take a closer look at the parts of the brain below.
Structure
The picture shows how the brain works. Despite this, the most significant part is occupied by all parts of the brain and their functions play a huge role in the functioning of the body. There are five main divisions:
- final (of the total mass is 80%);
- posterior (bridge and cerebellum);
- intermediate;
- oblong;
- average.
At the same time, the brain is divided into three main parts: the brain stem, the cerebellum, and the two cerebral hemispheres.
telencephalon
It is impossible to briefly describe the structure of the brain. To understand the parts of the brain and their functions, it is necessary to study their structure closely.
The telencephalon stretches from the frontal to the occipital bone. Two cerebral hemispheres are considered here: left and right. This section is different from others. largest number furrows and convolutions. The development and structure of the brain are closely linked. Experts have identified three types of bark:
- ancient (with olfactory tubercle, anterior perforated substance, semilunar subcallosal and lateral subcallosal gyrus);
- old (with dentate gyrus - fascia and hippocampus);
- new (represents the rest of the cortex).
The hemispheres are separated by a longitudinal groove, in its depths there is a vault and a corpus callosum, which connect the hemispheres. The corpus callosum itself is lined and belongs to the neocortex. The structure of the hemispheres is quite complex and resembles multilevel system. Here, the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes, subcortex and cortex are distinguished. The large hemispheres perform a huge number of functions. It is worth noting that left hemisphere commands the right side of the body, and the right, on the contrary, the left.
Bark
The surface layer of the brain is the cortex, it has a thickness of 3 mm, covers the hemispheres. The structure consists of vertical nerve cells with processes. The cortex also contains efferent and afferent nerve fibers, as well as neuroglia. The parts of the brain and their functions are discussed in the table, but what is the cortex? Its complex structure has horizontal layering. The building has six layers:
- external pyramidal;
- external granular;
- internal granular;
- molecular;
- internal pyramidal;
- with spindle cells.
Each has a different width, density, shape of neurons. Vertical bundles of nerve fibers give the cortex a vertical striation. The area of the cortex is approximately 2,200 square centimeters, the number of neurons here reaches ten billion.
Parts of the brain and their functions: cortex
The cortex controls several specific bodily functions. Each share is responsible for its own parameters. Let's take a closer look at the functions associated with hotels:
- temporal - controls the sense of smell and hearing;
- parietal - responsible for taste and touch;
- occipital - vision;
- frontal - complex thinking, movement and speech.
Each neuron contacts other neurons, there are up to ten thousand contacts (gray matter). Nerve fibers are white matter. Some part unites the hemispheres of the brain. White matter includes three types of fibers:
- association links connect different cortical areas in one hemisphere;
- commissural connect the hemispheres to each other;
- projection ones communicate with lower formations, have paths of analyzers.
Considering the structure and functions of the brain, it is necessary to emphasize the role of gray and white matter. The hemispheres inside have (gray matter), their main function is the transmission of information. The white matter is located between the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia. There are four parts here:
- between furrows in convolutions;
- in the outer places of the hemispheres;
- included in the inner capsule;
- located in the corpus callosum.
The white matter located here is formed by nerve fibers and connects the cortex of the convolutions with the underlying sections. form the subcortex of the brain.
The telencephalon - manages all the vital functions of the body, as well as the intellectual abilities of a person.
diencephalon
The brain regions and their functions (table above) include the diencephalon. If you look in more detail, it is worth saying that it consists of ventral and dorsal parts. The hypothalamus belongs to the ventral, and the thalamus, metathalamus, and epithalamus to the dorsal.
The thalamus is a mediator that directs the received irritations to the hemispheres. It is often referred to as the "optic tubercle". It helps the body quickly adapt to changes in external environment. The thalamus is connected to the cerebellum via the limbic system.
The hypothalamus controls autonomic functions. Influence comes through nervous system, and, of course, the endocrine glands. Regulates the work of the endocrine glands, controls metabolism. The pituitary gland is located directly below it. regulates body temperature, cardiovascular digestive system. The hypothalamus also controls our eating and drinking behavior, regulates wakefulness and sleep.
Rear
The hindbrain includes the pons located in front and the cerebellum, which is located behind. Studying the structure and functions of the parts of the brain, let's take a closer look at the structure of the bridge: the dorsal surface is covered by the cerebellum, the ventral one is represented by a fibrous structure. The fibers are directed transversely in this section. On each side of the bridge, they depart to the cerebellar middle peduncle. In appearance, the bridge resembles a thickened white roller located above the medulla oblongata. The nerve roots exit into the bulbar pontine groove.
The structure of the posterior bridge: on the frontal section, it can be seen that the department of the anterior (large ventral) and posterior (small dorsal) parts consists. Between them, the trapezoid body serves as a boundary, the transverse thick fibers of which are considered to be the auditory pathway. Conductor function is completely dependent on the hindbrain.
Cerebellum (small brain)
The table "Department of the brain, structure, functions" indicates that the cerebellum is responsible for the coordination and movement of the body. This department is located behind the bridge. The cerebellum is often referred to as the "small brain". It occupies the posterior cranial fossa, covers the rhomboid. The mass of the cerebellum ranges from 130 to 160 g. Above are the large hemispheres, which are separated by a transverse fissure. The lower part of the cerebellum is adjacent to the medulla oblongata.
Two hemispheres are distinguished here, the lower, upper surface and the worm. The boundary between them is called a horizontal deep slit. A lot of cracks cut the surface of the cerebellum, between them there are thin convolutions (rollers). Between the grooves there are groups of convolutions, divided into lobules, they represent the lobes of the cerebellum (posterior, flocculent-nodular, anterior).
The cerebellum contains both grey, and gray is located on the periphery, forming a cortex with molecular and pear-shaped neurons, and a granular layer. Under the cortex there is a white substance that penetrates into the gyrus. In the white matter there are blotches of gray (its nuclei). In cross section, this ratio is similar to a tree. Those who know the structure of the human brain, the functions of its departments, will easily answer that the cerebellum is the regulator of the coordination of the movements of our body.
midbrain
The midbrain is located in the region of the anterior pons and goes to the papillary bodies, as well as to the optic tracts. Here clusters of nuclei are distinguished, which are called tubercles of the quadrigemina. The structure and functions of the brain regions (table) indicate that this department is responsible for latent vision, the orienting reflex, gives orientation to reflexes to visual and sound stimuli, and also maintains muscle tone in the human body.
medulla oblongata: brainstem
The medulla oblongata is a natural extension of the spinal cord. That is why the structure has a lot in common. This becomes especially clear if we examine the white matter in detail. It is represented by short and long nerve fibers. In the form of nuclei, gray matter is represented here. Parts of the brain and their functions (table presented above) indicates that medulla controls our balance, coordination, regulates metabolism, controls breathing and blood circulation. It is also responsible for such important reflexes of our body as sneezing and coughing, vomiting.
The brain stem is divided into the hindbrain and midbrain. The trunk is called the middle, oblong, bridge and diencephalon. Its structure is descending and ascending paths connecting the trunk with the spinal cord and brain. In this part, control over the heartbeat, breathing, articulate speech is carried out.
In order to draw a head from any angle, it is necessary to understand its basic structure and make a constructive construction of the human head in stages.
To begin with, we ignore the details and prepare the most a simple framework heads.
The scheme (blank) (which we will talk about in the second lesson) helps to build an image of the shape of the head.
Lesson #1
You will need a sheet of paper, pencil or charcoal. And the most important thing is nature.
Drawing from nature is always preferable. Place someone in front of you who can give you enough time - your grandmother or grandfather. It's good if you study with your friend - you can draw and pose in turn.
If there is no opportunity to draw from nature, then use a photograph, certainly very good quality. However, be aware that photography is a bad friend and is best used as a last resort.
Let's start. Nature is before us. Or a photograph.
We make constructive sketches. Don't worry about cleanliness...
1. Arrange the head of a person, as well as the neck (shoulders are also possible) on the plane of the sheet. To begin with, we use the eye and at the same time check ourselves.
2. We find the main volume of the head, neck and shoulder girdle. Imagine that in front of you is not a person, or rather not his head, in front of you, first of all, the form, volume. Try to keep an eye on this volume. We need to transfer this volume to the sheet plane. We start with the image of the main volumes and planes. No details, now there are no eyes, no cilia.
Do not forget about the three-dimensional image of the form. Try to feel the design of the shape of the front part. Pay attention to the protruding parts of the skeleton. At this stage, you need to understand if you see the construction of this volume.
Still reading?... Draw! Now it is important to understand the process itself. Carefully study the form, note and capture all your sensations.
So, in order to draw a person's head, you need to catch on, find something with which you need to start work.
First, we find the main points (which will be discussed later). Secondly, we find the main planes formed by the breaks in the form.
The points, planes and breaks that we catch are not really random. This is the structure of the human head, its constructive moments. This is what forms the characteristic volume of the head and individual characteristics person.
Looking at nature, the first thing we find by the highest point on the skull and the protruding point on the chin is the height of the head, then we highlight: the balls of the eyes in the sockets, the pyramid of the nose, the zygomatic points, the protruding volume of the chin and the plane of the forehead.
In progress this exercise I hope you understand that the head is the same volume that has faces and planes, main points, height, width, depth and chiaroscuro.
Lesson #2
Structural points allow you to determine the proportional ratios of all planes of the volume of the human head. They form the shape of the head.
Let's analyze in detail all the constructive points:
- Eye sockets and eye sockets
- zygomatic points
- Frontal tubercles
- chin point
- Angle (point) of the lower jaw
- The highest point on the skull
- Temporal points (how they are formed, we will say below)
- Parietal tubercles on the back of the head
Axes dividing the head into certain parts: 
- The line dividing the head vertically into two symmetrical parts is red.
- The line dividing the head into the upper cranial part and the lower facial part runs along the superciliary arches - blue.
- The line dividing the head into the occipital and facial parts passes through the highest point of the skull and ear openings - green.
- The line that further defines the three-quarter turn of the head passes through the zygomatic and temporal points, as well as the parietal tubercle - yellow.
- The line that defines the lower part of the pyramid of the nose passes through the lower line of the nose, and the lower points of the ears are turquoise.
Blanks. Blanks or templates can be rectangular or oval. Rectangular blanks in this case give us the simplest and most understandable idea of the proportions of the human head.
The figure shows three positions at once: in three quarters, in profile and full face.
The main constructive points and lines reveal some patterns.
Usually the height of the ear is equal to the distance between the line of the superciliary arch and the lower part of the nose.
The mouth is located on the same line with the point that defines the angle of the lower jaw.
The head is conditionally divided into three parts of the same height: from a point on the chin to the bottom of the nose = from the bottom of the nose to the superciliary ridges = from the superciliary arches to a point that is two fingers above the frontal tubercles.
Don't forget the rules of perspective. In the three-quarter position the head that is closer to us will have true dimensions, and the one that is farther away will be distorted in size down.
Let's work with the blank matrix and consolidate the knowledge gained.
Operating procedure:
1. We outline the composition on a sheet of paper, draw the main volumes.
2. Let's define the main proportions, shape and character of the head. Perhaps the head will be round or pear-shaped.
3. Let's draw a vertical axis. To do this, it is necessary to determine the rotation of the head and, accordingly, the position of the nose, since the line will run along it. The axis will divide our workpiece into right and left parts. As a result, we will get the highest point of the skull and the point of the chin.
4. Let's finally decide on the turn of the head. This will help us three-quarter turn line. First, we outline the zygomatic point, we will correct its exact location later. And draw a line through it.
5. brow line. Visually determine how much space is needed for the skull and how much for the front. Draw a line with perspective.
6. The line of the lower part of the pyramid of the nose. As we noted above - the line of the superciliary arch and the line of the lower part of the nose divide the head into three equal parts(ideally). We use this pattern, taking into account the individual characteristics
nature.
7. The line dividing the head into the occipital and facial parts. We draw it according to the shape of the head, passing through the highest point of the skull and ear holes.
8.temporal point- a convex place on the human skull. It will automatically be determined at the intersection of the line dividing the head into the occipital and facial parts, and the line of the three-quarter turn.
9. We outline the nose. The place for it is already set. The nose bridge will be located at the level of the upper eyelid(about the location of the eyes - below)
10. We outline the ear. The height of the ear is equal to the distance between the lines of the superciliary arch and the lower part of the nose. 
11. Correcting cheekbones. They are located at the level of the middle of the nose on the line of the three-quarter turn.
12. mouth line located at a distance of two thirds from the tip of the chin to the base of the nose. The length of the mouth (ideally) is the distance between the point of the chin and the line of the mouth.
13. Point of the lower jaw. It lies at the intersection of the line of the mouth and the line dividing the head into the occipital and facial parts.
14. Let's define a place for the eyes. Line the eye is located approximately in the middle between the highest point of the skull and the point of the chin. The dimensions of the palpebral fissures are equal to the distance between the inner corners of the eyes. That is between the eyes one could place another exactly the same eye. Don't forget about perspective contractions of shapes and distances!
15. Frontal tubercles- two convex protrusions in the upper part of the frontal bone. determined visually. From the frontal tubercles to the highest point on the skull, lines can be drawn along the shape of the head (to feel the volume).
16. If this involves the angle of the head, we determine the most convex part on the back of the head - parietal tubercle.
