Instruction
All Russian surnames that include -ov- (-ev-), -in-, -sk- (Belov, Ignatieva, Baturin, Glinskaya) are inclined. In the plural, the forms of female and male surnames coincide (Belov, Glinsky). Surnames ending in -oy, -y, -y (Lanovoy, Wild, Zapashny) are declined in the same way as adjectives.
The rest, ending in consonants or the letters "b", "y" (except for surnames in -s, -ih), have an ending in the instrumental with -om, (-em): Gaidar, Babel. Women's surnames in this case they do not bow: with Anna Kern, for Marina Golub. In the plural, surnames of this type are also declined as masculine: visited the Herzens.
Russian surnames ending in -s, -ih (Belykh, Dolgikh) are not declined.
When declining surnames ending in -a, it has which letter (vowel or consonant) comes before this -a, and also whether the final -a is stressed. If in the surname there is a vowel before the final -a, such a surname is not inclined (Morua).
Surnames ending in an unstressed -a after consonants are declined according to the first declension: Kafka (Kafka's novel), Okudzhava (Okudzhava's song).
If the final -а (or -я) is stressed, such surnames may or may not be inflected depending on . Surnames French descent do not bow (Dumas, Petipa, Zola). Surnames of a different origin (Slavic, from Eastern languages) are inclined according to the first declension, i.e., the stressed ending -a is singled out in them: Kvasha - Kvashi, Kvashe, Kvasha, Kvasha (here Golovnya, Shengelaya, Beria, etc.).
If the surname is composite, and the first part of the surname is not in itself as a surname (Demuth-Malinovsky), then only the second part of the surname is declined (sculpture by Demut-Malinovsky). If the first part of the surname is a surname in itself, in this case both parts are declined (Lebedeva-Kumach).
There are a number of surnames, the declension of which causes difficulties and is not regulated general rules. To resolve such difficulties, a dictionary of surnames is needed, giving normative recommendations for each specific word.
Sources:
- Surname declination. Reference and information portal GRAMOTA.RU
- declension of masculine surnames
- Declension of proper names
The Russian language has its own peculiarities of declension of surnames and personal names, which are so difficult for foreigners who study our language. However, sometimes these questions cause difficulties even for those for whom Russian is their native language. One of these questions is how to incline to - diy in Russian, we will now consider.
Instruction
According to the rules, and having an ending - diy, incline to - . Women's surnames do not bow, but men's surnames, V nominative case ending in -й are declined in the same way as nouns with a second masculine gender. By ear, they are often perceived as foreign.
Women's surnames with such an ending they are not declined either in the singular or in the plural. For example: Svetlana Kon diy, Svetlana Kon diy, Svetlana Kon diy, Svetlana Kon diy, Svetlana Kon diy, about Svetlana Kon diy. Likewise, and in the plural: the Cohn sisters diy, the Kohn sisters diy, sisters Kohn diy, the Kohn sisters diy, the Kohn sisters diy, about the Cohn sisters diy.
Men's surnames on - diy decline in both singular and plural. Singular: Eugene Kon diy, Yevgeny Kondiya, Yevgeny Kondiya, Yevgeny Kondiya, Yevgeny Kondiy, about Yevgeny Kondiy. In the plural: brothers Kondiya, brothers Kondiev, brothers Kondiya, brothers Kondiev, brothers Kondiya, about brothers Kondiya.
Accordingly, in order to write such a surname, we must have information about the field of this. The absence of such information is capable of writing in a difficult position. Accordingly, in which the surname is indicated ending in - diy, carries information about the field.
There is another, rather syntactic nuance. When mentioning male and gender with a surname on - diy She doesn't lean either. For example: Victor and Elena Kan diy, Victor and Elena Kan diy, Victor and Elena Kon diy, Victor and Elena Cohn diy, Victor and Elena Cohn diy, about Victor and Elena Cohn diy.
Sources:
- N. A. Eskova. Difficulties in inflection of nouns. Educational materials To practical training on the course "Language of modern press". USSR State Press Committee. All-Union Institute for Advanced Training of Press Workers. M., 1990.
Declension of adjectives is carried out according to cases, gender and numbers. There are also indeclinable adjectives in Russian, but they are in the minority.
Instruction
There are two types of declension: adjective and mixed. According to the first type, most adjectives are inclined. The adjective declension is subdivided into the declension of adjectives with the ending -oy adjectives with the endings -й and -й.
The declension of adjectives ending in -oi is also divided into subtypes according to the final sound of the stem. This sound can be posterior, hard hissing or steamy.
The declension of adjectives with the endings -y and -y has more varieties according to the final sound of the stem. The ending can be after iota, after q, after hard sibilants, after posterior palatine, after soft paired consonants, after hard paired consonants.
The mixed type of declension is subdivided into the first pronominal, the second pronominal and the possessive. According to the first pronominal, possessive adjectives with stems on -y and on -in are declined, as well as the countable adjective third. All other possessive adjectives are declined according to the possessive subtype.
The declension of adjectives with a stem into a pair-solid consonant occurs as follows. IN masculine and singular case endings are as follows: -y/-oy in the nominative and accusative, -oy in the genitive, -oy in the dative, -y in the instrumental, -oy in the prepositional. In the neuter gender and singular, the endings are similar, except for the ending -oe in the nominative and accusative.
In the feminine and singular, the endings are as follows: -oy in the nominative, -oy in the genitive and dative, -oy in the accusative, -oy/-oy in the instrumental, -oy in the prepositional. The plural of adjectives with a base on a solid paired consonant is inclined as follows: -s in the nominative and accusative, -s in the genitive and prepositional, -s in the dative, -s in the instrumental.
When based on a soft-pair consonant, the masculine singular has the following endings: -i in the nominative and accusative, -iu in the genitive, -iu in the dative and accusative, -ii in the instrumental, -iu in the prepositional. Singular neuter: -ee in the nominative and accusative, -his in the genitive, -him in the dative, -im in the instrumental, -em in the prepositional. Singular female: -ya in the nominative, -ey in the genitive and dative, -yu in the accusative, -ey/-ey in the instrumental, -ey in the prepositional.
The plural of this variety of adjectives declines as follows: -i in the nominative and accusative, -ii in the genitive and prepositional, -im in the dative and instrumental.
Adjectives with a sibilant stem in the masculine and singular change by case as follows: -i/-oi in the nominative, -iu in the genitive, -iu in the dative, -ii/-oi and –ii/-oi in the accusative, -i/-oi im in the instrumental, -em in the prepositional. In the neuter singular: -ee/-th in the nominative and accusative, -th in the genitive, -om in the dative, -im in the instrumental, -th in the accusative. Feminine singular: -oy in the nominative, -ey/-oy in the genitive and dative, -oy in the accusative, -ey/-ey and –oy/-oy in the instrumental, -ey/-oy in the prepositional.
Adjectives with a sibilant stem in the plural are declined according to the pattern: -ie in the nominative, -ih in the genitive and prepositional, -im in the dative, -ie/-ih in the accusative, -ii in the instrumental.
If the adjective has a basis in the sound g/k/x, in the masculine and singular it has the following endings. In the nominative case -y/-oy, in the genitive -oy, in the dative -oy, in the accusative -y/-oy/-oy, in the instrumental -im, in the prepositional -oy. In the neuter gender singular: -oe in the nominative and accusative, the rest as in the masculine gender.
Feminine singular: -oy in the nominative, -oy in the genitive and dative, -oy in the accusative, -oy/-oy in the instrumental, -oy in the prepositional. Plural: -i in the nominative, -ii in the genitive and instrumental, -ii in the dative, -i/-ii in the accusative, -ii in the instrumental.
Related videos
Sources:
- Declension of adjectives in Russian
- Declension of adjectives
Citizens of Veliky Novgorod and its subordinate lands acquired surnames and nicknames. Chronicle evidence draws our attention to this fact, talking about the Battle of the Neva in 1240.
Later, in the XIV - XV centuries, princes began to acquire generic names. Nicknamed after the name of the inheritance that they owned, having lost it, the princes began to leave for themselves and their descendants its name as a family name. So the Vyazemsky (Vyazma), Shuisky (Shuya) and other noble families appeared. At the same time, those derived from nicknames began to be fixed: Lykovs, Gagarins, Gorbatovs.
Boyarsky and then noble families, in the absence of their inheritance status, were formed to a greater extent from nicknames. Also, the formation of a surname from the name of the ancestor has become widespread. Bright to the reigning family in Russia - the Romanovs.
Romanovs
The ancestors of this old boyar family were ancestors who wore different time nicknames: Mare, Koshka Kobylin, Koshkins. The son of Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin, Yuri Zakharovich, was already called both by his father and by his nickname - Zakharyin-Koshkin. In turn, his son, Roman Yuryevich, bore the surname Zakhariev-Yuriev. The Zakharyins were also the children of Roman Yuryevich, but from the grandchildren (Fyodor Nikitich - Patriarch Filaret), the family continued under the name of the Romanovs. With the surname Romanov, Mikhail Fedorovich was elected to the royal throne.
Last name as identification
The establishment by Peter I in 1719 of passports for the convenience of collecting the poll tax and the implementation of the recruitment gave rise to the spread of surnames for men of all classes, including peasants. At first, along with the name, the patronymic and / or nickname were entered, which then became the owner's surname.
The formation of Russian surnames on -ov / -ev, -in
The most common Russian surnames are formed from personal names. As a rule, this is the name of the father, but more often the grandfather. That is, the surname was fixed in the third generation. At the same time, the personal name of the ancestor passed into the category of possessive adjectives formed from the name with the help of the suffixes -ov / -ev, -in and answering the question “whose?”
Whose Ivan? - Petrov.
In the same way in late XIX- at the beginning of the 20th century, Russian officials formed and recorded the names of the inhabitants of the Russian Transcaucasus and Central Asia.
Many Russians have a firm and unfounded conviction that surnames in -sky are necessarily Polish. From history textbooks, the names of several Polish magnates are known, formed from the names of their possessions: Pototsky and Zapototsky, Zablotsky, Krasinsky. But from the same textbooks, the names of many Russians with the same suffixes are known: Konstantin Grigorievich Zabolotsky, roundabout of Tsar John III, late 15th - early 16th centuries; clerk Semyon Zaborovsky, early 16th century; boyars Shuisky and Belsky, close associates of Ivan the Terrible. Famous Russian artists Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Makovsky, Kramskoy.
An analysis of modern Russian surnames shows that forms in -sky (-tsky) exist in parallel with variants in -ov (-ev, -in), but there are fewer of them. For example, in Moscow in the 70s of the twentieth century, for 330 people with the surname Krasnov / Krasnova, there were only 30 with the surname Krasnovsky / Krasnovskaya. But enough rare surnames Kuchkov and Kuchkovsky, Makov and Makovsky are represented almost equally.
Most of the surnames ending in -sky / -sky, -sky / -sky, formed from geographical and ethnic names. In the letters of our readers who want to know about the origin of their surnames, the following surnames are mentioned in -sky / -sky.
Brynsky. The author of this letter, Evgeny Sergeevich Brynsky, himself sent the story of his last name. We give only a small piece of the letter, since it is not possible to publish it in its entirety. bryn- river Kaluga region, flows into the tributary of the Oka Zhizdra. In the old days, large dense Bryn forests stretched along it, in which the Old Believers took refuge. According to the epic about Ilya Muromets, it was in the Bryn forests that the Nightingale the Robber lived. We add that there are several settlements Bryn in the Kaluga and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. Surname found in Poland Brynski / Brynska formed from the names of two settlements Brynsk in different parts country and also, apparently, goes back to the names of the rivers Bryn, Brynica. There is no uniform interpretation of the names of these rivers in science. If the suffix is added to the name of the settlement -ets, then such a word denotes a native of this place. In the Crimea in the 60s - 70s of the XX century, a winegrower was well known Maria Bryntseva. Her surname is derived from the word brynets, that is, a native of the city or village of Bryn.
Garbavitsky. This Belarusian surname corresponds to Russian Gorbovitsky(V Belarusian language in place of the unfortunate O a letter is written A). A surname is formed from the name of a settlement Gorbovitsy. In the materials we have only Gorbov, Gorbovo And Gorbovtsy. All these names come from the designations of the terrain: hunchback- hillock, sloping hill.
Dubovskaya. The surname is formed from the name of one of the numerous settlements: Dubovka, Dubovo, Oak, Dubovskaya, Dubovsky, Dubovskoe, Dubovtsy located in all parts of the country. To find out from which one, it is possible only according to the information preserved in the family, where the ancestors who received this surname lived, or where they came from to their place of further residence. Surname stress on "O": Dubovsky/Oak ovskaya.
Steblivsky. Ukrainian surname, corresponding to Russian, - Steblevsky; formed from the names of places Steblevka Transcarpathian region or Steblev- Cherkasy. In Ukrainian orthography in place of the second e spelled i.
Tersky. The surname comes from the name of the river Terek and testifies that one of the distant ancestors this person lived there. Were Terek region And Terek Cossacks. So the bearers of the surname Tersky may also be descendants of the Cossacks.
Uryan. The surname, apparently, is formed from the name of the settlement Urya. In our materials, such a name is recorded in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Perhaps there are similar names in other places, since the name of the settlement is associated with the name of the river and with the designation ethnic group ur, as well as with the name of the medieval Turkic people apricot. Similar names could be found in different places, since medieval peoples led a nomadic lifestyle and assigned the name of their ethnic group to those places where they lingered for a long time.
Chiglinsky. The surname comes from the name of the settlement Chigla Voronezh region, which, apparently, is associated with the designation of the union of medieval Turkic tribes chigils.
Shabansky. The surname is formed from the names of settlements Shabanovo, Shabanovskoe, Shabanskoe located in different parts of the country. These names come from the Turkic name Shaban Arabic origin. IN Arabic sha "ban- name of the eighth month lunar calendar. The name Shaban is also attested in Russian peasant families in the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries. In parallel with this, the spelling variant was noted in Russian Shiban- obviously, by analogy with Russian to knock, to knock. The records of 1570-1578 mention Prince Ivan Andreevich Shiban Dolgoruky; in 1584 - stirrup grooms of Tsar Theodore Ioannovich Osip Shiban and Danilo Shikhman Ermolaevich Kasatkins. The servant of Prince Kurbsky was called Vasily Shibanov- executed by Ivan the Terrible in 1564.
In addition, the name of the ethnic group is known Siberian Tatars shibans And generic name Crimean Tatars shiban Murza. There is a settlement in the Perm region Shibanovo, and in Ivanovskaya - Shibaniha.
So closely related different types proper names: personal names, geographical and ethnic names, as well as surnames.
In Russia, there are many surnames that end in "-sky" or "-tsky". Curious, what are they talking about? It turns out that there are several versions of the origin of such surnames.
Polish surnames
According to one version, all surnames of this kind have Polish origin. That is, for example, those who bear the surnames Pototsky, Slutsky, Zabolotsky, Polyansky, Svitkovsky, Kovalevsky, Smelyansky, have Polish roots in the family.
"noble" surnames
One of the versions says that in Rus', boyars and representatives of the nobility received surnames with the suffixes "-sky / -sky" according to the names of their ancestral destinies - Vyazemsky, Dubrovsky, Baryatinsky and so on. Surnames became hereditary, passed from father to son as a symbol of territorial power. The Thousand Book for 1550 lists 93 princely names, of which 40 end in "-sky". By the way, it is believed that this tradition still came from Poland. The mentioned suffixes were a sign of belonging to the gentry - representatives of the Polish aristocracy. Gradually, this began to be practiced in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, also exclusively among representatives of the upper class.
An attempt to "improve" common surnames
Ethnographers suggest that there was also a tendency to improve common surnames by adding a suffix. This was especially common among Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians who lived on the same territory as the Poles. So, Borodin could turn into Borodinsky, Gatchin - into Gatchina, Zaitsev - into Zaychevsky.
"Geographical" origin
There is a version that today most of similar surnames, in the past was formed from the geographical names of settlements, rivers and lakes. So, a resident of Ryazan in another region was called "Ryazan", over time this could turn into a surname. The surname Verzhbitsky is quite common: settlements with this name existed in Poland, and in Russia, and in Ukraine, and in Belarus.
Jewish surnames
Another hypothesis says that at least some of the surnames beginning with "-sky" may have Jewish roots. Such surnames were given to Jews living in the territories of the Baltic and Slavic countries, also by the name of the area. For example, Antokolsky, Vilkomirsky, Gilichensky, Mirgorodsky.
"Spiritual" surnames
Graduates of theological seminaries in Russia were awarded new, beautiful, sonorous surnames that fit their priesthood. So there were Christmas, Ascension, Resurrection, Preobrazhensky, Trinity, All Saints. The surname Lebedinsky presumably also belongs to the “spiritual” ones: after all, the swan is a recognized symbol of spiritual purity, including in Orthodoxy.
Most likely, the surnames ending in “-sky” or “-tsky” are still completely different in origin, and only by the root one can sometimes guess where they could come from in principle.
In the vast majority of cases, Russian surnames end in -ov and -ev. Surnames ending in -in and -yn are also widely used. How did it happen, and what is behind it? Faktrum decided to look into this issue.
The secret of the appearance of surnames on -ov and -ev
The endings -ov and -ev in the most common Russian surnames did not appear by chance. Historians believe that their appearance is mainly associated with the origin of the genus. So, for example, if a person was called Ivan, and his father was Peter, then he automatically received the surname Petrov, since he was the son of Peter. Later, in the XIII century, surnames began to be used officially, and they were given by the name of the oldest person in the family. Thus, not only the son of Peter became Petrov, but also all his grandchildren and great-grandchildren.
However, this is not the only reason why most Russian surnames received the suffixes -ov and -ev. Some of them came from nicknames. To make it clearer, let's give an example: if a person was called Beardless, then his children and grandchildren became Beardless. The type of human activity could also play a key role in this matter. Plotnikov received just such a surname, since his father was a carpenter, and Kuznetsov was the heir to a blacksmith. As for the suffix -ev, it appeared in the surnames of those people whose ancestors were engaged in activities whose names ended in a consonant soft letter. Well, for example, the children and grandchildren of a man who received the nickname Snegir were already called the Snegiryovs, and the cooper's descendants were called the Bondarevs.
The mystery of the origin of surnames on -in and -yn
In second place in popularity in Russia are surnames with -in and a little less often with -yn. In fact, there is no secret here. Their origin is also connected with the names and nicknames of their ancestors, with their occupation. Such surnames were formed when words ending in -а and -я were taken as the basis, as well as feminine nouns with a soft consonant at the end. For example, the surname Minin obviously came from female name Mina, which, in turn, was quite popular in Rus' in the old days.
Agree, these days, surnames like Fomin and Ilyin are quite common. Now it is obvious that Thomas and Elijah were among the ancestors of these people. But the surname Rogozhin says that the ancestors, apparently, were engaged in the manufacture or trade of matting. As in the case of surnames in -ov and -ev, these were also based on names, nicknames and professions.
Increasingly, one can hear the opinion that native Russian surnames have the following suffixes: -ov, -ev, -in, -yn.
Where did the surnames with suffixes -ov and -ev come from?
According to statistics, surnames with suffixes -ov and -ev have about 60% of the population of Russia. Such surnames are considered primordially Russian, suggesting that they have a generic origin.
Initially, Russian surnames came from patronymics. For example, Ivan, who was the son of Peter, was called Ivan Petrov. After surnames came into use in the 13th century, they began to be given, focusing on the oldest man in the genus. So, not only sons, but also grandchildren and great-grandchildren of Peter became Petrovs.
To diversify surnames, they began to be given based on nicknames. So, the descendants of Beloborodov also received the name Beloborodov, passing it on to their descendants from generation to generation.
They began to give surnames and depending on the occupation of a person. Therefore, the Goncharovs, Kuznetsovs, Plotnikovs, Popovs and other sonorous names appeared. You can be sure that Kuznetsov's great-grandfather had a forge, and Popov had priests in his family.
Surnames with the suffix -ev were given to those people whose names, nicknames or the name of the specialization of their ancestors ended in a soft consonant. This is how the Ignatievs, Bondarevs and others appeared.
And where did the surnames with the suffixes -in and -yn come from?
About 30% of the population of Russia have surnames ending with the suffixes -in and -yn. These surnames could come from the names, nicknames and professions of ancestors, as well as from words that end in -а and -я.
So the surname Minin means "son of Mina". By the way, Mina is a popular female name in Rus'.
For example, the surname Semin comes from the name Semyon. Interestingly, the name Semyon comes from Simeon, which in ancient times meant "heard by God." This is how they formed popular surnames- Nikitin, Ilyin, Fomin and many others.
Also, some surnames indicate the belonging of a person's ancestors to a particular craft. For example, the surname Rogozhin indicates that the ancestors of a person traded matting or were engaged in its production.
It is impossible to say with absolute certainty, because even now many disputes continue, however, it is assumed that the names Pushkin, Gagarin, Zimin, Korovin, Ovechkin, Borodin also came from the names of things, phenomena, animals or professions.
Nevertheless, experts say that initially you need to find out which word underlies the surname, and only then can we talk about professional pursuits or nicknames of distant ancestors, from which the surname came.
