The novel in Pushkin's verse "Eugene Onegin" is, first of all, the most famous and important for understanding it. creative personality And literary path work. The poet began work in the spring of 1823 in Chisinau, completed the novel in Boldin in the autumn of 1830, surprisingly fruitful and happy for Pushkin. On a significant "lyceum" day on October 19, he burned the manuscript of the dangerous tenth chapter, but continued his plan.
The work "Eugene Onegin" is called a "free novel": "free" from the rules by which the works of art of that time were created. Before Pushkin, classic novel, and the plot, and the characters have always obeyed a strictly defined pattern. Here is inspirational straight Talk he is surprisingly free with the reader, nothing fetters the poet. The author becomes the protagonist of his novel in verse, its director and conductor. He easily moves from the fate of the characters to his own reasoning and memories, sometimes calmly interrupting the story.
The narrator goes beyond personal conflict, and the novel includes Russian life in all its manifestations. This is the most important compositional and plot feature of the novel.
Poetic speech is an unusual form and to a certain extent conditional, in everyday life do not speak in rhyme. But poetry allows you to deviate from the usual, traditional. Without a doubt, the poet appreciates in the genre form he has chosen historical narrative precisely freedom, and freedom gives it poetic word. For Pushkin, "Eugene Onegin" is, first of all, free in terms of the nature of the narrative, in terms of composition, and this free form determined " Russian face novel of a new generation.
It's no secret that literary works belong to certain genres and types of literature. And if they are limited to three categories: epic, lyrics, drama, then there are a lot more genres.
"Eugene Onegin": genre
famous piece of art"Eugene Onegin", feathered great Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, has long been under close attention philologists and literary critics. Not only is this work filled with deep semantic content, its genre characteristics are also very ambiguous. So, why is the definition of the genre of "Eugene Onegin" so unusual?
Genera and genres of literature
To begin with, it should be noted that the work is written in poetic form, which means that to which it belongs is lyrical. However, despite the fact that the story is described in verse, it is absolutely impossible to call it a simple poem. The detailed plot, the dynamics of the development of events, psychologism and the works within the work rightfully allow us to attribute "Eugene Onegin" to the genre of the novel. According to the definition from explanatory dictionary Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov, the novel is a prose epic literary work with multiple characters and complex plot structure. Based on it, we can say that in terms of meaning and content, "Eugene Onegin" refers, rather, to the epic genre and the novel genre of literature.
Brief description of the plot
According to the plot, a spoiled and selfish young man from the capital, Eugene Onegin, tired of endless balls and secular receptions, decides to retire to live in the village in order to somehow add variety to his identical everyday life. However, life in the village turns out to be more boring than in St. Petersburg, Eugene is again attacked by the blues. He meets the young inhabitants of the village: the eighteen-year-old talented poet Vladimir Lensky, the Larin sisters - the beautiful and cheerful Olga, thoughtful and dreamy Tatyana.
They become the main actors in the plot. Lensky is engaged to Olga, while Tatyana has fallen in love with Yevgeny. However, he does not reciprocate the feelings of the girl, and having received a letter with an ardent and tender declaration of love, he tries to set her on the right path, advising her not to express her feelings to unfamiliar people in the future. Tatyana is embarrassed and offended. And Lensky, meanwhile, challenges Onegin to a duel for repeatedly inviting his fiancee Olga to dance. Just before the duel, Tatyana has a dream in which Yevgeny kills Vladimir, but the girl does not know about the intention of the young people to shoot themselves, otherwise she would have prevented the duel. Onegin kills Lensky, afraid to cancel the duel and be known as secular society a coward. Olga does not mourn her lover for long and soon marries another. After some time, Tatyana also gets married, for some time she still continues to love Yevgeny, but then the veil falls from her eyes.
Once, at a secular ball, these two met: the still bored and moping Onegin and the inaccessible noble wife of the general Tatyana. And in this meeting, the heroes switched roles, Eugene realized that he had fallen in love with a beautiful princess, Tatyana answered him with a phrase that later became famous: “But I am given to another and I will be faithful to him for a century.”
Analysis of the genre specifics of the text
So, how, in fact, to determine the genre in the work "Eugene Onegin"? We can say about the plot that it is really rich in events, and the dialogues and monologues of the characters are full of sensuality and psychologism. These features make it possible to classify the work as a genre of the novel. However, the poetic form famous creation Pushkin leaves the question open. Experts tend to argue that the genre of "Eugene Onegin" is a novel in verse. However, according to some literary critics, including Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky, this is not so. They argue that the genre of "Eugene Onegin" is a poem, since the work fully and almost with historical accuracy reproduces the life of the Russian public in the capital and beyond. V. G. Belinsky, without stint, called "Eugene Onegin" "an encyclopedia of Russian life." But for a poem, the work still has too much large volume, the amount of text is closer to the novel. This is the first contradiction.
The second contradiction is related to the content of the novel. Again, critics call "Eugene Onegin" not only a "novel about a novel", but also a "novel within a novel." And if the first definition is directly influenced by the genre of "Eugene Onegin" by Pushkin A.S., as well as the love line - the central theme of the plot, then the second characteristic is directly related to the inside of the work.
"A novel about a novel"
So, as it was already clarified earlier, in terms of its genre, the work belongs more to the novel, despite the presentation in verse. And this is the first component of the definition of "a novel about a novel." The second, of course, reflects the presence of love events in the plot. As the action develops, the reader can observe how the relationship between two couples develops: Olga Larina and Vladimir Lensky and her sister Tatiana and Eugene Onegin. However, the relations of the latter come to the fore. It is around this couple that the plot revolves. Thus, the expression "a novel about a novel" indicates not only the presence love line in the text, but also in Once again emphasizes that in the work "Eugene Onegin" the genre is characterized as a novel.
"Romance within a novel"
This feature also contains a reference to the genre. Pushkin's creation. However, now that the question “Eugene Onegin” no longer arises - what genre? ”, deciphering the second part of the phrase is not required. Of course, we are talking about the attitude to the genre. But the first part of the definition recalls the presence in the text of another novel - Tatyana Larina’s letter ", almost a work of art. Confessing her love to Onegin, Tatyana told about her feelings in writing. And Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin fully reflected her impulse. It is about this novel as a genre characteristic within another novel - the work itself - that we are talking about. Tatyana Larina, pouring out her love for Eugene, gave birth to her own novel in verse, displaying it in a letter.
So, even after analyzing the work "Eugene Onegin", its genre is still problematic to establish. In form it is a poem, in content it is a novel. Perhaps only such a talented and great poet as Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin is allowed to invent his own genre - a novel in verse - and demonstrate it with the best example.
Roman A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" - the first Russian realistic novel, and written in verse. It became an innovative work both in form and content. Pushkin set the task not only to show in him the “hero of the time”, Onegin, a man with “premature old age of the soul”, to create the image of a Russian woman, Tatyana Larina, but also to draw an “encyclopedia of Russian life” of that era. All this required not only to overcome the narrow framework of classicism, but also to abandon the romantic approach. Pushkin sought to bring his work as close as possible to life, which does not tolerate schematicity and predetermined constructions, and therefore the form of the novel becomes “free”.
And the point is not only that the author only puts an “introduction” at the end of the 7th chapter, ironically remarking: “... Although it’s late, there is an introduction.” And not even that the novel opens internal monologue Onegin, reflecting on his trip to the village to his uncle for an inheritance, which is interrupted by a story about the hero’s childhood and youth, about the years spent in a whirlwind secular life. And not even in the fact that the author often interrupts the plot part, placing this or that lyrical digression, in which he can talk about anything: about literature, theater, his life, about feelings and thoughts that excite him, about roads or about women's legs, - or maybe just talk with readers: “Hm! um! Dear reader, / Are all your relatives healthy?
No wonder Pushkin said: "The novel requires chatter." He really does not seem to create a work of art, but simply tells a story that happened to his good friends. That is why in the novel, next to its heroes Onegin, Tatyana, Lensky, Olga, there appear people who lived during Pushkin's time - Vyazemsky, Kaverin, Nina Voronskaya and others. Moreover, the Author himself becomes the hero of his own novel, turning out to be Onegin's "good friend". The author keeps the letters of Onegin and Tatyana, Lensky's poems - and they also organically enter the novel, without violating its integrity in the least, although they are not written in the "Onegin stanza".
It seems that anything can enter into such a work - a "free novel", but with all the "freedom" its composition is harmonious and thoughtful. The main reason why this feeling of freedom is created is that Pushkin's novel exists like life itself: unpredictably and at the same time consistent with some kind of internal law. Sometimes even Pushkin himself was surprised at what his heroes “got up to”, for example, when his beloved heroine Tatyana “got married”. It is understandable why many of Pushkin's contemporaries tried to see the features of their friends and acquaintances in the heroes of the novel - and found them!
In that amazing work life pulsates and bursts out, creating even now the effect of the reader's "presence" at the moment of the development of the action. And life is always free in its many twists and turns. Such is true realistic novel Pushkin, who opened the way for new Russian literature.
Why does Lermontov call his love for his homeland "strange"? (based on the lyrics by M.Yu. Lermontov)
Love for the motherland is a special feeling, it is inherent in every person, but at the same time it is very individual. Is it possible to consider it "weird"? It seems to me that here we are talking about how the poet, who spoke about the “unusualness” of his love for his homeland, perceives “ordinary” patriotism, that is, the desire to see the virtues, positive features inherent in his country and people.
To a certain extent, Lermontov's romantic worldview also predetermined his "strange love" for his homeland. After all, a romantic always opposes the world around him, not finding a positive ideal in reality. Lermontov’s words about the motherland in the poem “Farewell, unwashed Russia...". This is a “country of slaves, a country of masters”, a country of “blue uniforms” and a people devoted to them. The generalized portrait of his generation, drawn in the poem "Duma", is also merciless. The fate of the country is in the hands of those who "squandered" what was the glory of Russia, and the future they have nothing to offer. Perhaps now this assessment seems too harsh to us - after all, Lermontov himself, as well as many other prominent Russian people, belonged to this generation. But it becomes clearer why the person who expressed it called his love for the motherland "strange."
This also explains why Lermontov, not finding an ideal in modernity, in search of what really makes him proud of his country and its people, turns to the past. That is why the poem "Borodino", which tells about the feat of Russian soldiers, is built as a dialogue between the "past" and the "present": "Yes, there were people in our time, / Not like the current tribe: / Bogatyrs - not you!". national character is revealed here through the monologue of a simple Russian soldier, whose love for the motherland is absolute and disinterested. It is significant that this poem does not belong to the romantic, it is extremely realistic.
Most complete mature look Lermontov on the nature of patriotic feeling is reflected in one of last poems, meaningfully named "Motherland". The poet still denies the traditional understanding of what a person can love his homeland for: "Neither glory bought with blood, / Nor peace full of proud trust, / Nor cherished legends of dark antiquity ...". Instead of all this, he will repeat three times another, the most important idea for him - his love for his homeland is "strange". This word becomes key:
I love my homeland, but strange love!
My mind won't win her...
But I love - for what, I don’t know myself ...
Patriotism cannot be explained rationally, but can be expressed through those pictures home country which are especially close to the poet's heart. The boundless expanses of Russia, with its country roads and "sad" villages, flash before his mind's eye. These paintings are devoid of pathos, but they are beautiful in their simplicity, like ordinary signs. village life with which the poet feels his inseparable intercom: "With joy, unfamiliar to many, / I see a full threshing floor, / A hut covered with straw, / With carved shutters a window ...".
Only this full immersion V folk life makes it possible to understand true attitude the author to his homeland. Of course, for a romantic poet, an aristocrat, it is strange that this is how he feels love for his homeland. But, perhaps, the matter is not only in him, but also in this mysterious country itself, about which another great poet, a contemporary of Lermontov, then he will say: “You cannot understand Russia with the mind ...”? In my opinion, it is difficult to argue with this, as well as with the fact that true patriotism does not require any special evidence and often cannot be explained at all.
Is Pechorin a fatalist? (based on the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time")
Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time" is rightly called not only socio-psychological, but also moral and philosophical. The question of free will and predestination, the role of fate in human life is considered in one way or another in all parts of the novel. But a detailed answer to it is given only in the final part - the philosophical story "The Fatalist", which plays the role of a kind of epilogue.
A fatalist is a person who believes in the predestination of all events in life, in the inevitability of fate, fate, fate. In the spirit of his time, which is revising the fundamental questions of human existence, Pechorin is trying to decide whether higher will the purpose of a person or he himself determines the laws of life and follows them.
As the action of the story develops, Pechorin receives threefold confirmation of the existence of predestination, fate. Officer
Vulich, with whom the hero makes a risky bet, could not shoot himself, although the gun was loaded. Then Vulich nevertheless dies at the hands of a drunken Cossack, and Pechorin does not see anything surprising in this, since even during the dispute he noticed the “seal of death” on his face. And finally, Pechorin himself is trying his luck, deciding to disarm the drunken Cossack, the murderer of Vulich. “... A strange thought flashed through my head: like Vulich, I decided to try my luck,” says Pechorin.
What is the answer of the "hero of time", and with it the writer himself, to this the hardest question? Pechorin's conclusion sounds like this: “I like to doubt everything: this disposition of the mind does not interfere with the decisiveness of character; on the contrary, as far as I am concerned, I always go forward more boldly when I do not know what awaits me. As you can see, the failed fatalist turned into his opposite. If he is ready to admit that predestination exists, then it is by no means to the detriment of the activity of human behavior: to be just a toy in the hands of fate, according to Pechorin, is humiliating.
Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" is the first Russian realistic novel written in verse. It became an innovative work both in form and content. Pushkin set the task not only to show in him the “hero of the time”, Onegin, a man with “premature old age of the soul”, to create the image of a Russian woman, Tatyana Larina, but also to draw an “encyclopedia of Russian life” of that era. All this required not only to overcome the narrow framework of classicism, but also to abandon the romantic approach. Pushkin strives to bring his work as close as possible to life, which does not tolerate schematicity and predetermined constructions, and therefore the form of the novel becomes “free”.
And the point is not only that the author puts an “introduction” only at the end of chapter 7, ironically remarking: “... Although it’s late, there is an introduction.” And not even that the novel opens Onegin's internal monologue, reflecting on his trip to the village to his uncle for an inheritance, which is interrupted by a story about the hero's childhood and youth, about the years spent in a whirlwind of social life. And not even that the author often interrupts the plot, placing this or that lyrical digression, in which he can talk about anything: about literature, theater, his life, about the feelings and thoughts that excite him, about the roads or about women's legs - or he can just talk with readers: “Hm! um! Noble reader, / Are all your relatives healthy? No wonder Pushkin said: "The novel requires chatter."
He really does not seem to create a work of art, but simply tells a story that happened to his good friends. That is why in the novel, next to its heroes Onegin, Tatyana, Lensky, Olga, there appear people who lived during Pushkin's time - Vyazemsky, Kaverin, Nina Voronskaya and others. Moreover, the Author himself becomes the hero of his own novel, turning out to be Onegin's "good friend". The author keeps the letters of Onegin and Tatyana, Lensky's poems - and they also organically enter the novel, without violating its integrity in the least, although they are not written in the "Onegin stanza".
It seems that anything can enter into such a work - a "free novel", but with all the "freedom" its composition is harmonious and thoughtful. The main reason why this feeling of freedom is created is that Pushkin's novel exists like life itself: unpredictably and at the same time consistent with a certain domestic law. Sometimes even Pushkin himself was surprised at what his heroes “got up to”, for example, when his beloved heroine Tatyana “got married”. It is understandable why many of Pushkin's contemporaries tried to see the features of their friends and acquaintances in the heroes of the novel - and found them! In this amazing work, life pulsates and bursts out, creating even now the effect of the reader's "presence" at the moment of the development of the action. And life is always free in its many twists and turns. Such is Pushkin's truly realistic novel, which paved the way for new Russian literature.
This question has not been finally resolved, because Pushkin himself did not leave any records about the choice of the surname Onegin. The most common version says that the poet himself could form the name Onegin from the geographical name, well known to him, Onega. This name is given to the Onega River, which flows into the White Sea, and the city at its mouth. Locality with the name Onega has been known since the 16th century. Of course, one should also remember about another, similar geographical name (but with the ending o) Onego. This is the ancient Russian name for Lake Onega, a huge and beautiful reservoir in the north-west of the European part of the USSR. Historical sources told scientists that there was real surname Onegin. It was common in the north of Russia and originally meant "a resident from the Onega River". Most of the people who bore the surname Onegin were lumberjacks or timber raftsmen. So, for the hero of his novel in verse, Pushkin could either take a ready-made surname that he had heard or read somewhere, or create it according to the rules of Russian speech. Using such a "northern" surname, the poet, perhaps, wanted to emphasize the severity of Eugene, his cold heart, sober, too rational mind. Imagine for a moment that Eugene Onegin would have had a different surname... It seems, well, nothing special, because the main action, the ideas of the novel would not have changed. Yes, everything would remain basically in its place. But the Russian reader would certainly perceive those lines that speak of Onegin's coldness and severity in a less figurative way: “... early on, his feelings cooled down; He was bored with the noise of the world”; "Nothing touched him, He did not notice anything"; “They came together, Wave and stone, Poetry and prose, ice and fire Not so different among themselves” and other passages. In addition to such a possible internal content of “cold”, the Onegin surname has one more feature. It is unusually harmonious with the name. Listen: Eugene Onegin. Both words have the same number of syllables. In them, the same vowel e carries the stress. The reverse repetition of the syllables gene neg has a melodious quality. In addition, in this phrase Eugene Onegin, e and n are repeated three times. But the euphony, the melodiousness of names and titles played for Pushkin not last role. Recall that the name Tatiana, first mentioning it in the novel "Eugene Onegin", the poet says that it is "pleasant, sonorous." Pushkin repeats the same argument almost verbatim in the poem " Bronze Horseman”, where the hero is named Eugene: “We will call our hero by this name. It sounds nice; with him for a long time My pen is also amicable "... So in fiction, especially in poetry, not only the reality of the names and surnames of the characters is important for the authors, but also their sound, musical and aesthetic impression from them.
