Let's start with what an ellipsis is. An ellipsis is a punctuation mark that is used in Russian to indicate pauses or incompleteness. It is important for any person to know why the ellipsis is needed in order to understand what the interlocutor or the author meant literary work and so that he himself can use it correctly in writing. What is the ellipsis used for?
Rules for using ellipsis
Schoolchildren are often asked to write an essay about why the ellipsis is needed. You can easily write an essay-reasoning on this topic when you know all the cases in which the ellipsis is used. That is what we are going to talk about now.
An ellipsis is used in a sentence to indicate incompleteness, interruption of thought caused by external interference or excitement: “He was beautiful ... But I cannot understand how such beautiful person do such nasty things…” “Maybe it will be worse for everyone, but I can’t just leave and I can’t just forget…”.
The ellipsis is also used to indicate the continuation of an interrupted story or a missing beginning of a text or sentence: “Listening to him was insanely boring, and I was distracted all the time, but he did not react and continued his story: “... but these obstacles did not stop us, we must were to reach the final at any cost."
The ellipsis can also be used to indicate pauses during a sharp transition from one action or event to another, when thoughts, decisions, or unexpected conclusions change: “The sun shone calmly and joyfully, framed by approaching clouds, it was warm and quiet outside ... Suddenly , the sky in an instant dragged on, it got dark and thunder struck.
If you are writing an essay about why the ellipsis is needed, you can indicate that it is used in citation work. When using a separate sentence or its fragment, an ellipsis indicates the use of only part of the text: “The ellipsis is not just a sign that we use without understanding it ourselves, without noticing it, these are traces of words that escaped from the sentence, left it on tiptoe” - “ The ellipsis is not just a sign ... it is the traces of words that have escaped from the sentence, left it on tiptoe. To indicate the omission of a whole sentence or several sentences, an ellipsis with angle brackets is used, which is placed in place of the missing sentences.
Also, the ellipsis is used to indicate the intervals "5...8 months", "expected temperature +20...25 degrees"
Why do you need ellipsis in essays and exams? Checks your knowledge of why you need ellipsis, GIA (state final certification). Therefore, on the exam, it can be useful to use ellipsis along with other punctuation marks, it is especially important to be able to use it correctly when working with quotes.
If you are writing an essay on the exam about why you need ellipsis on the GIA, you can use it to emphasize unexpected points, add mystery and sophistication, without saying obvious things and conclusions, but replacing them with ellipsis, which gives the reader some freedom in interpreting what they read, as well as pausing before dramatic moments.
Now you know why you need an ellipsis, how and why you can use it. Use it right, write smartly and get high marks.
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Before we start talking about this punctuation mark, let's find out what an ellipsis is. An ellipsis is a punctuation mark used to indicate a pause or incompleteness in writing in Russian.
In order to correctly understand any text, one should certainly be aware of exactly what functions each punctuation mark performs, this also applies to ellipsis. So why do we need this sign in the punctuation system so much and in what cases should it be used?
As mentioned above, the ellipsis expresses a kind of break in thought and incompleteness, which could be provoked by excitement or external interference. “She was so beautiful… I still can’t believe that she was capable of such a vile act…”.
The ellipsis is also used where the previously interrupted narration continues. This punctuation mark can also be found in those places in a written text (or sentence) where its beginning is omitted. "... but these same interferences did not become serious obstacles for us, and we decided not to stop."
The use of ellipsis is also relevant in cases where it is necessary to indicate a pause that occurs as a result of the transition from one action to another. Such a transition can be caused by a change of thoughts, some decisions, and even unexpected conclusions. “The weather was beautiful, the sun warmed with the warmth of its bright light, and it seemed that nothing could portend trouble .... Suddenly, just a few moments later, the sky was covered dark clouds, it became dark, and suddenly thunder rumbled.
You can't do without ellipsis when working with quotes. In this case, a similar punctuation mark denotes a selected part of the text or sentences from the text. When highlighting a fragment from a sentence, ellipsis is also used. Some linguists associate ellipsis with traces of words that have tiptoed out of a sentence.
So, where a whole sentence or several sentences are omitted, ellipsis with angle brackets are used. Such a punctuation mark is placed in the place of missing sentences. An ellipsis is also found where intervals are indicated, for example: "6 ... 9 months" or "a drop in temperature is expected -2 ... -4 degrees."
High school graduates need to know about the functions and cases of using the ellipsis and, preferably, use this punctuation mark, along with other punctuation marks, when writing a presentation or essay. It is especially important not just to use the ellipsis, but to use it correctly and not to forget about this sign when working with quotes. The level of knowledge of schoolchildren is checked by the GIA, that is, the state final certification.
Maybe one of the graduates will come up with the idea to write an essay, for example, about dots? Wonderful! In your work, you can resort to this sign when emphasizing unexpected points, to which the ellipsis will add some mystery and even sophistication, while there is no need to focus on obvious details and conclusions. It is quite logical to replace them with ellipsis, which will also allow you to give not only some freedom to the reader in interpreting what is read, but also to pause before any dramatic moment.
This sign, appearing in the text, signals some reticence, a hitch, absent-mindedness or confusion of the subject of written speech. In grammar, ellipsis is defined as follows.
An ellipsis is a punctuation mark that consists of three dots written side by side. Serves to indicate an unfinished thought or pause of the author.
This punctuation mark is used for the following purposes:
1. In order to show the incompleteness of the statement, some confusion of thoughts caused by the state of the speaker, a break in the logical development of thought; interference from external environment, as well as to indicate breaks in speech. It is usually used in direct speech. For example:
“I can’t… I can’t do this… It’s not fair and wrong… I can’t!…
- I would say who you are ... but I prefer not to talk about girls like that.
— I remember. I remember this girl... she was good... Why are you asking about her?
2. To indicate hitches not only between words, but also in the words themselves, For example:
“For… for… forget me!” She was shaking all over with anger.
“Wah…Wah…Vanya, now you are completely wrong,” said Masha.
3. To mark the boundaries of quotes. It is used in cases where the quotation is not entered in full, but only in parts that are most significant for the context. There are several ways to enter ellipses in quotes.
a) To indicate that the boundaries of the quotation, which is an independent sentence in relation to the context, do not coincide with the boundaries of the sentence in the quoted text:
Pushkin, covering the works of his contemporaries, characterized Derzhavin as follows: "... Some of Derzhavin's odes, despite the incorrectness of the language and the unevenness of the style, are filled with impulses of genius ...".
In this example, we see that the quote, firstly, is an independent sentence, and secondly, although it is framed as a sentence, it has clearly different boundaries in the source text. And indeed, in original text Pushkin, we see this sentence in its entirety:
“I agree that some of Derzhavin’s odes, despite the unevenness of the syllable and the incorrectness of the language, are filled with impulses true genius that in Bogdanovich's "Darling" there are verses and whole pages worthy of Lafontaine, that Krylov surpassed all the fabulists known to us, excluding, perhaps, this same Lafontaine, that Batyushkov, Lomonosov's happy associate, did for the Russian language the same thing that Petrarch for Italian; that Zhukovsky would be translated into all languages if he himself translated less. (Pushkin, “On the reasons that slowed down the course of our literature)
However, if the quotation is formatted as indirect speech, then in this case you do not need to put an ellipsis:
The writer, covering everything done before him, said that "Derzhavin's odes ... are filled with impulses of genius."
b) To indicate a gap within a quote:
Pushkin wrote: "But poetry ... must be stupid." In the original: "And poetry, God forgive me, must be stupid."
An ellipsis is a punctuation mark that indicates an unfinished phrase or a gap in the text.
In Russian, the ellipsis as one of the punctuation marks was first indicated in the grammar of A. Kh. Vostokov in 1831. Then it was called "sign stop". Colloquially, an ellipsis is also sometimes referred to as an "ellipsis".
Currently, in Russian, ellipsis is used in the following cases:
To indicate the incompleteness of the statement caused by the speaker's excitement, a break in logical development thoughts, an external hindrance, to indicate hitches or breaks in speech. - I remember, I remember very well ... A sofa, a dozen chairs and a round table with six legs. The furniture was excellent, Gambsian… And why did you remember? (I. Ilf, E. Petrov "The Twelve Chairs").
At the beginning of the text to indicate that the presentation continues, interrupted by a large insert, or that the events described in this passage of text and in the previous one are separated by a long period of time. The mouse did not honor him with an answer and hurriedly continued: “... I found it prudent and decided, together with Edgar Zteling, to go to Wilhelm and offer him the crown” (L. Carroll “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland”).
To indicate pauses during an unexpected transition from one thought to another, between complete sentences. Dubrovsky was silent ... Suddenly he raised his head, his eyes sparkled, he stamped his foot, pushed the secretary away ... (A. S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky").
At the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a quotation, to indicate that part of the quoted text has been omitted. If one or more sentences are omitted when quoting, then the ellipsis in this case is enclosed in angle brackets.
The original text of A. S. Pushkin: "And poetry, God forgive me, must be stupid." An example with a quote: Pushkin wrote: “But poetry ... must be stupid”
Source text (F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”): I needed to know something else, something else pushed me under my arms: I had to find out then, and quickly find out, am I a louse, like everyone else, or a person? Will I be able to cross or not! Do I dare to bend down and take it or not? Whether I am a trembling creature or have the right. An example with a quote: Raskolnikov explained his crime this way: “I had to find out then, and quickly find out<…>Am I a trembling creature, or do I have a right.
To indicate a range of values (along with a dash and a ÷ sign). Pipe 5…10 m long. Temperature -5…+10 °C.
Sometimes ellipsis is used with question or exclamation marks. In these cases, only two dots are put after the sign: “!..” and “?..”. But what is there to offer? .. And then they write, write ... Congress, some Germans ... The head swells. Take everything, and share it ... (M. Bulgakov. “ dog's heart"). It's getting light!.. Ah! how soon the night passed! (A. S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit").
1 Why do we need commas?
I find that commas, like other punctuation marks, do important role in written language. They help to understand the structure of the sentence, and therefore the meaning of what is written.
Commas can separate parts complex sentence or homogeneous members from each other, and can distinguish separate members or words not grammatically related to the sentence. So, for example, in a sentence: “…..” - commas separate (homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence), and in a sentence: “…..” - commas are isolated (introductory words, appeals, participial turnover, participial turnover, comparative turnover, clarifying members of the sentence).
K. Paustovsky was right, comparing punctuation marks with musical signs, which firmly hold the text and do not allow it to crumble. Without a doubt, commas are very important punctuation marks, without which the meaning of a sentence would not be clear.
2. Why do you need a colon?
I believe that in writing without a colon, as well as without other punctuation marks, it is impossible to do.
The colon stops our attention, requires a pause and a warning intonation. This punctuation mark can separate the generalizing word from the homogeneous members of the sentence (9), direct speech from the words of the author (3), simple sentences as part of a complex (23).
Performing a semantic function, the colon is placed on the border of the parts of a non-union complex sentence, if the second part of the sentence indicates the reason (reveals, explains the content) of what is said in the first part (15).
K. Paustovsky was right when comparing punctuation marks with musical signs that firmly hold the text and do not allow it to crumble. Without a doubt, the colon is a very important punctuation mark, without which the meaning of the sentence would not be clear.
3. Why do you need a dash?
I believe that in writing without a dash, as well as without other punctuation marks, it is impossible to do. It helps to understand the structure of the sentence, and therefore the meaning of what is written.
A dash can separate a generalizing word from homogeneous members of a sentence (1), direct speech from the words of the author (2). It can also separate the composition of the subject from the composition of the predicate (3) and simple sentences in the composition of the complex (4).
IN incomplete sentences a dash replaces the missing parts of a sentence, helping to understand the meaning of what is written (5). A dash is placed on the border of the parts of a non-union complex sentence if the content of the first part indicates the time (condition, reason) of what is said in the second part (6). (Or the content of the first part is sharply opposed to the content of the second part).
K. Paustovsky was right when comparing punctuation marks with musical signs that firmly hold the text and do not allow it to crumble. Without a doubt, the dash is a very important punctuation mark, without which the meaning of the sentence would not be clear.
4. Why do we need punctuation (punctuation marks)?
Punctuation is an important branch of linguistics that studies the punctuation marks. I believe that it is impossible to do without punctuation marks in a letter.
They perform distinguishing and separating functions in written speech. For example, they separate sentences in the text (1 and 2), parts of a complex sentence (3), homogeneous members of a sentence (4), separate direct speech from the words of the author (5). Punctuation marks can highlight isolated members of a sentence or words that are not grammatically related to the sentence (introductory words, appeals, participles, adverbials, comparatives, clarifying members of a sentence) (6).
The presence of completion marks at the end of sentences helps the author convey narrative (7), interrogative (8) and exclamatory (9) intonations, state of mind heroes. It is worth replacing the dot in sentence 10 with a question mark, the meaning of the sentence will immediately change.
K. Paustovsky was right when comparing punctuation marks with musical signs: they guide intonation, help the author to formulate thoughts and convey feelings. Without a doubt, punctuation in writing is indispensable
5. Why do we need spelling?
Spelling is an important branch of linguistics that studies the rules for writing words. I believe that writing is indispensable without spelling.
Imagine that there are no spelling rules in a language. Then the first sentence of the text on the letter will look like this: “This feeling has been experienced by me pastaiano for many years ...”. As you can see, it is difficult for us to understand the meaning of the recorded information.
Unmistakable spelling of parts of a word is an indicator of knowledge about the language. For example, at the end of a word, we can find out what part of speech is in front of us. In the word "guilty" (sentence 10) - the ending -y. It indicates that we have an adjective in the form male, singular and instrumental case.
Therefore, spelling rules are necessary for a person, since competent writing is an indicator not only of knowledge of the rules, but also of a person’s culture.
6. Why do we need end-of-sentence punctuation marks? (Why are they used at the end of a sentence? different signs punctuation?)
I believe that it is impossible to do without end-of-sentence signs in writing.
At the end of the sentence, a period, exclamation or question marks, ellipsis are placed. These punctuation marks mark the boundary of a sentence. Therefore, they separate sentences in the text, helping to accurately understand what is written (1,2).
The presence of completion marks at the end of sentences helps the author convey narrative (3), interrogative (4) and exclamatory (5) intonations, the state of mind of the characters. It is worth replacing the dot in sentence 6 with a question mark, the meaning of the sentence will immediately change.
As we can see, the choice of one of the four separating signs is determined by the meaning of the sentence, and also depends on intonation.
7. Why do you need an ellipsis?
I believe that in writing without ellipsis, as well as without other punctuation marks, it is impossible to do. It helps to understand the structure of the sentence, and therefore the meaning of what is written.
The ellipsis as a punctuation mark began to be used only in late XVIII century. This is a sign of incompleteness or a break in the sentence. In the text, this is the first sentence: “……”. The ellipsis, put by the author at the end of sentences 2 and 3, is not only a separating sign, but also allows you to express the state of mind of the hero: thoughtfulness, immersion in his thoughts and feelings.
K. Paustovsky was right when comparing punctuation marks with musical signs: they guide intonation, help the author to formulate thoughts and convey feelings. Without a doubt, the ellipsis is a very important punctuation mark, without which the meaning of the sentence would not be clear.
8. Why do you need a semicolon?
I believe that it is impossible to do without a semicolon, as well as without other punctuation marks. It helps to understand the structure of the sentence, and therefore the meaning of what is written.
A semicolon separates simple sentences within a non-union complex if there are already commas or other punctuation marks inside the parts of the complex sentence (1). Sometimes a semicolon is also placed if the parts of the non-union complex sentence are less related in meaning, more independent (2).
K. Paustovsky was right, comparing punctuation marks with musical signs, which firmly hold the text and do not allow it to crumble. Without a doubt, the semicolon is a very important punctuation mark, without which the meaning of the sentence would not be clear.
9. Why do we need an exclamation mark (question mark, period)?
I believe that it is impossible to do without an exclamation mark (question mark, dot) in a letter.
An exclamation mark (question mark, dot) indicates a sentence boundary (1). Therefore, it separates sentences in the text, helping to accurately understand what is written (1,2).
The presence of an exclamation point (question mark, dot) at the end of sentences helps the author convey the exclamatory (interrogative, narrative) intonation, the state of mind of the characters (3). It is worth replacing the exclamation mark (question mark, dot) in sentence 3 with a question mark (dot), the meaning of the sentence will immediately change.
K. Paustovsky was right when comparing punctuation marks with musical signs: they guide intonation, help the author to formulate thoughts and convey feelings. Without a doubt, the exclamation mark (question mark, period) is a very important punctuation mark, without which the meaning of the sentence would not be clear.
10. Why are quotes needed?
I believe that it is impossible to do without quotation marks in a letter, as well as without other punctuation marks. They help to understand the structure of the sentence, and therefore the meaning of what is written.
Quotation marks are paired punctuation marks. They are used when introducing someone else's verbatim statement into the thought of one person. So, for example, in sentence 1, direct speech is enclosed in quotation marks, and in sentence 2, a quote. This sign protects copyright.
Quotation marks enclose words used in figurative meaning(3), as well as proper names denoting the names of magazines (4) (newspapers, books, factories, ships, etc.).
If quotes are removed from any sentence, the meaning of the sentence will change.
K. Paustovsky was right when comparing punctuation marks with musical signs: they guide intonation, help the author to formulate thoughts and convey feelings. Without a doubt, quotation marks are a very important punctuation mark, without which the meaning of the sentence would not be clear.
In oral speech, we can convey our words with the help of intonation. In one place we raise our voice, in another we lower it, somewhere we make a small pause to get some air, and at certain moments we put long pauses so that our interlocutor can think, comprehend everything that was said to him earlier.
In a written word, we can replace intonation with punctuation marks. Enthusiastic statements are indicated exclamation mark. The question that we ask the interlocutor, it is customary to end with a question mark. Each poet and writer in his work had his favorite punctuation marks. Surely, you noticed, reading the next work, that great classic placed signs in it that do not correspond to the rules of the Russian language. Where you need to put a comma - there is a dash. And in the event that quotation marks are simply necessary in the text, they are absent. This was especially clear in the case when we shave a book and begin to copy from it the phrases stated by someone in a notebook with an essay. As a result, having written off the officially published information, we barely pull on the "troika" for the essay.
Do not think that the great classics did not know about the existence of rules in the Russian language. It's just that in their works they put more emphasis on intonation. They clearly knew where it was necessary to put a comma, so that we could quickly run through the enumeration of our eyes, where the dash should be, which, with bated breath, leads us from the beginning of the action to its swift completion, or is a sign that after the word, its explanation will follow. The ellipsis seems to cut off the phrase, leaving it unsaid by the author. This punctuation mark is indicated by three identical dots located at an equal, small distance from each other "...". This punctuation mark was introduced by Karamzin. He also liked to use it in his works. However, initially the ellipsis was called the "stop sign." Yes, this name fully reflects the meaning of these symbols. We say something to the interlocutor, but suddenly we cut off our thoughts in mid-sentence, leaving the phrase unsaid. An ellipsis is usually followed by a long pause. Unlike a period, an ellipsis carries a certain semantic load which is impossible not to notice while reading the work. A dot reduces intonation to zero. After that, we immediately move on to the next sentence. After the ellipsis, we freeze in anticipation. We seem to want to hear what will happen next, when the sentence ends. However, we will not know the answer to this question.
Also, with the help of ellipsis, we can indicate the omission of words in the text. For example, if we decide to take a quote, however, we absolutely do not need a certain number of words in it. These words can distract from the main idea, miss the moment we want in the text. In this case, instead of missing words, we put ellipsis. If words were omitted at the beginning, middle and end of a sentence, then an ellipsis is placed in each case. If we issue several sentences from the text, then we enclose the sign in angle brackets.
