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Saveliy, the Holy Russian hero, and Matryona Timofeevna, the embodiment of the author’s dream of the spiritual powers of the people (based on the poem by N. A. Nekrasov “Who should live well in Rus'”)
In the poem “Who should live well in Rus'”, Nekrasov is looking for an answer to a question that has long been of concern to mankind. The work presents the happiness of a priest, a landowner, and local people.
But most often Nekrasov thinks about the happiness of the people and dreams that sooner or later the people will perk up and gather strength to actively fight against the existing system for their freedom and a decent life.
The images of the peasants presented in the poem confirm the writer's hopes and meet his aspirations. And one of the main figures of the poem, which stands out for its extraordinary physical force and spiritual power, is Savely, the Holy Russian hero:
It's a sin to keep silent about grandfather,
Lucky was also...
This is what Matrena Timofeevna says about Savely.
We learn about Savelia from the chapter “Peasant Woman”, which says that this peasant grew up in a remote area near the Korez River. The name itself - the Korezsky region - attracted the writer as a symbol of hardy labor and a powerful people with great strength, prominent representative which is Savely. The word “mangle” means “to bend”, “break”, “to work”, and therefore Korezhin is a land of stubborn and hardworking people.
Savely's appearance personifies the mighty forest element: “With a huge gray mane, not cut for tea since twenty years, with a huge beard, grandfather looked like a bear. "
Nekrasov shows hard way, which was the growth of the rebellious moods of Saveliy: from silent patience to open resistance. Prison and Siberian penal servitude did not break Savely and did not destroy his feelings dignity. “Branded, but not a slave,” he says of himself. He passed all the tests that fell to his lot, but at the same time he was able to save himself. Savely treats the resigned fellow villagers with contempt and calls for a mass action for the final reprisal against the oppressors, but his thoughts are not without contradictions .... It is no coincidence that he is compared with Svyatogor, the strongest, but also the most motionless hero of the epic epic. At the same time, the image of Savely is very contradictory. On the one hand, he called for struggle, on the other hand, for patience:
We can't find the truth!
Savely advises Matryona Timofeevna. These words sound despair, hopelessness, disbelief in the possibility of changing the bitter fate of the peasant. In the image of Matryona Timofeevna Nekrasov embodied best features character of Russian peasant women. The high moral qualities of Matryona are harmoniously combined with her external beauty.
With her restrained and strict beauty, full of self-esteem, Matryona represents the type of majestic Slav woman, revealed by Nekrasov in the poem "Frost, Red Nose". The history of her life confirms that the character of Matryona was formed in the conditions of seasonal fishing, when most of the male population went to the cities. On the shoulders of a woman lay not only the whole burden peasant labor but also a huge measure of responsibility for the fate of the family, for the upbringing of children.
From the chapter "Before marriage" we learn about the youth of Matryona, and from the chapter "Songs" - about the difficult fate of the heroine after marriage. Matryona's songs are nationwide, so her personal fate reflects typical fate peasant woman, ceasing to be her own. Short joys gave way to frequent and severe misfortunes that could break even strong man. But Matryona persevered and found the spiritual and physical strength in herself to fight for her happiness. The dearly beloved first-born Demushka dies, she saves her second son Fedotushka from a terrible punishment at the cost of ordeals, she had to make a lot of efforts to achieve the release of her husband - and we see that no obstacles stop her, she is ready to fight independently to the last for her happiness.
The image of Matryona Timofeevna was created in such a way that she, as it were, went through all the ups and downs that a Russian woman could go through. The voice of Matrena Timofeevna is the voice of the entire Russian people, of all Russian women who had the same difficult fate.
In to the world peasant life We are immersed in Russia by the poem of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov “Who should live well in Rus'”. Nekrasov's work on this work falls on the time after the peasant reform of 1861. This can be seen from the first lines of the Prologue, where wanderers are called "temporarily liable" - this is how the peasants who emerged from serfdom after the reform were called.
In the poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'”, we see the diverse images of Russian peasants, learn about their views on life, find out what kind of life they live and what problems exist in the life of the Russian people. Nekrasov's image of the peasantry is closely connected with the problem of searches. happy person- the purpose of the journey of seven men across Rus'. This journey allows us to get acquainted with all the unsightly aspects of Russian life.
One of the main images of the poem is considered to be Savely, with whom the reader gets acquainted in the chapter "Feast - for the whole world." The life story of Saveliy is very difficult, like that of all peasants of the post-reform era. But this hero is distinguished by a special freedom-loving spirit, inflexibility in the face of the burden of peasant life. He courageously endures all the bullying of the master, who wants to flog his subjects to pay tribute to him. But all patience comes to an end.
So it happened with Saveliy, who, unable to endure the tricks of the German Vogel, as if by chance pushes him to the pit dug by the peasants. Savely, of course, is serving a sentence: twenty years of hard labor and twenty years of settlements. But do not break him - the Holy Russian hero: "branded, but not a slave"! He returns home to his son's family. The author draws Savely in the tradition of Russian folklore:
With a huge gray mane,
Tea, not cut for twenty years,
With a big beard
Grandpa looked like a bear...
The old man lives apart from his relatives, because he sees that he is needed in the family, while he gave money ... He treats only Matryona Timofeevna with love. But the hero's soul opened up and blossomed when Matryona's daughter-in-law brought him a grandson Dyomushka.
Savely began to look at the world in a completely different way, thawed at the sight of the boy, he became attached to the child with all his heart. But here too evil fate trips him up. Star Savely - fell asleep when he was babysitting Dyoma. The hungry pigs killed the boy... Savely's soul is torn from pain! He takes the blame on himself and repents of everything Matryona Timofeevna, telling her about how much he loved the boy.
Savely will spend the rest of his long life of one hundred and seven years, praying for his sin in the monasteries. Thus, in the image of Savely, Nekrasov shows a deep commitment to faith in God, combined with a huge reserve of patience of the Russian people. Matryona forgives grandfather, understands how Savely's soul is tormented. And in this forgiveness too deep meaning revealing the character of the Russian peasant.
Here is another image of the Russian peasant, about which the author says: "lucky too." Savely acts in the poem as a folk philosopher, he reflects on whether the people should endure a disenfranchised and oppressed state. Savely combines kindness, simplicity, sympathy for the oppressed and hatred for the oppressors of the peasants.
ON THE. Nekrasov in the image of Savely showed the people, gradually beginning to realize their rights, and the power to be reckoned with.
Matrena Timofeevna told the walkers about the fate of Savely. He was her husband's grandfather. She often sought help from him and asked for advice. He was already a hundred years old, he lived apart in his upper room, because he did not like his family. In seclusion, he prayed and read the holy calendar. Huge, like a bear, hunched over, with a huge gray mane. At first, Matryona was afraid of him. Yes, and his relatives teased him with branded, convict. But he was kind to his son's daughter-in-law, became a nanny for her firstborn. Ironically, Matryona called him lucky.
Saveliy was a serf of the landowner Shalashnikov in the village of Korega, which was lost among impenetrable forests. That is why the life of the peasants there was relatively free. The master excellently fought the peasants, who hid quitrent from him, because because of the impassability it was difficult to reach them. But after his death it got even worse. The heir sent the manager Vogel, who turned the life of the peasants into a real hard labor. The crafty German convinced the peasants to work off their debts. And they, in their innocence, drained the swamps, paved the way. So the master's hand reached out to them.
For eighteen years they tolerated the German, who, with his death grip, let almost everyone go around the world. Once, while digging a well, Savely gently pushed Vogel to the pit, the rest helped him. And to the cries of the German "they answered with nine shovels", burying him alive. For this he received twenty years of hard labor and the same amount of settlement. Even there he worked a lot and managed to save money for the construction of an upper room. But his relatives loved him as long as there was money, then they began to spit in the eyes.
Why does Nekrasov call this cold-blooded killer a holy Russian hero? Saveliy, who possesses truly heroic physical strength and fortitude, is for him the protector of the people. Savely himself says that the Russian peasant is a hero in his patience. But the thought lingers in him that "the peasants have axes for adversaries, but they are silent for the time being." And he grins to himself in his beard: "Branded, but not a slave." For him, and not to endure, and to endure all the same, that the abyss. He speaks with condemnation of the humility of today's peasants, who died a day ago, the lost Aniki warriors, who are only able to fight with old men and women. All their strength on trifles went under rods and sticks. But his wise popular philosophy led to rebellion.
Even after hard labor, Savely retained his unbroken spirit. Only the death of Demushka, who died through his fault, broke the peasant, who had suffered hard labor. He will spend his last days in a monastery and wandering. So the theme of people's long-suffering was expressed in the fate of Saveliy.
Savely's composition in the poem Who lives well in Rus'
Nekrasov set himself a huge task - to show exactly how the abolition of serfdom to life ordinary people. To do this, he creates seven peasants who go all over Rus' and ask people if they live well. Grandfather Saveliy becomes one of the respondents.
Outwardly, Savely looks like a huge bear, he has a large gray "mane", broad shoulders and great height, he is a Russian hero. From Savely's story, the reader understands that he is not only outwardly a hero, he is also a hero internally, by character. He is very persistent, hardy and filled life wisdom Human. A man who has experienced many sorrows and many joys.
In his youth, Savely lived far in the forest, where the hand of evil landowners had not yet reached. But one day a German manager was appointed to the settlement. Initially, the manager did not even demand money from the peasants, the tribute laid down by law, but forced them to cut down the forest for it. The nearby peasants did not immediately understand what was happening, but when they cut down all the trees, a road was built into their forest wilderness. It was then that the German manager came with his whole family to live in the wilderness. Only now the peasants could not boast of a simple life: the Germans ripped them off. The Russian hero is able to endure a lot and for a long time, as Savely argues in this period of life, but something needs to be changed. And he decides to rebel against the manager, whom all the peasants bury in the ground. Here the enormous will of our hero is manifested, which is even stronger than his boundless Russian patience.
For such audacity, he is sent to hard labor for 20 years, and after that he works in the settlements for another 20 years, saving money. Not every person is able to plow for 40 years for the sake of one goal - to return home and help his family with money. It is worthy of respect.
Upon returning home, the worker is greeted very cordially, he builds a hut for the family and everyone loves him. But as soon as the money runs out, they start laughing at him, which offends Savely very much, he does not understand why he deserved such an attitude.
The end of the grandfather's life ends in the monastery, where he atones for the sins he committed: it was his fault that his grandson died. Savely is the image of a true Russian hero, able to endure a lot, but ready to rush into the struggle for the freedom of his neighbors. The author calls him "lucky" with irony, and rightly so: he is unhappy for the rest of his life.
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One of the main characters of Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” - Savely - the reader will recognize when he is already an old man who has lived a long and hard life. The poet draws a colorful portrait of this amazing old man:
WITH big gray mane,
Tea, twenty years uncut,
WITH big beard,
Grandpa looked like a bear
Especially, as from the forest,
Bending down, he left.
Savely's life turned out to be very difficult, fate did not spoil him. In his old age, Savely lived in the family of his son, father-in-law Matryona Timofeevna. It is noteworthy that grandfather Saveliy does not like his family. Obviously, all households have far from the most best qualities, and an honest and sincere old man feels this very well. In his native family Saveliy is called “branded, convict”. And he himself, not at all offended by this, says: “Branded, but not a slave.
It is interesting to observe how Saveliy is not averse to playing a trick on his family members:
A hit him hard-
He will joke: “Look
Matchmakers to us!” Unmarried
Cinderella - to the window:
en instead of matchmakers- beggars!
From a tin button
Grandfather fashioned two kopecks,
Tossed up on the floor-
Father-in-law got caught!
Not drunk from drinking-
The beaten one dragged on!
What does this relationship between the old man and his family indicate? First of all, it is striking that Saveliy is different both from his son and from all relatives. His son does not possess any exceptional qualities, does not shun drunkenness, is almost completely devoid of kindness and nobility. And Savely, on the contrary, is kind, smart, outstanding. He eschews his household, apparently, he is disgusted by pettiness, envy, malice, characteristic of his relatives. Old man Savely is the only one in her husband's family who was kind to Matryona. The old man does not hide all the hardships that have fallen to his lot:
“Oh, the share of Holy Russian
Homemade hero!
He's been bullied all his life.
Time will reflect
ABOUT death is the torment of hell
In the other world they are waiting.”
Old man Savely is very freedom-loving. It combines qualities such as physical and mental strength. Savely is a real Russian hero who does not recognize any pressure on himself. In his youth, Savely had remarkable strength, no one could compete with him. In addition, life used to be different, the peasants were not burdened with the hardest duty to pay dues and work off corvée. Savely says:
We did not rule corvee,
We didn't pay dues
A so when you decide
IN send three years.
In such circumstances, the character of the young Savely was tempered. Nobody pressured her, nobody made her feel like a slave. In addition, nature itself was on the side of the peasants:
Dense forests all around,
Swamps all around,
Not a horse ride to us,
Neither pass on foot!
Nature itself protected the peasants from the invasion of the master, the police and other troublemakers. Therefore, the peasants could live and work in peace, not feeling someone else's power over them.
As you read these lines, remember fabulous motifs, because in fairy tales and legends people were absolutely free, they were in charge of their own lives.
The old man tells how the peasants dealt with the bears:
We were only concerned
Bears... yes with bears
We got along easily.
With a knife and with a horn
I myself am scarier than the elk,
Along the reserved paths
I go: “My forest!” - I scream.
Saveliy, like a real fairy tale hero, claims his rights to the forest surrounding him. It is the forest - with its untrodden paths, mighty trees - that is the real element of the hero Savely. In the forest, the hero is not afraid of anything, he is the real master of the silent kingdom around him. That is why in old age he leaves his family and goes into the forest.
The unity of the bogatyr Savely and the nature around him seems undeniable. Nature helps Savely to become stronger. Even in old age, when years and hardships have bent the old man's back, you still feel remarkable strength in him.
Savely tells how, in his youth, his fellow villagers managed to deceive the master, to hide the wealth from him. And although we had to endure a lot for this, no one could reproach people for cowardice and lack of will. The peasants were able to convince the landowners of their absolute poverty, so they managed to avoid complete ruin and enslavement.
Savely - very proud man. This is felt in everything: in his attitude to life, in his steadfastness and courage with which he defends his own. When he talks about his youth, he recalls how only weak-minded people surrendered to the master. Of course, he himself was not one of those people:
Excellently fought Shalashnikov,
And not so hot great Incomes received:
Weak people gave up
A strong for the fiefdom
They stood well.
I also endured
He hesitated, thinking:
“Whatever you do, dog son,
A You won't knock out your whole soul
Leave something!”
Old man Savely bitterly says that now there is practically no self-respect left in people. Now cowardice, animal fear for oneself and one's well-being and lack of desire to fight prevail:
Those were the proud people!
A now give a crack-
Corrector, landowner
Drag the last penny!
Savely's young years passed in an atmosphere of freedom. But peasant freedom did not last long. The master died, and his heir sent a German, who at first behaved quietly and imperceptibly. The German gradually became friends with the entire local population, little by little he observed peasant life.
Gradually, he got into the confidence of the peasants and ordered them to drain the swamp, then cut down the forest. In a word, the peasants came to their senses only when a magnificent road appeared along which it was easy to get to their godforsaken place.
And then came the hardship
Korean peasant -
thread ravaged
The free life was over, now the peasants fully felt all the hardships of a servile existence. Old man Saveliy speaks of people's long-suffering, explaining it by the courage and spiritual strength of people. Only the truly strong courageous people they can be so patient as to endure such mockery of themselves, and so generous as not to forgive such an attitude towards themselves.
A so we endured
What we- heroes.
IN that is Russian bogatyrdom.
Do you think, Matryonushka,
man- not rich"?
And his life is not military,
And death is not written for him
In battle- and a rich man!
Nekrasov finds amazing comparisons, speaking of people's long-suffering and courage. He uses folk epic speaking of heroes:
Hands twisted with chains
Legs forged with iron
Back ... dense forests
Passed on it - broke down.
And the chest? Elijah the prophet
By it rattles-rides
On a chariot of fire...
The hero suffers everything!
Old man Savely tells how for eighteen years the peasants endured the arbitrariness of the German manager. Their whole life is now in the grip of this cruel man. People had to work tirelessly. And every time the manager was dissatisfied with the results of the work, he demanded more. Constant bullying by the Germans causes the strongest indignation in the soul of the peasants. And once another portion of bullying made people commit a crime. They kill the German manager. When reading these lines, the thought of higher justice comes to mind. The peasants have already managed to feel absolutely powerless and weak-willed. Everything they held dear was taken from them. But after all, a person cannot be mocked with complete impunity. Sooner or later you will have to pay for your actions.
But, of course, the murder of the manager did not go unpunished:
The life of Savely, the Holy Russian hero, after hard labor was very difficult. He spent twenty years in captivity, only closer to old age he was free. Savely's whole life is very tragic, and in old age he turns out to be the unwitting culprit in the death of his little grandson. This case once again proves that, despite all his strength, Savely cannot withstand hostile circumstances. He is just a plaything in the hands of fate.
Many destinies pass before the eyes of the wanderers of the poem by N.A. Nekrasov, who set off to look for the happy ones. The image and characterization of Saveliy in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” are multifaceted and versatile. The bogatyr Savely the Holy Russian appears in reality. It is easy to describe, but difficult to understand.
Hero's appearance
The reader gets to know the character when he is already many years old. In total, Savely lived 107 years. It is difficult to imagine what he was like in his youth, but old age did not hide his heroic physique. The appearance of the old man is similar to the king of the northern forests - the bear:
- a large gray mane (mop of hair) that has not been touched by scissors for more than 20 years;
- big beard;
- arched back.
Saveliy compared himself to a village well
... I look like an ochep.
Such a comparison is surprisingly true: a strong century-old building with crystal clear water.
character trait
Wanderers learn about Savely from the story of Matryona Korchagina. Savely is her husband's grandfather. In the image of a hero, several types of a simple Russian person were combined. The main feature is heroism. Holy Russian hero has tremendous power, he protects the country, the people. But Savely is not a warrior:"... his life is not military, and death is not written for him in battle ...".
Grandfather Savely - true christian. He rests on faith, prays for his fate and for all peasant country. The author does not make the character fabulous, he is real and terribly sinful. There are 2 human deaths on it: a German manager and a child. Grandfather is literate and sharp-tongued. This amazing feature Russian person. Proverbs, sayings, songs, prophecies saturate and decorate Savely's speech. A simple holy Russian man is similar to heroes Ancient Rus' and with the saints walking freely on the earth.
The fate of the hero
Savely lived a long life, it is clear that there were many events in it. He did not tell Matryona everything, but what he said was enough for the reader to accept him and fall in love with him. Strong woman. Grandfather lived in the village of Karezhin, where the landowners and administrators could not reach. The peasants sent rare dues and corvee. But the German outwitted the peasants. He turned the life of freedom-loving peasants into hard labor. The man did not last long. They buried Vogel alive. Savely pushed the manager to the pit, uttered one word:"Nadday"
Comrades silently supported. This episode confirms the desire of the Russian people to get rid of slavery and speaks of respect for the old man. Savely survived the whip. 20 years of hard labor, the same amount of settlement. The man makes escapes and again falls under the beatings.
A peasant in hard labor managed to accumulate money. How can a person think about the future in such unbearable conditions? This is unknown to the author. He returned to his relatives, but they treated him well as long as there was money. The heart of the hero turned to stone from grief. It was only the attitude of little Demushka, the son of Matryona, that melted him. But even here fate played bad joke: the old man overslept the child,
"... fed to pigs ...".
From grief for his sin, Savely goes to the monastery for repentance. He asks God for forgiveness and begs for mitigation maternal heart. The old man's death was just as long as his life: he fell ill, did not eat, dwindled and became sick.
The character of the hero of the poem
Savely has a lot of positive things, which is why the author describes the character through the mouth of a woman. He was the only one from her husband's family who accepted her and took pity on her. The old man knows how to joke, humor and sarcasm help him not to notice the cruelty of his relatives. He grins like a rainbow, laughing not only at others, but also at himself. kind soul hidden and not open to everyone.Strong male character. Many who were close to Savely could not stand the hardships. They gave up. Savely stood to the end, did not retreat, "endured". He tries to compare the whips: some "fighted" painfully, others badly. Savely could stand under the rods and not frown. The peasant's skin was hardened, it lasted for a hundred years.
Freedom. Grandfather does not want to be a slave:
"... branded, but not a slave!".
Pride. The old man does not tolerate humiliation and insults towards himself. He admires past generations.
Bravery. Savely went to the bear with a knife and a horn. When one day he stepped on a sleeping bear in the forest, he did not run away, but began to fight with her. The hero raises a mighty beast on a horn. There was a crunch in the man's back, but until old age he did not bend from pain.
A simple Russian peasant stands out among other heroes. He can distinguish true kindness from lies and deceit. His character is strong. Grandfather does not argue over trifles, does not contact stupid people, does not try to re-educate relatives. Hard labor for him takes on a broader meaning - this is his whole life.
Savely believes that all Russian men are heroes, they are patient and wise. The old man regrets that he lost his strength under the rods and sticks. The heroic prowess diverges in trifles, but it could change the whole of Rus', return liberty to the peasant, bring happiness.
