1. Most interesting place in the poem, these are chapters dedicated to five landowners.
2. The image of Manilov.
3. Image of the Box.
4. The image of Sobakevich.
5. The image of Nozdryov!
6. The image of Plushkin.
7. The role of the images of landowners in the novel.
The most interesting place in the poem by I. V. Gogol " Dead Souls”- these are chapters devoted to five landowners: Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdrev, Sobakevich and Plyushkin. It is easy to see that the chapters are arranged in a special sequence: from the least to the greatest degree of degradation of the characters.
The surname of the landowner Manilov is derived from the verb "beckon". The main features of this character are dreaminess, sentimentality and laziness. Gogol characterizes his hero as follows: "...a man is so-so, neither this nor that, neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan." Manilov's house is located on the Jura, which is blown by all the winds, which speaks of his frivolity and inability to think realistically. The landowner is very fond of indulging in his dreams in the gazebo, on which the inscription flaunts: "Temple of solitary reflection." This is the only discreet place for Manilov, where he can calmly fantasize about some completely unrealistic projects. But, as it seems to him, digging an underground passage from the house or building a stone bridge across the pond are quite normal ideas. Housekeeping is not part of Manilov. In his estate, everything goes awry, and the hero does not even care about this.
Gogol says that Manilov's hospitality and good looks are too cloying: "In the first minute of a conversation with him, you cannot but say:" What a pleasant a kind person!" The next ... you won’t say anything, but the third you’ll say: “The devil knows what it is!” - and move away! .. ". This is manifested not only in the manners of the landowner, but also in his relationship with his wife. They lisp all the time with each other, and this amuses the author a lot.
The image of this hero has become one of the key for literature. From him came the name of such a phenomenon as "Manilovism", which means the unnaturalness of a person.
Another no less striking character in the story is the landowner Korobochka. Her surname was chosen by Gogol not by chance. By nature, the landowner is immensely economical and superstitious. The box belongs to the type of women who can cry for a crop failure, but still always save themselves a pretty penny. Her chest of drawers, besides all the nonsense, is filled with bags of money. The box is very petty, she only cares about leading household She sees the meaning of life in him. Her entourage Gogol endows with "animal" surnames: Bobrov and Svinin, which once again emphasizes that the heroine is only passionate about her estate. The author highlights, among other "merits" of his character, his clubhead. Korobochka shows this quality in a situation where Chichikov is trying to negotiate with her about the sale of "dead souls". The heroine thinks that her interlocutor is going to dig out of the graves dead peasants. She is not in a hurry to sell her "wealth", but instead she tries to slip hemp and honey. Korobochka agrees to Chichikov's proposal only after he mentions the devil.
The next landowner visited by Chichikov was Sobakevich. His image was compiled by N.V. Gogol from everything big: big boots, cheesecakes “much larger than a plate”, “a turkey as tall as a calf”. Even the health of this character is heroic. Thanks to such descriptions, the author achieves comic effect. Parodying the great feats of heroes, Gogol thereby emphasizes the true essence of Sobakevich himself, whose main qualities can be called rudeness and clumsiness. All items in the house are as bulky and clumsy as their owner: a table, chairs, a wooden bureau - everything seems to be shouting: “And I, too, Sobakevich!”. In his opinion, everyone around is liars and the last scammers. He doesn't care at all human soul, interest for Sobakevich is only in money.
From the foregoing, we can conclude that Sobakevich is one of the most "dead souls" of the poem. There is nothing spiritual for him. Valuable for this hero are only money and things. He is only interested in "earthly" affairs.
Most bright character, in my opinion, is Nozdrev. This is the image of an inveterate reveler. The author is ironic about his character, speaking of him as a "historical" person. In relation to his hero, Gogol uses figurative sense this word. Nozdryov's "historicism" lies in the fact that he always gets into some kind of story: either he gets drunk in the buffet, or he lies mercilessly about the supposedly acquired horse. Like any rake, he loves women. But the most important feature of Nozdrev's character is a great desire to "spoil one's neighbor." Not once did he commit despicable deeds. For example, he told fictitious stories, disrupted a wedding, upset a trade deal, etc. But the most outstanding thing in his character is that after all his tricks he, without a twinge of conscience, continued to consider himself a comrade of the victim.
According to tradition, in the poem, the situation in the house of each landowner corresponds to the character of his owner. So the dwelling of Nozdryov is saturated with the spirit of excitement and boasting. According to Nozdrev himself, in his possessions there was once "a fish of such size that two people could hardly pull out a thing." The walls of his choir are haphazardly filled with paint, as the peasants whitewash them. His office is filled with weapons instead of books and papers. Nozdryov likes to change one thing for another, but not because of money or some other material interest, but simply because he is fascinated by this process. Since all kinds of tricks are main passion character, it is not difficult for him to cheat Chichikov, whom Nozdryov gets drunk and tries to deceive when playing checkers.
What else can be said about Nozdrev? His description will tell everything much better: “... he sometimes returned home with only one sideburn, and then quite thin. But his healthy and full cheeks were so well created and contained so much plant power that the sideburns soon grew again, even better than before.
And the final image in the gallery of Russian "dead souls" is a landowner named Plyushkin. As you know, in the poem all the surnames are speaking. Only "Plyushkin" is given in figurative meaning. It looks more like not a rich bun, but a completely dried-up cracker. The image of the landowner Plyushkin is very sloppy. Gogol mentions his double chin, which has to be constantly covered, as well as a greasy dressing gown, which causes nothing but disgust in the reader. The author gives his hero a very capacious definition: "a hole in humanity." This character is a symbol of decadent mood and decay of all living things. And again the house speaks for its owner: the bread in the pantries is rotting, the gates and the fence are covered with mold, and the roofs in the huts are completely leaky. Gogol adds short story about the fate of his hero, whose wife first died, and after that his daughter fled with the headquarters captain. These events became for Plushkin last moments real life. After that time for the hero stopped.
All images of N. V. Gogol are very bright and unique in their own way. But there is one the main idea that unites them. The author, showing illustrative examples of the degradation of mankind, urges readers not to become " dead soul", but always stay "alive".
IMAGES Dead Composition By creating In the image Image Gallery Attempt Image Listed Describing Limiting In the village So the world
LANDSHIKOV IN THE POEM N.V. GOGOL "DEAD SOULS"
souls ... This phrase can be written
without quotes - and then it will be
to mean not only dead peasants,
diligently bought up by Pavel Ivanovich
Chichikov, but also the necrosis of all the main
characters of the poem, proving the mortification
humanity.
"Dead Souls" (sequence of encounters
Chichikov with landowners) reflects
Gogol's ideas about possible degrees
human degradation. "In sequence
I have heroes one more vulgar than the other,
- the writer notes. Indeed, if
Manilov still retains some
attractiveness, then Plushkin, closing
gallery of landowners-feudal lords, already
openly called "a hole in humanity."
images of Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdrev,
Sobakevich, Plyushkin, Gogol resorts to
general methods of realistic typing -
village picture, master's house,
portrait of the owner, study, talk about
city officials and dead souls... In
where necessary,
the biography of the character appears before us.
Manilov depicted a type of idle
dreamer, "romantic slacker".
The landowner's economy is in full
decline. “The manor’s house stood alone on
yuru, that is, on a hill open to everyone
winds that blow at will...”
The housekeeper steals, “stupid and useless
cooking in the kitchen”, “empty in the pantry”, “unclean
and drunken servants.” In the meantime, a “gazebo” was erected
with a flat green dome, wooden
blue columns and the inscription: “Temple
solitary contemplation”... Manilov's dreams
absurd and ridiculous. “Sometimes ... he talked about
how nice it would be if suddenly from home
to lead an underground passage or through a pond
build a stone bridge...” Gogol
shows that Manilov is vulgar and stupid,
he has no real spiritual interests. "IN
there was always a book in his office,
bookmarked on the fourteenth
page, which he constantly read already
two years". vulgarity family life -
relationship with his wife, education of Alcides and
Themistoclus, feigned sweetness of speech
(“May day”, “name day of the heart”) -
confirms the insight of the portrait
character characteristics. “In the first
a minute of conversation with him you can not say:
“What a nice and kind person!” IN
next minute you will not say anything, but
in the third you will say: “The devil knows what it is!”
- and move away if you don't leave,
you will feel bored to death.” Gogol with
stunning artistic power
shows the deadness of Manilov,
the futility of his life. Beyond the external
attractiveness hides the spiritual
emptiness.
storage box boxes are already deprived of those “attractive”
traits that distinguish Manilov. And again
before us is a type - “one of those mothers,
small landowners who ... are gaining
a little bit of money in colorful bags,
placed in the drawers of chests of drawers. Interests
Boxes are entirely focused on
economy. "Strong-headed" and "club-headed"
Nastasya Petrovna is afraid to sell too cheap,
selling Chichikov dead souls. Curious
"silent scene" that occurs in this
chapter. We find similar scenes in almost
all chapters showing conclusion
Chichikov's transactions with another landowner. This
special artistic technique, peculiar
temporary stop of action: it
allows with a special convexity to show
spiritual emptiness of Pavel Ivanovich and his
interlocutors. At the end of the third chapter, Gogol
speaks about the typical image of the Box,
the insignificance of the difference between it and another
aristocratic lady.
dead souls continues in Nozdrev's poem. How
and other landowners, he internally did not
develops, does not change depending on
age. “Nozdryov at thirty-five was
exactly the same as it was
eighteen and twenty: a hunter for a walk.
The portrait of a dashing reveler is satirical and
sarcastic at the same time. "It was
medium height, very well built
well done with
full rosy cheeks... Health,
it seemed sosquirted
from his face." However, Chichikov notes that
one sideburn was smaller for Nozdryov and
as thick as another (the result of another
fights). Passion for lies and card game in
explains in many ways the fact that neither
meeting, where Nozdrev was present, did not
did without history. The life of a landowner
absolutely soulless. In the office "there was no
noticeable traces of what happens in the offices,
i.e. books or papers; hung only a saber
and two guns...”
Of course, Nozdryov's farm is in ruins.
Even lunch consists of dishes that
burnt or, on the contrary, not cooked.
Chichikov to buy dead souls from Nozdrev -
fatal mistake. Precisely Nozdrev
blabs a secret at the governor's ball.
Arrival in the city of Korobochka, who wished to know
“how much do dead souls walk”, confirms
the words of a dashing "talker".
Nozdryova is no less typical than the images
Manilova or Boxes. Gogol writes: “Nozdrev
will not be out of the world for a long time. He is everywhere
between us and maybe only walks in
another caftan; but thoughtlessly
people are impenetrable, and a person in another
caftan seems to them a different person.
the above typing techniques are used by Gogol
and for artistic comprehension of the image
Sobakevich. Description of the village and economy
landowner testifies to a certain
prosperity. “The yard was surrounded by strong and
an unreasonably thick wooden lattice.
The landowner seemed to be busy with
strength ... Village huts of men, too
were cut down marvelously ... everything was fitted
tightly
properly".
appearance of Sobakevich, Gogol resorts to
zoological assimilation - comparison
landowner with a bear. So-bakevich -
glutton. In his judgments about food, he
rises to a kind of “gastronomic”
pathos: “When I have pork - all
let's put the pig on the table, lamb - just
drag a ram, a goose - just a goose!” However,
Sobakevich, and in this he differs from
Plyushkin and most other landowners,
except perhaps the Box, inherent
some economic vein: does not ruin
own serfs, seeks
well-known order in the economy, profitable
sells dead souls to Chichikov, excellent
knows business and human qualities
their peasants.
the extent of human fall is captured
Gogol in the form of the richest landowner
provinces - more than a thousand serfs -
Plushkin. The biography of the character allows
trace the path from the “thrifty” host
to a half-mad curmudgeon. “But it was
the time he... was married and a family man, and
a neighbor came to dine with him ..., towards
two pretty daughters came out ..., ran out
son ... The owner himself appeared at the table in a frock coat ...
But the good mistress died; part of the keys, and
them small worries, passed to him. Plushkin
became more restless and, like all widowers,
more suspicious and meaner." soon family
completely disintegrated, and Plyushkin developed
unprecedented pettiness and suspicion,
“... he himself finally turned into some
a hole in humanity." So, by no means
social conditions led the landowner to
the last frontier of moral decline.
Tragedy is playing out before us
tragedy!) of loneliness, developing into
a nightmarish picture of lonely old age.
Plyushkina Chichikov notices “some
special decrepitude." Entering the house, Chichikov
sees a strange heap of furniture and
some street trash ... Plyushkin -
an insignificant slave of his own things. He
lives worse than "the last shepherd
Sobakevich". Countless riches
disappear in vain... Involuntarily attracts
attention and the beggarly appearance of Plyushkin ... It's sad
and Gogol's words sound warning: "And
to such insignificance, pettiness, disgust
a man could come down! could have changed!
anything can happen to a person.”
way, the landowners in “ Dead souls”
unite many common features: idleness,
vulgarity, spiritual emptiness. However, Gogol
would not be, as it seems to me, great
a writer, if he were limited only to "social"
explaining the causes of spiritual
failure of the characters. He,
indeed, creates “typical
characters in typical circumstances”,
but the "circumstances" may also be
conditions of inner mental life
person. I repeat that Plyushkin's fall is not
connected directly with his position as a landowner.
Can't the loss of a family break even
most strong man, representative
any class or class? In a word, realism
Gogol includes the deepest
psychologism. This is what makes the poem interesting.
to the modern reader.
dead souls are opposed in the poem by faith
into the “mysterious” Russian people, into its
inexhaustible moral potential. IN
at the end of the poem, an image of an endless
road and a troika rushing forward. IN
this indomitable movement is felt
the writer's confidence in the great
purpose of Russia, in the possibility
spiritual resurrection of mankind.
Show skill N.V. Gogol in the description of the characters of the landlords in the poem "Dead Souls".
Decor:
- Portraits of Chichikov and landowners.
- The text of the poem "Dead Souls".
- Presentation “Images of landowners in the poem by N.V. Gogol's Dead Souls. (Annex 1)
- Fragments of the video film "Dead Souls". (DVD series “Russian Classics”)
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Organizing moment (greeting).
The message of the topic of the lesson, goal setting.
II. introduction teachers.
In the poem Dead Souls, images of landlords, these “masters of life”, who are responsible for its economic and cultural state, for the fate of the people, are drawn close-up.
What are they, the masters of life? A plan is proposed to analyze the images of the landlords. slide 2
III. Analysis of the image of Manilov.
Which of the landowners does Chichikov visit first? slide 3
When does the first meeting between Chichikov and Manilov take place? View V ideofragment “Chichikov at Manilov”
Task: using the plan-reminder, tell about Manilov. Performance of the 1st group of students.
What detail in the description of the hero is predominant?
What is hidden behind Manilov's smile? How does the author characterize the hero? ?
A pleasant Manilov smile for everyone is a sign of deep indifference to everything around; such people are not capable of experiencing anger, sorrow, joy.
With the help of what details does Gogol give a comic coloring to the images of his characters?
An integral part of Gogol's portrait drawing are poses, clothes, movements, gestures, facial expressions. With their help, the writer enhances the comic coloring of the images, reveals the true essence of the hero. Manilov's gestures testify to mental impotence, the inability to comprehend what goes beyond the limits of his miserable little world.
What is distinguishing feature Manilov?
Home it psychological trait- the desire to please everyone and always.
Manilov is a calm observer of everything that happens; bribe-takers, thieves, embezzlers of public funds - all the most respectable people for him. Manilov is an indefinite person, there are no living human desires in him. This is a dead soul, a “so-so, neither this nor that” person.
Conclusion. slide 4
Instead of a real feeling, Manilov has a “pleasant smile”, sugary courtesy and a sensitive phrase; instead of thought - some kind of incoherent, stupid reflections, instead of activity - either empty dreams, or such results of "labor", as "hills of ash knocked out of a pipe, placed not without diligence in very beautiful rows."
IV. Analysis of the image of the Box.
Give a brief summary of Chapter 3.
What can you learn about main line character of the Box from a direct author's description?
Gogol does not hide the irony regarding her mental abilities: she thought, opened her mouth, looked almost with fear. “Well, the woman seems to be strong-browed!”
The essence of Korobochka's character is especially visible through the dialogic speech of the characters. The dialogue between Korobochka and Chichikov is a masterpiece of comedy art. This conversation can be called a dialogue of the deaf.
Watching the video fragment “Dialogue between Korobochka and Chichikov”
What character traits of Korobochka came to light in the bargaining scene?
She was not embarrassed by the trade in dead souls, she is ready to trade in the dead, only she is afraid to sell too cheap. It is characterized by tedious slowness and caution. She went to the city to find out how much "dead souls" are being sold these days.
What is the position of the peasants near Korobochka?
The village is a source of honey, bacon, hemp, which Korobochka sells. She also trades with peasants.
Draw a conclusion about the meaning of housekeeping Boxes .
It turns out that landlord thrift can have the same vile, inhuman meaning as mismanagement.
What made the Box like this?
Traditions in the conditions of patriarchal life suppressed Korobochka's personality, stopped her intellectual development at a very low level; all aspects of life not connected with hoarding remained inaccessible to her.
Task: using the plan-reminder, tell about the Box. Performance of the 2nd group of students
Conclusion : slide 6
The "Cudgel-Headed" Box is the embodiment of those traditions that have developed among provincial small landowners who are engaged in subsistence farming.
She is a representative of the outgoing, dying Russia, and there is no life in her, since she is turned not to the future, but to the past.
V. Analysis of Nozdryov's image.
Comprises separate fragments, which tells about the habits of the hero, episodes from his life, manners and behavior in society. Each of these sketches is a concise story that reveals one or another trait of his character: drunken revelry, a passion for changing everything, an addiction to playing cards, empty vulgar talk, sheer lies.
How is Nozdryov's desire to lie revealed?
Turkish daggers are shown in Nozdryov's office, one of which was carved: master Savely Sibiryakov.
What is the character's speech ?
Swearing speech: fetyuk, piggy, scoundrel, rubbish. And this reveals not only a personal, but also a social trait. He is sure that he is allowed to offend and deceive with impunity - after all, he is a landowner, a nobleman, the master of life.
What are life goals Nozdreva ?
Profit is not dear to Nozdryov: this tavern hero is in no way suitable for the role of an acquirer. He is possessed by a thirst for pleasures - those that are available to his dirty soul. And Nozdryov harms his neighbor with pleasure, without any malicious intentions, even good-naturedly, since his neighbor is only a means or source of pleasure for him. Pleasure denied or it did not take place: “fetyuk”, “scoundrel”, “rubbish”
Assignment: using the plan-memo, tell about Nozdryov Presentation of the 3rd group of students
Conclusion. Slide 8
In general, Nozdryov is an unpleasant person, since he completely lacks the concepts of honor, conscience, and human dignity.
Nozdryov's energy turned into a scandalous fuss, aimless and destructive.
VI. Analysis of Sobakevich's image.
What details-things does Gogol use when characterizing Sobakevich ?
Description of the manor house: “…a wooden house with a mezzanine was seen…”…In a word, everything he looked at was stubbornly, without shaking, in some kind of strong and clumsy order.
The Greek heroes in the pictures in his living room were sturdy, with thick sunbeds unheard of mustache.
Is there a difference in the characterization of Sobakevich in the 1st and 5th chapters?
In the 1st chapter, Sobakevich is characterized as a person "clumsy in appearance." This quality is emphasized and deepened in chapter 5: he is like “a medium size bear." The author persistently plays with the word “bear”: a bear-colored tailcoat, his name was Mikhail Semyonovich.
What strikes in the portrait of Sobakevich?
In the portrait, first of all, the complexion is striking: “..stone, hot, which happens on a copper penny”;
“It is known that there are many such persons in the world, over the decoration of which nature did not think long, did not use any small tools, such as files, a gimlet and other things, but simply chopped from the whole shoulder: she grabbed with an ax once - her nose came out, she had enough in the other - her lips came out, she poked her eyes with a large drill ... "
“Chichikov glanced sideways at him once more as they passed into the dining room: a bear! Perfect bear!”
Why is Chichikov careful in his conversation with Sobakevich: he did not call the souls dead, but only non-existent?
Sobakevich immediately “felt” that the proposed deal was a scam. But he didn't even blink.
“Do you need dead souls? Sobakevich asked very simply, without the slightest surprise, as if they were talking about bread.
Assignment: using the memo plan, tell about SobakevichSpeech of the 4th group of students
Chichikov is right when he thinks that Sobakevich would have remained a kulak even in St. Petersburg, although he was brought up in fashion. Yes, it would have turned out even worse: “if he tried a little the tops of some science, he would let you know later, taking a more visible place. To all those who actually learned some kind of science.
Sobakevich, like Korobochka, is smart and practical in a businesslike way: they do not ruin the peasants, because it is unprofitable for them. They know that in this world everything is bought and sold.
VII. Analysis of the image of Plushkin.
The theme of moral decline, the spiritual death of the "masters of life" ends with a chapter dedicated to Plyushkin.
Plushkin - last portrait in the gallery of landlords. Before us is the complete collapse of the human in man.
How and why a hard-working owner turned into a “hole in humanity” ?
Why does the chapter on Plyushkin begin with a digression about youth?
Why Gogol details the story of Plyushkin's life ?
Gogol refers to the past of the hero, since the moral ugliness is the same as that of other landlords: soul ownership, which gives rise to soullessness, loss of ideas about the meaning of life, about moral duty, about responsibility for everything that happens around. The tragedy of Plyushkin is that he lost touch with people. He sees in everyone, even in his own children and grandchildren, enemies who are ready to plunder good.
The image of Plyushkin is the embodiment of extreme dilapidation and moldiness, and in the description of objects associated with him, Gogol reflected these qualities.
Find in text artistic means, with the help of which the author reveals the essence of the image of Plyushkin .
Dilapidation on all the buildings, the log on the huts was dark and old, the roofs pierced through like a sieve, the fence was broken ...
Assignment: using the memo plan, tell about Plyushkin. Performance of the 5th group of students
Conclusion. slide 12
Mold, dust, rot, death just wafts from the Plyushkin estate. Other details also chill the heart: the old man did not give a penny to either his daughter or his son.
So, for what purpose is the image of Plyushkin displayed in the poem ?
Consistently, from hero to hero, Gogol exposes the worthless life of the landowners.
The images of the landlords are given in proportion to their spiritual impoverishment and moral decline.
It is shown how the decay gradually took place human personality.
Once Plyushkin was only a thrifty owner. The thirst for enrichment turned him into a miser, isolated him from society.
In his image, one of the varieties of spiritual death is revealed. Plyushkin's image is typical.
Gogol exclaimed bitterly: “And a person could descend to such insignificance, pettiness, vileness! Could have changed! And does it look like it's true? Everything looks like the truth, everything can happen to a person.
VIII. Similarities between Chichikov and the landowners.
The landowner, his distinguishing feature |
How does this trait manifest itself in Chichikov |
| Manilov - sweetness, cloying, uncertainty | All residents of the city recognized Chichikov as a pleasant man in every way. |
| Box - petty stinginess | Everything in the box is laid out with the same diligent pedantry as in Nastasya Petrovna's chest of drawers. |
| Nozdryov - narcissism | Desire and ability to please everyone |
| Sobakevich - rude stinginess and cynicism | No “…no straightforwardness, no sincerity! Perfect Sobakevich” |
| Plushkin - collecting unnecessary things and storing them carefully | During the inspection of the city, he tore off the poster, read it, folded it and put it in a chest |
The character of Chichikov is multifaceted, the hero turns out to be a mirror of the landowner he meets, because he has the same qualities that form the basis of the characters of the landowners.
IX. Crossword . Slides 15 to 24
X. Summing up.
XI. Homework.
1. Fill in the table according to the plan:
- a brief description of landowner;
- description of the estate of the landowner;
- description of a joint meal;
- how the landowners react to Chichikov's proposal;
- further actions landowners.
2. Write an essay - a miniature “Why did Chichikov visit the landowners in such a sequence?”
description of landowners in dead souls
- Images of landlords in Dead Souls
Poem N.V. Gogol Dead souls greatest work world literature. In the necrosis of the souls of the characters of the landlords, officials, Chichikov, the writer sees the tragic mortification of mankind, the dull movement of history in a vicious circle.
Plot of the Dead showers (the sequence of Chichikov's meetings with the landowners) reflects Gogol's ideas about the possible degrees of human degradation. My heroes follow one after another, one more vulgar than the other, the writer noted. In fact, if Manilov still retains some attractiveness in himself, then Plyushkin, who closes the gallery of feudal landowners, has already been openly called a hole in humanity.
Creating images of Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdrev, Sobakevich, Plyushkin, the writer resorts to general methods of realistic typification (image of a village, a manor house, a portrait of the owner, an office, talking about city officials and dead souls). If necessary, a biography of the character is also given.
The image of Manilov captures the type of idle, dreamer, romantic loafer. The landowner's economy is in complete decline. The manor's house stood at a juncture, that is, on a hill, open to all the winds, whatever it takes to blow ... The housekeeper steals, stupidly and uselessly prepares in the kitchen, the pantry is empty, the servants are unclean and drunkards. Meanwhile, an arbor has been erected with a flat green dome, wooden blue columns and the inscription: Temple of Solitary Reflection. Manilov's dreams are absurd and absurd. Sometimes ... he talked about how good it would be if suddenly to lead an underground passage from the house or build a stone bridge across the pond ... Gogol shows that Manilov is gone and empty, he has no real spiritual interests. In his study there was always some kind of book, bookmarked on the fourteenth page, which he had been constantly reading for two years. The vulgarity of family life (relationship with his wife, the upbringing of Alcides and Themistoclus), the sugary sweetness of speech (May day, name day of the heart) confirm insight portrait characteristics character. In the first minute of a conversation with him, you cannot but say: What a pleasant and kind person! In the next minute of the conversation you will not say anything, but in the third you will say: The devil knows what it is! and move away; if you do not move away, you will feel bored to death. Gogol, with amazing artistic power, shows the deadness of Manilov, the worthlessness of his life. Behind external attractiveness lies spiritual emptiness.
The image of Korobochka's accumulator is already deprived of those attractive features, which distinguish Manilov. And again we have before us the type of one of those mothers, small landowners who ... gradually pick up money in colorful bags placed in the drawers of chests of drawers. Korobochka's interests are entirely focused on the household. The strong-headed and cudgel-headed Nastasya Petrovna is afraid to sell cheap, selling dead souls to Chichikov. The silent scene that occurs in this chapter is curious. We find similar scenes in almost all chapters showing the conclusion of a deal between Chichikov and another landowner. This is a special artistic technique, a kind of temporary stoppage of the action, which makes it possible to show the spiritual emptiness of Pavel Ivanovich and his interlocutors with particular convexity. At the end of the third chapter, Gogol talks about the typical image of Korobochka, about the insignificant difference between her and another aristocratic lady. - LandownerAppearanceManorCharacteristicAttitude to Chichikov's request
Manilov The man is not yet old, his eyes are sweet as sugar. But this sugar was too much. In the first minute of a conversation with him you will say what a nice person, after a minute you will not say anything, and in the third minute you will think: The devil knows what it is! The master's house stands on a hill, open to all winds. The economy is in complete decline. The housekeeper steals, something is always missing in the house. The kitchen is preparing stupidly. Drunkard's servants. Against the backdrop of all this decline, the gazebo with the name Temple of Solitary Reflection looks strange. The Manilovs love to kiss, give each other cute trinkets (a toothpick in a case), but at the same time they absolutely do not care about the improvement of the house. About people like Manilov, Gogol says: A man is so-so, neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan. The man is empty and vulgar. For two years now, a book with a bookmark on page 14 has been in the office, which he constantly reads. Dreams are fruitless. Speech is cloying and sugary (name day of the heart) Surprised. He understands that this request is illegal, but he cannot refuse such a pleasant person. Agrees to give the peasants free. He does not even know how many souls he has died.
Korobochka An elderly woman, in a cap, with a flannel around her neck. A small house, the wallpaper in the house is old, the mirrors are old. Nothing is wasted on the farm, this is evidenced by the net on the fruit trees and the cap on the scarecrow. She taught everyone to order. The yard is full of birds, the garden is well maintained. Peasant huts, although built scattered, show the contentment of the inhabitants, they are properly maintained. Korobochka knows everything about her peasants, keeps no notes, and remembers the names of the dead by heart. Economical and practical, knows the price of a penny. Cudgel-headed, stupid, stingy. This is the image of a landowner-accumulator. He wonders why Chichikov is doing this. Afraid to sell cheap. Knows exactly how many peasants died (18 souls). He looks at dead souls in the same way as he looks at bacon or hemp: suddenly they will come in handy in the household.
NostrvFresh, like blood with milk, full of health. Medium height, well built. At thirty-five, he looks the same as at eighteen. A stable with two horses. The kennel is in excellent condition, where Nozdrv feels like the father of a family. There are no usual things in the office: books, papers. And hanging a saber, two guns, a hurdy-gurdy, pipes, daggers. The lands are unkempt. The economy went on by itself, since the main concern of the hero was hunting and fairs were not up to the economy. The repair in the house has not been completed, the stalls are empty, the hurdy-gurdy is out of order, the chaise is lost. The position of the serfs, from whom he draws everything he can, is deplorable. Gogol calls Nozdrva historical man, because not a single meeting at which Nozdriv appeared was without a story. Slyvt for good friend, but always ready to play tricks on his friend. Broken fellow, reckless reveler, card player, likes to lie, spends money thoughtlessly. Rudeness, impudent lies, recklessness are reflected in his fragmentary speech. When talking, he constantly jumps from one subject to another, uses abusive expressions: you are a pig for this, such rubbish. From him, a reckless reveler, it seemed the easiest way to get dead souls, and meanwhile he was the only one who left Chichikov with nothing.
Sobakevich Looks like a bear. Tailcoat bear color. The complexion is fecal, hot. Big village, awkward house. The stable, barn, kitchen are built of massive logs. The portraits that hang in the rooms depict heroes with thick thighs and unheard-of mustaches. A walnut bureau on four legs looks ridiculous. The economy of Sobakevich developed according to the principle of awkwardly tailored, but tightly sewn, solid, strong. And he does not ruin his peasants: his muzhiks live in huts that are wonderfully cut down
In the image of Manilov, Gogol begins the gallery of landowners. Before us there are typical characters. In each portrait created by Gogol, according to him, "the features of those who consider themselves better than others" are collected. Already in the description of the village and the estate of Manilov, the essence of his character is revealed. The house is located on a very unfavorable place open to all winds. The village makes a miserable impression, since Manilov does not take care of the household at all. Pretentiousness, sweetness are revealed not only in the portrait of Manilov, not only in his manners, but also in the fact that he calls the rickety arbor "the temple of solitary reflection", and gives the children the names of heroes Ancient Greece. The essence of Manilov's character is complete idleness. Lying on the couch, he indulges in dreams, fruitless and fantastic, which he will never be able to realize, since any work, any activity is alien to him. His peasants live in poverty, disorder reigns in the house, and he dreams of how good it would be to build a stone bridge across the pond or lead an underground passage from the house. He speaks favorably of all, all of whom are most preferable and most amiable. But not because he loves people and has an interest in them, but because he likes to live carefree and comfortable. About Manilov, the author says: "There is a kind of people known by the name: people are so-so, neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan, according to the proverb." Thus, the author makes it clear that the image of Manilov is typical for his time. It is from the combination of such qualities that the concept of "Manilovism" comes.
The next image in the gallery of landlords is the image of the Box. If Manilov is a wasteful landowner, whose inactivity leads to complete ruin, then Korobochka can be called a hoarder, since hoarding is her passion. She owns a subsistence economy and trades in everything that is available in it: lard, bird feathers, serfs. Everything in her house is arranged in the old fashioned way. She neatly stores her belongings and saves money by putting them in bags. Everything works for her. In the same chapter, the author great attention pays attention to Chichikov's behavior, focusing on the fact that Chichikov behaves with Korobochka in a simpler, more cheeky manner than with Manilov. This phenomenon is typical of Russian reality, and, proving this, the author gives lyrical digression about the transformation of Prometheus into a fly. The nature of the Box is especially clearly revealed in the scene of sale. She is very afraid of selling cheap and even makes an assumption, which she herself is afraid of: “what if the dead ones will come in handy for her on the farm?”, And again the author emphasizes the typicality of this image: “Another and respectable, and statesman, even a person, but in reality it turns out a perfect Box” . It turns out that Korobochka's stupidity, her "club-headedness" is not such a rare occurrence.
Next in the gallery of landowners - Nozdrev. A carouser, a gambler, a drunkard, a liar and a brawler - this is a brief description of Nozdryov. This is a man, as the author writes, who had a passion "to spoil his neighbor, and for no reason at all." Gogol claims that the Nozdryovs are typical of Russian society: "The Nozdryovs will not leave the world for a long time. They are everywhere between us..." Nozdryov's disorderly nature is also reflected in the interior of his rooms. Part of the house is being repaired, the furniture is arranged somehow, but the owner does not care much about all this. He shows the guests the stable, in which there are two mares, a stallion and a goat. Then he boasts of a wolf cub, whom he keeps at home for no reason. Dinner at Nozdryov's was poorly prepared, but alcohol was plentiful. An attempt to buy dead souls almost ends tragically for Chichikov. Together with the dead souls, Nozdryov wants to sell him a stallion or a hurdy-gurdy, and then offers to play checkers against the dead peasants. When Chichikov is outraged by the dishonest game, Nozdryov calls the servants to beat the intractable guest. Only the appearance of the police captain saves Chichikov.
The image of Sobakevich occupies a worthy place in the gallery of landowners. "A fist! Yes, and a beast to boot" - Chichikov gave him such a description. Sobakevich is undoubtedly a landowner-hoarder. His village is large and well-organized. All buildings, though clumsy, are strong to the extreme. Sobakevich himself reminded Chichikov of a medium-sized bear - big, clumsy. In the portrait of Sobakevich, there is no description of the eyes at all, which, as you know, are the mirror of the soul. Gogol wants to show that Sobakevich is so rude, uncouth, that in his body "there was no soul at all." Everything in Sobakevich's rooms is as clumsy and large as he is. The table, the armchair, the chairs, and even the thrush in the cage seemed to say: "And I, too, Sobakevich." Sobakevich takes Chichikov's request calmly, but demands 100 rubles for each dead soul, and even praises his goods like a merchant. Speaking about the typicality of such an image, Gogol emphasizes that people like Sobakevich are found everywhere - in the provinces and in the capital. After all, the point is not in appearance, but in the nature of a person: "no, whoever is a fist cannot straighten into a palm." Rough and uncouth Sobakevich is the lord over his peasants. And if such a person could rise higher and give him more power? How much trouble could he do! After all, he adheres to a strictly defined opinion about people: "A scammer sits on a scammer and drives a scammer."
Plyushkin is the last in the gallery of landowners. Gogol assigns this place to him, since Plyushkin is the result of the idle life of a person who lives off the labor of others. "This landowner has more than a thousand souls," but he looks like the last beggar. He became a parody of a person, and Chichikov does not even immediately understand who is standing in front of him - "a man or a woman." But there were times when Plyushkin was a thrifty, wealthy owner. But an insatiable passion for gain, for acquisition leads him to total collapse: he lost a real idea of \u200b\u200bobjects, stopped distinguishing the necessary from the unnecessary. He destroys grain, flour, cloth, but saves a piece of stale Easter cake, which his daughter brought a long time ago. On the example of Plyushkin, the author shows us the disintegration of the human personality. A pile of rubbish in the middle of the room symbolizes Plyushkin's life. This is what he has become, this is what the spiritual death of a person means.
Plyushkin considers the peasants to be thieves and swindlers, starving them. After all, the mind has long ceased to guide his actions. Even to the only close person, to his daughter, Plyushkin has no paternal affection.
So consistently, from hero to hero, Gogol reveals one of the most tragic sides Russian reality. He shows how under the influence of serfdom the human element perishes in man. "My heroes follow one after another, one more vulgar than the other." That is why it is fair to assume that, giving the title to his poem, the author had in mind not the souls of dead peasants, but the dead souls of landowners. Indeed, in each image one of the varieties of spiritual death is revealed. Each of the images is no exception, since their moral ugliness is formed social order, social environment. These images reflect signs of spiritual degeneration. local nobility and human vices.
