When we now use the expression "Balzac age", we constantly forget that we are talking about a woman in her thirties, not in her fifties This is how I always understood "Balzac's age", like Balzac's.))) And the word "nymphet" is also misunderstood, naming, for example, 15-year-olds and older.
klavir The other day I specifically checked that Smerdyakov is the brother of Karamazov, at the beginning of the book there is not a word When did I argue with this?
But there, by the way, you can guess.))) I guessed it myself, I remember.))) "At the fence, in
nettles and burdock, our company saw the sleeping Lizaveta. spree
the gentlemen stopped over her with laughter and began to joke with all possible
uncensored. It suddenly occurred to one barchenka completely
an eccentric question on an impossible topic: "is it possible, they say, although who
whatever it was, to consider such a beast for a woman, at least now, etc. ". All
with proud disgust decided that it was impossible. But Fedor happened in this bunch
Pavlovich, and he immediately jumped out and decided that he could be considered a woman, even
very much, and that there is even something of a special kind of piquant, etc., etc. ... with excessive gaiety, and finally everyone went away with their
Expensive. Subsequently, Fyodor Pavlovich swore an oath that then he, together
left with everyone; maybe that's exactly what happened, no one knows for sure and
never knew, but after five or six months everyone in town was talking to
sincere and extreme indignation that Lizaveta walks pregnant,
they asked and searched: whose sin, who is the offender? Here, suddenly
a strange rumor spread throughout the city that the offender is this very Fedor
Pavlovich .... rumor
She pointed directly at Fyodor Pavlovich and continued to point. ... Baptized and named Paul, and by patronymic
everyone themselves, without a decree, began to call him Fedorovich. Fyodor Pavlovich is not
contradicted nothing and even found it all amusing, although with all his might
continued to renounce everything."
1. The age of Juliet's mother, the researchers calculate in one phrase:
“As for me, when I was your age, I was your mother a long time ago.”
Shakespeare also mentions the age of Juliet:
"Well, on Peter's day by night And she will blow fourteen years old."
It turns out that Senora Capulet may be 28 years old, or even less. But why should this surprise us if we are witnessing the love story of a 14-year-old girl and a 16-year-old boy? Does anyone sincerely worry that they did not become a parent at 14?
2. The age of Marya Gavrilovna from the Snowstorm by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.
The only mention in the story about the age of the heroine:
“At the end of 1811, in an era memorable to us, the good Gavrila Gavrilovich R ** lived in his estate Nenaradovo. He was famous throughout the district for his hospitality and cordiality; the neighbors kept coming to him to eat, drink, play five kopecks in Boston with his wife, and some in order to look at their daughter, Marya Gavrilovna, a slender, pale and seventeen-year-old girl. She was considered a rich bride, and many predicted her for themselves or for their sons.
So many years she was at the time of the wedding, and the explanation with Burmin happened more than three years later. Therefore, she could not go to the 20th year.
3. Balzac age.
This expression became popular after the release of Honoré de Balzac's The Thirty-Year-Old Woman in 1834. And it is indisputable that balzac age“You can really consider the age of 30 years. Another thing is not clear, why does this expression have such a pejorative, at best derogatory-joking character? After all, Balzac does not describe at all an old woman who no longer knows where to put herself, but a woman in the prime of her beauty and strength.
4. Age of Ivan Susanin.
Thanks to the unknown network researchers who finally put an end to the age-old debate about Susanin's age. It’s only a pity that modern historians are not yet in the know and continue to call the time of Ivan Osipovich’s birth “the last third of the 16th century”, which, you see, gives a wide variation in age, given that Susanin died in the fall of 1612 or in the winter of 1613.
5. The age of the old pawnbroker.
This is a shameful lie! Yet at school they read Dostoevsky's novel!
“She was a tiny, dry old woman, about sixty years old, with sharp and angry eyes, with a small pointed nose and simple hair.”
Shame on you folks, shame on you.
6. Age of Anna Karenina.
Tolstoy does not mention the exact age of the heroine. Where does such an exact figure come from - 28 years? Nowhere. Just guesses.
"I'll start over: you married a man who is twenty years older than you."
I did not find any mention of the age of Alexei Aleksandrovich Karenin in the novel. But for some reason, the most common version on the network says that Karenin was 44 years old, and not 48 or 46 at all. And this already contradicts Anna's announced 28 years.
7. Age of Richelieu.
Yes, yes, not Richelieu, but Richelieu. The siege of La Rochelle lasted whole year from September 1627 to October 1628. At the time the siege began, Cardinal Richelieu was indeed 42 years old, but did anyone consider him an old man? Why should we be surprised at his age? I don't understand.
8. 30-year-old Karazmin and 16-year-old Pushkin.
Just a celebration of ignorance. Only it is not clear what: historical or mathematical. I guess both.
Now let's calculate: Pushkin turned 16 years old in 1815, respectively, Karamzin was then about 49 years old, and not thirty at all. Hey Pushkin! Three years before his birth, he saw Karamzin, and even left a note about it, pretending to be 16 years old.
9. And again about Karamzin.
Apparently, this refers to Yuri Nikolayevich Tynyanov, a writer and literary critic. He has a study of the unfinished novel "Pushkin", where you can actually find this quote. Only treat she not to physical age Karamzin, but to his mood and activities at that time.
“The main person was, of course, not the count. Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin was older than all those present. He was thirty-four, the age of fading.
The time to please has passed, But to be captivated without captivating, And to glow without inflaming, There is a bad trade.
There were no wrinkles yet, but a coldness appeared on his face, elongated, white. In spite of his jocularity, in spite of his fondness for tickles, as he called the young ones, it was evident that he had learned a great deal. The world was crumbling; everywhere in Russia - deformities, sometimes bitterer than French villainy. Fully dream of the happiness of mankind! His heart was broken beautiful woman whose friend he was. After traveling to Europe, he became colder towards friends. The "Letters of a Russian Traveler" became a law for educated speeches and hearts. The women wept over them. He was now publishing an almanac called female name"Aglaya", which women read to and which began to generate income. Everything is nothing but trinkets. But the barbaric censorship also constrained trifles. Emperor Paul did not live up to the expectations placed on him by all the friends of good. He was self-willed, angry, and surrounded himself not with philosophers, but with Gatchina corporals, who did not in the least understand elegance.
It's about a disappointed person, not an old one.
16-year-old Pushkin wrote about Karamzin: "An old man of about 30 entered the room." This could be attributed to youthful perception of age. My 15-year-old son told me at my 35: "Dad, when I'm as old as you, I won't need anything either." But here are the words of Y. Tynyanov: “Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin was older than all those present. He was thirty-four, the age of fading."
Today, they are quite seriously discussing whether adolescence ends only by the age of 30. Will anyone turn their tongues to say about the 42-year-old Mrs. N - the president of a bank that gave a loan at a good interest: "The old woman"? The external and internal boundaries of old age on the map of life have dramatically changed and continue to change.
Currently, one fifth of the population of the most developed regions is made up of people aged 60 years and older, and by 2050, according to forecasts, their proportion will increase to a third.
It not only becomes economic problem, but also seriously affects the age structure of employment, intergenerational relations, and the socio-cultural landscape. The use of the potential of old age attracts more and more attention of researchers, which goes far beyond just gerontology and geriatrics, as it was until recently.
Give a single definition of old age, derive some of it general formula essentially impossible.
Chronological old age. The ancient Greeks considered the age of old age from 43 to 63 years, in Ancient Rome- from 60 years old. According to the current criteria of the World Health Organization, this age is from 75 to 89 years. It is preceded by elderly age– from 60 to 74 years old. It is followed by the age of longevity.
Physiological old age - "The final period of life, characterized by a limitation of the adaptive capabilities of the body and morphological changes in various organs and systems." The word "man" in such definitions is not necessary - they are equally suitable for animals. Physiological aging is associated with the concept of old age as a disease that can be prevented and treated. Old and new ideas of slowing down aging and extending life up to 200–300 years go back to him.
Social old age - "the final period human life, the conditional boundary of which with a period of maturity is associated with the departure of a person from direct participation in the productive life of society. Its age limits vary widely depending on culture, time, social order, etc.
Psychological old age does not coincide with its other facets. “The tragedy is not that we are getting old, but that we remain young,” said Viktor Shklovsky. “It’s scary when you’re eighteen inside, when you admire beautiful music, poetry, painting, and it’s time for you, you haven’t done anything, but you’re just starting to live!” - Faina Ranevskaya echoes him and adds: “Old age is just disgusting. I believe that this is the ignorance of God when he allows you to live to old age. In the broad sense of the word, psychological old age is how the above-mentioned aspects manifest themselves in the behavior and experiences of a person. There are at least three aspects to this.
It’s scary when you’re eighteen inside, when you admire beautiful music, poetry, painting, and it’s time for you, you haven’t done anything, but you’re just starting to live!
Faina Ranevskaya
The first is related to age-related changes in the psyche - from minor to pathological - and goes far beyond the topic of this essay. The only thing I would like to note is that the contribution of the individual here is much greater than the actual age.
The second focuses on the psychological processing of everything that age brings with it, or, in other words, on adapting to old age, coping with it. Many authors have tried to typologize the psychology of old age. I will only mention the adaptation strategies identified by D. Bromley:
1. Constructive - the attitude towards old age is positive, it is experienced, I would say, like an Indian summer with a harvest festival. It is a strategy for a well-integrated, mature, self-reliant person to accept age and enjoy life despite its finiteness.
2. Dependent - a generally positive perception of old age, but with a tendency to expect others to help in providing life and mental support. Optimism is combined with impracticality.
3. Defensive - emphasized independence, the need to be in action, the desire to work as long as possible, regrets about past youth. Those who follow this strategy do not like to share problems, tend to stick to habits, etc., directly and indirectly insisting that they are “okay” and cope with life on their own. It even shows up in the family.
4. Hostile - old age, retirement are not accepted, the future is colored by the fear of helplessness, death. The tension is discharged through increased activity and at the same time distrust, suspicion, aggressiveness, blaming others for their failures, hostility towards young people, anger at the whole world.
5. Self-hating - the same fear of old age, but aggression is directed at oneself. These people devalue their supposedly wrong and poorly lived life, perceive themselves as victims of circumstances and fate, are passive, often depressive. There is no rebellion against old age, no envy of the young, death is seen as deliverance from suffering.
Although everyone associates with living people when they are introduced to these strategies, these are only strategies, types of adaptation, and not types of people in whose life different strategies can be combined and changed.
The third aspect is personal development. According to E. Erickson, in old age the conflict "integrity - hopelessness" is resolved. Its unfavorable resolution is despair because of a failed, unfinished life, irretrievably missed opportunities; favorable - wisdom, calm preparation for leaving (5th vs. 1st strategy according to D. Bromley).
Youth, taking into account how the resolution of earlier developmental conflicts met with life, resolved the conflict of intimacy and loneliness: the ability to share one's life with another without fear of losing oneself and going into loneliness, in essence, the ability and inability to love.
Maturity - resolving the conflict "productivity - stagnation": a sense of belonging, caring for others vs. self-absorption. The course of resolving the conflict of old age is seriously affected by the resolution of conflicts of previous stages of development. But she is capable of such breakthroughs in personal development which not every youth can do.
Numbers are numbers, but where is the threshold, crossing which, a person can tell himself that he is entering it?
In the language of essentia, speaking, where physical aging reaches a certain critical mass and meets with a critical narrowing of the field of employment and social demand. In today's Western (information technology) societies, retirement by age is considered the social threshold for old age, but someone leaves for it at the decreed age, and someone does not leave at all.
In the language of existentia, old age is when a person feels old and builds his behavior and life based on this feeling. This in itself does not determine the quality of the experience of old age: it is formed in its meeting with the individual experience of life, the changing place of old age in social systems, socio- and ethno-cultural portraits of old age and stereotypes of attitudes towards it among the generation of children, etc. But one way or another, in old age, the main facts of existence converge and are presented in a condensed form - “the inevitability of death for each of us and those we love; freedom to make our life the way we want; our existential loneliness and, finally, the absence of any unconditional and self-evident meaning of life” (I. Yalom).
About 10-12 years ago, I had to advise a person who applied about a relationship with his friend: “I am torn between the desire to help him, that I understand! - not in my abilities, and resentment. His friend is a talented scientist from those who are respectfully called self-made-man, who made his way in life and science with his own forehead, direct, demanding and categorical, a kind of romantic of uncompromisingness, by no means devoid of one-sidedness and fraught with conflicts. At first, this helps him and brings him to a fairly high official level, where his habituality increasingly conflicts with the flexibility required at his post in administrative and human relations, leading him to conflicts and periodic depressions with a pronounced psychosomatic component. At 60, he is faced with a choice between the humiliating transition under the supervision of one of his subordinates and retirement, feels cornered, chooses the second and sinks into depression, locking himself into vicious circle with now really medical problems.
Everything that he previously wanted to do and write, but did not have time to do, now, when there is time for this, remains undone and unwritten. He expressed his attitude in a letter to my client, with whom he had been associated for more than forty years: “... since I have been silent, I have been offended and annoyed by everyone and everything. It has become my worldview, I don’t share it with anyone, I just explode from time to time. I hate people, everyone is an enemy. With regard to you, anger exploded in me, you are so subtle and humane, but ... ”- a tirade breaking relations in the spirit of M. Zoshchenko's stories followed. It was clear that this was a kind of call for help, the possibilities of the client's response to which we discussed. Further fate These people and their relationship are unknown to me, but the phrase of my client: “He is so afraid of death that he himself lies in the grave during his lifetime,” remained in my memory.
No less bright is the perception of old age by Mikhail Prishvin: “There is some kind of happiness - to live to old age and do not bow, even when the back is bent, before anyone, before anything, do not deviate and strive upward, increasing the annual circles in your wood. And in another place: “I now rely not on the number of years, but on the quality of my days. Cherish every day of your life." In his last autumn (in the 81st year), he gives a brilliant metaphor for his perception of old age: “Autumn in the village is so good that you feel how quickly and terribly life passes by, but you yourself are sitting somewhere on a stump, facing the dawn , and you lose nothing - everything remains with you.
Since old age is already given to us, it is our freedom to suffer from it or enjoy it.
Here is a run around the Internet:
Marya Gavrilovna from Pushkin's Snowstorm was no longer young: "She was in her 20s."
Juliet's mother at the time of the events described in the play was 28 years old.
<<Бальзаковский возраст>> - 30 years.
Ivan Susanin at the time of the feat was 32 years old (he had
marriageable 16-year-old daughter).
Old woman pawnbroker from Dostoevsky's novel<<Преступление и наказание>>
was 42 years old.
Anna Karenina at the time of death was 28 years old, Vronsky - 23 years old,
Anna Karenina's old husband is 48 years old (at the beginning of those described in the novel
events for all are 2 years less).
To the old Cardinal Richelieu at the time described in<<Трех мушкетерах>>
the siege of the fortress of La Rochelle was 42 years old.
From the notes of 16-year-old Pushkin:<<В комнату вошел старик лет 30>> (this
was Karamzin).
He was thirty-four years old - the age of fading>>.
poem<<Руслан и Людмила>> Pushkin wrote at the age of 19.
The great mathematical discovery of the brilliant Evariste Galois was made at 19
years -<<группы Галуа>> (at the age of 20 he was killed in a duel over political
motives). Galois was the youngest of the greats and the greatest of
young.
According to the idea of the creator, who pulled the facts into such a bright bundle, the reader should be horrified by his fleeting life, realize how we do not value the years now, not like our ancestors.
I ran into this collection from Xenia, however, later I discovered that the bacillus had already spread across Tyrnet, penetrating into these your "Fcontacts" and "Odnoglazniki". Each repost is overgrown with a dozen comments of a "philosophical" nature, sighs, etc.
Actually, first of all, I was embarrassed by the old pawnbroker.
I read the novel and was immediately sure that it was messed up. The Babi age, of course, is short, and 42 years is not the first freshness, and not even the second. However, calling a woman at 42 "old woman", even in my cynical opinion, is somewhat premature.
To my considerable surprise, after reading the comments, I found that I was almost the first who thought of opening the source. Premonitions did not deceive me:
"The old woman stood in front of him silently and looked at him inquiringly. She was a tiny, dry old woman, sixty years old, with sharp and evil eyes, with a small, pointed nose and simple hair. Her blond, slightly graying hair was greasyly oiled. On her thin and long neck, resembling a chicken leg, some kind of flannel rag was draped, and on her shoulders, despite the heat, all the tattered and yellowed fur katsaveyka dangled. The old woman kept coughing and groaning. The young man must have looked at her with some peculiar look, because the same incredulity suddenly flashed in her eyes again.
“Raskolnikov, a student, was with you a month ago,” the young man hastened to mutter with a half bow, remembering that he should be more amiable.
"The old man Cardinal Richelieu at the time of the siege of the fortress of La Rochelle described in The Three Musketeers was 42 years old."
Dumas nowhere calls Richelieu an "old man". If only because in Three Musketeers"Richelieu ... much younger! We read:
"At the fireplace stood a man of medium height, proud, arrogant, with a broad forehead and a piercing look. His thin face was further lengthened by a pointed beard, over which a mustache curled. This man was scarcely more than thirty-six or thirty-seven years, but there was already a hint of gray in his hair and beard. Although he did not have a sword, he still looked like a military man, and the light dust on his boots indicated that he rode that day.
This man was Armand-Jean du Plessis, Cardinal de Richelieu..."
And further: "Ivan Susanin at the time of the feat was 32 years old (he had a 16-year-old daughter for marriage)."
This - the purest water fantasy. Susanin's personality is generally covered in the darkness of history; neither his age, nor his parents, nor social status(he was not just a peasant, but a headman or clerk). However, most researchers (google it yourself, okay?) agree that by the time of his death, Susanin's daughter, Antonida, was already married, Susanin had grandchildren. At 32? Hardly.
But - Juliet's mother was not 28 years old, but LESS:
Here in Verona ladies of esteem
Are made already mothers. By my count
I was your mother much upon these years
That you are now a maid.
What does it mean (translated by Ekaterina Savich):
Well, think about it. At the Verona nobility
In honor of early marriage. Me too, by the way.
I gave birth to you quite early -
I was younger than you are now.
A little earlier, the nanny says that Juliet is not yet 14. Note that we are talking about marriages among the nobility, and in those turbulent times, even kings, in order to strengthen their position, acquire more land or not lose what they already have, happened to betrothed descendants in the cradle. By the way, in Verona, "where events meet us," not everyone is enthusiastic about the fashion for early marriages. So, old Capulet, answers Paris:
I'll tell you what I said before!
She is a child. She's new to the world
And not yet fourteen years old.
If only two more years had flown by,
She would be ripe for marriage.
And when Paris, nevertheless, presses: "And they go down the aisle younger." - Capulet abruptly cuts him off: "But their children do not live long!"
Tynyanov: "Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin was older than all those present.
He was thirty-four years old - the age of fading>>.
Take a look at Tynyanov's story "Pushkin", where the author clearly makes it clear what kind of fading he means:
“The main person was, of course, not the count. Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin was older than all those gathered. He was thirty-four years old - the age of fading.
The time to like has passed
And to be captivated, not captivating,
And burn without burning
There is a bad trade.
There were no wrinkles yet, but on his face, elongated, white, a cold appeared on him.
Very well observed. At 34, indeed, you don’t throw yourself at every woman. At this age, a man begins to appreciate charm in a woman, class, if you like. And he understands that a lady with charm is a very rare phenomenon, and he simply does not need others. And the attraction is slowly fading...
"Anna Karenina was 28 years old at the time of her death, Vronsky was 23 years old"
Obviously, I should jump up in my chair from the joy of recognition and nod my head in understanding ... Has anyone read "Karenina"? Just in case, I remind you of the plot: A relatively young Moscow fifa, living on full male support, having saved her only child for a good nanny, is exhausted by fitness, solariums, clubs and boutiques. In order to somehow dispel the deadly boredom, she starts an affair with a young, advanced cadet from the cultural capital. The cadet, in turn, is fed up with 17-year-old fools who hang in clusters on him at discos and who, as if imperceptibly, are slipped to him by familiar mothers. The cadet wants something with pepper and salt, even a used one. Boom! Everything spun for them and led to the inevitable ending: he is a scoundrel, he needed only one thing, for her life has lost its meaning and she dies, swallowing pills, throwing herself under a train ...
Where is the sensation? Yes, of course - when we, 17-18-year-old jerks, were forced to read this, Karenina and Vronsky seemed to us terribly grown-up and serious uncle and aunt. But now - don't we really understand that there are up to a hundred such stories in Moscow and the region a month?
In no way do I intend to diminish the importance of Anna Karenina for Russian literature. There is nerve and character in the actions of Tolstoy's heroes, but what they don't have is a cheap sensation.
Well, for dessert - quite light: Pushkin wrote, Galois discovered. Yes, I wrote. Yep, opened it. There are more bright examples: Mozart at the age of 10 was making money with concerts, like your Lady Gaga. This, by the way, is about "the youngest of the greats and the greatest of the young."
Need to understand simple thing A: These guys are geniuses. They have their own age, they live in a different nature. Are you worried that at the age of 19 you have not done anything "for centuries"? Remember that few bright stars shone until the age of 40. That is, if you think that by the age of 20 you should go down in history - get ready to leave life after 30 and lie down in a cozy coffin. Ready? Something...
What follows from this? Should live. 19t you or 69t. At all times, age was perceived in the same way: always 20-year-olds were still boys, and 60-year-olds were old people. So it will continue to be.
