Fadeev young guard about what. Historical and artistic analysis of the novel by A.A.

One of the mythologized pages of the history of the USSR, which, unfortunately, is perceived by many now, but which has always been true. In mid-February 1943, after the liberation of Donetsk Krasnodon Soviet troops, several dozen corpses of teenagers tortured by the Nazis, who during the period of occupation were in the underground organization "Young Guard" were extracted from the pit of mine N5 located near the city ...
At the abandoned mine, most of the members of the underground Komsomol organization Young Guard, which fought against the Nazis in the small Ukrainian town of Krasnodon, died in 1942. It turned out to be the first underground youth organization about which it was possible to collect quite detailed information. The Young Guards were then called heroes (they were heroes), who gave their lives for their homeland. Just over twenty years ago, everyone knew about the Young Guard.
The novel of the same name by Alexander Fadeev was studied in schools; at the screening of Sergei Gerasimov's film, people could not hold back their tears; motor ships, streets, hundreds of educational institutions and pioneer groups. What were they like, these young men and women who called themselves Young Guardsmen?
The Krasnodon Komsomol youth underground included seventy-one people: forty-seven boys and twenty-four girls. The youngest was fourteen, and fifty-five of them never turned nineteen. The most ordinary, no different from the same boys and girls of our country, the guys were friends and quarreled, studied and fell in love, ran to dances and chased pigeons. They were in school circles, sports sections, played the strings musical instruments, wrote poetry, many drew well.
They studied in different ways - someone was an excellent student, and someone with difficulty overcame the granite of science. There were also a lot of tomboys. dreamed of the future adult life. They wanted to become pilots, engineers, lawyers, someone was going to enter theater school, and someone - in a pedagogical institute.

The “Young Guard” was as multinational as the population of these southern regions of the USSR. Russians, Ukrainians (there were Cossacks among them), Armenians, Belarusians, Jews, Azerbaijanis and Moldavians, ready to help each other at any moment, fought against the Nazis.
The Germans occupied Krasnodon on July 20, 1942. And almost immediately the first leaflets appeared in the city, new bath, already ready for the German barracks. It was Seryozhka Tyulenin who began to act. One.
On August 12, 1942, he turned seventeen. Sergey wrote leaflets on pieces of old newspapers, and the policemen often found them in their pockets. He began to collect weapons, not even doubting that they would definitely come in handy. And he was the first to attract a group of guys ready to fight. It initially consisted of eight people. However, by the first days of September, several groups were already operating in Krasnodon, not connected with one another - in total there were 25 people in them.
The birthday of the underground Komsomol organization “Young Guard” was September 30: then the plan for creating a detachment was adopted, specific actions for underground work were outlined, and a headquarters was created. It included Ivan Zemnukhov - chief of staff, Vasily Levashov - commander of the central group, Georgy Arutyunyants and Sergey Tyulenin - members of the headquarters.
Viktor Tretyakevich was elected commissar. The guys unanimously supported Tyulenin's proposal to name the detachment "Young Guard". And in early October, all the scattered underground groups were united into one organization. Later, Uliana Gromova, Lyubov Shevtsova, Oleg Koshevoy and Ivan Turkenich joined the headquarters.
Now you can often hear that the Young Guards did nothing special. Well, they put up leaflets, collected weapons, burned and contaminated the grain intended for the invaders. Well hung out a few flags on the day of the 25th anniversary October revolution, burned the Labor Exchange, rescued several dozen prisoners of war. Other underground organizations have existed longer and done more!

And do these unfortunate critics understand that everything, literally everything, these boys and girls committed on the verge of life and death. Is it easy to walk down the street, when warnings are pasted on almost every house and fence, that for failure to hand over weapons - execution. And at the bottom of the bag, under the potatoes, there are two grenades, and you need to independent view go past several dozen policemen, and everyone can stop ... By the beginning of December, the Young Guards already had 15 machine guns, 80 rifles, 300 grenades, about 15 thousand rounds of ammunition, 10 pistols, 65 kilograms of explosives and several hundred meters of Fickford cord.
Isn't it scary to sneak past the German patrol at night, knowing that for appearing on the street after six in the evening there is a threat of execution? But most of the work was done at night. At night, they burned the German Labor Exchange - and two and a half thousand Krasnodon residents were delivered from German hard labor. On the night of November 7, the Young Guards hung out red flags - and the next morning, when they saw them, people experienced great joy: “We are remembered, we are not forgotten by ours!” At night, prisoners of war were released, telephone wires were cut, German vehicles were attacked, a herd of cattle of 500 heads was recaptured from the Nazis and dispersed to the nearest farms and settlements.
Even leaflets were pasted mostly at night, although it happened that they had to do it during the day. At first, leaflets were written by hand, then they began to be printed in the same organized printing house. In total, the Young Guards issued about 30 separate leaflets with a total circulation of almost five thousand copies - from which Krasnodon residents learned the latest reports from the Sovinformburo.

In December, the first disagreements appeared at the headquarters, which later became the basis of the legend that still lives on and according to which Oleg Koshevoy is considered the commissar of the Young Guard.
What happened? Koshevoy began to insist that a detachment of 15-20 people be singled out from all the underground workers, capable of operating separately from the main detachment. It was in him that Koshevoy was supposed to become a commissar. The guys did not support this proposal. Nevertheless, Oleg, after another admission to the Komsomol of a youth group, took temporary Komsomol tickets from Vanya Zemnukhov, but did not give them, as always, to Viktor Tretyakevich, but issued them to the newly accepted ones himself, signing: “Commissar of the Molot partisan detachment Kashuk.”
On January 1, 1943, three young guards were arrested: Yevgeny Moshkov, Viktor Tretyakevich and Ivan Zemnukhov - the Nazis fell into the very heart of the organization. On the same day, the remaining members of the headquarters urgently gathered and decided: all the Young Guards should immediately leave the city, and the leaders should not spend the night at home that night. All underground workers were informed about the decision of the headquarters through messengers. One of them, who was in the group of the village of Pervomaika, Gennady Pocheptsov, having learned about the arrests, got cold feet and wrote a statement to the police about the existence of an underground organization.

The entire punitive apparatus was set in motion. Mass arrests began. But why didn't the majority of the Young Guards follow the order of the headquarters? After all, this first disobedience, and hence the violation of the oath, cost almost all of them their lives! Probably due to the lack of life experience.
At first, the guys did not realize that a catastrophe had happened and their leading trio could no longer get out of prison. Many could not decide for themselves: whether to leave the city, whether to help the arrested, or voluntarily share their fate. They did not understand that the headquarters had already considered all the options and took the only correct one into action. But most of them didn't do it. Almost everyone was afraid for their parents.
Only twelve young guards managed to escape in those days. But later, two of them - Sergei Tyulenin and Oleg Koshevoy - were nevertheless arrested. Four cells of the city police were packed to capacity. All the guys were terribly tortured. The office of the chief of police, Solikovsky, looked more like a slaughterhouse - it was so spattered with blood. In order not to hear the screams of the tortured in the yard, the monsters turned on the gramophone and turned it on at full volume.
Underground workers were hung by the neck to the window frame, simulating execution by hanging, and by the legs, to the ceiling hook. And they beat, beat, beat - with sticks and wire whips with nuts on the end. The girls were hung by braids, and the hair could not stand it, it broke off. The Young Guards were crushed by the door with fingers, shoe needles were driven under the nails, they were put on a hot stove, stars were cut out on the chest and back. Their bones were broken, their eyes were gouged out and burnt out, their arms and legs were cut off…

The executioners, having learned from Pocheptsov that Tretyakevich was one of the leaders of the Young Guard, decided at all costs to force him to speak, believing that then it would be easier to cope with the rest. He was tortured with extreme cruelty, he was mutilated beyond recognition. But Victor remained silent. Then a rumor was spread among the arrested and in the city: Tretyakevich had betrayed everyone. But Victor's comrades did not believe it.
On a cold winter night on January 15, 1943, the first group of Young Guardsmen, including Tretyakevich, was taken to the ruined mine for execution. When they were put on the edge of the pit, Victor grabbed the deputy chief of police by the neck and tried to drag him along with him to a depth of 50 meters. The frightened executioner turned pale with fear and almost did not resist, and only the gendarme arrived in time, hitting Tretyakevich on the head with a pistol, saved the policeman from death.
On January 16, the second group of underground workers was shot, on the 31st - the third. One of this group managed to escape from the place of execution. It was Anatoly Kovalev, who later went missing.
Four remained in prison. They were taken to the city of Rovenki in the Krasnodon region and shot on February 9 along with Oleg Koshev, who was there.

On February 14, Soviet troops entered Krasnodon. February 17 became a day of mourning, full of weeping and lamentations. From a deep, dark pit, the bodies of tortured young men and women were taken out with a bucket. It was difficult to recognize them; some of the children were identified by their parents only by their clothes.
On mass grave they put up a wooden obelisk with the names of the dead and with the words:
And drops of your hot blood,
Like sparks flare up in the darkness of life
And many brave hearts will be lit!
The name of Viktor Tretyakevich was not on the obelisk! And his mother, Anna Iosifovna, never took off her black dress again and tried to go to the grave later so as not to meet anyone there. She, of course, did not believe in her son's betrayal, just as most of her fellow countrymen did not, but the conclusions of the commission of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League under the leadership of Toritsin and the subsequently published wonderful novel by Fadeev had an impact on the minds and hearts of millions of people. It remains only to regret that in observance historical truth Fadeev's novel The Young Guard was not as remarkable.
The investigating authorities also accepted the version of Tretyakevich's betrayal, and even when the true traitor Pocheptsov, who was subsequently arrested, confessed to everything, the charge was not removed from Viktor. And since, according to party leaders, a traitor cannot be a commissar, Oleg Koshevoy was elevated to this rank, whose signature was on the December Komsomol tickets - “Commissar of the Molot partisan detachment Kashuk.”
After 16 years, they managed to arrest one of the most ferocious executioners who tortured the Young Guards, Vasily Podtynny. During the investigation, he stated: Tretyakevich was slandered, but he, despite severe torture and beatings, did not betray anyone.
So almost 17 years later, the truth triumphed. Decree of December 13, 1960, the Presidium Supreme Council The USSR rehabilitated Viktor Tretyakevich and awarded him the Order of the Patriotic War, I degree (posthumously). His name began to be included in all official documents, along with the names of other heroes of the Young Guard.

Anna Iosifovna, Victor's mother, who never took off her mourning black clothes, stood in front of the presidium of the solemn meeting in Voroshilovgrad when she was presented with her son's posthumous award.
The crowded hall, standing up, applauded her, but it seemed that what was happening no longer pleased her. Maybe because the mother always knew: her son - fair man... Anna Iosifovna turned to her comrade who awarded her with only one request: not to demonstrate the film “Young Guard” in the city these days.
So, the stigma of a traitor was removed from Viktor Tretyakevich, but he was never restored to the rank of commissar and the title of Hero Soviet Union, which was awarded to the rest of the dead members of the Young Guard headquarters, was not honored.
Finishing this short story about heroic and tragic days Krasnodontsev, I would like to say that the heroism and tragedy of the Young Guard are probably still far from being revealed. But this is our history, and we have no right to forget it.

Crimea, Feodosia, August 1940. Happy young girls. The most beautiful, with dark braids - Anya Sopova.
On January 31, 1943, after severe torture, Anya was thrown into the pit of mine No. 5. She was buried in a mass grave of heroes in the central square of the city of Krasnodon.
... now "Young Guard" is on television. I remember how we loved this picture as a child! They dreamed of being like the brave Krasnodontsy... vowed to avenge their deaths. What can I say, tragic and beautiful story The Young Guards were shocked then by the whole world, and not only by the immature children's minds.
The film became the leader of the box office in 1948, and the leading actors, unknown students of VGIK, immediately received the title of Laureate Stalin Prize- an exceptional case. "Woke up famous" - it's about them.
Ivanov, Mordyukova, Makarova, Gurzo, Shagalova - letters from all over the world came to them in bags.
Gerasimov, of course, took pity on the audience. Fadeev - readers.
What really happened that winter in Krasnodon, neither paper nor film could convey.

Uliana Gromova, 19 years old
".... a five-pointed star is carved on the back, right hand broken, broken ribs" (KGB archive at the Council of Ministers of the USSR).

Lida Androsova, 18 years old
"... extracted without an eye, ear, arm, with a rope around the neck, which strongly cut into the body. Baked blood is visible on the neck" (Museum "Young Guard", f. 1, d. 16).

Anya Sopova, 18 years old
"They beat her, hung her by her scythes ... They lifted Anya from the pit with one scythe - the other broke off."

Shura Bondareva, 20 years old
"... extracted without a head and right breast, the whole body is beaten, bruised, has a black color."

Lyuba Shevtsova, 18 years old (in the photo, first from the left in the second row)

Lyuba Shevtsova, 18 years old
On February 9, 1943, after a month of torture, she was shot in the Thundering Forest near the city, along with Oleg Koshev, S. Ostapenko, D. Ogurtsov and V. Subbotin.

Angelina Samoshina, 18 years old.
"Traces of torture were found on Angelina's body: her arms were twisted, her ears were cut off, a star was carved on her cheek" (RGASPI. F. M-1. Op. 53. D. 331)

Shura Dubrovina, 23 years old
“Two images stand before my eyes: a cheerful young Komsomol member Shura Dubrovina and a mutilated body raised from a mine. I saw her corpse only with a lower jaw. Her friend Maya Peglivanova lay in a coffin without eyes, without lips, with her arms twisted ... "

Maya Peglivanova, 17 years old
"Maya's corpse is disfigured: her breasts are cut off, her legs are broken. All outer clothing has been removed." (RGASPI. F. M-1. Op. 53. D. 331) In the coffin she lay without lips, with twisted arms.

Tonya Ivanikhina, 19 years old
"... extracted without eyes, the head is tied with a scarf and wire, the breasts are cut out."

Serezha Tyulenin, 17 years old
"On January 27, 1943, Sergei was arrested. Soon his father and mother were taken away, all his belongings were confiscated. In the police, Sergei was severely tortured in the presence of his mother, they confronted Viktor Lukyancheiko, a member of the Young Guard, but they did not recognize each other.
On January 31, Sergei was tortured in last time, and then he, half-dead, together with other comrades, was taken to the pit of mine No. 5 ... "

The funeral of Sergei Tyulenin

Nina Minaeva, 18 years old
"... My sister was recognized by woolen leggings - the only clothes that remained on her. Nina's hands were broken, one eye was knocked out, there were shapeless wounds on her chest, her whole body was in black stripes ..."

Tosya Eliseenko, 22 years old
"The corpse of Tosi was disfigured, torturing her, they put her on a red-hot stove."

Victor Tretyakevich, 18 years old
"... Among the latter, Viktor Tretyakevich was raised. His father, Iosif Kuzmich, in a thin patched coat, stood every day, clutching a pole, did not take his eyes off the pit. And when they recognized his son, - without a face, with a black with a blue back, with shattered arms, - he, as if knocked down, fell to the ground. No traces of bullets were found on Victor's body - which means they threw him alive ... "

Oleg Koshevoy, 16 years old
When arrests began in January 1943, he made an attempt to cross the front line. However, he is forced to return to the city. Near the railway station Kortushino was captured by the Nazis and sent first to the police, and then to the district office of the Gestapo in Rovenka. After terrible torture, together with L.G. Shevtsova, S.M. Ostapenko, D.U. Ogurtsov and V.F. Subbotin, on February 9, 1943, he was shot in the Thundering Forest near the city.

Boris Glavan, 22 years old
"From the pit, he was taken face to face with barbed wire connected with Yevgeny Shepelev, his hands were cut off. His face was mutilated, his stomach was ripped open."

Evgeny Shepelev, 19 years old
"...Eugene's hands were cut off, his stomach was pulled out, his head was smashed...." (RGASPI. F. M-1. Op. 53. D. 331)

Volodya Zhdanov, 17 years old
"Extracted with a lacerated wound in the left temporal region, the fingers are broken and twisted, there are bruises under the nails, two strips three centimeters wide, twenty-five centimeters long are cut on the back, the eyes are gouged out and the ears are cut off" (Museum "Young Guard", f. 1, d .36)

Klava Kovaleva, 17 years old
"... removed swollen, cut off the right breast, the soles of the feet were burned, cut off left hand, the head is tied with a handkerchief, traces of beatings are visible on the body. It was found ten meters from the trunk, between the trolleys, it was probably thrown alive" (Museum "Young Guard", f. 1, d. 10)

Evgeny Moshkov, 22 years old (pictured left)
"... Young Communist communist Yevgeny Moshkov, having chosen a good moment during interrogation, hit the policeman. Then the fascist beasts hung Moshkov by his legs and held him in that position until blood gushed from his nose and throat. They removed him and again they began to interrogate. But Moshkov only spat in the face of the executioner. The enraged investigator who tortured Moshkov hit him with a bang. Exhausted by torture, the communist hero fell, hitting the back of his head on the door frame and died. "

Volodya Osmukhin, 18 years old
“When I saw Vovochka, disfigured, almost completely without a head, without his left arm to the elbow, I thought I would go crazy. I didn’t believe that it was him. He was in one sock, and the other leg was completely bare. warm. No outer clothing. The hungry animals took off.
Head is broken. The back of the head fell out completely, only the face remained, on which only Volodya's teeth remained. Everything else is ruined. The lips are distorted, the nose is almost completely absent. My grandmother and I washed Vovochka, dressed her, decorated her with flowers. A wreath was nailed to the coffin. Let the road rest in peace."

Ulyana Gromova's parents

Uli's last letter

The funeral of the young guards, 1943

In 1993, a press conference was held in Lugansk by a special commission to study the history of the Young Guard. As Izvestiya wrote then (05/12/1993), after two years of work, the commission gave its assessment of the versions that had excited the public for almost half a century. The conclusions of the researchers were reduced to several fundamental points.
In July-August 1942, after the capture of the Luhansk region by the Nazis, many underground youth groups spontaneously arose in the mining Krasnodon and the surrounding villages. They, according to the memoirs of contemporaries, were called "Star", "Sickle", "Hammer", etc. However, there is no need to talk about any party leadership. In October 1942, Viktor Tretyakevich united them into the Young Guard.
It was he, and not Oleg Koshevoy, who, according to the findings of the commission, became the commissioner of the underground organization. There were almost twice as many members of the "Young Guard" as later recognized by the competent authorities. The guys fought like a partisan, risky, suffering heavy losses, and this, as was noted at a press conference, ultimately led to the failure of the organization.
“…. Blessed memory to these girls and boys… who were infinitely stronger… all of us, millions, combined.…”

Alexander Fadeev is wonderful Soviet writer, which we remember thanks to the novel "The Young Guard". Fadeev was not only a successful writer, but also an influential functionary - the head of the Writers' Union of the USSR and a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. But dizzying career was interrupted by a shot from a revolver on May 13, 1956 at a dacha in Peredelkino.

The official cause of suicide will be called alcoholism. Writer Lately increasingly spent in drinking bouts. True, close friends of Fadeev claimed that two weeks before the tragedy he was in the eyeballs.

During his life, Fadeev rose to the post of chairman of the Writers' Union of the USSR. For several years he nurtured the idea of ​​writing the novel The Young Guard. He not only wrote, but sincerely worried about the fate of each of his heroes. The total circulation of the novel was approaching 25 million books.

Two versions of "Young Guard"

The idea of ​​writing the novel came to Fadeev after reading a newspaper article that described the exploits of young underground workers in Krasnodon. He was struck by the information about the dead guys - the Young Guards, who were taken out of the mine (the Nazis threw them there still alive).

In the autumn of 1943, the writer decides to go to Krasnodon himself in order to personally collect all the facts about the organization. The material collected there formed the basis of the novel The Young Guard. The book was published in 1946 and was heavily criticized because the writer weakly showed the "leading and guiding" role of the Communist Party.

Fadeev was sharply criticized for the fact that in the novel he did not clearly display the "leading and guiding" role of the Communist Party. Serious ideological accusations were brought against the work in the Pravda newspaper. In 1951, Alexander Fadeev will present the final version of the novel, which Stalin himself approved.

However, in addition to the "leading role of the party", there were other inaccuracies in the novel "The Young Guard". For example, Oleg Koshevoy, who was actually an ordinary member of the organization, was named the commissioner of the organization. The reason for this was the fact that on his trip to Krasnodon the writer stayed with Koshevoy's mother, and she became one of the main sources in collecting material. The name of the real commissar became known after the death of Fadeev. In 1959, a special commission, created after the trial of V. Podtynny, who served in the Krasnodon police in 1942-1943, established that the commissar of the underground was Viktor Tretyakevich, who until that moment was generally considered a traitor.

Fatal XX Congress of the CPSU

The turning point in the career of the writer and functionary was the XX Congress of the CPSU, which was held in February 1956. At the congress, the personality cult of Stalin was condemned - a man who would be almost a god for Fadeev. Inherited from the delegates and the writer himself. Michael Sholokhov, author Quiet Don"came out with harsh criticism of his activities in the Writers' Union, accusing him of persecution and oppression of writers M. M. Zoshchenko, A. A. Akhmatova, A. P. Platonov, B. L. Pasternak, L. N. Gumilev, N.A. Zabolotsky.

In addition, Alexander Fadeev was one of the co-authors of the article "On an anti-patriotic group of theater critics" in the Pravda newspaper. After this article, the struggle against cosmopolitanism began. In 1949, he took part in the persecution of Boris Eikhenbaum, as well as other employees of the Leningrad University in the press.

After the open accusations of Sholokhov, Fadeev lost his membership in the Central Committee of the CPSU. It was the end of a career.

Many years later main character XX Congress Nikita Khrushchev will give his version of Fadeev's suicide: "Remaining a smart person and subtle soul, after Stalin was exposed, he could not forgive himself for his apostasy from the truth ... He outlived himself and, moreover, was afraid to meet face to face with those writers whom he helped Stalin drive into camps, and some later returned home ... »

Fadeev himself left a suicide letter with the following content: “I don’t see the opportunity to continue to live, since the art to which I gave my life has been ruined by the self-confidently ignorant leadership of the party and now can no longer be corrected.<…>My life, as a writer, loses all meaning, and with great joy, as a deliverance from this vile existence, where meanness, lies and slander fall upon you, I am leaving this life. last hope I even wanted to say this to the people who rule the state, but for the past 3 years, despite my requests, they can’t even accept me. I ask you to bury me next to my mother.”

Interestingly, the note was confiscated by intelligence officers and made public only in 1990.

The novel "Young Guard" tells about the feat of young people, Komsomol members who lived in Krasnodon.

It was a difficult year in 1942. The front was approaching the city of Krasnodon, so everyone was preparing to leave the city. Young girls said goodbye to the Donetsk steppe. The retreating units of the Red Army troops, transport moved across the steppe ... There was a complete evacuation. However, not everyone managed to cross the Donets River, since the German army appeared at the river. All who did not have time to cross, rushed back. Among those who returned were: Oleg Koshevoy, Ulyana Gromova, Ivan Zemnukhov ...

However, not everyone left Krasnodon. The staff of the hospital remained in it, in which there were wounded who could not walk. Lyutikov was the secretary of the underground district committee. He and his comrade in the underground, Shulga, settled in a safe house. Sergei Tyulenin joined them. He has already managed to become a hero by killing two Germans.

The Germans occupied the city during the day, and at night their headquarters was burned. And Sergei Tyulenin and his partner set fire to it with the help of a Molotov cocktail.

Returning home, Oleg Koshevoy meets Sergei Tyulenin. They quickly hit it off. At this time, it began to form underground organization under the control of Lutikov. Oleg Koshevoy, Sergey Tyulenin, Ulyana Gromova, Ivan Zemnukhov, Shulga and many other young brave guys will join this organization. This organization became known as the Young Guard.

During the next assignment, Stakhovich's duties included covering the group during the assignment. But he turned out to be a coward and fled to Krasnodon. Having met his classmate, Osmukhin, he lied that he was sent to the city to organize a partisan movement.

Mass arrests of Bolsheviks and servicemen who were in the city began in Krasnodon. Most were buried alive by the Germans, among them was Shulga.

Lyubov Shevtsova was a very attractive and talkative girl. With the help of this, she could easily make acquaintances with the Germans and receive necessary information for underground. So she practiced behind enemy lines.

All the Young Guards militantly worked. They freed the prisoners who worked on deforestation, glued leaflets, killed a policeman. They picked up weapons in the area of ​​hostilities on the Donets, and sometimes they stole them from the enemy.

Ulyana Gromova did her best to prevent the recruitment and sending of young people to Germany.

At the end of 1942, the battle of Stalingrad ended. On the evening before the New Year, December 30th, the guys robbed a car with gifts that were intended for the Germans. Most gifts were sold as the organization needed money. This became fatal mistake for the organization. They immediately took three: Moshkov, Zemnukhov and Stakhovich. Hearing about the arrests, Lyutikov ordered everyone who was closely acquainted with the arrested to leave the city and take refuge in the village. But many, among them Ulyana, having not found a reliable refuge for themselves due to their carelessness, remained or were forced to return home.

Under torture, Stakhovich calls out the names of the Young Guards. Mass arrests began. With the help of Stakhovich, the Germans go to Lyutikov. Oleg Koshevoy was the last to be arrested. During his arrest, a Komsomol card was found on him. During the interrogation, Oleg said that he was the very head of the Young Guard and only he was responsible for everything.

All those arrested were terribly and brutally tortured, but the guys did not give up. They endured with dignity, all that they had to go through.

The Germans carved a star on Ulyana Gromova's back. But it was not possible to break her spirit, she supported her guys to the end.

All detained underground workers were put to death: they were thrown into a mine shaft. Going to their execution, they sang revolutionary songs.

When the tank troops of the Red Army took Krasnodon, the Young Guards were buried only by a few who managed to escape.

This novel teaches how to love your Motherland. Be loyal to the last home country and never betray her.

You can use this text for reader's diary

Fadeev - Young Guard. Picture for the story

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Alexander Fadeev is a wonderful Soviet writer, who we remember thanks to the novel The Young Guard. Fadeev was not only a successful writer, but also an influential functionary - the head of the Writers' Union of the USSR and a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. But the dizzying career was interrupted by a shot from a revolver on May 13, 1956 at a dacha in Peredelkino.

The official cause of suicide will be called alcoholism. The writer of late has increasingly spent in drinking bouts. True, close friends of Fadeev claimed that two weeks before the tragedy he was in the eyeballs.

During his life, Fadeev rose to the post of chairman of the Writers' Union of the USSR. For several years he nurtured the idea of ​​writing the novel The Young Guard. He not only wrote, but sincerely worried about the fate of each of his heroes. The total circulation of the novel was approaching 25 million books.

Two versions of "Young Guard"

The idea of ​​writing the novel came to Fadeev after reading a newspaper article that described the exploits of young underground workers in Krasnodon. He was struck by the information about the dead guys - the Young Guards, who were taken out of the mine (the Nazis threw them there still alive).

In the autumn of 1943, the writer decides to go to Krasnodon himself in order to personally collect all the facts about the organization. The material collected there formed the basis of the novel The Young Guard. The book was published in 1946 and was heavily criticized because the writer weakly showed the "leading and guiding" role of the Communist Party.

Fadeev was sharply criticized for the fact that in the novel he did not clearly display the "leading and guiding" role of the Communist Party. Serious ideological accusations were brought against the work in the Pravda newspaper. In 1951, Alexander Fadeev will present the final version of the novel, which Stalin himself approved.

However, in addition to the "leading role of the party", there were other inaccuracies in the novel "Young Guard". For example, Oleg Koshevoy, who was actually an ordinary member of the organization, was named the commissioner of the organization. The reason for this was the fact that on his trip to Krasnodon the writer stayed with Koshevoy's mother, and she became one of the main sources in collecting material. The name of the real commissar became known after the death of Fadeev. In 1959, a special commission, created after the trial of V. Podtynny, who served in the Krasnodon police in 1942-1943, established that the commissar of the underground was Viktor Tretyakevich, who until that moment was generally considered a traitor.

Fatal XX Congress of the CPSU

The turning point in the career of the writer and functionary was the XX Congress of the CPSU, which was held in February 1956. The congress condemned the personality cult of Stalin, a man who for Fadeev would be almost a god. Inherited from the delegates and the writer himself. Michael Sholokhov, the author of The Quiet Flows the Don, spoke with harsh criticism of his activities in the Writers' Union, accusing him of persecution and oppression of writers M. M. Zoshchenko, A. A. Akhmatova, A. P. Platonov, B. L. Pasternak, L. N. Gumilev, N.A. Zabolotsky.

In addition, Alexander Fadeev was one of the co-authors of the article "On an anti-patriotic group of theater critics" in the Pravda newspaper. After this article, the struggle against cosmopolitanism began. In 1949, he took part in the persecution of Boris Eikhenbaum, as well as other employees of the Leningrad University in the press.

After the open accusations of Sholokhov, Fadeev lost his membership in the Central Committee of the CPSU. It was the end of a career.

Many years later, the protagonist of the XX Congress, Nikita Khrushchev, will give his version of Fadeev’s suicide: “Remaining a smart and subtle soul, he, after Stalin was exposed, ... could not forgive himself for his apostasy from the truth ... He outlived himself and, moreover, was afraid to meet face to face with those writers whom he helped Stalin drive into camps, and some later returned home ... "

Fadeev himself left a suicide letter with the following content: “I don’t see the opportunity to continue to live, since the art to which I gave my life has been ruined by the self-confidently ignorant leadership of the party and now can no longer be corrected.<…>My life, as a writer, loses all meaning, and with great joy, as a deliverance from this vile existence, where meanness, lies and slander fall upon you, I am leaving this life. The last hope was to at least say this to the people who rule the state, but for the past 3 years, despite my requests, they can’t even accept me. I ask you to bury me next to my mother.”

Interestingly, the note was confiscated by intelligence officers and made public only in 1990.

On the same topic:

Alexander Fadeev: what prompted the author of the novel "Young Guard" to commit suicide Did the "Young Guard" really exist?

Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev (1901-1956) - Russian Soviet writer and public figure was born in the village of Kimry (now a city in the Tver region). In 1908, the family moved to the South Ussuri Territory (now Primorsky), where Fadeev spent his childhood and youth. From 1912 to 1918, Fadeev studied at the Vladivostok Commercial School, but did not finish his studies, deciding to devote himself to revolutionary activities.

In 1919-1921 he took part in the fighting on Far East. In March 1921, Alexander Fadeev was seriously wounded during the assault on the rebellious Kronstadt. After treatment and demobilization, Fadeev remained in Moscow.

During the Great Patriotic War, Fadeev did a lot of work in the Writers' Union, often went to the front, was a correspondent for the Pravda newspaper, edited the Literature and Art newspaper, was the organizer of the October magazine and was a member of its editorial board.

In January 1942, the writer visited the Kalinin Front, collecting materials for reporting on the most dangerous sector. On January 14, 1942, Fadeev published in the Pravda newspaper an article entitled “Destroying Fiends and Creators”, where he described his impressions of what he saw in the war.

In mid-February 1943, after the liberation of Donetsk Krasnodon by Soviet troops, several dozen corpses of teenagers tortured by the Nazis, who during the occupation period were in the underground organization "Young Guard", were removed from the pit of mine No. 5 located near the city. In the summer of 1943, the writer was invited to the Central Committee of the Komsomol and shown documents about the underground Krasnodon organization "Young Guard". A few months later, Pravda published an article by Alexander Fadeev "Immortality", on the basis of which the novel "Young Guard" was written a little later.

Writers Mikhail Sholokhov (right) and Alexander Fadeev during the Great Patriotic War. 1942 Photo: RIA

Fadeev later he confessed to readers: “I very willingly took up the novel, which was facilitated by some autobiographical circumstances, I also began my own youth in the underground in 1918. Fate so happened that the first years of his youth passed in a mining environment. Then I had to study at the Mining Academy.” Acutely feeling the “connection of times”, Fadeev set to work with inspiration. Fadeev took the idea of ​​his book from the book by V. G. Lyaskovskiy and M. Kotov “Hearts of the Bold”, published in 1944. Immediately after the end of the Great Patriotic War, Fadeev sat down to write.

In 1946 a novel "Young guard" was released to great readership. Fadeev was awarded the Stalin Prize of the first degree.

The main idea of ​​the novel is the incompatibility of two social systems: the world of socialism and the new German order. The beginning of the "Young Guard" is symbolic.

A flock of girls on the bank (of the river, admiring, despite the peals of gun shots, the river lily, the sky, the Donetsk steppe, the memory of cloudless moments of childhood - all this merges into a single image of pre-war life, which seems beautiful and impossible due to the approach of fascist troops. With the advent of the Nazis, the world Soviet people remains, he only goes inside, now lives in the souls of people, in their memory. No wonder the mustachioed major says: "No, brother, you're being naughty! Life goes on and our kids think of you (fascism) like the plague or cholera. You came - and you will leave, and life takes its course - to study, to work. And he thought! the major scoffed. Our life is forever, but who is he? A pimple on a smooth place, - he picked it up, and it’s gone! ..».

Real events are recreated in the novel, the true surnames of the majority are preserved. actors- Communists, Young Guardsmen, their relatives, hostesses of safe houses (Marfa Kornienko, Krotov sisters), commander of the Voroshilovgrad partisan detachment Ivan Mikhailovich Yakovenko and others. The book contains poems by Oleg Koshevoy (in chapter 47) and Vanya Zemnukhov (in chapter 10), the text of the oath (in chapter 36) and leaflets of the Young Guards (in chapter 39).

In addition, there are many fictional (often collective) characters and scenes in the novel, for example, images of policeman Ignat Fomin, underground worker Matvey Shulga, Young Guard traitor Yevgeny Stakhovich, although to one degree or another they find their prototypes.

Tragic pages describe the arrest and death of the heroic youth of Krasnodon. The “Young Guards” were tracked down by the Nazi authorities, captured, imprisoned, and subjected to inhuman torture. But even when the tormented girls and boys were taken by trucks to mine number 5, where death awaited them, even then they found the strength to sing the Internationale. “They were taken out in small batches and thrown into the pit,” writes Fadeev.

He ended his book in an unusual way: with a list of the names of the dead. There were fifty-four of them. "My friend! My friend! .. I start the most mournful pages of the story and involuntarily remember you ... ”. These lines are taken by Fadeev from his own letter to a friend, written in his youth.

The Young Guard, if not the only one, then at least one of the best books about the generation of people who were born after civil war and grew in those years when the socialist system was only gaining strength. The Great Patriotic War found them on the threshold independent living, she seemed to want to experience what the moral and spiritual qualities acquired by this first socialist generation in the conditions of the new reality were worth.

But the image of this generation is interesting not only in itself. Seventeen-year-old young people are distinguished by special qualities. At this age, people for the first time really begin to think about the meaning of life, about the purpose of man on earth, about his place in the ranks of humanity. They are especially receptive to the ideas by which society lives. And if it falls to their lot to be participants in decisive changes in the life of the country, it is their participation in the process of renewal that most fully expresses the hopes of all mankind.

After the publication of The Young Guard, Fadeev was sharply criticized for the fact that the “leading and guiding” role of the Communist Party was not clearly expressed in the novel and received harsh criticism in the newspaper Pravda, an organ of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, in fact from Stalin himself. Fadeev explained: “I did not write a true history of the Young Guard, but a novel that not only allows, but even suggests fiction.”

Nevertheless, the writer took into account the wishes, and in 1951 the second edition of the novel "Young Guard" saw the light. In it, Fadeev, having seriously revised the book, paid more attention in the plot to the leadership of the underground organization by the CPSU (b). Fadeev joked bitterly at the time when he told his friends: “I am remaking the Young Guard to the old one ...”.

Based on the novel, a two-part film was shot, directed by Sergei Gerasimov in 1948 (in the first edition) based on the novel of the same name by Alexander Fadeev. Released in 1964 new edition movie.

And although there are more and more books about the Great Patriotic War, Fadeev's novel remains in service today, and he is undoubtedly destined for a long life.

· Even before the novel became the property of readers, the Young Guard Museum was created in Krasnodon. It appeared because Krasnodon became a place of pilgrimage for hundreds, and then thousands and millions of readers excited and shocked by the events that played out in it, because millions of people wanted to know about the heroes of the Komsomol underground all the details of their life, struggle, tragic death.

· A monument to the writer A. A. Fadeev was erected in Moscow (1973), created by the sculptor V. A. Fedorov according to the project of M. E. Konstantinov and V. N. Fursov). This is a whole sculptural composition: a writer with a book in his hand, surrounded by the heroes of his novels "Defeat" (two equestrian sculptures of civil war fighters Levinson and Metelitsa) and "Young Guard" (five Komsomol members of the underground).

Monument to the Young Guard in Moscow (fragment of the monument to A. A. Fadeev)

In the fundStavropol Regional Library for the Blind and Visually Impaired named after V. Mayakovsky there are booksAlexandra Fadeeva and about him , including in adapted formats:

Audiobooks on flash cards

Gorky, Maxim. Childhood. In people. My universities. Sobr. op. in 8 volumes. V.6, 7 [Electronic resource] / M. Gorky; read by S. Raskatova. The Young Guard: a novel / read by M. Ivanova; Defeat: a novel / A Fadeev; read by V. Sushkov. Chapaev: a novel / D. Furmanov; read by V. Gerasimov. - M.: Logosvos, 2014. - 1 fk., (82 hours 6 min)

Tynyanov, Yuri N. Pushkin [Electronic resource]: novel / Yu. N. Tynyanov; read by V. Gerasimov. Kyukhlya: a story / Yu. N. Tynyanov; read by S. Kokorin. Young Guard: a novel / A. A. Fadeev; read by V. Tikhonov. I came to give you freedom: a novel / V. M. Shukshin. Lubavins: a novel / V. M. Shukshin. Stories / V. M. Shukshin. Until the third roosters: a fairy tale story / V.M. Shukshin; read: M. Ulyanov, V. Gerasimov, I. Prudovsky, O. Tabakov. - Stavropol: Stavrop. edges. library for the blind and visually impaired. V. Mayakovsky, 2013. - 1 fc., (66 hours 42 minutes). - Zagl. from the disc label. - From the ed.: DB SKBSS.

Fadeev, A. A. Young Guard. Defeat. [Text]: novels / A. A. Fadeev. - M.: Children's literature, 1977. - 703 p. – (Library of World Literature for Children).