The year of the creation of the novel is a hero of our time. The history of the creation of the novel "A Hero of Our Time" - Document

The novel "A Hero of Our Time" is the only novel Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov, which was completed and published during his lifetime.

"A Hero of Our Time" is a novel about a Guards officer. The name of this officer was Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin. The author was inspired to write this novel by the work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".

The death of A. S. Pushkin caused a storm of emotions in Lermontov, so in 1837 he wrote a poem called “The Death of a Poet”. For such a daring poem, Mikhail Lermontov is arrested. He was exiled to the Caucasus.

Lermontov does not care about the continuation of writing the novel "A Hero of Our Time". On trips to different cities: Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Terek, the Black Sea, he understands that he is ready to take on the continuation of writing his novel. In these cities, he received a lot of invaluable experience for creativity. Lermontov already knows for sure what and how he will continue writing his famous novel in the future.

Lermontov wrote his lyric-psychological novel for almost three years, from 1837 to 1840. At that time, the sequence of chapters was completely different. The novel began with the chapter "Taman", and ended with the chapter "Maxim Maksimych". These works were supposed to look like an officer's notes, which are part of the whole story.

The Fatalist part was published in the same year as Bela. In which, a case of a struggle with a Cossack was described, but it was not an invention, it really was, but Mikhail Yuryevich himself participated in this struggle. And in 1840 "Taman" was published.

But in April 1840 it was published that the novel consists of several short stories. Novels that begin with the "Bela" part and end with the "Fatalist" part, which talks about tragic fate acting character- Grigory Alexandrovich Pechorin.

The history of writing such a great novel as A Hero of Our Time is not known. Many contemporaries still argue about who is the prototype of the main character in the novel. All critics disagree, naming many different names. Many even believed that the prototype of the main character Grigory Pechorin is the author himself.

Contemporaries guessed in the rest of the characters of the novel different people who are known in close secular circles. Each of the characters in the novel had its own prototype.

Mikhail Yurievich learned the story about Bel from the story of his distant relative A. Khastatov. Tatar Bela lived with him for some time.

And the story that was described in the chapter “Taman” happened to Mikhail Yuryevich himself during his stay in Taman. At that time, he stayed with the Cossack Tsaritsykha.

The prototype of Grushnitsky was not clear. Some critics were inclined to believe that this was the image of N.P. Kolyubakin, but others thought that this was N.S. Martynov, the murderer of Mikhail Lermontov. Because they both had a temper.

This novel is still considered a brilliant work, which clearly shows the life and culture of the century before last.

History of writing and prototypes of heroes

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"A Hero of Our Time" by M. Yu. Lermontov is, in fact, a socio-psychological picture that reveals an entire era. All this the writer skillfully managed to combine and conclude in the person of one hero - Pechorin, an extraordinary and tragic personality.

The events that Lermontov describes took place in the 30s years XIX century. The history of writing this novel can be divided into three main periods, which are clearly distinguished by literary critics.

The first period: the definition of the idea of ​​the novel, its structure and ideas.

Lermontov in 1836, while still a young poet, sought to stand out among other great poets and decided to write a grandiose work that could include all aspects of the life of his contemporaries. In addition, Mikhail Yuryevich saw the main character of his novel as a young nobleman, sharply different from other people and suffering from spiritual contradictions. Inspiration young writer drew from the works of A. S. Pushkin, in particular, from his "Eugene Onegin".

In 1837, the irreparable happened: A. S. Pushkin, the idol of the writer, a genius, the one he was guided by, died. This was a big blow for Lermontov. He wrote a poem - a response to the death of Pushkin, and was sent into exile in the Caucasus, where he continued to work on the idea of ​​his great novel.

The second period was the creation of the plot and characters.

Lermontov began his journey through the Caucasus: he visited Taman, visited the settlements of the highlanders. This determined the plot of his work. The writer already clearly imagined the image of the future protagonist - this is a young officer serving the Motherland, but in fact he does not see his vocation in this, and therefore suffers from his internal contradictions frustrated in life. To reveal the image of Pechorin, M. Yu. Lermontov invented a meek Circassian beauty who fell in love with the hero with all her heart, and a proud princess who first tried to play with Pechorin's feelings, and then fell in love with him.

The author was also able to determine that around acting heroes the novel will become highlanders, with their strange, but fair customs; people involved in smuggling and every day risking their reputation and life; representatives high society. Lermontov wanted the reader to be able to find in his work a hero who is equal in spirit, close and familiar.

The third period is the writing of the text, its publishing house.

Literary critics believe that M. Yu. Lermontov created the text in the period from 1838-1841. Until now, the sequence of writing the chapters of the work by the author is not known.

The first published chapter was "From the notes of an officer in the Caucasus" in 1839, later the chapter was called "Bela". V. Belinsky, who was famous critic of that time, said that the chapter was written in a completely new genre.

A little later, the chapter "The Fatalist" was published. Her contemporaries greeted her with rave reviews. Now researchers of Lermontov's biography claim that the writer himself witnessed these events and only wrote his memoirs, turning them into a chapter of the novel.

History of writing, prototypes of heroes

Some interesting essays

• Essay writing Labor of the soul Grade 7

  The work of the soul is an unusual concept in itself. How can the soul work? Although the poet said that the soul must work both day and night. (I don’t remember who exactly said, since we didn’t go through this program yet.)

In 1836, Lermontov conceived the idea of ​​writing a novel from Petersburg high society life. Following the example of Pushkin, who showed his contemporary - Eugene Onegin - against the backdrop of St. Petersburg life in the 1820s. , Lermontov wanted to portray his contemporary - the guards officer Pechorin against a wide background metropolitan life.
The year 1837 has come. For the poem "The Death of a Poet" Lermontov was arrested and exiled to the Caucasus. Work on the novel was interrupted. After the exile, he no longer wanted to return to the previous plan. In the Caucasus was conceived new novel.
Lermontov visited Pyatigorsk and Kislovodsk, in the Cossack villages on the Terek, traveled along the line of hostilities, and almost died in the town of Taman, on the Black Sea coast. It was wanted to be drowned by smugglers who suspected that the young officer had been sent to hunt them down. From the Black Sea coast Lermontov went to Georgia. On the way back, in Stavropol, he met and became friends with the exiled Decembrists. All this enriched him with many unusual, vivid impressions. Meeting new people inspired him to create living images of his contemporaries.
The novel was written by Lermontov from 1837 to 1840.
The order in which the stories were written is not precisely established. It is assumed that Taman was written earlier than others (in the autumn of 1837) (see the memoirs of P. S. Zhigmont), then Fatalist, Bela, Maxim Maksimych. "It is possible that "Taman" was written last, and "Fatalist" - after "Maxim Maksimych". The first works were conceived as separate fragments from the officer's notes. Then the idea arose of "a long chain of stories", not yet united into a novel, but already connected common heroes- Pechorin and Maxim Maksimych.
The first to be published was "Bela" in " Domestic notes" (1839, N 3) with the subtitle "From the notes of an officer about the Caucasus", which emphasized the connection of the novel with the romantic " Caucasian literature”, popular in the 1830s. Meanwhile, Lermontov's work was written in a fundamentally different artistic manner- contrary to the tradition of pictorial and rhetorical descriptions; stylistically, it was oriented to A. S. Pushkin's Journey to Arzrum. This feature of Bela was noted by V. G. Belinsky: “The simplicity and artlessness of this story are inexpressible, and every word in it is so in its place, so rich in meaning. These are the stories about the Caucasus, about the wild highlanders and the attitude of our troops towards them, we are ready to read, because such stories introduce the subject, and do not slander it. Reading the excellent story of Mr. Lermontov may also be useful to many as an antidote to reading Marlinsky.
The story "The Fatalist" was published in "Notes of the Fatherland" (1839, No. 11). There is no consensus regarding the plot source of the novel. According to Lermontov's biographer P. A. Viskovatov (1842-1905), "The Fatalist" is "written off from an incident that took place in the village of Chervlenaya with A. A. Khastatov", Lermontov's uncle: "At least the episode where Pechorin rushes into the hut drunk, furious Cossack happened to Khastatov. The historian and collector of Lermontov's manuscripts V. Kh. Khokhryakov pointed to the story of Lermontov's friend S. A. Raevsky that the Fatalist depicted a true incident, the participants of which were Lermontov himself and his friend A. A. Stolypin (Mongo). It was also suggested that Lermontov found the theme of the short story in Byron's memoirs, containing a story about an amazing incident that happened to the author's school friend: “... taking a pistol and not knowing whether it was loaded, he put it to his forehead and pulled the trigger, leaving chance to decide whether the shot would follow or not.

Hero of our time

"Hero of our time"(written in 1838-1840) - a novel by Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov. The novel was first published in St. Petersburg, in the printing house of Ilya Glazunov and Co., in 2 books. Circulation 1000 copies.

Structure of the novel

The novel consists of several parts, chronological order which is violated. Such an arrangement serves special artistic tasks: in particular, at first Pechorin is shown through the eyes of Maxim Maksimych, and only then we see him from the inside, according to entries from the diary

• Foreword
• PART ONE
  • I. Bela
  • II. Maksim Maksimych
• Pechorin's Journal
  • Foreword
  • I. Taman
• PART TWO ( End of Pechorin's journal)
  • II. Princess Mary
  • III. Fatalist

Chronological order of parts

1. Taman
2. Princess Mary
3. Fatalist
4. Maksim Maksimych
5. Preface to the magazine

Five years pass between the events of Bela and Pechorin's meeting with Maxim Maksimych in front of the narrator in Maxim Maksimych.

Also in some scientific publications Bela and Fatalist switch places.

Plot

"Bela"

It is a nested story: the narration is led by Maxim Maksimych, who tells his story to an unnamed officer who met him in the Caucasus. Pechorin, bored in the wilderness, begins his service by stealing someone else's horse and kidnapping the beloved daughter of the local prince, which causes a corresponding reaction from the highlanders. But Pechorin does not care about this. A careless act of a young officer is followed by a collapse of dramatic events: Azamat leaves the family forever, Bela and her father die at the hands of Kazbich.

"Maxim Maksimych"

This part is adjacent to "Bela", has no independent novelistic significance, but is entirely important for the composition of the novel. With Pechorin here the reader meets face to face for the only time. The meeting of old friends did not take place: it is rather a fleeting conversation with the desire of one of the interlocutors to finish it as soon as possible.

The story is built on the contrast of two opposite characters- Pechorin and Maxim Maksimych. The portrait is given through the eyes of the officer-narrator. In this chapter, an attempt is made to unravel the "inner" Pechorin through the external "talking" features.

"Taman"

The story does not tell about Pechorin's reflection, but shows him from an active, active side. Here Pechorin, unexpectedly for himself, becomes a witness, and later, to some extent, a participant in gang activity. Pechorin at first thinks that a person who has sailed from the other side is risking his life for something really valuable, but in fact he is just a smuggler. Pechorin is very disappointed by this. But still, leaving, he does not regret that he visited this place.

The main meaning in final words Pechorin: “And why did fate throw me into a peaceful circle honest smugglers ? Like a stone thrown into a smooth spring, I disturbed their calmness and, like a stone, I almost sank myself!”

"Princess Mary"

The story is written in the form of a diary. In terms of life material, “Princess Mary” is closest to the so-called “secular story” of the 1830s, but Lermontov filled it with a different meaning.
The story begins with the arrival of Pechorin in Pyatigorsk to the healing waters, where he meets Princess Ligovskaya and her daughter, called Mary in the English manner. In addition, here he meets his ex love Faith and friend Grushnitsky. Junker Grushnitsky, a poseur and secret careerist, acts as a contrasting character to Pechorin.

During his stay in Kislovodsk and Pyatigorsk, Pechorin falls in love with Princess Mary and quarrels with Grushnitsky. He kills Grushnitsky in a duel and refuses Princess Mary. On suspicion of a duel, he is again exiled, this time to a fortress. There he meets Maxim Maksimych.

"Fatalist"

The case takes place in the Cossack village, where Pechorin arrives. He sits at a party, the company plays cards. They soon get bored and start a conversation about predestination and fatalism, which some believe in, some do not. A dispute ensues between Vulich and Pechorin: Pechorin says that he sees obvious death on Vulich's face, as a result of the dispute, Vulich takes a gun and shoots himself, but a misfire occurs. Everyone goes home. Soon Pechorin learns about the death of Vulich, he was stabbed to death by a drunken Cossack. Then Pechorin decides to try his luck and catch the Cossack. He breaks into his house, the Cossack shoots, but by. Pechorin grabs the Cossack, comes to Maxim Maksimych and tells him everything.

Main actors

Pechorin

Pechorin is a Petersburger. A military man, both in his rank and in his soul. He comes to Pyatigorsk from the capital. His departure to the Caucasus is connected with "some adventures." He ends up in the fortress where the action of "Bela" takes place after a duel with Grushnitsky, at the age of 23. There he is in the rank of ensign. He was probably transferred from the guard to the army infantry or army dragoons.

The meeting with Maxim Maksimych takes place five years after the story with Bela, when Pechorin is already 28.

He is dying.

The surname Pechorin, derived from the name of the river Pechora, has a semantic affinity with Onegin's surname. Pechorin is a natural successor to Onegin, but Lermontov goes further: as r. Pechora north of the river. Onega, and the character of Pechorin is more individualistic than the character of Onegin.

The image of Pechorin

The image of Pechorin is one of the artistic discoveries of Lermontov. The Pechorin type is truly epochal, and above all because it received a concentrated expression of the features of the post-Decembrist era, when on the surface "only losses were visible, a cruel reaction", while inside "there was a great work... deaf and silent, but active and uninterrupted ... "(Herzen, VII, 209-11). Pechorin is an extraordinary and controversial personality. He can complain about the draft, and after a while, jump with a saber unsheathed at the enemy. The image of Pechorin in the chapter "Maxim Maksimych": “He was of medium height; his slender, thin frame and broad shoulders proved a strong constitution, capable of enduring all the difficulties of nomadic life and climate change, not defeated either by the depravity of metropolitan life or spiritual storms ... ".

Publication

The novel appeared in print in parts from 1838. The first complete edition was published in

• "Bela" was written in the city. The first publication was in "Notes of the Fatherland", March, vol. 2, No. 3.
• The Fatalist was first published in Otechestvennye Zapiski in 1839, vol. 6, no. 11.
• "Taman" was first published in "Notes of the Fatherland" in 1840, vol. 8, no. 2.
• "Maxim Maksimych" first appeared in print in the 1st separate edition of the novel in Moscow.
• "Princess Mary" first appeared in the 1st edition of the novel.
• The "Preface" was written in St. Petersburg in the spring of 2009 and first appeared in the second edition of the novel.

Illustrations

The book has been illustrated many times. famous artists, including M. A. Vrubel , I. E. Repin , E. E. Lansere , V. A. Serov .

Origins and predecessors

• Lermontov deliberately overcame adventurous romantic tradition novels on Caucasian theme, given by Bestuzhev-Marlinsky .
• Alfred de Musset's novel "Confessions of a Son of the Century" was published in 1836 and also tells about the "illness", meaning "the vices of the generation."
• Rousseau tradition and the development of the motive of European love for the "savage". For example, in Byron, as well as Pushkin's "Gypsies" and " Prisoner of the Caucasus».
• Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin", "Prisoner of the Caucasus", " Captain's daughter"and so on.

Related works by Lermontov

• "Caucasian"- an essay written by Lermontov a year after the end of the novel. Genre - physiological essay. The described officer is extremely reminiscent of Maxim Maksimych, the reader is presented with a typical life story of such a "Caucasian".

• The drama "Two Brothers", in which Alexander Radin, Pechorin's closest predecessor, appears.

Geography of the novel

The action of the novel takes place in the Caucasus. The main place is Pyatigorsk.

Caucasian peoples in the novel

Literary analysis

Screen adaptations

• "Princess Mary", ; "Bela",; "Maxim Maksimovich", . Director - V. Barsky. IN leading role- Nikolay Prozorovsky. Black and white, mute.
• "Princess Mary", . Director - I. Annensky.
• "Bela",; "Hero of our time ", . Director - S. Rostotsky. Starring Vladimir Ivashov (voiced by Vyacheslav Tikhonov).
• "Pechorin's Journal Pages", film-play. Director - Anatoly Efros. Starring Oleg Dal.
• "Hero of Our Time", series. Director - Alexander Kott. Starring Igor Petrenko.

Notes

Links

• A site dedicated to the novel by Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
• International Literary Club: Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
• "A Hero of Our Time" in the "Lermontov Encyclopedia"

Mikhail Yurjevich Lermontov
Prose	Ashik Kerib · Vadim · Hero of our time · Caucasian (feature) · Princess Ligovskaya · Panorama of Moscow · Stoss · I want to tell you
poems	Azrael · Angel of Death · Aul Bastunji · Fugitive · Boyar Orsha · Two slave girls · Daemon · Julio · Ismail Bay · Confession · Last son liberties · Prisoner of the Caucasus · callas · Corsair · Litvinka · mongo · Sailor · Mtsyri · Oleg · A song about Tsar Ivan Vasilievich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov · Criminal · Sasha · Fairy tale for children · Tambov Treasurer · Hadji Abrek · Circassians
Plays	Arbenin · Two brothers · Spaniards · Masquerade · A strange man · Gypsies (outline) · Menschen und Leidenschaften (people and passions)
Poems	Angel · Ballad (In the hut, sometimes later ...) · Ballad (Over the sea, a beautiful maiden ...) · Barteneva · Bashilov · Gratitude · Thank you · Shining, clouds run through ... · The battle · Borodino · Bukharin · To album · Valerik · Venice · Spring · Branch of Palestine · Evening after the rain · Take a look at this face... · Vision · Airship · Will · I go out alone on the road… · Silly beauty · Looking to the future with dread... · Countess Rostopchina · Hussar · Gifts of the Terek · Two giants · Treaty · Dodo · Thought · There are speeches - meaning ... · Desire · Cupid's Delusion · Forget your hopes again... · Will · Star (Above one ...) · Call hope a dream... · And boring and sad · From Goethe (Mountain peaks…) · From under the mysterious, cold · half masks... · Confession · Be with me, as you used to be ... · My friend, vain effort! .. · I will not humiliate myself before you... · When you are cold... · To the portrait · Cossack Lullaby · Like a spirit of despair and evil... · Dagger · Cemetery · When in the humility of ignorance ... · When the yellowing field worries ... · When a story is said to you ... · leaflet · Dead man's love · Martynova · The blizzard is noisy, and the snow is falling ... · my demon · Prayer (Don't blame me...) · Monologue · On secular chains ... · In the wild north stands alone ... · On silver spurs... · Hope · Naryshkina · The day will come - and condemned by the world ... · Do not laugh… · Often people scolded ... · No, I don't love you so passionately... · No, I'm not Byron, I'm different... · Beggar · Alone among human noise… · Loneliness · He was born to be happy... · She sings - and the sounds melt ... · They loved each other… · Fear · excerpt · From what · Sail · I have a piece of paper in front of me... · Dedication N.N. · Poet · Prediction · You are beautiful, fields ... · Prophet · Goodbye, unwashed Russia… · May I love someone... · Parting · remorse · We parted, but your portrait ... · To kid · motherland · Mermaid · Russian melody · Saburova · It's done! full of expectation... · September 28 · Silhouette · Blind man, inspired by suffering... · Can I hear your voice... · Boldly believe that forever ... ·

Impressions from life in 1837 on the Caucasian waters, from a trip to the Terek to the Cossack village of Shelkovskaya to visit A. A. Khastatov, from a trip along the Georgian Military Highway. V. G. Belinsky, who was treated in Pyatigorsk in 1837, was surprised when the novel came out, “of the incomprehensible fidelity with which even the smallest details are described by Mr. Lermontov” of the life of the resort society. There is evidence that Lermontov based Bela on an incident told to him by Khastatov, "who really lived with a Tatar woman of this name." There is an indication that in The Fatalist, Lermontov used another incident from the life of Khastatov, when he burst into the hut unarmed in the village of Chervlenaya, where a drunken Cossack locked himself with a pistol and a saber. Mentions in the memoirs that the incident described in "Taman" occurred in Taman with Lermontov himself is confirmed by the story of M. Zeidler. In 1838 Zeidler was sent to the Caucasus and stayed in Taman. Describing in his essay (“In the Caucasus in the 1830s”) the beauty of his neighbor and the appearance of the blind boy portrayed by Lermontov, Zeidler explains that he was destined to live in the same house where the poet lived, and the same blind boy and the mysterious Tatar served as the plot for his story. “I even remember,” Zeidler writes, “that when I, on my return, told my comrades about my passion for my neighbor, Lermontov drew with a pen on a piece of paper the rocky coast and the house I was talking about.”

In the guise of Dr. Werner, contemporaries found a portrait resemblance to N.V. Mayer, a physician at the headquarters of the Caucasian troops in Stavropol; he spent the summer months on the Waters. They also pointed to the similarity of Grushnitsky with officer N.P. Kolyubakin. The hero of the "Fatalist" Vulich has similarities with the horse guard I.V. Vuich. In the image of Princess Mary, contemporaries recognized not only one, but several secular girls who spent the summer of 1837 in Pyatigorsk - another proof that the characters of "A Hero of Our Time" contain not only portrait, but also typical features.

Lermontov. Princess Mary. Feature Film, 1955

Lermontov began writing the novel not before the second half of 1838; back in June, he complained to S. A. Raevsky: “I don’t write,” and reported that work on Princess Ligovskaya had dragged on and was unlikely to end. Obviously, the entry "I am in Tiflis ...", which is the original plot of "Taman", dates back to this time. But already in March 1839, “Bela (From the Notes of an Officer on the Caucasus)” was placed in “Notes of the Fatherland”, in November - “Fatalist”. “With particular pleasure, we take this opportunity to announce,” the editors wrote in a note, “that M. Yu. Lermontov will soon publish a collection of his stories, both printed and not printed. It will be a new, wonderful gift to Russian literature.” In February 1840, "Taman" appeared in the same magazine; at that time, work on the novel was already completed: on February 19, the censor allowed to print separate edition- "Hero of our time. Composition by M. Lermontov, part I and part II.