Grand lady of the Soviet era. Marietta Shahinyan

famous Armenian writer Soviet era Marietta Sergeyevna Shaginyan (Մարիետա Սերգեյի Շահինյան) was born on April 2, 1888. She made history Soviet literature as one of the first science fiction writers.

Shaginyan was born in Moscow, her father was an assistant professor at Moscow State University. As befits a girl from a good family in pre-revolutionary Russia, received home education, and then studied at a private boarding school and at the gymnasium. At 24, Marietta graduated from the Faculty of History and Philosophy of the Higher Women's Courses.

Around this time, Shaginyan, who is already making the first literary experiments, meets Zinaida Gippius and Dmitry Merezhkovsky, begins to rotate in bohemian circles. Then the future writer leaves for Germany for two years, where she studies philosophy at the University of Heidelberg. Returning to Russia, Shaginyan settled in Rostov-on-Don, taught art history at the local conservatory and worked as a correspondent for several regional newspapers.

Shaginyan accepted the October Revolution with enthusiasm. In 1920 she moved to Petrograd, where she continued to teach art history and engage in journalism. From 1922 to 1948 Shaginyan was special correspondent newspaper Pravda, and wrote for Izvestia. In 1927 she moved to Armenia for several years, and in 1931 returned to Moscow.

Contemporaries, in particular, the poet Vladislav Khodasevich, described Marietta as an extremely enthusiastic nature and constantly carried away by some new ideas or people.

In the 1930s, Shaginyan received another education - she graduated from the Planning Academy of the State Planning Commission, where she studied weaving, then worked in factories for some time. At the same time, she joined the Writers' Union and became a member of its board. She received her doctorate in 1941. philological sciences for a book about Taras Shevchenko. She spent the Great Patriotic War in the Urals, continuing to write for Pravda.

Shaginyan has been engaged in literary creativity since the age of 15, she began with poetry and even before the revolution she published two collections of poems and two stories. These books were very popular with the reading public. In total, during her career, the writer published more than 70 novels, novellas, short stories, essays and poetry collections.

In the 1920s, Shaginyan produced a successful series fantastic stories Mess Mend or Yankee in Petrograd, originally published under the pseudonym Jim Dollar. These books brought the writer great fame.

Because of some of the work, Shaginyan had trouble with the authorities. For example, the book The Ulyanov Family was banned and removed from libraries because it mentioned the Kalmyk roots of Vladimir Lenin. However, in general Soviet authority loved Marietta Shaginyan, as evidenced by the Lenin and Stalin Prizes and a set of labor orders. It is noteworthy that she received the Lenin Prize for the very "Ulyanov Family", which was later considered seditious. Stalin's Shaginyan was given for the book of essays "Journey through Soviet Armenia." For the book "Resurrection from the Dead" the writer received the Big gold medal Czechoslovak Republic.

Shaginyan was married to philologist and translator Yakov Khachatryants. The couple raised a daughter, Mirelle, who took her mother's surname.

Marietta Shaginyan died in 1982 and was buried at the Armenian Vagankovsky cemetery.

Big soviet encyclopedia: Shaginyan Marietta Sergeevna [b. 21.3(2.4).1888, Moscow], Russian Soviet writer, Hero of Socialist Labor (1976), Doctor of Philology (1946), Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR (1950). Member of the CPSU since 1942. Born in the family of an Armenian medical scientist. She graduated from the Faculty of History and Philosophy of the Higher Courses for Women Guerrier (1912). In 1906-19 she collaborated first in the Moscow press, then in the newspaper "Priazovsky Krai", "Caucasian Word", "Baku". She published a book of poems "First Encounters" (1909), "Orientalia" (1913), a book of short stories "The Narrow Gate" (1914), "Seven Conversations" (1915). In the novel about the intelligentsia, One's Own Destiny (published in full in 1923), the demand for an active struggle for the restructuring of the fate of the individual in connection with the fate of the people. The October Revolution of 1917, greeted by Sh. with enthusiasm, enriched her work with new themes (the novella Change, 1923). In 1924-25, under the pseudonym "Jim Dollar", Sh. published a series of agitation and adventure stories, "Mess-Mend" ("Yankee in Petrograd", "Lori Lan, Metalworker", "Road to Baghdad"), which went around the world workers' press and had huge success (filmed in 1926). In the novel Hydrocentral (1930–31), Sh. spoke about socialist construction and the emergence of new relations between people. The deep development of the theme, based on the experience of Sh.'s many years at the construction of hydroelectric power stations in Armenia, the clear development of the plot are combined in the novel with an abundance of technical information - this is one of the best examples of the Soviet "production novel". In numerous essays (including "Journey through Soviet Armenia", 1950; State Prize USSR, 1951) Sh. explores important phenomena modern life against a broad, carefully developed cultural and historical background. In the book of essays "Foreign Letters" (1964) - post-war Europe in all the complexity of the ideological struggle, in the process of growth of forces socialist camp. Sh. is a master of literary portrait (essays on G.B. Yakulov, V.F. Khodasevich, S.V. Rachmaninov, W. Blake, etc.), biographical books(“T. Shevchenko”, 1941; “I.A. Krylov”, 1944; “Etudes on Nizami”, 1955; “Resurrection from the Dead”, 1964 - about the Czech composer I. Myslivechek), studies, essays, articles (in including about Goethe: "Journey to Weimar", 1914, published in 1923, "Goethe", 1950). A special place in Sh.'s work is occupied by books on Lenin's theme. The desire for a historical and philosophical understanding of the problem determined the success of the writer. In the chronicle novels The Ulyanov Family (1938, revised ed. 1957), The First All-Russian (1965), awarded (together with essays) the Lenin Prize (1972), Sh. develops the history of Russia in the 1970s in detail. 19th century, shows the profound validity of Leninism as historical phenomenon, recreates the living image of Lenin - a man and a thinker. Sh.'s works have been translated into many languages ​​of the peoples of the USSR and foreign languages. She was awarded 2 Orders of Lenin, the Order October revolution, 7 other orders and medals.

Marietta Sergeevna Shaginya n (March 21, 1888, Moscow - March 20, 1982, Moscow) - Russian Soviet writer, one of the first Soviet science fiction writers.

Hero of Socialist Labor (1976). Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR. Laureate Stalin Prize third degree (1951) and the Lenin Prize (1972).

Marietta Shaginyan was born in Moscow, in the family of a doctor, Privatdozent of Moscow University Sergey Davydovich Shaginyan (1860-1902). Mother, Pepronia Yakovlevna Shaginyan (1867-1930), was a housewife. By nationality - Armenian.

She received a full-fledged home education, studied at a private boarding school, then at the Rzhevskaya gymnasium. In 1906-1915 she collaborated in the Moscow press. In 1912 she graduated from the Faculty of History and Philosophy of the Higher Women's Courses of V. I. Guerrier. In the same year she visited St. Petersburg, met and became close friends with Z. N. Gippius and D. S. Merezhkovsky. From 1912-1914 she studied philosophy at the University of Heidelberg. In 1915-1919, M. S. Shaginyan was a correspondent for the newspapers Priazovsky Krai, Black Sea Coast, Labor Speech, Craft Voice, Caucasian Word, and Baku.

In 1915-1918 she lived in Rostov-on-Don, taught aesthetics and art history at the local conservatory.

Shaginyan enthusiastically accepted the Great October Socialist Revolution, which she perceived as an event of a Christian-mystical nature. In 1919-1920 she worked as an instructor at Donnarobraz and director of the 1st spinning and weaving school. Then she moved to Petrograd, in 1920-1923 she was a correspondent for Izvestia of the Petrograd Soviet and a lecturer at the Institute of Art History. In 1922-1948 she worked as a special correspondent for the Pravda newspaper and at the same time for several years as a special correspondent for the Izvestia newspaper. In 1927 she moved to Armenia, where she lived for five years. Since 1931 she lived in Moscow.

In the 1930s she graduated from the Planning Academy of the State Planning Committee named after V. M. Molotov (studied mineralogy, spinning and weaving, energy), worked as a lecturer, weaving instructor, statistician, historiographer at Leningrad factories, during the years of the Great Patriotic War spent in the Urals as a correspondent for the newspaper Pravda. In 1934 at the First Congress Soviet writers She was elected a member of the board of the USSR Union of Writers.

A. Shcherbakov wrote to Molotov in a letter dated September 21, 1935: “In a conversation with me, Shaginyan said:“ You arranged Gorky so that he does not need anything, Tolstoy receives 36 thousand rubles. per month. Why am I not arranged in the same way?“...”.

For several years she was a deputy of the Moscow City Council. Doctor of Philology (1941, received a degree for a book about T. G. Shevchenko). Member of the CPSU (b) since 1942. Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR (1950).

She died on March 20, 1982 in Moscow. She was buried at the Armenian cemetery (a branch of the Vagankovsky cemetery).

She has been engaged in literary activity since 1903. She began with symbolist poetry. She has published over 70 books of novels, short stories, essays, poems and about 300 printed sheets articles, reviews, reports. She published books of poems First Encounters (1909), Orientalia (1913, 7 editions), then books of short stories The Narrow Gate (1914), Seven Conversations (1915).

At the same time, Marietta Shaginyan became interested in Goethe's work, and in 1914 she went to Weimar for 10 days. “This journey, ten days before August 1, 1914, was last step cultural idolatry; politics suddenly burst into him, ”she later wrote in her diary. On the way back to Russia, while passing through Zurich, she wrote the essay book Journey to Weimar.

In 1922-1923 she wrote and published the story "Change". Maxim Gorky wrote to Veniamin Kaverin: "For her novel" Change "she should have eaten a sandwich with safety pins."

In the book “The Adventure of a Lady from Society,” the writer shows a turning point in the minds of the Russian intelligentsia under the influence of the Great October Revolution. socialist revolution. In 1923-1925, under the pseudonym "Jim Dollar" she published a series of agitation and adventure stories "Mess-Mend", which had big success. In 1928, she published a peculiar literary work - the "complex novel" "K and K" (stands for "The Sorceress and the Communist"), which united different genres- "from a poem to a report."

In 1930-1931 she wrote the novel "Hydrocentral", which was the result of her years spent on the construction of Dzorages. During the Great Patriotic War, M. S. Shaginyan published a book of journalistic articles "The Urals in Defense" (1944), in post-war years- the book "On the roads of the five-year plan". Peru M. S. Shaginyan owns works dedicated to the work of T. G. Shevchenko, I. A. Krylov, I. V. Goethe, Nizami, J. Myslivechek and others. At the end of her life she wrote memoirs “Man and Time”. Literary portraits of W. Blake, S. V. Rachmaninov, V. F. Khodasevich, G. B. Yakulov.

She systematically opposed the reforms of the Russian language: at the symbolist salon of the Merezhkovskys against the reform of 1918, and in 1964 against the reform project with the following words: “for twenty years I bought bread in a bakery at right side Arbat, and why am I going to go to the left now?

Selected bibliography

• “On the blessedness of the possessor. Poetry Z. N. Gippius "(1912)
• Orientalia (1913)
• "Two Morals" (1914)
• Own Destiny (1916; revised version 1954) - novel set in a psychiatric hospital
• "The Adventures of a Society Lady" (1923)
• "Change" (1923)
• "Hydrocentral" (1928; revised version 1949) - a novel set at the construction of the Dzoraget hydroelectric power station
• "Mess Mend, or Yankees in Petrograd" (1924; revised version 1956)
• "K and K" (1928)
• History Ticket (1938; new edition 1970)
• collection of essays "On Soviet Armenia" (1950)
• "A Writer's Diary" (1953)
• book of essays Foreign Letters (1964)
• "Leniniana" (1937-1968)
• "Journey to Weimar" (1914; "Goethe" (1950))
• "T. Shevchenko" (1941)
• "AND. A. Krylov "(1944)
• "Etudes on Nizami" (1955)
• "Resurrection from the Dead" (1964)
• "Man and Time" (1980)

Shaginyan, M. S. Joseph Myslivechek. - M. "Young Guard", 1968 (1983). — 320 s. - (ZhZL; Issue 450). - 100,000 (100,000) copies.

Soviet writer Marietta Shaginyan is considered one of the first Russian science fiction writers of her time. Journalist and writer, poetess and publicist, this woman had the gift of a writer and an enviable skill. It was Marietta Shaginyan, whose poems were very popular during her lifetime, who, according to critics, made her outstanding contribution to Russian-Soviet poetry of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Awareness of oneself as a writer and artist comes to a person from nature. And when in one person miraculously talent and lust for life, craving for knowledge and amazing performance are combined, then this person occupies a special place in history. This is exactly what Marietta Shaginyan was like.

Biography

The future writer was born in Moscow, in a family of Armenian intellectuals on March 21, 1888. Her father, Sergei Davydovich, was a Privatdozent at Moscow State University. Marietta Shaginyan received a full education. At first she studied at a private boarding school, and later at the Rzhev gymnasium. Since 1906, she began to publish. In 1912, Marietta graduated from the Faculty of History and Philosophy at the Higher Women's Courses of V. I. Guerrier. She goes to St. Petersburg. It was here, in the city on the Neva, that the future writer and publicist met and later became close to such luminaries as Z. N. Gippius and D. S. Merezhkovsky.

From 1912 to 1914, the girl studied philosophy as a science at the University of Heidelberg in Germany. The poetry of Goethe had a very strong influence on the formation of her work. In 1913, the first collection was published, the author of which was Shaginyan Marietta Sergeevna, who was then unknown to anyone. Poems Orientalia, in fact, made her famous.

From 1915 to 1919 Marietta Shaginyan lived in Rostov-on-Don. Here she works as a correspondent for several newspapers at once, such as Trudovaya Spech, Priazovsky Krai, Craft Voice, Black Sea Coast, etc. At the same time, the writer teaches aesthetics and art history at the Rostov Conservatory.

After 1918

Marietta Shaginyan enthusiastically accepted the revolution. She later said that for her this was an event that had a "Christian-mystical character." In 1919, she worked as an instructor for Donnarbraz, and then she was appointed director of the weaving school. In 1920, Shaginyan moved to Petrograd, where for three years he collaborated with the newspaper Izvestia of the Petrograd Council, until 1948 she was a special correspondent for the newspapers Pravda and Izvestia. In 1927, Marietta Shaginyan moved to her historical homeland - Armenia, but in 1931 she returned to Moscow.

In the thirties, she graduated from the Planning Academy of the State Planning Commission. Shaginyan spends the war years in the Urals. From here she writes articles for the Pravda newspaper. In 1934, the First Congress of Soviet Writers was held, where Marietta Shaginyan was elected a member of the board.

Creation

The literary interests of this talented woman covered a variety of areas of life. In her work, a special place is occupied by scientific monographs dedicated to Goethe, Taras Shevchenko, Joseph Myslivechek. It is Shaginyan who is the author of the very first detective Soviet novel"Mess Mend". She was also an outstanding Soviet journalist. Many problematic articles and essays belong to her pen. At the same time, Shaginyan perceived journalism not so much and not only as a means for earning money, but as an opportunity to directly study life.

In her book entitled Journey to Weimar, for the first time, the peculiarities of her prose style were clearly manifested. Critics believe that it is in this work that you can see the amazing ability of the author through reality. household parts reveal the personality of a person and his relationship with time. "Journey to Weimar" is the first work of this writer in the form of travel essays - in a genre that Marietta Shaginyan will be faithful to all her life.

Books

She began her first big novel in 1915 and finished in 1918. "Own destiny" is a philosophical book. Shaginyan was both a connoisseur of music and literary critic, she can be safely called both a novelist and an explorer-traveler. But first of all, Shaginyan was a writer and publicist. She left behind a lot literary works, such as "Hydrocentral", "Diary of a Moscow City Council Deputy", "Urals on the defensive", "Journey through Armenia", etc.

She also wrote four collections of poems, some of which were even included in school curriculum. For for long years Marietta Sergeevna Shaginyan created literary portraits those people with whom she was closely acquainted - N. Tikhonov, Khodasevich, Rachmaninov, and also described the life and work of authors dear to her - T. Shevchenko, I. Krylov, Goethe.

Family

Marietta Shaginyan's husband was Yakov Samsonovich Khachatryan, a philologist and translator from Armenian. They had a daughter, Mirelle. The girl did not want to follow in the footsteps of her parents. She was more interested in painting. Mirel Yakovlevna was a member of the Union of Artists. Shaginyan left a grandson and granddaughter.

Marietta Sergeevna died in 1982 in Moscow. She was ninety-four years old. At the end of her life, she did not leave her small two-room apartment located on the ground floor of a quite ordinary residential Moscow building. The once popular writer did without luxury and frills. In her apartment there was a standard Soviet set of furniture, ordinary household items. The only luxury in her house was an old

Long life, which Marietta Sergeevna Shaginyan lived, was filled with small and large historical events about which the writer always spoke with interest and fervor. A special place in her vast work is occupied by the Leninist theme. Her chronicle novels "The Ulyanov Family", "The First All-Russian" were not always perceived unambiguously. Marietta Shaginyan collected biographical materials about the leader of the proletariat and his relatives for many years.

The first edition of the chronicle book "The Ulyanov Family" was published in 1935 and immediately aroused Stalin's sharp displeasure. The anger of the "father of all peoples" was caused by Shaginyan's publication of the facts that there was Kalmyk blood in Lenin's veins. Moreover, the novel was called a mistake and discussed twice at the presidium of the Union of Writers of the USSR, where it was criticized for showing the leader's family as bourgeois.