Abramov Fedor Alexandrovich (years of life - 1920-1983) - Russian writer. He was born in the Arkhangelsk region, in the village of Verkola. The family of Fyodor Alexandrovich was peasant, with many children.
The childhood of Fyodor Abramov
Fedor Alexandrovich Abramov, whose biography is of interest to many readers today, lost his father early. From the age of six, he had to help his mother to do peasant work. Fedor Abramov graduated from the village elementary school as the first student. However, despite this, difficulties arose when entering the secondary school. The fact is that Abramov came from a middle peasant family. Therefore, he was not immediately transferred to the next class. Abramov began to try himself in literature as early as 9-10 grades. The first poem by Fyodor Alexandrovich was published in 1937 in the regional newspaper.
However, he did not immediately come to the idea of professionally engaging in literary activities. In 1938 he graduated from the Karpogory secondary school and entered the Faculty of Philology at Leningrad University.
How Fedor Aleksandrovich Abramov spent the war years (biography)
The list of books dedicated to the life of Fedor Aleksandrovich is impressive today. From them we learn that a few years after entering the university, he had to leave his studies, as the Great Patriotic War began. Fyodor Abramov in 1941 enrolled in civil uprising volunteer. He was wounded twice. For the second time, Fedor Abramov miraculously managed to avoid death. A year later, being on big land after the second wound, he visited native village. Note that the impressions of the trip will become the basis of his future works. Abramov as a "non-combatant" was enrolled in the rear units. He worked as a deputy political officer of the company, trained in military machine-gun units. After graduation, he was sent to counterintelligence "Smersh" (stands for "death to spies").
Continuing education, teaching activities and a book about Sholokhov
After the victory, Abramov returned to the university, and then, in 1948, after a while, his biography was noted by the successful defense of his Ph.D. thesis. Fedor Abramov defended his work on the work of Sholokhov. Subsequently, the influence of this writer on Abramov will be noted by many critics. Fyodor Alexandrovich's article on cosmopolitanism in the literature of the USSR was published at the same time. He wrote it in collaboration with N. Lebedinsky. The article was directed against some Jewish literary critics. Abramov later became the head of the department Soviet literature. He taught at Leningrad University. In 1958, Fedor Alexandrovich published, in collaboration with V.V. Gura, a book, dedicated to creativity Sholokhov. It is known under the name "MA Sholokhov. Seminary".
Features of the work of Fedor Alexandrovich
The work of Fedor Alexandrovich is closely connected with Verkola, with the Pinega region. In the village of Pekashino, the "prototype" of which is his native village, the action of many of his works unfolds. Abramov managed to create a kind of artistic chronicle. He showed how the fate of the Russian people was reflected in the life of one village.
The fact that Abramov Fedor Alexandrovich turned to the theme of the village, offered a new look for the literature of the post-war period on the history of Russia, bordering on modernity, played a decisive role in the fact that Abramov was placed among the most significant figures Literature of the USSR in the 1960s and 70s. Fedor Alexandrovich in a new approach to creativity felt the closeness of his works to the works of V. Rasputin, V. Belov, E. Nosov, S. Zalygin, V. Afanasyev, B. Mozhaev.
"Brothers and Sisters" - a novel and a cycle of works
Brothers and Sisters is Abramov's first novel. It is dedicated to the life of the village during the Great Patriotic War. The novel was published in 1958. Abramov explained the reason for his appearance by the inability to forget about the feat that the Russian woman accomplished. In 1941, she opened a second front, perhaps as difficult as the front of the Russian peasant. This work will later give the name to the whole cycle. In addition, it will include 3 more novels: "Home", "Crossroads" and "Two Winters and Three Summers". At first, the author called his cycle "Pryaslins", bringing to the fore the story of the Pryaslin family from the village of Pekashino. However, this name narrowed Fedor Alexandrovich's idea, so he replaced it with "Brothers and Sisters".
The cycle of works was created in order to challenge the point of view that dominated the literature of the 1940-1950s. The Russian village was considered by many authors as the land of prosperity. The work became a practical confirmation of the position expressed by Fedor Alexandrovich in 1954 in an article. Then he sharply criticized the works of S. Babaevsky, G. Nikolaeva and Yu. Laptev, recognized as exemplary by official criticism. Fyodor Alexandrovich made an important literary demand - it is necessary to show the truth, even if it is impartial.
Essay "Around and around"
Sometimes Abramov's reflections on the Russian countryside, going beyond the limits set by censorship, turned out to be risky. As an example, let's take his essay "Around the bush", created in 1963. It is based on a story about how the day of the chairman of the collective farm went. This work was recognized by censorship as ideologically flawed. As a result, the editor of the Neva (the magazine in which it was published) lost his job.
"Two Winters and Three Summers"
Abramov in 1968 published his next novel titled "Two Winters and Three Summers". It is dedicated to the hard fate of Pekashin in post-war years. Fedor Alexandrovich on different social levels explores the life of the village in this work. Both a simple peasant and a person appointed to manage people are of interest to him. The relief that the villagers hoped for did not come. More recently, related common goal They were like "brothers and sisters". Now Fedor Alexandrovich compares Pekashino with a fist, in which every finger wants its own life. Hunger, unbearable state obligations, the lack of an established life lead the heroes of Fedor Abramov to the idea that something needs to be changed. Pryaslin Mikhail (a hero very close to the author) at the end of the work poses for himself the question of how to continue to live, where to go. The hopes and doubts of Pryaslin, who reflects on the future at the end of the work, are embodied in the image-symbol of a star that flared up and "crumbled".
"Crossroads"
The next novel that we will talk about is the Crossroads, published in 1973. The action takes place in the early 1950s. This is also an episode from the history of the village of Pekashino. Fedor Alexandrovich notes new negative changes that have occurred in the character of the peasant. The policy of the state, which did not allow a simple worker to use the results of his own labor, eventually weaned him from working. It led to the fact that the spiritual foundations peasant life were undermined. One of the main themes of the work is the fate of the head of the collective farm. He tried to change the established order to the best of his ability. The head of the collective farm decided to give the peasants the bread they had grown. This illegal act naturally led to his arrest. For the villagers serious test became a letter in his defense, which they had to sign. Very few Peksani were capable of such
"House"
The final novel in the Brothers and Sisters series is The House. It was published in 1978. This work is dedicated to reality, modern author- a village in the 1970s. For Abramov, "home" is one of the most important concepts. It includes all aspects of human existence - the personal life of an individual family, public life villages, as well as the situation in our country as a whole. Fedor Aleksandrovich realized that the situation of the Russian people was unfavorable. However, he still looked for his representatives, thanks to whom it would be possible to maintain the hope that the primordially Russian character would be revived, and the dilapidated "house" would be rebuilt by history.
Journalism, novels and short stories
work on major works Fedor Alexandrovich combined with the creation of short stories and short stories. Their writing, due to repeated reference to works, sometimes stretched for a long time. For example, "Mamonikha" was created from 1972 to 1980, "The Happiest" - from 1939 to 1980, and "Grass-Ant" was written from 1955 to 1980. Fedor Alexandrovich was simultaneously engaged in journalism, and also spoke on radio and television.
Journalism, stories and novels are not inferior to novels. They also contain not only lamentation and sorrow for Russia, but also relentless search ways of reviving the country, truth, revealing healthy forces Russian nation. Abramov's best stories were written about all this: in 1963 - "Around and Around", in 1969 - "Pelageya", in 1970 - "Wooden Horses", in 1972 - "Alka", in 1980 - "Mamonikha", and also during his lifetime, the unpublished "Journey to the Past" and the remaining unfinished story called "Who is he?". In all of them, as in Abramov's stories, the heroes are talented Russian people, diligent workers who want justice and truth, suffer and sometimes die under the yoke of their own delusions and harsh reality. However, they do begin to see clearly, often find answers to the questions of time, are able to comprehend the meaning of life and realize their responsibility for what is happening. All this is written best books Abramov Fedor Alexandrovich During the life of Abramov, some of his works did not reach the reader. Among the most important of them is "Journey to the Past". This is a story that was conceived back in the early 1960s. However, she was born only in 1989.
"Clean Book"
"Clean Book" - the last significant work Fedor Alexandrovich. This is the result of his reflections on the fate of the motherland. This work, unfortunately, remained unfinished.
1981 Fedor Alexandrovich works in the Arkhangelsk archive in the spring. He carefully studies the materials that are connected with the life of the region in the years preceding the revolution. At the invitation of A. Mikhailov, a critic, in the summer he went to Pechora - to the places where Archpriest Avvakum preached, wrote and was burned. After that, together with Dmitry Klopov (a photo with him is presented below), a self-taught artist and his friend, Abramov travels to places that are associated with the name of Maria Dmitrievna Krivopolenova, the great Pinezhan storyteller. She was supposed to become the prototype of one of the main characters of the new work - "Clean Book".
The intentions of the writer, however, were not destined to come true. Fedor Abramov was able to write only the beginning of the "Clean Book". Other parts remained in fragmentary notes, sketches, sketches. Nevertheless, the novel, even in this form, captures so much that, having reached last pages, you forget that the work is not completed. The characters are so accurate, the records are so compressed that one gets the impression of completeness, the integrity of the novel. The publication of the book, by the way, was prepared by Lyudmila Vladimirovna Abramova, the writer's widow.
Illness and death of Fedor Alexandrovich
Only close people knew about Fedor Alexandrovich's illness. He underwent surgery in September 1982. The doctors said in April they needed another one. It was carried out on May 14, 1983. This operation, as the doctors said, was successful. However, on the same day, Fedor Alexandrovich died in the postoperative ward from heart failure. Fedor Abramov was buried in Verkol, his native village.
Memory of Fyodor Abramov
The memory of him after his death did not fade away. And today his voice is heard in reprinted books, monographs and articles about him. Evenings of memory were repeatedly held in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, Mariupol, Verkol, Kirov.
The fact that the memory of him has not faded is also evidenced by famous aphorisms Abramov Fedor Alexandrovich: "You can't learn to write poetry", "Everything great in art is in singular"," You must not be a truth seeker, but a truth organizer, "etc., which are often quoted.
His work is not forgotten. Numerous performances based on the works of Fyodor Abramov were staged. His works were staged on the stages of many theaters in our country. Among the most durable and the best performances you can note the "House" and "Brothers and Sisters" in the MDT (today - "Theater of Europe"). Directed by them -
Fedor Abramov is a writer and counterintelligence officer who lived in a difficult time for our country. He was closely associated with common people, cared about the fate of our country. Important questions raised in his work Fedor Abramov. The author's books are known and loved today.
Abramov Fedor Alexandrovich - writer, publicist and literary critic Soviet period. Was one of the brightest representatives « village prose"- a very popular trend of the 60-80s of the twentieth century. Many of the author's stories are included in the circle children's reading and became part of the school curriculum.
Family and childhood
Was born future writer Fedor Abramov in the village of Verkola, Arkhangelsk region on February 29, 1920.
He was born in poor and big peasant family. Father's name was Alexander Stepanovich, mother - Stepanida Pavlovna. The couple had five children, Fedya was the last. The times were restless Civil War. The family was in great need, they did not even have whole clothes and shoes. In 1921, the head of the family died of a cold.
Now Stepanida Pavlovna had to manage the household together with her older children. Neighbors believed that the family would die. But after 10 years, the Abramovs have already acquired their own farm and have long forgotten about the hungry time. Prosperity has not been easy. Mikhail, the eldest son, had to get a job and become a mentor for the younger ones. Fedor later wrote about him as a "brother-father." But it was not easy for the younger ones either - the future writer learned to mow at the age of 6.
At the same age, little Fedya went to school. He studied excellently, in the 3rd grade he even received an award - fabric for sewing shirts and trousers.
Best student
In 1932, Fedor Abramov, whose biography is presented here, graduated from elementary school. He wanted to go to the seven-year school, which had recently opened, but they did not take him. First of all, children from poor families were accepted. Fedya was very fond of studying and was terribly upset by this event.
By winter, fortunately, the situation cleared up, and the child was accepted to school. Due to the difficulties at home, Fedya soon moved to live with the family of his brother Vasily, who later helped him get a higher education.
Future writer and high school continued to study well. More than once he was awarded a prize, which was a good help to the family.
In 1938, Abramov graduated from high school and was admitted to the philological department of Leningrad University without exams.
War time
Like many others, Fyodor Abramov, a third-year student, went to the front in 1941, joining the people's militia. The young man was sent to the artillery and machine-gun battalion, where he was already wounded in September and was sent to the rear for treatment. The injury was not serious, and a few months later he returned to duty.
And immediately got into battle - the order came to break through. The soldiers had to make a gap in the enemy's barrier, hiding behind the bodies of their comrades who would go ahead. Abramov fell to go in the second ten. A few meters from the target, his legs were broken by machine-gun fire. Already in the evening, the funeral brigade found him quite by accident - one of the soldiers spilled water on his face, and the wounded man groaned.
So Abramov ended up in the hospital of besieged Leningrad. In 1942 he was evacuated along with other wounded along the "Road of Life". After the end of treatment, he received a three-month vacation. The writer spent this time in native land while working as a teacher in the Karpogory school. It turned out to be no easier in the rear than in the war. There was a lot of hard male work that women and children had to do, but the worst thing was hunger and constant funerals.
In the summer of 1942, he returned to the army and ended up in a non-combatant unit - the wound did not allow him to return to the front. A year later, he ends up in the counterintelligence department of SMERSH, the service is going well. In 1944, Abramov became a senior investigator.
Higher education
In November 1944, Fedor Abramov decides to resume his studies and asks for permission to enter the correspondence department of the Arkhangelsk Pedagogical Institute. He also asks to send documents from Leningrad State University stating that he graduated from three courses of the philological faculty.
However, the rector did not agree with this decision and asked to demobilize Abramov to continue his studies. In 1948, the writer graduated from the philological faculty and entered graduate school.
Personal life and ganged up critics
During his studies, Abramov Fedor Alexandrovich meets his future wife. She also studied at the philological faculty, the girl's name was Lyudmila Krutikova. Young people got married in 1951. Their first home was a small communal room with sparse furnishings. Another one happened in the same year. significant event- Abramov managed to defend his PhD thesis.
In 1954, the writer published an article that caused many attacks from critics and the public. It was published in Novy Mir under the title People of a Kolkhoz Village in Post-War Prose. In it, the author mercilessly criticized fellow writers, laureates of the Stalin Prize, who did not write the whole truth in their works. Abramov, without embellishment, described in detail the hard work of peasant life, depicted pictures of hunger and disease, showed how heavy taxes were. For that time, it was incredibly frank and blunt.
Removed soon after the article was published. Chief Editor"New World", which was then A. T. Tvardovsky. Official criticism attacked Abramov, he fell into disgrace. But among students and advanced youth, the writer became a real hero.
Abramov was soon forced to give in and admit that he had made mistakes in the article. He was threatened with expulsion from the party and dismissal from his job. I was also forced to give up by the need to publish new novel"Brothers and Sisters", which could be banned.
Success in Europe
Until 1960, Fedor Abramov worked at the university, but then decided to devote all his time to his writing career.
In 1963 comes out new story writer - "Around and around." This work was attacked by censors, although the editors tried to cheat by placing it in the section "Essays and Publications". No measures helped, the story was officially called "ideologically vicious", and Abramov's works were forbidden to be printed for several more years.
Soon "Around the bush" will be published on English language in London, then she appears in Germany, the USA, France and other countries. Abramov was even offered to come to the UK with lectures, but at that time leaving the USSR was impossible.
Fight against censorship
The works of Fyodor Abramov, despite the ongoing attacks, continue to retain their topicality and harshness. Such were the novels “Two Winters and Three Summers”, “Roads-Crossroads” and the stories “Pelageya”, “Wooden Horses”, “Alka”. All these works had a very difficult fate. They were not accepted for publication and censored, and entire chapters were cut out of some texts. Only in a truncated form the works were allowed to print, the rest turned out to be wastebasket editions. Nevertheless, Abramov's popularity with readers only grew.
Last years
In 1980, Abramov finally comes to the recognition of the government and censorship, he receives the Order of Lenin. The writer's works are actively published in newspapers and magazines.
IN last years Fedor Abramov actively traveled his life. So, in 1977 he visited Germany, but the trip was overshadowed by memories of the Great Patriotic War. Then there were trips to Finland, which he visited several times and was delighted with the local hospitality, and the USA, where he was struck and upset by many things.
Few people knew, but Abramov was seriously ill, the writer's health was significantly undermined, in addition, over the years, his front-line wounds also affected him. In 1982, the writer moved major operation, a year later a second one was appointed. Unfortunately, May 14, 1983 Abramov died of heart failure.
On May 19, the writer was buried in Vercole, in his homeland, not far from the house that he himself once built.
"Brothers and sisters"
This novel was published in the Neva magazine in 1958. For six years, Fyodor Abramov's "Brothers and Sisters" were written. He carved out for writing every day for several hours in between lectures and spent all his free time on the novel.
The work was highly appreciated by critics and readers. It was devoted to describing the life of the village in the post-war years. The writer truthfully and reliably stated everything that he himself saw. The novel was reprinted several times, even published in Czechoslovakia.
However, the writer himself believed that the work was not yet completed and needed to be continued.
"Two Winters and Three Summers"
This novel became a continuation of "Brothers and Sisters". It was published in 1968 in Novy Mir. This was the beginning of the Pryaslina cycle.
However, this book was no longer so complacently received by the censors. The editors of the Zvezda magazine, where Abramov took the work, refused to publish it in the proposed form. Then "Two Winters and Three Summers" went to " New world where it was immediately published. Readers accepted the novel with enthusiasm, but criticism did not react so unambiguously - several devastating articles were published. It was not possible to publish the work in one book, but the editors of Novy Mir put it forward for competition State Prize.
"What Horses Cry About"
This is the largest collection of short stories by Abramov, intended for the average school age and included in the list of recommended literature for children. Includes works describing countryside, the life of its inhabitants, hardships and hardships. “What Horses Cry About” is an excellent example not only of Abramov’s works, but also of classical village prose. It is also important that the writer tried to be as truthful as possible. This makes his stories historical.
Crown of Creation
by the most best novel the author is considered "House", which completes the cycle "Pryasliny". The work testifies that Fedor Abramov, whose books are presented here, has grown significantly as a writer. If usually in his work he turned mainly to social issues, then in the "House" he significantly expanded the range of problems. Now he is also interested in philosophical and moral topics related to human being and the universe.
Abramov worked on the novel for five years - from 1973 to 1978. The work seemed to the writer ready already in 1977, but in last moment he changed his mind and decided to completely rework it, which took another whole year.
However, typing "Home" in full version censorship banned, so the novel had many edits and even additions by proofreaders. These changes were not agreed with the author in any way. But even in this form, the work produced a stunning effect and delighted readers.
Summing up, we can say that Abramov's life was not easy. The writer had to constantly fight censorship, endure attacks from critics and pressure from the party. Nevertheless, he did not want to deviate from the truth and continued to describe real life without embellishing it to please the government.
Biography and episodes of life Fedor Abramov. When born and died Fedor Abramov, memorable places and dates important events his life. writer quotes, Photo and video.
The years of the life of Fedor Abramov:
born February 29, 1920, died May 14, 1983
Epitaph
"To your son, Vercola,
Tired, sleepy.
Bed him white sand,
Kiss him high on the forehead.
Protect him with a turd
From the rain and from the sun ... "
From a poem by Olga Fokina in memory of Abramov
Biography
The biography of Fyodor Abramov is a biography of a Russian writer who was very concerned about the fate of his country. Perhaps because he was born in the Russian outback, in a peasant family. The writer lost his father early and from childhood was accustomed to hard work. When the Great Patriotic War began, Abramov went to the front as a volunteer, where he was wounded several times. Even when he was declared unfit for military service, he continued to help the front in the rear. After the war, Abramov returned to Leningrad University, where he graduated from the Faculty of Philology and successfully defended his thesis.
Abramov began to get involved in literary work from his youth, however, he did not immediately understand that writing was his vocation. Even when he started his literary activity, stories, articles, books of Abramov often met with negative criticism, were subjected to censorship. That, however, did not stop the author. From an ordinary peasant guy, he grew up to an eminent Russian writer, who today is put on a par with Sholokhov, Astafiev and even Chekhov. In his books, Abramov primarily reflected on the fate of the village, seeing in it Russia's hope for well-being. He was also one of those writers who was critical of Soviet power which caused him many difficulties.
Abramov's last work, the story A Journey into the Past, was published after Abramov's death. The big result of Abramov's reflections on the fate of Russia remained unfinished. Abramov's death came when he was working on his last book. The funeral of Fyodor Abramov took place in his native village of Verkola, Abramov's grave is located on the territory of the Abramov estate, which today is part of the literary house-museum of Abramov.
life line
February 29, 1920 Date of birth of Fedor Alexandrovich Abramov.
1938 Admission to the Faculty of Philology of the Leningrad University.
June 22, 1941 Leaving for the front.
1945 Demobilization, return to school.
1948 Graduation from university, admission to graduate school.
1949 Beginning of publications of the first literary-critical articles on Soviet literature.
1950 The beginning of work on the novel "Brothers and Sisters".
1951 Marriage to Lyudmila Krutikova, defense of a dissertation on the work of Sholokhov.
1951-1960 Work as a senior lecturer, associate professor, head of the department of Soviet literature.
1958 Publication of the novel "Brothers and Sisters" in the magazine "Neva".
1963 Publication of the story "Around the bush" in the magazine "Neva".
1968 Publication of the novel Crossroads.
1975 Awarding to Abramov the State Prize of the USSR for the cycle "Pryasliny".
1978 Publication of the novel "House".
1980 Abramov was awarded the Order of Lenin.
May 14, 1983 Date of Abramov's death.
May 19, 1983 Abramov's funeral.
Memorable places
1. The village of Verkola, where Abramov was born.
2. St. Petersburg State University (former Leningrad University), where Abramov studied and worked.
3. The editors of the Neva magazine, in which Abramov's stories were published.
4. Artemiyevo-Verkolsky Monastery, the restoration of which Abramov was engaged in the last years of his life.
5. Abramov's house in Komarovo, where he lived for many years in a row when he came to this village near St. Petersburg.
6. House Museum of Fyodor Abramov in the village of Verkola, Arkhangelsk Region, where Abramov is buried.
Episodes of life
Abramov's father died after he caught cold feet in a swamp. Abramov's mother was strong woman and was able to raise five children who had to do household chores since childhood. At the age of six, Fedor Abramov learned to mow grass. The writer called his older brother, who replaced Abramov's father, "brother-father", and also named the main character of his tetralogy by his name - Mikhail.
Despite the fact that Abramov graduated from high school with difficulty - he, as the son of a poor man, was not wanted to be accepted into the seven-year school - he studied perfectly and even entered the Faculty of Philology without exams.
In November 1941, Abramov was seriously wounded - he was shot in both legs. When the funeral team came to collect the dead, one soldier accidentally spilled water from a pot on Abramov, he woke up and groaned, thanks to which he was discovered and saved. Abramov considered this case all his life to be the greatest miracle that happened to him.
Before his death, Abramov bequeathed to his wife: "Live for two."
Covenant
“We all grow and water the spiritual tree of mankind. As soon as this work ends, as soon as we stop growing the spiritual tree, then humanity will perish.”
"Man can do a lot."
Documentary about Fyodor Abramov
condolences
“I knew Fedor Alexandrovich well, I knew and loved him. And he was among those in whose eyes he went a colossal path from an ordinary graduate student in Sholokhov, making a career, to a world-famous writer, who in his best works rose to the level of Bunin and Chekhov.
Yakov Lipkovich, prose writer, publicist
“Fortunately, I knew him. He was short, black-haired, black-eyed, and had a passionate disposition, a sympathetic and sad soul, and a short life, for he left this world at the age of 63.
Igor Zolotussky, critic, friend of the writer
"Both in the writer and in the person, a tragic beginning lived in him - an almost titanic beginning, which made him a playwright in a narrative novel form."
Dmitry Likhachev, academician
The biography of Abramov Fedor Aleksandrovich originates in the village of Verkola, which is located in the Arkhangelsk region. The head of the Abramov family, Alexander Stepanovich, earned his living as a cab driver in the regional center, and his mother Stepanida Pavlovna was a peasant woman of the Old Believers' persuasion.
A great tragedy for the Abramov family was the death of the breadwinner a year after the birth of the fifth child in the family - Fedya Abramov. Neighbors considered the family doomed, but within 10 years the Abramovs were able to radically improve their situation and forgot about hunger. Fedor himself began to mow hay at the age of 6.
Little Fedya went to the first grade in his native village and studied there for four years, and then continued his studies at a school in the village of Kushkopala, which lies 45 km away. from him small homeland. In 1938, he was admitted to the Faculty of Philology at Leningrad University without passing exams.
War years
Almost immediately after Yu. B. Levitan's speech on the radio, Abramov signed up as a volunteer in the militia being formed. He was enlisted as a machine gunner in the 337th artillery and machine gun battalion. In the early autumn of 1941, he received a bullet wound in his arm, but a short time recovered from his wound and returned to duty. On one of the November days of the same year, one bullet broke two of his legs at the same time.
According to a brief biography of Abramov, in the winter of 41/42 he spent in Leningrad surrounded by the Nazis, from where he was evacuated in April 1942. Having been discharged from the hospital, he appeared before the commission, which declared him unfit for military service with a further direction to continue military service assistant commander of the Arkhangelsk military machine-gun school.
From there, in April 1943, he was transferred to the SMERSH department, where he served until the fall of 1945. In the same year he was admitted to the Communist Party.
Personal life
High school was far from home, and Fedor had to move to the family of his brother Vasily. Vasily did a lot so that Fedor could get a school education. Gratitude for the care served as a certificate without a single four.
While still receiving education, Fedor Alexandrovich met Lyudmila Krutikova, who studied with him at the same faculty, who married Fedor in 1951. His family life began in a poorly furnished communal apartment.
In 1954, Abramov published his first article, which immediately fell under a flurry of criticism. It was called "People of the collective farm village in post-war prose" and in it Abramov accused colleagues in the shop, owners Stalin Prize that they didn't talk about true position affairs in the Soviet countryside. He described in detail the peasant labor, hunger and disease, litigation of high taxes. For this, the editor-in-chief, A. T. Tvardovsky, was fired from the journal that printed the article.
Later, under pressure from party workers, Abramov admitted the wrongness of his judgments set forth in the article.
Writing activity
Abramov's original creative debut took place in 1958. His first serious novel, Brothers and Sisters, was born. This was the beginning of the future literary cycle "Pryasliny", which was continued by the novels "Two Winters and Three Summers" and "Roads-crossroads". For this trilogy, Abramov received the USSR Prize. Later, he will supplement the trilogy with the novel "The House".
Many glorious works dedicated to rural life, Abramov wrote: "Pelageya", "Fatherlessness", "Wooden horses".
A large number of Abramov's works were difficult to pass censorship and rarely went into large-circulation print, because they showed the whole truth about village life.
Dozens of years later, the works of Fedor Alexandrovich became part of the school curriculum.
Fedor Alexandrovich Abramov a talented writer of the 20th century, largest representative village prose branches of Russian literature of the 1960s-1980s.
Fedor Abramov was born on February 29, 1920 in the village of Verkola, Pinezhsky district, Arkhangelsk province, surrounded by endless forests, swamps, lakes. The biography of the writer is consonant with the era. Childhood and youth were not easy. He grew up in a large, large, early orphaned family (his father died when the boy was not even two years old). Mutual assistance of the brothers and sisters of the “childish communion” Abramovs, led by a hardworking mother, and tireless peasant labor helped to survive and get an education.
Already in the 910 grades, Abramov tried his hand at literary creativity. His first poem was published in the regional newspaper in 1937. After graduating from Karpogory high school in 1938 Abramov entered the philological faculty of the Leningrad state university, where he had to leave his studies with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. Together with other fellow students in 1941, he volunteered for the people's militia, lay under fire in the Sinyavinsky swamps with one rifle for ten. With a serious wound, he ended up in a besieged hospital he was threatened with amputation of his leg. He miraculously survived when the hospital was evacuated across the Ladoga ice along the Road of Life, again under fire. The car in front sank, the car behind too ...
Once on the mainland, Abramov visited his native village, where he discovered another folk tragedy “a woman’s, teenage and old man’s war in the rear”, where hungry, shoeless children, women and old people took on all men's work in the field, in the forest, on the rafting. Impressions from this trip formed the basis of the future works of the writer. In August 1942, Abramov returned to service: deputy political officer of a company of a reserve rifle regiment, a cadet of a military machine-gun school. In April 1943 he was sent to counterintelligence "Smersh". For participation in radio games and successful disinformation of the enemy, Lieutenant Fedor Abramov was awarded a nominal watch. Impressions from working as a counterintelligence investigator were reflected in the unfinished story "Who is he?".
After the victory, Abramov returns to the university, enters graduate school (1948) and successfully defends his Ph. A party functionary, an official from literature and science could have such a career advancement. But in Abramov's character and actions there was always something out of the ordinary, out of well-intentioned Soviet loyalty. In 1954, he published an article in the Novy Mir magazine entitled “People of the Kolkhoz Village in Post-War Prose,” in which he rebelled against the tendentiously idyllic literature about the village, against smoothed out conflicts and simplified characters, and stood up for genuine, unvarnished truth. The article thundered throughout the country, the author was accused of nihilism, anti-patriotism, criticized in the press, at party meetings, almost lost his job.
After the publication of the first novel Brothers and Sisters, Abramov left the University and devoted himself entirely to literary work.
Tetralogy Brothers and Sisters (1958), Two Winters and Three Summers (1968), Crossroads (1973), Home (1978) highlights the great feat and suffering of those who remained in the rear and ensured the Victory in the terrible hard times of the Second World War, tells about the fate of the Russian village after the war. Abramov the artist appears as a true master of creating various characters, images of the entire multi-colored life both in nature and in human relations. In the center are the ups and downs of the Pryaslin family's fate. After the death of his father at the front, fourteen-year-old Mikhail Pryaslin becomes the head of the family, taking care of the house ("Brothers and Sisters").
In the novel “The House”, which became the writer’s testament, a bitter but true picture is drawn: old people are leaving, former front-line soldiers are drinking themselves, Lizaveta Pryaslin, the guardian of Pryaslin’s conscience and native hearth, is dying, and Mikhail Pryaslin, the owner and hard worker, can do nothing with the destruction Houses against the backdrop of general decay. Abramov wrote about all the problems directly, without deviating from his call, sounded back in 1954: to write "only the truth direct and impartial."
His the best work Abramov considered the "Clean Book", the material for which he had been collecting for 25 years, since the late 1950s. The writer's widow Lyudmila Krutikova recalls: “Before the fatal operation in 1983, Fyodor Abramov told me: If a catastrophe happens live for two and complete my writing business. If not me, who and when will take up the “Clean Book”? And people really need her. Especially now". In 2000, the book was published through the efforts of the widow.
Abramov combined work on major works with writing short stories and stories. Moreover, thanks to repeated reference to texts, this process sometimes dragged on for a long time: "Mamonikha", 1972-80; "Grass-ant", 195580; "The happiest", 193980. In parallel, Abramov was busy with journalism, spoke on television and radio.
Abramov did not get tired of repeating: social, economic, ecological problems inseparable from the spiritual, moral. The advantage of Abramov's prose is the original Abramov's word, indignant and healing, pleasing and inspiring, that multi-colored and wise word, which is especially rich in the Russian language, and even in its folk, northern sound. Abramov himself constantly admired popular speech northerners. He argued: "The language of the people is its mind and wisdom, its ethics and philosophy, its history and poetry."
Abramov died in Leningrad on May 14, 1983. The writer was buried in Verkol, on the steep bank of the Pinega, and in the former primary school, where Fyodor Abramov studied, a museum of the writer was created.
