In this book for family reading collected the best works of Leo Tolstoy, which for more than a century have been loved by both preschoolers and demanding teenagers.
The main characters of the stories are children, "troubled", "dexterous", and therefore close to modern boys and girls. The book teaches love - for a person and everything that surrounds him: nature, animals, native land. She is kind and bright, like all the work of a brilliant writer.
Artists Nadezhda Lukina, Irina and Alexander Chukavin.
Lev Tolstoy
All the best for children
STORIES
Filipok
There was a boy, his name was Philip.
All the boys went to school. Philip took his hat and wanted to go too. But his mother told him:
Where are you going, Filipok?
To school.
You are still small, do not go, - and his mother left him at home.
The guys went to school. Father left for the forest in the morning, mother went to day job. Filipok remained in the hut and grandmother on the stove. Filipka became bored alone, grandmother fell asleep, and he began to look for a hat. I didn’t find my own, I took my father’s old one and went to school.
The school was outside the village near the church. When Philip walked through his settlement, the dogs did not touch him, they knew him. But when he went out to other people's yards, the Beetle jumped out, barked, and behind the Beetle - big dog Top. Filipok started to run, the dogs behind him. Filipok began to scream, stumbled and fell.
A man came out, drove the dogs away and said:
Where are you, the shooter, running alone?
Filipok said nothing, picked up the floors and started running at full speed.
He ran to the school. There is no one on the porch, and in the school, you can hear the voices of the children buzzing. Fear came over Filipka: "What will the teacher drive me away?" And he began to think what to do. Back to go - again the dog will seize, to go to school - the teacher is afraid.
A woman with a bucket walked past the school and said:
Everyone is learning, and why are you standing here?
Filipok went to school. In the vestibule he took off his hat and opened the door. The school was full of kids. Everyone shouted their own, and the teacher in a red scarf walked in the middle.
What are you? he shouted at Philip.
Filipok grabbed his hat and said nothing.
Who are you?
Filipok was silent.
Or are you dumb?
Filipok was so frightened that he could not speak.
So go home if you don't want to talk.
And Filipok would be glad to say something, but his throat was dry from fear. He looked at the teacher and wept. Then the teacher felt sorry for him. He stroked his head and asked the guys who this boy was.
This is Filipok, Kostyushkin's brother, he has been asking for school for a long time, but his mother does not let him in, and he came to school furtively.
Well, sit down on the bench next to your brother, and I'll ask your mother to let you go to school.
The teacher began showing Filipok the letters, but Filipok already knew them and could read a little.
Well, put down your name.
Filipok said:
Hwe-i-hvi, le-i-li, pe-ok-pok.
Everyone laughed.
Well done, said the teacher. - Who taught you to read?
Filipok dared and said:
Kosciuszka. I'm poor, I immediately understood everything. What a dexterous passion I am!
The teacher laughed and said:
You wait to boast, but learn.
Since then, Filipok began to go to school with the guys.
Wranglers
Two people on the street found a book together and began to argue who should take it.
The third walked by and asked:
So why do you need a book? You argue anyway, like two bald men fought over a comb, but there was nothing to scratch yourself.
lazy daughter
The mother and daughter took out a tub of water and wanted to carry it into the hut.
Daughter said:
It's hard to carry, give me some salt and water.
Mother said:
You yourself will drink at home, and if you pour it, you will have to go another time.
Daughter said:
I won't drink at home, but here I'll get drunk all day.
Old grandfather and granddaughter
The grandfather became very old. His legs could not walk, his eyes could not see, his ears could not hear, he had no teeth. And when he ate, it flowed back from his mouth. The son and daughter-in-law stopped putting him at the table, and let him dine at the stove.
They took him down once to dine in a cup. He wanted to move it, but dropped it and broke it. The daughter-in-law began to scold the old man for spoiling everything in the house and breaking cups, and said that now she would give him dinner in the pelvis. The old man just sighed and said nothing.
Once a husband and wife sit at home and look - their little son plays planks on the floor - something works out. The father asked:
What are you doing, Misha?
And Misha says:
It's me, father, I'm doing the pelvis. When you and your mother are old, to feed you from this pelvis.
Husband and wife looked at each other and wept. They felt ashamed that they had offended the old man so much; and from then on they began to put him at the table and look after him.
Bone
Mother bought plums and wanted to give them to the children after dinner.
They were on a plate. Vanya never ate plums and kept sniffing them. And he really liked them. I really wanted to eat. He kept walking past the plums. When no one was in the room, he could not resist, grabbed one plum and ate it.
Before dinner, the mother counted the plums and sees that one is missing. She told her father.
At dinner, the father says:
And what, children, has anyone eaten one plum?
Everyone said:
Vanya blushed like a cancer and said the same.
The great Russian writer Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy (1828–1910) was very fond of children, and he loved talking to them even more.
He knew many fables, fairy tales, stories and stories that he enthusiastically told to children. Both his own grandchildren and peasant children listened to him with interest.
Opening in Yasnaya Polyana school for peasant children, Lev Nikolaevich himself taught there.
He wrote a textbook for the smallest and called it "ABC". The work of the author, consisting of four volumes, was "beautiful, short, simple and, most importantly, clear" for children to understand.
Lion and mouse
The lion was sleeping. The mouse ran over his body. He woke up and caught her. The mouse began to ask him to let her in; She said:
If you let me go, and I will do you good.
The lion laughed that the mouse promised to do good to him, and let it go.
Then the hunters caught the lion and tied it to a tree with a rope. The mouse heard the lion's roar, ran, gnawed through the rope and said:
Remember, you laughed, you didn’t think that I could do you good, but now you see, sometimes good comes from a mouse.
How a thunderstorm caught me in the forest
When I was little, they sent me to the forest to pick mushrooms.
I reached the forest, picked mushrooms and wanted to go home. Suddenly it became dark, it began to rain and thundered.
I got scared and sat down under a big oak tree. Lightning flashed so bright that it hurt my eyes, and I closed my eyes.
Above my head something crackled and thundered; then something hit me in the head.
I fell down and lay there until the rain stopped.
When I woke up, trees were dripping all over the forest, birds were singing and the sun was playing. The large oak tree was broken and smoke was coming out of the stump. All around me lay secrets from the oak.
My dress was all wet and stuck to my body; There was a bump on my head and it hurt a little.
I found my hat, took the mushrooms and ran home.
There was no one at home, I took out bread from the table and climbed onto the stove.
When I woke up, I saw from the stove that my mushrooms had been fried, put on the table, and they were already hungry.
I shouted: "What are you eating without me?" They say: "Why are you sleeping? Come quickly, eat."
sparrow and swallows
Once I stood in the yard and looked at the nest of swallows under the roof. Both swallows flew away in my presence, and the nest was left empty.
While they were away, a sparrow flew off the roof, jumped onto the nest, looked back, flapped its wings and darted into the nest; then he stuck his head out and chirped.
Soon after, a swallow flew to the nest. She poked herself into the nest, but as soon as she saw the guest, she squeaked, beat her wings on the spot and flew away.
The sparrow sat and chirped.
Suddenly a herd of swallows flew in: all the swallows flew up to the nest - as if in order to look at the sparrow, and flew away again.
Sparrow was not shy, turned his head and chirped.
The swallows again flew up to the nest, did something and flew away again.
It was not for nothing that the swallows flew up: they each brought dirt in their beaks and gradually covered up the hole in the nest.
Again the swallows flew away and again flew in, and more and more covered up the nest, and the hole became tighter and tighter.
At first the sparrow's neck was visible, then one head, then the spout, and then nothing was visible; the swallows completely covered it in the nest, flew away and whistled around the house.
Two comrades
Two comrades were walking through the forest, and a bear jumped out at them.
One rushed to run, climbed a tree and hid, while the other remained on the road. He had nothing to do - he fell to the ground and pretended to be dead.
The bear came up to him and began to sniff: he stopped breathing.
The bear sniffed his face, thought it was dead, and moved away.
When the bear left, he got down from the tree and laughs.
Well, - he says, - did the bear say in your ear?
And he told me that bad people those who run away from their comrades in danger.
Liar
The boy guarded the sheep and, as if he saw a wolf, began to call:
Help wolf! Wolf!
The men come running and see: it's not true. As he did so two and three times, it happened - and a wolf really came running. The boy began to scream:
Come here, come quick, wolf!
The peasants thought that he was deceiving again, as always, - they did not listen to him. The wolf sees, there is nothing to be afraid of: in the open he cut the whole herd.
The hunter and the quail
A quail got caught in a hunter's net and began to ask the hunter to let him go.
You just let me go, - he says, - I will serve you. I'll lure other quails into the net for you.
Well, the quail, - said the hunter, - would not let you in anyway, and now even more so. I'll turn my head for what you want to give out your own.
girl and mushrooms
Two girls were walking home with mushrooms.
They had to cross the railroad.
They thought that the car was far away, so they climbed the embankment and went across the rails.
Suddenly a car roared. older girl ran back, and the smaller one ran across the road.
The older girl shouted to her sister: "Don't go back!"
But the car was so close and made such a loud noise that the smaller girl did not hear; she thought she was being told to run back. She ran back across the tracks, stumbled, dropped the mushrooms and began to pick them up.
The car was already close, and the driver whistled with all his might.
The older girl shouted: “Throw mushrooms!”, And the little girl thought that she was being told to pick mushrooms, and crawled along the road.
The driver could not keep the car. She whistled with all her might and ran over the girl.
The older girl was screaming and crying. All the passers-by looked out of the windows of the carriages, and the conductor ran to the end of the train to see what had become of the girl.
When the train passed, everyone saw that the girl was lying between the rails with her head down and not moving.
Then, when the train had already gone far, the girl raised her head, jumped to her knees, picked mushrooms and ran to her sister.
Old grandfather and granddaughter
(Fable)
The grandfather became very old. His legs could not walk, his eyes could not see, his ears could not hear, he had no teeth. And when he ate, it flowed back from his mouth.
The son and daughter-in-law stopped putting him at the table, and let him dine at the stove. They took him down once to dine in a cup. He wanted to move it, but he dropped it and broke it.
The daughter-in-law began to scold the old man for spoiling everything in the house and breaking cups, and said that now she would give him dinner in the pelvis.
The old man just sighed and said nothing.
Once a husband and wife sit at home and look - their little son plays planks on the floor - something works out.
The father asked: “What are you doing, Misha?” And Misha said: “It’s me, father, I’m doing the pelvis. When you and your mother are old, to feed you from this pelvis.
Husband and wife looked at each other and wept.
They felt ashamed that they had offended the old man so much; and from then on they began to put him at the table and look after him.
Little mouse
The mouse went for a walk. She walked around the yard and came back to her mother.
Well, mother, I saw two animals. One is scary and the other is kind.
Mother asked:
Tell me, what kind of animals are these?
The mouse said:
One is terrible - his legs are black, his crest is red, his eyes are bulging, and his nose is hooked. When I walked past, he opened his mouth, raised his leg and began to scream so loudly that I didn’t know where to go from fear.
This is a rooster, said the old mouse, he does no harm to anyone, do not be afraid of him. Well, what about the other animal?
Another lay in the sun and warmed himself. His neck is white, his legs are gray and smooth. He licks his white breast and moves his tail a little, looks at me.
The old mouse said:
Fool, you are a fool. After all, it's a cat.
two men
Two men were driving: one to the city, the other out of the city.
They hit each other with sleds. One shouts:
Give me the way, I need to get to the city as soon as possible.
And the other one screams:
You give way. I need to get home soon.
And the third man saw and said:
Who needs it as soon as possible - he siege back.
The poor and the rich
They lived in the same house: upstairs, a rich gentleman, and downstairs, a poor tailor.
The tailor sang songs at work and prevented the master from sleeping.
The master gave the tailor a bag of money so that he would not sing.
The tailor became rich and guarded all his money, but he no longer began to sing.
And he got bored. He took the money and took it back to the master and said:
Take your money back, and let me sing songs. And then melancholy came upon me.
Perhaps such a headline will confuse some parents, they say, has she gone crazy, stuff small child such complex works, as much as Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy. But no, it didn’t :) More than a century ago, the famous Russian writer Leo Tolstoy wrote stories for peasant children, whom he taught to read and write in his estate Yasnaya Polyana. In those days, there were practically no children's books, because Tolstoy himself wrote many simple and understandable stories for children, which to this day have not lost their relevance and significance. From an early age, they develop a sense of goodness and justice, teach them to treat the world around them with love and respect. Therefore, I simply could not help but purchase at least a couple of books of this wonderful writer for my three year old son.
I adore Leo Tolstoy, not only his works, but his whole philosophy and outlook on life. He was incredibly wise and highly moral. His views and attitude towards life resonate very much with the way I understand our existence. Of course, I am far from such awareness, but Lev Nikolaevich inspires me! And his works breathe an incredible lively atmosphere, they are simply magnificent!
That is why I decided to start introducing Tolstoy's books from the very childhood. Moreover, Lev Nikolaevich wrote quite a few children's stories, fables and fairy tales, the adapted texts of which will also help the child to successfully join magical world Russian classical literature.
"Little Stories"
The first thing I bought was this wonderful book.
It's called Little Stories. The name speaks for itself. The main part of the book is made up of short stories. About kindness, about justice, about honesty, about work, about friendship, about love, and other qualities that characterize a high personality of a person. Reading stories like this little child you let him know the right things. What qualities in life are respected and valued, and what only disfigure a person. Here is one such short story.
Most of the stories are even shorter, just a couple of sentences, but they contain great wisdom! Leo Tolstoy's talent to invest deep meaning V simple words priceless and unique. And with his books, undoubtedly, you can acquaint children from a very young age. In our case, this is three years.
But this book is great for older kids too. It has 183 pages and 65 works. There are also longer ones, like "Filipok", for example, which can be read from the age of five.
So, the book "Little Stories" will not be out of place in the children's library. Of course, it is better to read such stories with the mother, so that she comments and discusses with the child what the author wanted to say. Moreover, this book has a convenient format, good quality thick sheets and hard covers, and sooo soulful pictures, real, conveying the atmosphere of that time. I'm really glad I bought this book :)
"Lion and Dog"
I'm quite aware that it's simple but crazy dramatic work, too early for three years. But I just really wanted it to be in our home library. I myself read The Lion and the Dog before school, I just had this book in the house, and I picked it up and read it. Words cannot express the pain and compassion this story caused in my little heart. I was very worried. I believe that this book will not leave anyone indifferent. It awakens compassion, teaches you to empathize and sympathize with the pain of others.
There are cheaper versions of this book, but I chose this one - from the Rech publishing house. The illustrations in this style are very appealing to me. It was as if an artist was making strokes with his brush right in the book.
The drawings are very concise, they contain only the main sketches, but this makes them clearer to the child, and most importantly, miraculously allow you to feel deeper literally every page.
The book brought by the courier just blew me away! She turned out bigger size than I imagined: the format is larger than A4; the quality is just excellent, in general, a real decoration of the children's library! Well, the story itself, I think, in 4.5 years we will try to read it. I’ll see if my son is ready to perceive this work, if not, then we’ll wait, but sooner or later the hour of this book will undoubtedly come for us =)
Leo Tolstoy was not only a great writer known to the whole world, but also an outstanding teacher and philosopher. His books will allow us to get acquainted with his works of art written for education, education and upbringing of children. They contain works for initial reading, mainly from two large cycles of Tolstoy - "Russian Books for Reading" and "Folk Stories".
Books are ideal for family reading, as the great Russian writer and thinker addressed his fairy tales, fables and parables not only to children, but also to himself. a wide range readers of all ages, teaching moral lessons kindness, diligence and spirituality.
Download books by Leo Tolstoy for children
Below the links you can download several children's collections, authored by Leo Tolstoy. Among them there are fairy tales and fables and epics, in general, several dozen of the most famous and the best works Leo Tolstoy for children.
A selection of other children's books by Leo Tolstoy
Galimova E.
The attitude of the great writer to children
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"Novo-Aryshskaya secondary school" of the Rybno-Slobodsky municipal district
Republic of Tatarstan
ABSTRACT
Tolstoy and children
Completed by: 8th grade student
Galimova E.I.
Teacher Valeeva R.G.
S. Novy-Arysh
2016
Introduction
Main part
1. "Happy, happy, irretrievable time of childhood!" The story "Childhood".
2. Yasnaya Polyana. School for peasant children.
3. Stories about children and for children.
4. Stories about animals, fables, epics
5. "ABC" and "New alphabet"
Conclusion, conclusion
The literary world of L.N. Tolstoy opened up to us from the very early childhood. In his works, each person can find something of their own, see their problems, their pain. And in his opinion, the value of a writer was measured not by what he did for literature, but by what he did for life. L. Tolstoy left a truly huge legacy not only for adults, but also for children.
1. “Happy, happy, irretrievable time of childhood!” The story "CHILDHOOD".
“Happy, happy, irretrievable time of childhood! How not to love, not to cherish the memories of him? These memories refresh, elevate my soul and serve as a source of the best pleasures for me.
In spiritual purity, in freshness of feelings, in gullibility baby heart, sincere love for loved ones sees Tolstoy the happiness of childhood.
Childhood memories have always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy: family lore, first impressions of life noble estate served as rich material for his works.
Autobiographical story "Childhood" - the brightest example realistic story about childhood
Childhood, fatherhood, home, family is the most sacred thing in the life of every person. This is a spiritual cell, where a deviation from the norms of morality will certainly be reflected, first of all, on children: on their development, upbringing, and knowledge. It is very important to instill morality and responsibility in children. The main thing is the development of the child through self-education and self-improvement.
In the implementation of this task, the role of the story “Childhood” by the great Russian writer-humanist L.N.
In it, Lev Nikolaevich spoke about the life of his family. The story begins with an acquaintance with the main character, Nikolenka Irteniev, who is 10 years old. The boy was vaccinated from childhood good manners. And now, waking up, he washed, dressed, and the teacher Karl Ivanovich led him and younger brother say hello to mom. She poured tea in the living room, then the family had breakfast. This is how Leo Tolstoy described the morning scene. The author describes what feelings Nikolenka had for his parents - pure and sincere love. Nikolenka Irteniev, an impressionable and sensitive boy, in many ways resembles Leo Tolstoy himself. In thoughts, feelings and actions of Nikolenka, the writer always separated the truly human from everything imaginary, inhuman.
In "Childhood" received artistic expression Tolstoy's views on the upbringing of children. The writer categorically rejects violence as a means of education. The best is homemade, maternal.
Having lived to a ripe old age, Tolstoy did not stop loving his first work. “When I wrote Childhood,” he said in 1908, “it seemed to me that before me no one had ever felt and depicted all the charm and poetry of childhood.”
2. Yasnaya Polyana. School for peasant children.
Yasnaya Polyana peasants once asked the writer:
Lev Nikolaevich, you have been abroad. Is it better there?
No, - he answered, - there is nowhere better than your homeland. For me the best is Yasnaya Polyana
Here, in Yasnaya Polyana, he was visited by “the purest joy – the joy of nature. Here, in Yasnaya Polyana, in the early autumn of 1859, he opened a school for peasant children and himself taught history there, taught reading, drawing and singing lessons, ordered to make abacus for arithmetic classes. He completely plunged into the life of the school and got carried away so much that he even thinks of leaving literary activity.. In small pink, in blue rooms, he quietly, pleasantly and simply told the children how the Russian people defended Sevastopol from the French.
Wait a minute, - a certain Petka interrupted the teacher's story, shaking his fists, - let me grow up, I'll ask them!
Leo Tolstoy emphasized that children from the people should receive the same knowledge as children from the upper class. In his opinion, peasant children should be introduced into the world of art and nobility. He helped set up more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana. These schools existed on funds contributed by parents, who paid from 50 to 80 silver kopecks per month for the education of each child. Lev Nikolaevich invited teachers, helped them in compiling curricula tried to improve their material conditions. And this occupation so fascinated Tolstoy that in 1860 he went abroad for the second time to get acquainted with the schools of Europe. Tolstoy traveled a lot, spent a month and a half in London, was in Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium. Tolstoy outlined his ideas in articles, arguing that the basis of education should be the freedom of the student and the rejection of violence in teaching. “I could write whole books about the ignorance that I saw in the schools of France, Switzerland and Germany,” he makes unflattering comments after his trips, condemning, first of all, bureaucracy and formalism.
From February 4, 1862 to March 1863, Lev Nikolaevich published the monthly pedagogical magazine Yasnaya Polyana with books for reading as an appendix and essays by children. Conclusions from your pedagogical experience the writer formed in an essay with a defiant title: “Who should learn to write from whom: peasant children from us or us from peasant children?”. According to Tolstoy, peasant children keep the spiritual purity and naturalness lost in the educated estates. Their teaching of values high culture hardly necessary. On the contrary, the writer himself, while studying with them, found himself in the role not of a teacher, but of a student.
3. Stories about children and for children.
"The great writer of the Russian land" is rightly called Leo Tolstoy. Undoubtedly, worldwide fame the writer was brought adult works, but there was also Leo Tolstoy for children.
In his work, two main directions of the children's theme stand out. The first direction is Tolstoy's works about children. These include, first of all, the stories “Childhood”, “Boyhood”, “Youth”, the second direction is a cycle of works for children, which include “ABC”, “New ABC”, “Books for Reading”, the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus”.
Dedicating works to children, the writer tested almost every one of them by their perception, often making his little readers co-authors. This fact is instructive in all respects: both the manifestation of the deepest trust in children, and the decision to awaken their creative powers, and the desire not only to teach, but also to learn from them the language and attitude to the world around them.
Counting childhood important period in life, L. Tolstoy pays much attention to the images of children, especially peasant ones. He notes their impressionability, curiosity, responsiveness. The stories of Leo Tolstoy are imbued with love for children, they are ingenuous and simple, their morality is on the surface, but at the same time they are devoid of deep moralizing.
In one of his articles, L. Tolstoy wrote that children love morality, but only smart, not "stupid".
I make great demands on children's literature,” said Tolstoy. - Oh, how difficult it is! It's so easy to get sentimental here. Robinson is an exemplary book.
Stories for children can be divided into two types: stories for toddlers andstories for older children
Stories and fairy tales for little ones are dedicated to children from three to five years old.
The fairy tale "Three Bears" tells about the girl Masha, who got lost in the forest. She came across the house and entered it. The table was laid, on it stood three bowls of different sizes. Masha tasted the stew, first from two large ones, and then ate all the soup, which was poured into a small plate. Then she sat on a chair and slept on the bed, which, like the chair and plate, belonged to Mishutka. When he, together with his parent bears, returned home and saw all this, he wanted to catch girl, but jumped out the window and ran away.
In the stories for older children, peasant children are shown in their native environment, against the background of village life, peasant life. Peasant children are smart, quick-witted, hardworking. The writer reveals these qualities of children in their actions, in actions, in relations with others..
One of the attractive images is the inquisitive, persistent boy Filipok (the story "Filipok"). This tiny boy really wanted to study, but his mother would not let him go. The boy Philip, having put on his father's hat and a long coat, once nevertheless left for school without asking, when he stayed at home alone with his grandmother. Entering the classroom, he was frightened at first, but then pulled himself together and answered the teacher's questions. The teacher promised the child that he would ask his mother to let Filippka go to school. The kid overcomes all difficulties and reaches the goal - he is accepted to school.
Works for children include the story "Foundling". From it we learn about the girl Masha, who found on the threshold of her house baby. The girl was kind, gave the foundling milk to drink. Her mother wanted to give the baby to the boss, since their family was poor, but Masha said that the foundling eats little, and she herself will take care of him. The girl kept her word, she swaddled, fed, put the baby to bed.
The following story, like the previous one, is based on real events. It's called "The Cow". The work tells about the widow Marya, her six children and a cow. Once Misha threw fragments of a broken glass into the cow's slop. Misha understands that he needs to confess to adults, but fear binds him, and he is silent
Tolstoy does not forgive a person such shortcomings as laziness, deceit. In the story "The Liar" he punishes the liar who destroyed the whole flock of sheep with his lies. In the story Sparrow and the Swallows, the sparrow that has captured the swallow's nest remains punished. A flock of swallows, supporting their native bird, wall up the sparrow in the nest
In the story “Bone”, the painful hesitation of little Vanya, who saw plums for the first time, is psychologically convincingly shown: he “never ate plums and kept smelling them. And he really liked them. I really wanted to eat. He kept walking past them. The temptation was so strong that the boy ate the plum. The father learned the truth in a simple way: “Vanya turned pale and said: “No, I threw the bone out the window.” And everyone laughed, and Vanya began to cry.
The works of L.N. Tolstoy, dedicated to children, aptly denounce the evil and vividly show every good movement of the child's soul.
4. Stories about animals, fables, epics
L. Tolstoy's stories about animals are especially poetic. They are full of drama, emotionality, imagery.
One of the first were stories about the dog Bulka, about her devotion to her master. In the cycle of stories about Bulka and Milton: "Bulka", "Bulka and the Boar", "Turtle", "What happened to Bulka in Pyatigorsk" - the author not only reports a lot interesting information about the habits and properties of dogs, pheasants, wolves, wild boars, but also draws the attention of children to the devotion of the animal to man, seeks to inspire them with love for all living things.
Very touching story"Lion and Dog". A small dog was thrown to be eaten by a lion, but he did not tear it to pieces, but also fell in love. When the owner threw him a piece of meat, the lion gave a piece to the dog. And when the dog fell ill and died, he hugged her with his paws and lay next to her for five days, and died on the sixth.
In his stories, Tolstoy introduces children to the habits of animals and birds, humanizes them, endows individual traits character: The jackdaw wanted to drink. There was a jug of water in the yard, and the jug only had water at the bottom. Jackdaw could not be reached. She began to throw pebbles into the jug and threw so many that the water became higher and it was possible to drink.
The intelligence and resourcefulness of the jackdaw are easily remembered by young children.
Not everyone knows that the works of Leo Tolstoy for children are not only fairy tales, stories, but also fables that are written in prose. For example, The Ant and the Dove. The ant fell into the water and began to sink, the dove threw a twig to it, along which the poor fellow could get out. Once a hunter set a net on a dove, he wanted to close the trap, but then an ant came to the aid of the bird. He bit the hunter on the leg, he groaned. At this time, the dove got out of the net and flew away.
Other instructive fables invented by Leo Tolstoy also deserve attention. In fables for children: "The Turtle and the Eagle", "The Lion and the Mouse"; "Lion, wolf and fox"; "The Frog and the Lion"; "The ox and the old woman" - morality is offered in a more open form. For example: -So something brother; masters should not be directed at evil, but at good" ("The Lion, the Wolf and the Fox"); “There is also goodness from a mouse” (“The Lion and the Mouse”). In many fables, the moral conclusion is based on the living experience of peasant life ("The Horse and the Mare", "The Deer and the Horse"). Tolstoy sought to fix in the mind of the child the centuries-old experience of the people, prompting him to make the right decision in different situations of life. Therefore, neither side folk life does not go unnoticed. Tolstoy's fables deserve a definition like: "encyclopedia folk morality, wisdom."
Tolstoy often turned to the Russian epic epic. Keeping the epic rhythm, he retold for children several epics of heroic content, reflecting the power, strength, patriotic feelings of a man from the people: "Sukhman", "Svyatogor the hero", "Volga the hero", Mikulushka Selyaninovich.
5. "ABC" and "New alphabet"
Tolstoy began writing educational books for children at the Yasnaya Polyana school, which he himself created. In 1872, the ABC was published in 4 books - the result of 14 years of work - a kind of set of educational books for the initial teaching of children to read, write, grammar, Slavic language and arithmetic. However, the first reviewers noted the outstanding merits of stories for children, but condemned the method of teaching literacy proposed by Leo Tolstoy, and noted that the arithmetic section was written unsatisfactorily.
Soon, Leo Tolstoy rewrote the ABC, calling it the New ABC, and singled out the materials included in the reading sections into Russian Books for Reading. He pinned his brightest hopes on the ABC, believing that several generations of Russian children, from peasants and royals, would learn from it and get their first poetic impressions from it. “Having written this “ABC”, I can die in peace,” he shared his thoughts with A.A. Tolstoy. The work was completed in 1875.
The composition of the "New ABC" was carefully thought out by Tolstoy. Miniature stories, simple in content, a few lines, gave the child a real picture. Such stories as “Var had a Chizh”, “Spring came”, “A grandmother had a granddaughter”, the author intended for the kids. Therefore, in the stories only the most necessary details are given, designed for children's perception.
The action at the beginning of the fairy tale "Three Bears" takes place as in real life: “One girl left home for the forest ...” But soon the author introduces the reader into quite fabulous circumstances and introduces characters close to folk tale. Fairy-tale talking bears: father Mikhail Ivanovich, bear Nastasya Petrovna and bear cub Mishutka. Who sipped from a cup? sitting on a chair? Who lay down in my bed and crushed it? - the bears growled.
But the girl turned out to be smart and avoids retribution: opening her eyes and seeing the bears, she jumps out the window. It was important for Tolstoy to show that peasant child V extreme situation bold, agile, determined.
6. The attitude of the great writer to children
LN Tolstoy treated children humanely and trustingly. Humanity, empathy, love for children is rooted in general properties his personality and outlook. Tolstoy communicated with children on "equal rights" and immediately created friendly, comradely relations, loved to joke with children
Here is what the wife of his Georgian friend Ilya Petrovich Nakashidze writes about Tolstoy about the meeting of Lev Nikolayevich in 1903 in Yasnaya Polyana with Nakashidze's little granddaughter, Maka.
“Maka and her mother, having arrived in Yasnaya Polyana, were late for dinner. They were served lunch separately. Admiring the girl, Tolstoy sat down next to her and made her laugh all the time. When the compote was served, he bombarded Maka with questions:
Maka, do you like compote? Fine? Tasty? Or bad, bad compote?
Maka did not have time to answer and only babbled:
Yes... no... yes... no...
No, Sonya, - Lev Nikolaevich turned to his wife who entered, - Maka doesn’t like your compote!
No, no, I like it, - the girl exclaimed vividly.
You see, I like it,” said Sofya Andreyevna, sitting down at the table.
When the guests were leaving, Lev Nikolaevich said:
I will definitely, definitely stay sometime in your sunny Georgia!
He leaned over to Maka, kissed her and asked:
Maka, do you want me to stay with you in Tiflis? A? Yes? Then I'll sit on the bike and - chick, chick, chick - and I'll come!
deep old man brilliant writer treated Maka as an equal. He was just as sweet and direct in communication with other children.
And the author of the memoirs “Children of Tula workers visiting L.N. Tolstoy”, “How L.N. Tolstoy told a tale about cucumbers” P.A. Sergeenko writes that “Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy was very fond of children all his life: both the smallest and the older ones, he always spent a lot of time with them: in winter he skated or sledged from the mountains, went skiing, and in summer he walked through the fields, forests, collecting flowers, berries, mushrooms with them. And he always told them something. And what didn’t he say! And about himself, how small he was, and how he lived in the Caucasus in his youth, and about his parents and acquaintances, and all kinds of stories, and fables, and fairy tales. And the children could listen to it as long as they wanted; they would listen and listen, because he was talking about everything in a very interesting, entertaining way.
The children loved one of his special tales - about cucumbers. He told it both when he was young and when he was old. IN last time- when he was in his eighty-second year. The children liked this tale very much, and during the day they talked about it only, and tried to imitate Tolstoy with their voice.
A boy was walking and found a cucumber ... like this ...
Lev Nikolaevich shows, raising index fingers both hands, what size was the cucumber.
He his - boor! - and ate! - adds grandfather.
And Tolstoy showed how the boy destroyed the cucumbers. The children were completely delighted with this uncomplicated fairy tale, complemented by the acting skills of an eighty-year-old grandfather.
Yasnaya Polyana attracted people different ages, views, professions, nationalities. Everyone wanted to see Tolstoy, talk, or rather, listen to him, see with their own eyes where and how he lives and works. great writer Russian land.
In the summer of 1907, 900 children, students of Tula schools, visited Tolstoy. The old park rang with children's voices. The children spent the whole day in Yasnaya Polyana communicating with the writer. Leo Tolstoy asked them about everything, talked to them, took them to the river. By evening, the kids were already his friends. This meeting left an indelible impression on their souls. The guys remembered Lev Nikolaevich for the rest of their lives. Many years have passed, the children have grown up, but everyone remembered "grandfather".The writer P.A. Sergeenko, who was visiting the Tolstoy at that time, tells about this interestingly:
"Girls. .. they treated Lev Nikolaevich somewhat differently than the boys ... and did not take their eyes off him, sparkling with tenderness.
A small, about nine years old, girl with a pretty face followed Lev Nikolaevich for a long time. Finally, she could not stand it and ... asked, drawing out her words:
- Lev Ni-ko-la-e-vich, tell me, please, what year are you?
- Terribly many: seventy-nine!
- And I thought, Lev Nikolaevich, that you were ninety-seven years old.
- It was you who mixed up the numbers, put "nine" instead of "seven", and "seven" instead of "nine".
- I saw you, Lev Nikolaevich, in the picture - you are younger and better there ...
The surrounding girls reproachfully glanced at the interlocutor of Lev Nikolayevich. But he laughed so merrily, as if he had heard the most flattering compliment.
The heat was getting stronger. The boys began to improvise showers and splashed themselves with water from rain tubs. Lev Nikolaevich admired their invention with a smile and suddenly said invitingly:
- Children, do you want to swim? The boys were delighted.
- We want, Lev Nikolaevich! We want!
Then let's go! Who wants to swim? Let's go to the river. And Lev Nikolayevich, immediately rejuvenated, went with a youthful lively gait with the children to the Voronka River ...
Lev Nikolaevich knew the poverty of the village children and the almost complete absence of any kind of toys, entertainment, and therefore, at 82, he tried to please them even with a trifle: he collected letters addressed to him with pictures and distributed them to the children.
Such a trifle! And how he touched! Lev Nikolaevich knew that such a picture was rare for a village boy or girl, and that it would probably amuse them.
Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy made a huge contribution to the development of mankind, left a huge legacy for children. Leo Tolstoy's legacy is a school of conscience, nobility, fidelity, philanthropy and kindness. The writer's works teach courage, justice, resourcefulness, diligence. And Tolstoy believed that children, having grown up, would continue the work of adults and achieve universal happiness on earth.
Yes, everything starts from childhood, the charm and poetry of which was excellently revealed to us by the great Tolstoy
List of used literature
- LN Tolstoy for children. M., Publishing house of children's literature, 1961
- 2. P.A. Sergeenko. Children of Tula workers visiting Leo Tolstoy. M. Detgiz, 1961
- K.L. Lomunov. Tolstoy and children. Appendix to the book “L.N. Tolstoy. Childhood. Adolescence. Youth". M. "Enlightenment", 1988
- Goretsky V. ABC of L.N. Tolstoy. preschool education. 1978, №10
- L.N. Tolstoy. Fables, fairy tales, stories.M. "Children's Literature", 1987
