As for literature, the Poles actually have something to be proud of: the Nobel Prize was awarded to the authors of this country four times! But, even without knowing the names of the laureates, it is safe to say that the name of Henryk Sienkiewicz is still on the lips of the fans historical novel. Screen adaptation of the works of this outstanding writer prompted more than one heart to join reading, for no matter how well the director conveys the writer’s idea, the reader’s imagination does it incomparably better!
Acquaintance with Polish poetry and prose opens the soul amazing people who was able to survive the Swedish flood, and the assertiveness of the Germans, and the pressure of Muscovy, contrary to the greedy desire of the invaders to enslave the free spirit and dignity of the proud successors of the Commonwealth!
Loneliness on the Web
Janusz Leon Wisniewski wrote his debut novel Loneliness on the Web in difficult period divorce from his wife. The book has become a kind of pillow for the outpouring of emotions that overwhelmed the soul. And, as is often the case in the writing world, it was the flurry of excitement that helped to reveal the talent that was hidden in the depths of the essence of a doctor in chemistry. The novel describes the story of Yakub's virtual love and his nameless acquaintance. If real life the main characters goes through material world, then the manifestation of the strongest feelings and the development of romantic relationships - in the Internet space. A date in Paris is a consequence of communication on the Web. Life outside the computer tests the relationship between Yakub and the object of his love for strength. In 2006, the novel, which became a bestseller, was released as a film.
Witcher
Andrzej Sapkowski, author of The Witcher series of novels, prefers to work in the popular fantasy genre. He wrote his first work at the age of about forty, but this did not prevent him, however, from gaining recognition not only in home country but also far beyond. Geralt of Rivia, who is the protagonist of the Witcher saga cycle, hunts monsters to save the lives of ordinary people from the danger that threatens them, thus earning his living. Geralt's unusual data, which distinguishes him from other fighters, is the result of mutations. There is also a place for love in the novel: Ciri, the young princess of the kingdom of Cintra, the betrothed of a witcher, needs the protection and patronage of Geralt, because the prophecy says that the child born of her will receive incredible power and power. But the girl herself knows how to stand up for herself: possession of a sword and knowledge of magical secrets are Ciri's hidden resources.
crusaders
Despite the fact that Tatar and Belarusian blood flows in the veins of Henryk Sienkiewicz, quivering love to Poland and the Poles can be traced in each of his works, the historical novel "The Crusaders" was no exception. This book was first published in 1900, when the author was 54 years old. In addition to its highly artistic value, the novel "The Crusaders" pursues specific political goals. The development of events takes place against the background of the enmity of the Order of the Crusaders towards the Poles: the parallel between the Middle Ages and the events at the time of writing the work is obvious. The love of the Polish knight Zbyszko from Bogdanets for the beautiful noblewoman Danusa becomes the root cause of his hatred for the Teutons, who killed the girl's mother. The oath of revenge is the starting point for numerous and cruel tests of light feeling for strength.
Doll
Before becoming a book, this social novel, written by the Polish prose writer Bolesław Prus, was published in a newspaper for two years. In the center of the work is the life and love of Stanislav Vokulsky, who, thanks to his diligence and abilities, and subsequently a deep feeling for the aristocrat Isabella, climbs the social ladder from the very bottom to the very top. However high society, in the person of the girl's father, is contemptuous of the upstart, although he is not at all ashamed to use the capital acquired by the former sexual for his own purposes. Boleslav Prus contrasts the nobility and breadth of the soul of the "merchant" Vokulsky with the low soul of Kazek Starsky, with whom Isabella's relatives predicted a worthy party for her. The coquettish aristocrat, due to a reckless and frivolous statement, forever loses Vokulsky's love: the game is over, the "doll" has finally realized its role ...
Flood
After successful publication in three Polish newspapers in 1886, Henryk Sienkiewicz's novel was published in book form. The name of the three-volume book was given by the invasion of the Swedes into the territory of the Commonwealth, the consequences of which historians and eyewitnesses compared with the catastrophic horrors of the water element. By an amazing coincidence, the fate of the beautiful Olenka is miraculously intertwined with the fate of the daring cornet Andrzej Kmicits. Naturally, a spark runs between young people. Dissolute and eccentric character cavalier and future groom of the blue-eyed panna pushes him to an ill-considered crime, which becomes an insurmountable obstacle in the way of their love. The desire to atone for guilt and the desire to regain Olenka's favor prompt Andrzej to stand up for the Fatherland. A trusting and impulsive young man is misled, and he ends up on the Swedish side, thereby losing last hope to return the favor of a loved one. Only a real feeling, in spite of all the intrigues, from passing through trials acquires a fortress of hardened iron: the young man will have to prove loyalty to the Fatherland and his beloved blood ...
With fire and sword
The year of publication of the magazine version of the historical novel "With Fire and Sword", which belongs to the talent of Henryk Sienkiewicz, coincides with the year of publication of this work in the form of a book - 1884. We can say that this genre acquired another outstanding author, because the subsequent work of the Polish writer proved his worth in this area fiction. The love relationship between the young officer Jan Skshetuski and Princess Elena falls on turbulent times - the period of the Cossack rebellion against the Commonwealth led by Bohdan Zinovy Khmelnitsky. Although the feelings of the Pole resonate in the heart of Elena, however, the second admirer, the Cossack Lieutenant Colonel Bohun, builds all sorts of intrigues on the path of unity of lovers.
Guys
Vladislav Reymont received the Nobel Prize at the age of 57 precisely for the novel "Men", thus proving once again that everything ingenious is simple. Rural life and the life of the peasants were very close to Vladislav Reymont, perhaps this was the reason for his ability to convey on paper the whole gamut of shades of a peasant character. The events of the novel are directly dependent on the change of seasons: the work is divided into four parts, in accordance with the seasons. Vivid images characters, living language of narration and heartfelt love for ordinary people do not leave indifferent even the most callous reader. By all the rules of the genre, the plot of "Men" is tied to love story- forbidden passion between Yagna Pachest and her stepson Antek Boryna.
Camo coming
Historical novel by Henryk Sienkiewicz "Kamo Gryadeshi" was created by the author within two years. World fame works had an unconditional impact on the presentation of the Polish writer Nobel Prize 1905. Although in this novel Henryk Sienkiewicz deviates from traditional description historical events homeland, but even here patriotic devotion can be traced: one of the main characters of Kamo Gryadeshi, the royal daughter from the barbarian tribe of Lygians, the ancestors of modern Poles, who was named Lygia in the house of her adoptive family, was given as a pledge to the Romans. The eccentric patrician Mark Vinicius falls in love with this sophisticated beauty, not suspecting that Lygia worships the mysterious Christian God. Even the cruel Roman Empire, headed by Nero, falls before the new teaching, because love is stronger than hatred, and purity is higher than immorality! The depraved heart of the young man can no longer resist the depth of the faith of the martyrs, and the barrier between the Roman and the Lygian, erected by pagan prejudices, turns into rubble ...
Pan Tadeusz
The epic poem by Adam Mickiewicz, which he wrote over the course of two years, is his largest work. The author with pedantic accuracy conveys in rhymed lines the life of Polish society on the eve of Napoleon's invasion of Russia. The description of the pastime of the gentry is conveyed in such detail that Mickiewicz's contemporaries considered the poem "Pan Tadeusz" a source of encyclopedic knowledge. The love between Tadeusz and Zosya, which grows and strengthens against the backdrop of patriotic feelings and military events, eventually acquires a prosperous and beautiful ending.
Wedding
The Polish poet and playwright Stanisław Wyspiański wrote the play "The Wedding" inspired by his friend's wedding, which he happened to attend. In this work, the author not only sneers about the morals of his contemporaries, but also predicts the realization of the dream of a free and independent Poland, despite the failure and philistine vulgarity of the intelligentsia exalted above the people. Fantastic characters mixed with real representatives of Polish society endow the play with allegorical symbolism.
In the desert and in the forest
Henryk Sienkiewicz in the adventure story "In the Wilderness and the Forest" also revealed himself as a youth writer. The events of the work are developing in Egypt, where at that time the construction of the Suez Canal is taking place, designed to unite the two seas - the Red and the Mediterranean. Two widowed engineer fathers, Pole Vladislav and Englishman George, are working on the project, their children become the cause and effect of the development of events when, by a whim of fate, they are held hostage by the Arabs. Stas and Nel are left alone with their misfortune and are forced to look for a way out of the current circumstances, relying only on their ingenuity, and in fact they are expected by the jungle, and animals, and metamorphoses of capricious nature, even the ubiquitous slave traders are not averse to grabbing a "tidbit" ...
Solaris
Stanisław Lem is perhaps the most famous Polish science fiction writer. His novel "Solaris", published in 1961, still excites the minds and hearts of readers with its mystery and unpredictability of the plot. In the bowels of the universe there is a planet where the only living inhabitant is the ocean, capable of thinking and acting. The study of this intelligent object comes to a standstill due to the inaccessibility of the language of the ocean human understanding, and only Dr. Chris Kelvin is still trying to find common ground with a liquid substance that has an insane ability to materialize the most intimate human memories ...
The literary connection between Russia and Poland should start, perhaps, with Adam Mickiewicz. But in Russia, he is traditionally known not so much for his poems and poems, but for being friends with Pushkin. What can we say about two other great representatives of Polish romanticism - Juliusz Slovacki and Sigismund Krasinsky, who are practically unknown in our country.
But in the second half of the 19th century, Russians read the novels of one of the first Nobel laureates Henryk Sienkiewicz, as well as Boleslav Prus and Eliza Orzeszko. At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were very popular historical chronicles Kazimir Valishevsky.
Without much success, they tried to understand the epics of another Nobel laureate, Vladislav Reymont. But the minds of Russian-speaking, more precisely, Soviet people were firmly owned by that time by a completely different Pole - Stanislav Lem.
In 1980 Nobel Laureate became a wonderful Polish poet and essayist Czesław Milosz, which pleased a small number of his admirers in the USSR. But then John Khmelevskaya enjoyed real success with Soviet readers.
Who else? The brilliant satirist Stanislav Jerzy Lec. Tragic Janusz Korczak. Fantasy Jerzy Zulawski. Poet Julian Tuwim. Prose writer Yaroslav Ivashkevich. Historical novelist Jan Parandowski...
In general, in the Soviet years, when among foreign authors preference was given to writers from fraternal countries, Poland occupied perhaps the first place in this row. In the 70s, the series “Library of Polish Literature” was published: “Polish poets”, “Polish story”, “Modern Polish stories”, monographic collections ...
In the 1990s, when the bans that existed before collapsed, publications by Polish masters, Witold Gombrowicz, Stanislaw Witkiewicz, Marek Hlasko, Slawomir Mrozhek, which were impossible in the old days, happened. She regularly continued to publish works by Polish authors "IL". Sometimes they turned their favorable attention to literature modern Poland and some publishers. In the 2000s, Inostranka published Songs of the Drinkers by Jerzy Pilch, the first novel by young Dorota Maslowska, The Polish-Russian War under the White-Red Flag, ABC - Apocrypha of Aglaya by Jerzy Sosnowski, and most recently, Text published the prose of the Polish classic Tadeusz Ruzhevich, who was previously known mainly as a poet and playwright.
Meetings of Russian readers with Polish writers
It is difficult to imagine a real writer who would be completely removed from the outside world and closed from his reader. Only a constant dialogue with the "listener" of the author's thoughts will help to establish a close connection and mutual understanding between the writer and the reader. Polish writers are perhaps no exception here. The 21st century has opened the window even wider to mysterious world Polish literature. Polish seasons in Russia, book fairs, meetings - all this brings us closer to the culture of the "Slavic brother", arouses interest and contributes to the formation of closer literary and cultural ties.
Since 1988, the Polish Cultural Center has been operating in Moscow, which has been conducting a wide, diverse and multilateral activity in order to popularize Polish science and culture. The PCC organizes: presentations of the best Polish films, concerts, art exhibitions, meetings with leading Polish scientists, journalists, writers and cultural figures. To date, thanks to this center, such famous personalities of Polish culture as A. Dravich, T. Ruzhevich, K. Penderecki, H. Czerny-Stefanska, M. Foltyn, A. Wajda, K. Zanussi, K. Kuts have visited our country and others.
2005 in Moscow passed under the sign of Poland. “Polish Season in Moscow” is a series of major art exhibitions and vernissages that took place here from spring to autumn. In contrast to the development of political relations, the development of cultural relations between Poland and Russia has a more progressive character, because the result of the latter is something indestructible - books. Poland and the associations associated with it are beginning to be perceived by Russians in a new context, becoming part of our cultural reality. If five years ago in our country there was not a single book edition of contemporary Polish authors - neither the young nor the middle generation - now publishers are willingly publishing the latest Polish literature. The modern Polish writer can now not only be read, but also seen. This opportunity is provided, first of all, by book fairs.
Among the writers brought to the Non-fiction fair were two bright representative young generation of Polish literature. This is Slawomir Schuty, realizing himself in different areas activities (literature, photography, music, cinema, art projects). And the second hero is Michal Witkowski ("Lubevo"). From the generation of forty-year-olds, Jerzy Sosnowski, the author of best-selling action books and books in other genres, and also known in the past literary critic. In December, we were visited by Olga Tokarczuk, winner of various awards and the most frequent Polish guest at foreign fairs. In conclusion of the review of the “Polish” year in Moscow, it remains to tell about one more guest, Cezary Wodzinski. Among all the authors still brought to Moscow by the Institute of the Book, he was the only representative of modern Polish philosophical thought.
But this is not the first step towards Poland. There have been book seasons before. In 2001, Tadeusz Ruzhevich, a classic and legend of Polish poetry, came to Russia. The noisy opening of one of the seasons was the book by Dorota Maslowska, whose novel about the life of young people “Polish-Russian War Under the White-Red Flag” became a sensation. Another notable event, which also deserves special mention, was the awarding of the most prestigious Polish National Literary Prize “Nike-2004” to the young writer Wojciech Kuczok. It's nice that both of these authors came to the Moscow fair.
In 2002 Joanna Khmelevskaya came. She is, perhaps, the only one, apart from Stanislav Lem, an example of the unprecedented popularity of the modern Polish Author among the Russian reader, we have even more admirers of Khmelevskaya's talent than in the homeland of the writer. Together with Chmielewska, Magdalena Tulli, Dorota Terakovska, Katarzyna Groholya, and Kristina Janda also visited us.
In 2003 Janusz Głowacki, Manuela Gretkowska and Tadeusz Konwicki visited Moscow. Glovatsky is a writer, playwright, one of the few Polish authors who managed to conquer not only Poland, but also the West. Gretkowska is a representative of the feminist wave in Polish literature, the author of plot and essay prose, Konvitsky is a significant Polish writer of the second half of the 20th century, the author of socially oriented psychological novels.
In 2004, five writers visited Moscow at once. These are Stefan Chwin, Pavel Hülle, Antoni Libera, Zbigniew Kruszinsky and Adam Wiedemann. Hvin is an adherent of benign classical genres and classical philosophical questions, Hülle is a subtle stylist who plays with literary traditions, Libera - the creator of an adventurous and educational novel based on historical and cultural material, Krushinsky - a moral writer demonstrating the social picture of modern society, and finally Wiedemann - a deeply asocial and slightly joking philosopher - “banalist” over his plots.
It is quite obvious that both Russian critics and ordinary Russian readers are becoming more and more interested in Poland. This is noticeable by the lively reaction of the audience, actively sold out books. All this makes it possible to assume that the following years will give even more Polish books, and meetings with Polish writers will continue, and, perhaps, some new forms of Russian-Polish literary and cultural dialogue will emerge.
Polish literature originated in the distant 12th century. from annals and chronicles and has been constantly developing since then. For today literary heritage Poland is huge Polish writers and poets are known all over the world. We have prepared 10 popular books Polish authors of different genres and eras worth reading.
1. "Fire and sword" Henryk Sienkiewicz
("Ogniem i mieczem" Henryk Sienkiewicz)
"The Commonwealth was devastated, and Ukraine was devastated. Wolves howled on the ruins of cities; the recently blooming region turned into a gigantic tomb"
"With Fire and Sword" is the first part of the historical trilogy, which also includes the books "The Flood" and "Pan Volodyevsky". The novel was written in 1884-1888. The book describes the events of the Ukrainian-Polish war of 1648 - 1657 under the leadership of Bogdan Khmelnitsky. However, the main storyline is the love story of Jan Skshetuski and Jelena Kurcewicz.
The well-known Polish director Jerzy Hoffman made a film of the same name based on the novel, leading role in which the Ukrainian actor Bogdan Stupka played.
2. "Dzyady" Adam Mickiewicz
("Dziady" Adam Mickiewicz)
"Dzyady" is a poem by one of the greatest poets Poland by Adam Mickiewicz, written around 1822-1823. As the author himself writes, dzyady is an ancient folk rite during which the dead are commemorated. It is based on the pagan cult of ancestors (grandfathers), which the church tried in vain to eradicate. People began to conduct dzyads secretly, at night in cemeteries and in abandoned houses. They called on restless souls with the hope of helping them find eternal rest.
3. "Loneliness in the Net" Janusz Wisniewski
("S@motność w sieci" Janusz Leon Wiśniewski)
"Of all that is eternal, love has the shortest time"
"Loneliness in the Net" is the first novel by today's popular Polish writer Janusz Wisniewski, published in 2001. The events of the novel unfold in the mid-1990s. The main characters of the book meet online. They communicate, fall in love, live part of their lives thanks to online correspondence, and only then meet in Paris, where they face various trials.
4. "Solaris" Stanislav Lem
("Solaris" Stanisław Lem)
This fantasy novel famous Polish science fiction writer Stanisław Lem, which was first published in 1961. Solaris is an exoplanet (that is, a planet that drifts into outer space). The novel takes place in the distant future. Dr. Chris Kelvin arrives on this planet, concerned about the psychological state of the expedition members at the research station on Solaris. The novel by Stanislaw Lem stirred up the world of fantasy and made a significant impact on the development of this literary genre. The book has been translated into more than thirty languages of the world. Based on his motives, 3 films were shot.
5. "Barbarian in the garden" Zbigniew Herbert
("Barbarzyńca w ogrodzie" Zbigniew Herbert)
Zbigniew Herbert - a famous Polish poet and playwright, was born in 1924 in Lviv and lived here until 1944, from where he left for Krakow. Owner of many literary awards, holder of the Order of the White Eagle - the highest award in Poland.
The collection of poems "The Barbarian in the Garden" was written in 1958-1960 and is dedicated to European culture. Here you will find a description of the masterpieces of Paleolithic wall painting in the Lascaux cave, visit ancient Roman architectural monuments and Gothic temples, see the fall of the Templars and get to know the work better Italian artist Piero della Francesca.
6. "Emperor" Richard Kapuschinsky
("Cesarz" Ryszard Kapuścinski)
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World bestseller. The book by Ryszard Kapuschinsky "The Emperor" is a story-report written on the basis of real events. The work describes the life of the last emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Sellasie I, who ruled from 1930-1975 and was killed by revolutionaries. The author, without any embellishment, exposes the intrigues in the imperial court, the struggle for power, the meanness of fear, greed - what remained behind the scenes of Haile's reign.
7. "Lviv School of Mathematics" Mariusz Urbanek
("Lwowska szkoła matematyczna" Mariusz Urbanek)
Stefan Banach, Vladislav Orlich, Hugo Steinhaus, Stanislav Ulyam, Mark Katz, Hermann Auerbach and many other scientists created the so-called school of mathematics in Lvov in the interwar years. It was a group of mathematicians who met together at the "Scottish Café" in Lvov during 1918-1941, where they discussed various mathematical problems and made many discoveries. These were outstanding scientists, whose fate during the war years was different. Their scientific activity, great discoveries and a turbulent personal life, which in most cases ended with Nazi bullets, are described in his novel by Mariusz Urbanek.
8. Cinnamon Shops by Bruno Schulz
("Sklepy cynamonowe" Bruno Schulz)
Bruno Schulz - Polish writer and artist of Ukrainian-Jewish origin, born and lived in Drohobych (1892 - 1942), died in the Gestapo. One of his most famous works is the collection of short stories Cinnamon Stores, published in 1933 in Warsaw. The stories describe events from the life of a simple merchant family living in a small Galician town, where one can easily recognize the author's hometown - Drohobych. The story is told on behalf of a young guy and the reader has the opportunity to look at the world through his eyes.
9. "Galicians" Stanislav Alexander Novak
("Galicyanie" Stanisław Aleksander Nowak)
"Galicians" - another Polish novel on historical themes. It covers events from 1812 to 1915, which mainly unfold in the Galician village of Zaborov near Rzeszow. Actually, the villagers are the main characters of the novel, whose fates are determined by the tragic pages of history, because the 19th and early 20th centuries are replete with wars and uprisings. At different times, Austrian, Russian, French and Polish troops passed through the village.
"Galicians" is an extraordinary story in which joy is combined with sadness, and life is constantly struggling with death. Colorful characters, description of historical realities, and, above all, a living language, with its inherent dialectisms, allow you to feel the atmosphere of Galicia in the 19th century.
10. "Mother leaves" Tadeusz Ruzewicz
("Matka odchodzi" Tadeusz Różewicz)
Tadeusz Ruzewicz is one of the most famous contemporary Polish writers in the world, winner of numerous awards, honorary doctor of many universities in Poland. One of his many works is the poetry collection "Mother Goes Away", published in 1999, for which the author received the Nike award (prestigious Polish literary prize awarded for the most significant Polish book of the year) in 2000.
This is a kind of memory book that reflects the spiritual relationship between the son and mother.
At all times and on all continents, a book is the best gift. That is why we want to introduce our readers to five popular Polish writers whose books have been translated into different languages and popular all over the world.
Vitold Gombrowicz
A well-known Polish writer, a native of the village of Maloshitse. Born August 4, 1904 in pretty rich family. He graduated from Warsaw University and also received a master's degree in philosophy and economics in Paris.
Witold has always been distinguished by a wonderful and unpredictable behavior. In his works, he often ridiculed the stereotypes and ideology of the Polish state of those years. During his life, Witold traveled a lot, worked in Buenos Aires, later returned to Paris and began to publish small essays in Polish, which were later published as a three-volume Diary. And the famous work "Trans-Atlantic", where the author half described own life and experiences, resonated in Paris and was critically acclaimed.
In Russia, the stories of Witold Gombrovich gained immense popularity. "Pornography" And "Diary". And the play Yvonne Princess of Burgundy" staged in many theaters in European countries.
Ryszard Kapuschinsky
Polish writer Belarusian origin. Born March 4, 1932 in Pinsk. He graduated from Warsaw University, after which he worked in the newspaper Sztandar Młodych (Banner of Youth), however, due to a rather compromising and inappropriate reportage of the then authorities, he was fired. A few years later, Ryszard got a job at the Polish Press Agency, traveled a lot, collected interesting reports, and also collaborated with the Parisian magazine Kultura.
Henryk Sienkiewicz
Perhaps the most famous writer in Poland, whose name is known to many residents of Eastern Europe.
Born May 5, 1846 in Wola-Oksheyskaya, at a time when this part of Poland belonged to the Russian Empire. The boy grew up in a family of impoverished gentry, his father came from Tatars, his mother was from the Belarusian gentry.
After graduating from the Warsaw Gymnasium, Henryk enters the Warsaw University at the Faculty of History, Philology and Medicine. While still a student, Henryk is gaining popularity in journalistic circles. His essays are published in the journal "Weekly Review", "Polish Newspaper", as well as in the weekly "Niva".
In the works of Henryk Sienkiewicz were different directions. He liked to describe the life of ordinary peasants, difficult times for the Polish gentry, and also comprehended the basics of psychology and introspection.
His famous works are considered Polish classics. And in neighboring states are even included in school curriculum and analyzed by young readers: With fire and sword, Flood, Pan Volodyevsky, Crusaders, Whirlpools, Old servant, Letters from travels, Bright music, From the diary of a Poznan teacher, For bread, etc.
Stanislav Lem
Polish philosopher, and part-time writer, satirist, critic and science fiction writer.
Born on September 12, 1921 in Lviv, in the family of an otolaryngologist. He graduated from one of the Lviv gymnasiums, and later studied medicine at Lviv University.
Despite the fact that the Lem family had Jewish roots, they still managed to avoid exile in the ghetto. After the Second World War, Stanislav went to one of the oldest higher educational institutions Krakow, where he continued to study medicine and was preparing to become a military doctor. However, he never received a degree, because. at the very last moment, he refused to take his final exams and became a military doctor.
Already in 1946, the works of Stanislav Lem began to be published. And fame comes to the author after the release of the novel "Astronauts", which caused a resonance and brought success to the novice writer.
It should be noted that Stanislav Lem's books have been translated into languages of 41 countries of the world.
The most famous works of Stanislav: Man from Mars, Hospital of Transfiguration, Dialogues, Eden, Solaris, Tales of Robots, Invincible, Imaginary Value, Peace on Earth and others.
Janusz Leon Wisniewski
Famous contemporary Polish writer. Born on August 18, 1954 in an ordinary family, his father is a driver, and his mother worked all her life in her own store.
He graduated from the naval school in Kołobrzeg, where he received a diploma as a long-distance sailor. Then he entered the University of Torun, where he studied physics. Janusz currently lives in Frankfurt am Main, where he writes his famous novels.
Success came to the writer in 2001 after the release of the novel "Loneliness in the Net" which was immediately approved by the public, the books were translated into many languages of the world and even a film was made. Storybook "Mistress" also appealed to modern readers and had big success. "Martina", "Repetition of Fate", "Why Men Are Needed", "Bed", "Scenes from Married Life", "Grand"- all these works are gaining popularity and are published in different parts of the world.
As we can see, each country has its own prominent people admired by the whole world. That is why, if you have a free moment, be sure to read one of the novels of famous Polish writers.
About five hundred writers' names are mentioned on the pages of Alchemy of the Word. According to the tradition that has developed in our literary criticism in the past, there has been enough written about the writers of Western Europe for many decades: in various courses in the history of literature, and in various reference books, including multi-volume encyclopedias. We know much less about literature and writers. Slavic countries, including about Polish writers, although the development of Polonist studies in our country in recent years has begun to bear fruit. Therefore, leaving aside the literature of countries west and south of the Polish People's Republic, we will focus on the names of Polish writers, since Parandovsky's book provides not only a reason for this, but also a canvas.
Let's start with a name that is not mentioned in the text of the book, but is on its cover.
PARANDOVSKY YAN (born in 1895). Born in Lvov, graduated from high school and university there. In 1923 he was awarded the title of master of classical philology and archeology. In 1913 and 1914, while still a student, he visited Italy, in 1924-1926. was in Italy, Greece and France; in all these countries he was mainly interested in museums and excavations. In the 1920s he supervised the publication of the Great Writers series. In 1929 he moved to Warsaw. In 1930-1931. was one of the two editors of the scientific and literary journal "Pamentnik Warsaw", in which poets J. Lehon and E. Libert, writers M. Dombrowska and Z. Nalkowska, many famous Polish philologists collaborated. In 1932 he visited Greece in connection with the work on the story "Olympic Disc", the book was published in 1933. In the same year, Jan Parandowski was elected chairman of the Pen Club of Polish Writers. This post he holds to the present. In the 1930s he lectured on literature in different cities Poland, in 1937 and 1939. - in Paris and other cities of France. During the war he lived in Warsaw, after the Warsaw Uprising - in the countryside. In 1945-1946. - Professor at the University of Lublin (Ancient Literature and Comparative Literature). Since 1948 - Member of the Warsaw Scientific Society.
In youth, by own confession, wrote poetry. He made his debut in 1913 with an article about J.-J. Rousseau. A significant part of Parandovsky's stories, stories, articles, and essays is devoted to antiquity and the Renaissance. Fame among the widest Polish reader brought him "Mythology. Beliefs and Traditions of the Greeks and Romans" (1924; last, 13th Polish edition - 1969, a Russian translation of "Mythology" is being prepared) and popular retellings of Homer's poems (" Trojan War, 1930; "The Adventures of Odysseus", 1935). Among the pre-war prose of the writer stands out autobiographical novel"The sky is on fire" (1936; Russian translation - M., 1969). Of his post-war works, it should be noted the book about Petrarch (1956) and the book of stories about childhood " Sundial"(1953), translated in many countries. J. Parandovsky is also known in Poland as a translator of ancient literature - he translated the book of Julius Caesar "On civil war"(1951), Long's "Daphnis and Chloe" (1948), "Odyssey" by Homer (1953).
Fragments of The Alchemy of the Word appeared in Polish journals in 1946-1947. The first edition of the book was published in 1951, the 4th - in 1965.
While working on this book, Parandovsky lived in Vigbyholm - one of the suburbs of Stockholm (1946), then in Paris, he recalls the boulevard Saint-Michel in his essay "Paris, 1946" (in the book " Literary travels»); finally in Ustka - this is a town at the mouth of the river. Słupi on the Polish coast of the Baltic, in the XIV-XVIII centuries. was a trading port.
ANDZHEJ FROM YASHOVITS. Chaplain of Queen Zofya, translated the Bible on her order (1455). From this so-called "Bible of Queen Zofya" a part of the books of the Old Testament has been preserved - a valuable monument of medieval Polish writing (published in Poland in 1871).
BELSKY MARZIN (c. 1495-1575). Poet, historian, translator. His "Chronicle of the whole world" was the first attempt in Poland to present a general history. Translated into Russian as early as 1581, it influenced the development of Russian and Ukrainian historiography in the 17th century.
Parandovsky describes the situation in M. Belsky's office from an engraving published in the 1564 edition of the Chronicle, which has been repeatedly reproduced since then. Under this image of himself in the book, M. Belsky wrote his motto: "There is no reason against the truth."
The satirical poem by M. Belsky "The Women's Diet" (1566) goes back to Erasmus of Rotterdam; it criticizes the vices of the then Polish society.
BERENT VACLAV (1873-1941). Prose writer. Biologist by education, studied in Zurich, Munich, Jena. In one of the Western European cities (it is believed that in Munich) the action of the novel "Rot" (1901, Russian translation - "Gnilushki", M., 1907), depicting the bohemia of the late 90s, takes place. The novel The Living Stones (1918) shows a Polish town in the late Middle Ages.
V. Berent was Parandovsky's predecessor as editor of the journal "Pamentnik Warsaw" (1929).
BIRKENMAIER LUDWIK ANTONY (1855-1929). Physicist and mathematician, historian exact sciences, author of meaningful works on Copernicus and his contemporaries. A rare merit of his books is the sense of unity and interweaving of the sciences of exact sciences and the humanities in the context of the culture of the era under study.
BIRKENMAIER JOSEF (1897-1939). Son of L. A. Birkenmayer, poet, literary historian, author of works about Senkevich.
THE BATTLE - cm. ZHELENSKY TADEUSH.
BRUKNER ALEXANDER (1856-1939). Historian of Polish literature and culture, philologist. "The Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language" was published by him in 1927 (reissues: 1957, 1970). In connection with the publication of Brückner's Dictionary, Parandowski wrote an enthusiastic article about him, The Life of Words (Vyadomy Literatske newspaper, 1927). Only one of the secondary works of A. Bruckner was translated into Russian - “Russian literature in its historical development"(St. Petersburg, 1906).
VEISSENHOF YOUZEF (1860-1932). Prose writer. The story "Sable and Panna" was published in 1911. In " literary memoirs» (1925). Y. Veisengof calls this his favorite story a "poem", a "Lithuanian idyll". The story is to some extent autobiographical.
VITKATSIY - VITKEVICH STANISLAV IGNATSIY (1885-1939). Philosopher, artist, prose writer and playwright. Author of several novels and more than twenty dramas. Witkacy was one of the largest and most original figures in the Polish cultural life 20s-30s. He was only appreciated after his death. Big interest caused an exhibition of his paintings, a color film was created based on his paintings. Published posthumously in 1968, his unfinished novel The Only Exit (1931-1933). His dramas are currently enjoying great success and have been translated into many languages, do not leave the stages of Polish and foreign theaters.
Witkacy's attempt to create a "own" language (and it can by no means be called "abstruse") is connected with attempts at a synthesis of artistic prose and philosophy.
VITVITSKY VLADISLAV (1878-1948). Philosopher and psychologist, author of the first Polish psychology textbook, translator and commentator of Plato. Translating Plato's dialogues, he widely used modern colloquial Polish, for which some Latinists reproached him for "vulgarization". For Polish readers and radio listeners, the dialogues (they were staged on the radio by famous Polish artists) were a great success.
VUEK JAKUB (1540-1597). Catholic theologian, preacher and polemicist, translator of the Bible. The text of the translation was published posthumously, in 1599, after being edited by a commission of spiritual censors. The translation is bright, figurative language, which influenced the language of almost all the major Polish poets of the 17th-20th centuries.
VYSPIANSKY STANISLAV (1869-1907). Outstanding playwright, poet and artist. In the book "Drama" (M., 1963) you can read his famous plays "The Wedding" (1901), "Liberation" and one of the dramas on antique plot- Meleager (1898).
"Wedding" was written under the impression of the wedding of the poet Lucian Rydel with the daughter of a peasant from the village of Bronovitsy, Jadwiga Mikolajczyk. The third poet who was present at the same time was Włodzimierz Tetmajer, married to the elder sister of the bride, and the wedding was celebrated in his house.
GALL ANONIM (XI-XII centuries). Chronicler, author of the first Polish chronicle in Latin. Russian translation - "Chronicle and deeds of princes or rulers of Poland" (M., 1961). Experts compare the "Chronicle" of Anonymous with the Western European knightly epic, noting its high artistic merits.
GOSHCHINSKY SEVERIN (1801-1876). Poet, publicist, politician. He took an active part in the uprising of 1830-1831. After the suppression of the uprising, he went into hiding, conducted secret work until 1838.
In 1835, an article by S. Goszczyński appeared in a Krakow magazine “ New era Polish poetry”, where several paragraphs are devoted to the comedies of A. Fredro (see). Sharp criticism of A. Fredro, who after the suppression of the uprising was an opponent of secret circles, was apparently explained by political motives.
GURNITSKY LUKASH (1527-1603). Prose writer, historian, translator. His main work is "The Polish Courtier" (1566), a remake of the book by the Italian humanist B. Castiglione "The Courtier" (1528). L. Gurnitsky's book is written in the form of a conversation between several educated Poles about the ideal of a nobleman. L. Gurnitsky speaks out, in particular, against the use foreign words in Polish speech, but ardently supports the study of languages, and not only the then generally accepted Latin and Ancient Greek, but also German, Italian, French.
DEOTIM - see LUSHCHEVSKAYA YADVIGA.
DLUGOSH JAN (1415-1480). Historian, author of the 12-volume Chronicle of the Glorious Kingdom of Poland in Latin. Długosz worked on it in 1455-1480. By the way, he used Russian chronicles among other sources. "Chronicle" in Latin was published in 1711, a full translation into Polish - in 1961. Philologists emphasize the literary skill of Dlugosh, historians - his erudition and outlook. Dlugosh visited the Czech Republic, Hungary, Basel, Venice, Florence, Rome, Jerusalem, and was familiar with Italian humanists.
DMOHOVSKY FRANCISEK KSAVERY (1762-1808). Poet, translator, critic. In the preface to the poem "The Art of Poetry" (1788), he mentioned Horace and Boileau: "... That I owe a lot to these great teachers, I readily admit, but I also do not deny my thoughts." Indeed, F. K. Dmokhovsky somewhat expands the framework of the canons of classicism from the time of Boileau. But for the Polish romantics, even such limits were tight. A. Mickiewicz, who valued F. K. Dmokhovsky only as a translator of the Iliad, mockingly spoke of his “rhymed prose treatise” (see the article “On Critics and Reviewers of Warsaw” in A. Mickiewicz’s Collected Works, M., 1954 , v. 4).
DOMBROVSKAYA MARIA (1889-1965). Modern writer. The most famous work - the tetralogy "Nights and Days" (1928-1934) in Russian translation was published recently (M., GIHL, 1964, vol. 1-2). The novel is written in the tradition realism XIX V. and presents a panorama of Polish life from 1863 to 1914.
Barbara Nechtitz is the main female image of the novel.
FRIENDLY ELZHBETA (c. 1695-1765). Polish poetess of the late Baroque. The poem "Fortecia, exalted by God, closed by five gates, that is, the human soul with five senses" was published in her book "Collection of Spiritual, Panegyric, Moral and Secular Poems" (1752).
DYGASINSKY ADOLF (1839-1902). Prose writer. In the collection of his prose “Margelya and Margelka. Tales and Stories” (M., GIHL, 1961) you can also read the story “Beldonek” about a peasant orphan boy who traveled with adventures to Częstochowa. The story, published in 1888, was sharply criticized by M. Konopnitskaya due to the fact that the writer used the folk dialect not only in the dialogues of the characters, but also in the author's speech. Already in the 90s, and even more so in the 900s, it was precisely this approach to the language that was credited to A. Dygasinsky, who turned out to be the predecessor of K. Tetmayer (see) and V. Reymont (see) in this respect.
ZHELENSKY TADEUSH (1874-1941). Wrote under the pseudonym Boy. Doctor by education. In literature, “a theater reviewer, literary critic, researcher-polonist, publicist-sociologist, feuilletonist, author of biographical works, memoirist ...” (quote taken from the book “History of Polish Literature”, M., 1969). He translated 100 books by French authors, from Villon and Rabelais to Frans and Proust, in Poland these 100 volumes are called the "Boy's Library". In 1939-1941. - Professor of Lviv University. In 1941 he was shot by the Nazis.
ZHEROMSKY STEFAN (1864-1925). Prose writer, playwright, publicist. See "Selected Works" in 4 volumes, M., 1958, novels "Ashes", M., 1967, "Faithful River", M., 1963, "The History of Sin", M., 1961, monograph by V. W. Witt "Stefan Zeromsky", M., 1961. Widely known in our country is the film by A. Vaida "Ashes" based on the novel by S. Zeromsky.
Nalenchov is a town in the Lublin province, where S. Zeromsky lived for a long time, gave lectures, organized a folk theater, a museum, a library, and set up a school in his house.
"Wind from the Sea" (1922) - cycle historical paintings Polish coast of the Baltic, from Viking times to the present day. For this book, which asserted the rights of Poland to Pomerania, S. Zeromsky received State Prize. The posthumous award ceremony and funeral of S. Zeromsky (infantry, cavalry, horse artillery were lined up in front of the Warsaw Castle, planes were flying over the city) contrasted sharply with the persecution of the writer that had just taken place in connection with the release of his novel Spring's Eve (1925).
ZHMICHOVSKAYA NARCISE (1819-1876). Writer, public figure, teacher. Her novels The Pagan Woman (1846), The Book of Memoirs (1847-1848) and others marked the beginning of Polish psychological prose.
Of great interest is the very personality of N. Zhmikhovskaya. Her students, including V. Grabovskaya, mother of T. Zhelensky (see), painted the image of N. Zhmikhovskaya, an ascetic ascetic and moralist. T. Zhelensky gave a different portrait: a passionate, impulsive woman challenging "decent society".
N. Zhmikhovskaya dared to challenge not only "decent society", but also the tsarist autocracy. In 1849, she was arrested for participating in secret circles, the two-year investigation did not break her, the famous Testimony written by her - an indictment of tsarism.
Her "Letters", recently published in Poland, give an idea of the era and the personality of the writer.
ZALESKY YUZEF BOGDAN (1802-1886). Romantic poet of the so-called "Ukrainian school", a friend of A. Mickiewicz during the years of emigration. The "little romantic" Yu. B. Zalesky, unlike the "great romantics", was not a rebel, and his nationality is somewhat sentimental. Nevertheless, his poems left a mark on Polish poetry, they are not without charm, which is preserved to some extent even in translations (see "Polish Poetry", M., 1963, vol. I).
ZIMOROVICH (ZIMOROVITZ) JUZEF BARTLOMEY (1597-1677). Poet. By the end of his life he was the burgomaster of Lvov. In 1663 he published a book of his idylls. The lines about tobacco are taken from the idyll "Workers", which is built in the form of a conversation between the peasant singer and farmer Milos and two peasants who came from afar to visit him and listen to his new songs. With a smoker who has been stupefied by tobacco, Milos compares a poet who has surrendered to the will of inspiration.
ZAPOLSKAYA GABRIEL (1860-1921). Prose writer and playwright. In 1882 -1900. acted as an actress. G. Zapolskaya's prose, which reveals what lies behind the facade of bourgeois society - prostitution (the story "What They Don't Talk About", 1909), alcoholism ("In the Blood", 1893), etc. - initially aroused the indignation of critics who dubbed her works "obstetrics lessons". Her plays - among them "The Moral of Mrs. Dulskaya" (1906) - expose the hypocrisy and hypocrisy of the "virtuous" philistines.
The latest Russian editions of G. Zapolskaya: "Piesy", M., 1958; Moral of Pani Dulskaya. Plays, stories, novels”, M., 1965. See also “Collected works in 7 volumes”, M., 1911-1913 (novels and novels).
IVASHKEVICH YAROSLAV (born in 1894). Poet, prose writer, playwright, translator. Born in Ukraine. Graduated from Kiev University (Faculty of Law) and the Conservatory.
His “Stories”, M., 1958, the novels “Praise and Glory”, M., 1965, and “Red Shields”, M., 1968, a book about Chopin, M., ZhZL, 1963, and a play were published in Russian about Chopin "Summer in Noan" (in the book "Selected Works", M., 1964; the book is prefaced with the memoirs of K. Paustovsky "Meetings with Ivashkevich"). The poetry of J. Ivashkevich is less known to us, you can get acquainted with his individual poems in the anthology "Poets - laureates of people's Poland", M., 1954, "Polish poetry", M., 1963, and "Modern Polish poetry", M., 1971.
IZHIKOVSKY KAROL (1873-1944). In the 900s, a major innovative prose writer, appreciated in those years by only a few; in the 1920s and 1930s he acted as a critic distinguished by high culture, insight and depth of judgment. He called the book of his articles of the 1920s The Struggle for Content (1929).
In recent years, his novel, stories, articles, a book about cinema have been republished in Poland, and the theater reviews that he published in 1924-1934 have been collected into a book. in the newspaper "Robotnik".
K. Izhikovsky in 1919-1933 was the head of the stenographic service of the Polish Sejm, at the age of 60 he was retired, believed to be for anti-government remarks. During the Warsaw Uprising he was wounded and died near Warsaw in Zhirardov at the end of 1944.
KADEN-BANDROVSKY YULIUSH (1885-1944). A prose writer closely associated with the Piłsudski camp. He became famous for the political novels General Barcz (1922, Russian translation - 1926) and Black Wings (1925-1926), where the writer substantiated the need for "strong power" in Poland and the right of Piłsudski's supporters to this power, but in At the same time, some aspects of the complex Polish reality are reflected in the novels. After Piłsudski's coup in May 1926, he became one of the pillars of the official culture of the sanation period.
Ya. Parandovsky in the book “Memories and Silhouettes” (1969) writes about the novel “General Barch”: “As for me, I considered the style of this novel pretentious, and the pursuit of unusual comparisons was like juggling and irritated me.”
KADLUBEK VINCENTIUS (c. 1150-1223). Bishop of Krakow, author of the Polish Chronicle in Latin. The value of the Chronicle historical work small. Philologists are more supportive of her. The Chronicle was especially appreciated by Polish poets, since Kadlubek collected the most ancient Polish traditions in the Chronicle.
Callimachus (BUONACCORSI) PHILIP (1437-1496). Italian humanist. Member of the conspiracy against the pope, fled to Poland. Here he ended up at the court of the Polish humanist Grzegorz from Sanok, poet, historian, Lviv archbishop. Then Callimachus gets to the royal court, engaged in literature. In addition to Latin verses, he left the book The Life and Customs of Grzegorz from Sanok (1476; published in 1835).
KASPROVICH JAN (1860-1926). Outstanding poet. The son of a poor peasant, with difficulty received a secondary education, having passed the exam for a gymnasium at the age of 24. His university studies were interrupted by his arrest in 1887 in connection with the trial of the socialists. In 1904 he defended his dissertation. In 1909-1925. Headed the Department of Comparative Literature at Lviv University. He usually spent his summers in Poronin, and for the last two years he lived in own house(the famous "Harenda"), which he built on the banks of the Danube, halfway between Poronin and Zakopane.
Books of Russian translations: "Poems", St. Petersburg, 1908: "From poems in prose", St. Petersburg, 1909.
KLENOVICH (KLENOVITZ) SEBASTIAN FABIAN (1545-1602). Poet. He lived in Lublin, where in 1594 he was elected burgomaster.
The poem "Fliss, or Rafting of Vessels on the Vistula and Other Rivers Flowing into It" (1595) is a kind of poetic guide to the Vistula basin. The route of caravans transporting Polish grain to Gdansk, from where it went abroad, is described. The poem preserved pictures of the life and life of the Flisak rafters, their jargon and folklore.
KOLLONTAI HUGO (1750-1812). Philosopher-educator, political and public figure, publicist. Excerpts from his books, political brochures, from his speeches in the Sejm, as well as an excerpt from J. Snyadetsky's book (see) about him can be read in the anthology "Selected Works of Progressive Polish Thinkers", M., 1956.
G. Kollontai did not always have the opportunity to "dictate". He wrote his most important philosophical works "with his own pen", since it was in prison (1794-1802), where he was thrown by the Austrian authorities after the suppression of the Kosciuszko uprising.
KONOPNITSKA MARIA (1842-1910). Poetess, writer. Widely known to us. See "Works" in 4 volumes, M., 1959, and A. Piotrovskaya's book "The Creative Way of Maria Konopnitskaya", M., 1962.
KOKHANOVSKY JAN (1530-1584). The greatest poet of the Polish Renaissance. See "Selected Works", M., - L., 1960 (poems, lyrics, frags, drama, prose), and especially "Lyrics", M., 1970, beautifully translated by L. Martynov and D. Samoilov.
"Crayfish" - so called in Poland in the XVI-XVII centuries. reverse verses. In the “crayfish” written by Ya. Kokhanovsky and Ya. A. Morshtyn (see), with a mirror rearrangement of words inside the lines, each line and the entire poem as a whole acquire the opposite meaning (Kokhanovsky’s praise of women turns into blasphemy against them). In addition, if the negation in the middle of each line is separated by commas, then “not” will turn into “no” and the meaning of each line will change again. In Russia, “crayfish verses” (in the 17th-18th centuries), and later “inversions”, or palindromes, were called lines that were equally spelled from left to right and from right to left, for example: “A rose fell on Azor’s paw” (A. Fet).
KOHOVSKY VESPASIAN (1633-1700). Poet, historian. Author of lyrical verses, frags, religious poems. Like other baroque poets, he combined in his work, it would seem, incongruous. If the epigrams, in Polish “fraska”, by W. Kochowski with rough humor sometimes resemble M. Rey's frassies, then the “Polish Psalmody” (1695), written in poetic prose, is marked by true flight, almost biblical power and at the same time is distinguished by simplicity.
KRASINSKY ZIGMUNT (1812-1859). Poet, playwright, novelist. One of the three Polish "prophet poets" (along with A. Mickiewicz and J. Slovacki), according to a formula that has been in circulation in Poland since the middle of the last century.
"Undivine Comedy" (1833, publ. 1835; Russian translation - M., 1906) depicts the coming European revolution, which Z. Krasinski treated with hostility, but understood its inevitability. Analysis, retelling and fragments of the drama can be found in the 4th vol. Sobr. op. A. Mitskevich (M., 1954), who devoted four lectures to this “remarkable work in its genre”.
Thanks to his poetic genius and excellent knowledge of history and philosophy, Z. Krasinski sometimes rose above the interests and concepts not only of his class, but also of the majority of his contemporaries. His drama "Iridion" (1836; Russian translation - St. Petersburg, 1904), which depicts Rome on the eve of death (III century AD), is distinguished by its great scale.
KRASITSKY IGNATSKY (1735-1801). Poet, prose writer, translator, one of the greatest writers of the Polish Enlightenment. In Russia back in the 10s - 20s years XIX V. the fables of I. Krasitsky in translations by P. A. Vyazemsky were published in magazines. In the book "Selected Works" (M., 1951), the reader will find translations of fables, satires and satirical poems, excerpts from prose.
KRASHEVSKY YUZEF IGNATSY (1812-1887). Prose writer, poet, historian, critic, publicist, publisher. Wrote over 500 volumes. “I usually write a novel of 6-10 thousand lines in ten days ...” - he admitted. The stories and novels of Yu. I. Krashevsky, especially historical ones, were widely popular (Russian translation, see - Collected works, St. Petersburg, 1899-1900; Collected works in 52 books, Pg., 1915; “Tales ", M., 1956; "Old Tradition", M., 1956). In addition, Kraszewski wrote a 4-volume history of Vilna, a 2-volume history of Lithuania, monographs about M. Ray and I. Krasitsky, and much more.
KUBALIA LUDWIK (1838-1918). Historian, researcher of the 17th century. His historical books, written vividly and vividly, at one time were read with interest by the general public. G. Senkevich (see) relied on his work, as well as K. Shainokhi (see), when creating his “Trilogy”.
KSHIZHANOVSKY YULIAN (born in 1892). Polish and Slavic folklore, Old Polish literature, Polish romanticism. After the work mentioned by J. Parandovsky “Genrik Sienkiewicz. Calendar of Life and Creativity” (Warsaw, 1956) published another book about Sienkiewicz (1966).
LELEVEL JOAHIM (1786-1861). Historian, politician. For his life and scientific work, see S. Kenevich "Lelevel" (translated from Polish, M., ZhZL, 1970). See also the translation of A. Mickiewicz's ode "Joachim Lelevel" (1822) - A. Mickiewicz "Sobr. soch., vol. 1, M., 1948; in the same place in v. 5, M., 1954, the correspondence of A. Mitskevich with I. Lelevel is published.
Style Lelevel J. Snyadetsky (see) considered "rough, tasteless, in many places dark". However, A. Mickiewicz believed that I. Lelevel was a bigger writer than J. Snyadetsky, and Z. Krasiński (see) said that Lelevel's style "amazes with its originality."
LENARTOVICH THEOPHIL (1822-1893). Poet and sculptor, friend of Ts. K. Norvid (see). From 1849 he lived in exile, from 1856 he settled in Italy, where he died. The poems of Lenartowicz - the "Mazovian lyre" - were popular with his contemporaries.
LESMYAN BOLESLAV (1877-1937). One of the greatest Polish poets of the 20th century. Therefore, everything that has been preserved is of interest: articles, essays, letters, inscriptions on books donated to friends.
Born in Warsaw, lived for a long time in Kyiv, where he graduated from the university. In his youth, he published two cycles of poems written in Russian - "Songs of Vasilisa the Wise" and "Moon Hangover" - in the magazines "Golden Fleece", 1906, No. 11-12, and "Scales", 1907, No. 10. These poems against the backdrop of late Russian symbolism, they would have passed unnoticed, but their individual motifs portend, as is now clear, the unique world of B. Lesmyan's Polish poetry.
Russian translations of his Polish poems, see: "Lyrika", M., 1971.
LEHON YAN (1899-1956). Poet, one of the founders of the Scamander group. A penetrating and subtle lyricist, at the same time he edited a satirical magazine and wrote feuilletons. From 1931 he was in the diplomatic service, during the war he moved to Brazil, then settled in New York, where in 1956 he committed suicide.
JERZY LIBERT (1904-1931). Poet. He lived in constant need and died early from tuberculosis. In the last years of his life, his religious lyrics gained recognition in some circles of the Catholic intelligentsia. After his death, he became more interested wide circle readers.
LUSHCHEVSKAYA YADVIGA (1834-1908). Poetess. She was known in the circles of the Warsaw intelligentsia for her improvisations, she performed with them in her mother's salon, then in her own. She took the pseudonym of Deotima, an inspired prophetess from Plato's dialogue "Feast".
LUBOMIRSKY STANISLAV HERAKLIUSH (1642-1702). Writer, politician. From 1676 until his death he was crown marshal. Political prose and moralistics earned him the fame of the “Polish Solomon” among his contemporaries, which was retained to a certain extent in the 18th-19th centuries. In our time, the poetry of S. G. Lubomirsky, especially his lyrics, has aroused greater interest.
The book "Conversations of Artaxes and Evander" (1683), which Parandovsky quotes, is built in the usual for the XVI-XVII centuries. the form of dialogues (cf. L. Gurnitsky's "Polish nobleman"), but its author already foresees the genre of a philosophical story, characteristic of European literatures the next century (Voltaire, and in Poland - I. Krasitsky).
Mickiewicz ADAM (1798-1855). See "Coll. cit., vol. 1-5, M., 1948-1954; “Poems. Poems”, M., 1968. About him: A. L. Pogodin “Adam Mickiewicz. His life and work”, vol. I-II, M., 1912; M. Zhivov “Adam Mickiewicz. Life and creativity”, M., 1956; M. Yastrun "Mickiewicz" (translated from Polish), M., ZhZL, 1963, etc.
Russian translations of the early poems of Mickiewicz mentioned by Parandovsky "Urban Winter" (1818), "Ode to Youth" (1820), "Song of the Filaret" (1820) - see the decree. coll. cit., vol. I.
Secret society Philomaths (friends of science) arose at Vilna University with the participation of Mickiewicz in 1817; The “Song of the Filarets” testifies to his closeness to the Society of Filarets (Friends of Virtue), which was formed in 1820. Both of these societies of Polish youth were opened by the tsarist government in 1823. In October 1823, Mickiewicz was imprisoned in one of the cells of the Basilian monastery in Vilna , turned into a prison for arrested members of societies. Here the poet spent six months under investigation, after which he was exiled to the inner provinces of Russia. In the III part of the dramatic poem "Dzyady" (1832), it is in this cell-chamber that the prologue and scenes of the first act take place, including the scene where the hero of the poem, the prisoner poet Konrad, utters the famous "Improvisation".
Maryla - that was the name of Marianna Eva Vereshchak's family and friends. Her image runs through all of Mickiewicz's poetry: from fragments of the first part of "Dzyadov" (1820), where she is depicted reading the then fashionable sentimental romance Barbara Krüdener "Valeria", until the poem "Pan Tadeusz" (1832-1834), in the first book of which the description of Tadeusz's acquaintance with Zosia is autobiographical.
Podkomory is one of the characters in the poem "Pan Tadeusz". A great place is occupied in the poem by the Bernardine monk - priest Robak.
MALCHEVSKY ANTONY (1793-1826). The poet, his poem "Maria" (1825) influenced all Polish romantics, laid, in particular, the beginning of the cult of Ukraine in Polish romantic poetry.
Yu. Slovatsky (see) tried to describe the further fate of the hero of the poem "Maria" in the poem "Wenceslas" (1839).
MNISHEK GELENA - Ravich-Radomyska (1870-1943). Author of stories from life higher spheres". Her books were avidly read by the public, one of her stories went through 20 editions.
MORAVIAN FRANCESHEK (1783-1861). Poet, translator. “Only the hops of the Lithuanian shores ...” - lines from the introduction to “Konrad Wallenrod”, translated by A. S. Pushkin. Criticizing the poem by A. Mickiewicz, F. Moravsky, however, treated the young A. Mickiewicz and his friends with obvious sympathy.
MORSHTYN YAN ANDZHEY (c. 1620-1693). Poet, translator. A great nobleman, during his lifetime he did not publish his poems, they became known only in mid-nineteenth V. and since then very popular in Poland. The lines about coffee are taken from a poem dedicated to his brother Stanislav Morshtyn, also a poet. The main place in the poem is occupied by a cheerful enumeration of different varieties of wines (French, Italian, Spanish and others) drunk by the young Morshtyns during their trip to Europe.
