Real name Yuvachev (1905-1942), Russian writer. In poetry, plays (“Elizaveta Bam”, staged in 1927), the story “The Old Woman” (1939, published in 1991), grotesque stories (cycle “Cases”, 1933 39, published posthumously), the originality of poetics ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Kharms, Daniil Ivanovich- Daniil Ivanovich Kharms. HARMS ( real name Yuvachev) Daniil Ivanovich (1905-42), Russian writer. Entered OBERIU. In poetry, plays (“Elizaveta Bam”, staged in 1927), the story “The Old Woman” (1939, published in 1991), grotesque stories (cycle ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
HARMS (real name Yuvachev) Daniil Ivanovich (1905-42) Russian writer. In the play Elizaveta Bam (staged in 1927), the story of the Old Woman (1939, published in 1991), in grotesque stories (cycle Cases, 1933 39, published posthumously) showed ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
HARMS Daniil Ivanovich- HARMS (real name Yuvachev) Daniil Ivanovich (190542), Russian Soviet writer. The play "Elizabeth to you" (post. 1927). Book. poems and stories for children "Naughty traffic jam", "Theater" (both 1928), "About how Kolka Pankin flew to Brazil, and ... ... Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (Yuvachev). Genus. 1905, mind. 1942. Writer (poet, prose writer, playwright) (absurdist). professionally engaged literary work in 1925. Member of the Order of Zaumnikov, later of the Association of Real Art (OBERIU), the Association of Children's Writers ... ... Big biographical encyclopedia
- (real name Yuvachev; 1905/06 1942) - Russian. writer. In lit ru entered the middle. 20s In poetry, plays ("Elizaveta Bam", post. 1927), pov. "The Old Woman" (1939), grotesque stories (cycle "Cases", 1933 39) showed the absurdity of being, depersonalization ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Nicknames
Daniil Kharms Name at birth: Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev Date of birth: December 17 (30), 1905 Place of birth: Saint Petersburg Date of death: February 2, 1942 Place of death: Leningrad ... Wikipedia
Daniil Kharms Birth name: Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev Date of birth: December 17 (30), 1905 Place of birth: St. Petersburg Date of death: February 2, 1942 Place of death: Leningrad ... Wikipedia
Kharms, Daniil Ivanovich Daniil Kharms Birth name: Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev Date of birth: December 17 (30), 1905 ... Wikipedia
Books
- Stories, sketches, sketches, Kharms Daniil Ivanovich. Daniil Ivanovich Kharms (real name Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev) poet, prose writer, one of the organizers and active authors of the OBERIU group, classic domestic literature., Born in St. Petersburg on 30…
- Stories, sketches, sketches, Kharms Daniil Ivanovich. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology. Daniil Ivanovich Kharms (real name Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev) poet, prose writer, one of the organizers and ...
Soviet poet, prose writer, playwright, children's writer. One of the central representatives of the Russian avant-garde at the beginning of the 20th century. During the life of Kharms, his works were not only not published, but were known to a very narrow circle of people.
Daniil Ivanovich Kharms, real name Yuvachev, was born December 30 (December 17 old style) 1905 in St. Petersburg. His father was a naval officer. IN 1883 for complicity in the People's Will terror, he was brought to trial, spent four years in solitary confinement and more than ten years in hard labor, where he experienced a religious conversion: along with the memoirs "Eight Years on Sakhalin" ( 1901) and "Shlisselburg Fortress" ( 1907) he published mystical treatises "Between the world and the monastery" ( 1903), "Secrets of the Kingdom of Heaven" ( 1910).
Kharms' mother had noble origin, in charge of 1900s a shelter for former convicts in St. Petersburg.
After the revolution, she became a housekeeper at the Barachnaya Hospital named after S.P. Botkin, his father worked as a senior auditor of the State Savings Banks, and later as head of the accounting department of the working committee at the construction of the Volkhovskaya hydroelectric power station.
IN 1915. Daniel enters the first class of a real school, which was part of the Main German School of St. Peter in Petrograd (Petershule). During the revolution and civil war Kharms with his parents either moves to the Volga region, then returns back to St. Petersburg. WITH 1922 Kharms studies in Tsarskoye Selo, at a school where his aunt, Natalya Ivanovna Kolyubakina, was the director. After leaving school in 1924. Kharms entered the Leningrad Electrotechnical School. However, not having the slightest craving for the profession, he was expelled a year later. At this time, he chooses the pseudonym "Kharms" for himself. Start literary activity Kharms falls on 1925. He entered small group Leningrad poets, "zaumniks", headed by A. Tufanov. During this year, Kharms formed two notebooks of poems, which he October 9, 1925. presented along with an application for admission to the Leningrad branch of the All-Russian Union of Poets, and March 26, 1926 was accepted into it. IN 1925 Kharms married E.A. Rusakova (divorced in 1932)
Cooperation with the "wise men" was short-lived. IN 1925 Kharms meets A.I. Vvedensky and is included in the union of "plane trees" founded by him, which also included Ya. S. Druskin and L. S. Lipavsky - who became true friends Kharms. IN 1925-1928 years Kharms creates a number of short-lived literary (and not only) organizations. The performances of Harms and his like-minded people in public are distinguished by an unconventional approach to art, provocativeness and are sharply criticized in the "official" press. Autumn 1927 Kharms, A. Vvedensky, I. Bakhterev and N. Zabolotsky create a new literary group - the Association of Real Art (abbreviated - OBERIU). As conceived by the creators, this association was to include not only writers, but also artists and musicians. Global plans were not destined to come true. January 24, 1928 The most famous performance of the Oberiuts took place in the Leningrad House of Press, which included reading poetry and staging Kharms's play "Elizaveta Bam". This performance (as well as all the previous ones) was criticized in the press, but Kharms' small performances with friends took place until spring. 1930 The financial situation of Kharms throughout this time remained very deplorable. In March 1929 Kharms was even expelled from the Union of Poets for non-payment of membership fees. In order to somehow earn a living, Harms began to write poetry for children, since this was the only thing he could print. December 10, 1931 Kharms was arrested and sentenced to 3 years in the camps, but then the sentence was commuted and replaced with a link to Kursk (A. Vvedensky was also exiled there). In 1932 Kharms and Vvedensky managed to return to Leningrad. From that time on, there could be no talk of any publications and speeches. Harms (like most of his friends) did not even try to publish his "adult" writings. Communication between the former Oberiuts and people close to them took place now in apartments. The only source of livelihood remained works for children, but even they were printed less and less. IN 1935 Kharms enters into a second marriage with M. Malich. After publication in 1937 V children's magazine the poem “A man came out of the house with a club and a bag”, for some time Kharms was not printed at all, which puts him and his wife on the verge of starvation. Despite the extremely unfavorable circumstances, Kharms continues to work: he writes a lot short stories, theatrical scenes and poems for adults, creates a cycle of miniatures "Cases", the story "The Old Woman". August 23, 1941 Kharms was arrested "for defeatist sentiments." According to the recollections of friends, he was really pessimistic about the prospects for the USSR in the war and was extremely negative about the prospect of serving in the army. In light of the circumstances, Kharms is hard to blame. ABOUT future fate practically nothing is known about the poet; neither the date of death nor its cause has been precisely established. It is known that he died in a prison psychiatric hospital, about which February 4, 1942 was reported to his wife M. Malich. Apparently Kharms feigned insanity in order to avoid being shot, and most likely died of starvation.
Kharms in notebooks names the following reasons for his expulsion from the Electrotechnical School: “1) Inactivity in public works. 2) I don’t fit the class physiologically.”
Harms had about 20 pseudonyms. So big number literary names is explained, on the one hand, by Kharms's penchant for hoaxes and theatricalization of his life, on the other hand, censorship constantly banned Kharms' works, and he published them under new pseudonyms.
The meaning of the pseudonym "Kharms" is not known for certain. Researchers of Kharms' work suggest that it is formed in consonance with the French "charme" - "charm, charm" and the English "harm" - "harm". Some go even further and look for the origins of the pseudonym in the Sanskrit "dharma" - "religious duty" and the name of the Egyptian magician Hermes Trismegistus.
The nature of the performances of Kharms and his comrades can be judged by several curious facts. So, during the speech of the "plane trees" at the meeting of the literary circle of the Higher Courses of Art History ( 1927) a scandal erupted, during which Kharms, climbing onto a chair, said: “I am in the stables and brothels I don't read!"
On your own last performance in the dormitory of students of Leningrad State University ( 1930) the Oberiuts came with posters: "Kolya went to the sea", "The steps of mime kvass were walking", "Are we not pies?" etc. According to L. Ya. Ginzburg, in response to attempts to find out the meaning of the last slogan, the poets reasonably remarked: "Are we pies?"
K. Malevich presented Kharms with his book "God will not be thrown off" with a dedicatory inscription: "Go and stop progress!"
The literary association OBERIU is unique not only in domestic but also in world literature. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that all publications of all members of this association (with the exception of N. Zabolotsky) can be counted on the fingers of one hand. This is despite the fact that creative potential and the originality of the ideas of the Oberiuts is now obvious.
The fate of most of the Oberiuts was tragic. A. Vvedensky, who was arrested at the same time as Kharms, died during the transfer. V. Vaginov died of tuberculosis in 1934 Oleinikov was shot in 1938 B. Levin and L. Lipavsky died at the front. N. Zabolotsky eight years (1938-1946) spent in camps and exile.
The literary heritage of Kharms was preserved by his friend Y. Druskin, who, after the news of Kharms's death, came to his abandoned apartment and took the suitcase with manuscripts. J. Druskin did not touch the suitcase for 20 years and only in the 60s began to analyze the manuscripts.
A cult figure among domestic hippies - Anna Gerasimova (Umka) is a specialist in the work of D. Kharms and the Oberiuts.
Bibliography
The literary heritage of D. Kharms is small: poems and stories for children, poems for adults, several plays, prose is presented short stories. Among his "adult" works most famous use the cycle "Cases" and the story "The Old Woman".
Screen adaptations of works, theatrical performances
Art films
Clownery (1989) dir. D. Frolov
Staru-ha-rmsa (1991) dir. V. Gems
Happy Days (1991) dir. A. Balabanov
Concerto for a Rat (1996) dir. O. Kovalov
Falling into the sky (2007) dir. N. Mitroshina
Cartoons
Samovar Ivan Ivanovich (1987) dir. Ts. Orshansky
Once (1990) dir. A. Guriev
Case (1990) dir. A. Turkus
Keywords: Daniil Kharms, Biography of Daniil Kharms, Detailed biography, complete biography, read the biography of Kharms, the work of Daniil Kharms, absurdity, Russian avant-garde, works, read online, free, download, Russian literature, prose, Oberiuts
Daniil Kharms was born in St. Petersburg on December 30, 1905. His father was Ivan Yuvachev, a populist revolutionary who survived exile on Sakhalin, was familiar with Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov and other famous Russian writers of his time.
early years
Thanks to his father, a writer, Daniel early became interested in literature. He studied at several schools, including Petrishula, the oldest school in St. Petersburg. In 1925, the young man joined the All-Russian Union of Poets. Even before that, he began to use the pseudonym Kharms, with which he became widely known. The greatest influence on his work at that time was provided by Velimir Khlebnikov, Kazimir Malevich, Alexei Kruchenykh.
The aspiring writer Daniil Kharms joined a variety of literary circles, which flourished just in the 1920s. One of them was the community of "plane trees" - young philosophers and writers of Leningrad. It also included Leonid Lipavsky, Alexander Vvedensky and Yakov Druskin.
The main occupation of "Pinari" were performances with the reading of their own poems. Sometimes dances were arranged at such meetings, especially the then extremely popular foxtrot. The Union of Poets, the location of the regiments where his friends served - these are just some of the places where Daniil Kharms himself performed. A biography for children can do without these facts, but for the future children's writer the events of that period of life were extremely important for the formation of his creative style. Gradually, public recitations of avant-garde poetry became more and more difficult. From year to year Soviet state became more and more picky about what the intelligentsia offered to society.
OBERIU
Gradually, Daniil Kharms, whose biography at that time was most connected with life inside the Leningrad bohemia, gathered around him a circle of devoted supporters. This group was called either the "Left Flank" or the "Academy of the Left Classics". In 1927, it was renamed the Association of Real Art - OBERIU. The group broke up in the early 1930s. Biggest Success her activities can be considered "Three left hours" - creative evening, which hosted the premiere of Kharms's play "Elizaveta Bam".
According to the creator's idea, OBERIU was supposed to unite all the forces of the leftist art of Leningrad. Therefore, initially the group was divided into five sections: literary, visual, musical, theatrical and cinematographic. Daniil Ivanovich Kharms had a hand in all this. A biography for children published in the USSR, of course, did not mention these, at times, radical experiments of the writer.
Collaboration with children's magazines
What else was young Daniil Kharms famous for? The biography of the writer is often associated with the mass reader with his works in the genre of children's literature. Harms began to write for children at the instigation of Samuil Marshak, Boris Zhitkov and Nikolai Oleinikov. In the 1930s he worked in the children's magazines "Chizh", "Hedgehog" and "Cricket". Daniil Kharms left many stories and puzzles in them. Biography (2nd grade presentation) cannot do without mentioning this part of his work.
Children's literature for a long time remained almost the only permanent income author. It is interesting that even innocent works for the smallest audience were banned by censorship for some time. This happened, for example, with the "Naughty Book" - a collection of stories and poems. She was on the censorship lists in 1951-1961.
Daniil Kharms, whose biography is also the biography of a translator, translated some children's works. Thanks to him, Wilhelm Bush and his book of humorous poems Plikh and Plyukh were read in the USSR. The writer also published works composed in collaboration with colleagues in the creative workshop. So in 1937, "Stories in Pictures" came out. The illustrations were drawn by Nikolai Radlov, while the text itself was written by Nina Gernet, Natalya Dilaktorskaya and Daniil Kharms. The biography of the author for a long time was known mainly from this book.
Personal life
The first time the writer married in 1928. Esther Rusakova became his wife. Most of the works written by Kharms in the second half of the 20s - early 30s were dedicated to this girl. The couple divorced in 1932. Rusakova was later repressed.
Then Harms lived short novels. Such was the relationship with the artist Alisa Poret. The second time the writer married in 1934 - this time to Marina Malich. The couple were together until the disastrous arrest of Kharms in 1941.
Link to Kursk
Kharms was first arrested in 1931. Then, allegedly, an "anti-Soviet group of writers" was uncovered, to which 26-year-old Yuvachev was included. At first he was sentenced to three years in the camps. Then the punishment for the convict was changed to exile in Kursk.
Kharms' comrade Alexander Vvedensky was also there. Besides him, the writer communicated only with the artists Erbstein, Safonova and Gershov. This company was significantly less than that, with whom the exile kept in contact in Leningrad. And yet, the writer was lucky. He himself accepted the news of his deportation to Kursk instead of prison with joy, and treated it only as a creative business trip.
In exile main problem there was a lack of money and problems with housing. Daniil Kharms experienced all this with great difficulty. The biography, briefly known from letters of that time, says that the only consolation for the convict was these same letters from friends and relatives. Kharms' main correspondents were his sister, father, aunt, Boris Zhitkov and Tamara Meyer. In Kursk, the writer had his first health problems. They were caused by poor nutrition and lack of good doctors. But even in provincial outpatient clinics, the writer was given disappointing diagnoses - pleurisy and nervous breakdown.
Changes in style
In the autumn of 1932 the writer returned to Leningrad. After the first trial, Kharms' life changed a lot. His group OBERIU was under a virtual ban - its active public activities ceased. Decreased circulation of Yuvachev's children's books. He began to live in poverty - there was a clear lack of money. As a result, the whole creative style author.
Before the case against the “anti-Soviet group”, the writer Daniil Kharms, whose biography in this sense repeated the fate of many other colleagues, paid much attention to utopian projects and themes. After 1932, he gradually abandoned the previous concept. In addition, the writer pays more and more attention to prose and less and less to poetry.
Problems with book publishing
The inability to publish his adult works - that's what Daniil Kharms suffered the most from. Biography, poems and stories of the author in modern understanding are an important part of Russian culture of the XX century. However, during his lifetime, Kharms did not have such an honorary status at all. Desperation led him to the fact that he began to build fantastic plans for the publication of the samizdat magazine Tapir. This plan never came to fruition.
In 1933 Harms was ill with paratyphoid. Even after his recovery, he was creative crisis. For example, in the first half of 1933, the writer completed only a dozen poems and two miniatures, which later became part of the Cases cycle. But it was these sketches, including “The Mathematician and Andrei Semenovich,” that became the new starting point, from which Harms Daniil Ivanovich later repelled. The biography of the writer was like an attraction - after a long period of stagnation, he finally began to work fruitfully with a new form.
Life in Leningrad
While in Leningrad, Harms sometimes spent whole weeks with his aunt in Tsarskoe Selo. Such was the summer of 1933, when he became interested in chess problems and plunged headlong into Indian themes. It is interesting that the writer was engaged in hatha yoga back in the 20s.
1933 - 1934 were a period of numerous meetings of plane trees on Gatchinskaya street in the house of Leonid Lipavsky. This philosopher and writer remained for a long time best friend Kharms. At the same time, a specialist in German Dmitry Mikhailov. His hobbies were close to Kharms, since he himself passionately loved everything connected with Germany.
New events
At this time, the writer earned mainly by his performances in Leningrad schools. He also traveled to pioneer camps. He knew how to get along with children, who each time remained delighted with the visits of a famous children's writer. This period of relative financial prosperity was interrupted in 1935. Then Malevich died, with whom Kharms had long-standing warm creative and human relations. The writer spoke with his poem at a civil memorial service for the artist.
In the summer of 1935, Daniil Ivanovich Kharms, whose biography was still firmly connected with children's magazines, wrote the play "Circus Shardam". Its premiere took place in October at the Shaporina Marionette Theatre. Further financial difficulties pestered Kharms more and more often. He repeatedly applied to the Literary Fund for loans.
The heyday of creativity
In the 1930s Harms wrote his main works. These were “Cases” (a cycle of stories), “The Old Woman” (a story) and many stories within short prose. The author failed to publish them. During his lifetime, Harms was, first of all, known precisely as a writer in the genre of children's literature. His "underground" work became known much later.
It is believed that in 1936 appeared new type Kharms prose. Vivid examples such works were "The Fate of the Professor's Wife", "Cashier", "Father and Daughter". These stories were mostly devoted to the theme of death. It is also indicative that in that year Kharms wrote only two poems “The Dream of Two Black Ladies” and “Variations”.
At the end of 1936, the Soviet press began to prepare for the centenary of Pushkin's death. "Our everything" Kharms dedicated two works. The first is the story "Pushkin is for children", the second is an anonymous essay about Pushkin, published in Chizh.
Second arrest and death
In 1937, Kharms' children's publishing house was destroyed. Many of his friends and comrades were repressed (Nikolai Zabolotsky, Nikolai Oleinikov, Tamara Gabbe, etc.). Kharms himself was arrested for the second time in August 1941 - in the third month of the war with Germany. He was accused of spreading defeatist sentiments.
At the height of the famine during the blockade of the city, the writer was sent to mental asylum located in the famous "Crosses". There he died on February 2, 1942. Kharms was rehabilitated only 18 years later.
The writer's archive was saved by the writer Yakov Druskin. The author's manuscripts in a suitcase were taken out of the author's house, which was badly damaged by the bombing. The publication of these "adult" works began in the 1960s. However, even during the thaw, their circulation remained low. Kharms' legacy was much more popular in samizdat. In 1974, his selected writings were published in the United States. The most complete four-volume edition appeared in Bremen in the 1980s. In the USSR, the cupping of Kharms' works ceased only during perestroika. It was then that domestic readers for the first time were able to fully get acquainted with the work of the poet and prose writer.
Biography
He studied at the privileged German school Petrischule. In 1924 he entered the Leningrad Pedagogical Institute, but was soon forced to leave it. In 1925 he took up writing. IN early youth imitated the tourist poetics of Khlebnikov and Kruchenykh. Then, in the second half of the 1920s, he abandoned the predominance of "zaumi" in versification.
Upon returning from exile, Harms continues to communicate with like-minded people and writes a number of books for children in order to earn his living. After the publication in 1937 in a children's magazine of the poem "A man with a club and a sack came out of the house", which "disappeared since then", Kharms was not printed for some time, which puts him and his wife on the verge of starvation. At the same time, he writes many short stories, theatrical skits and poems for adults, which were not published during his lifetime. During this period, a cycle of miniatures "Cases", the story "The Old Woman" are created.
Addresses in Petrograd - Leningrad
- 1922-1924 - apartment of N. I. Kolyubakina - Children's Village (now the city of Pushkin), Revolution Street (now Malaya), 27;
- 12.1925 - 08.23.1941 - Trofimov's house - Nadezhdinskaya street (since 1936 Mayakovsky street), 11, apt. 8.
Notes
Links
- www.daharms.ru, Daniil Kharms - complete works. Biography, documents, articles, photos, anecdotes
- kharms.ru - Daniil Ivanovich Kharms. Biography, works, story "The Old Woman", associates.
- Daniil Kharms in the Anthology of Russian Poetry
- Daniil Kharms on the Elements
- Who are you, Daniil Kharms? Review of the book by A. Kobrinsky "Daniil Kharms".
Recitations
- Incidents by Daniil Kharms performed by Sergey Yursky and Zinovy Gerdt
Screen adaptations
- "The Kharms Case" by Slobodan Pesic (1987);
- "Clownery" by Dmitry Frolov (1989) - a tragicomedy of the absurd, based on the works of Daniil Kharms;
- "Staru-kha-rmsa" by Vadim Gems (1991) - a film adaptation of the story by D. Kharms "The Old Woman";
- "Concerto for a Rat" by Oleg Kovalov (1996)
- "Falling into the sky" by Natalia Mitroshina (2007)
- “Plyukh and Plikh” by Ekran studio Nathan Lerner (1984), based on the book by Walter Bush, translated by Daniil Kharms
Literature
- 100th anniversary of Daniil Kharms: Materials of the conference. SPb., 2005.
- Glotser V. Marina Durnovo. My husband is Daniil Kharms. Moscow: IMA-Press, 2001.
- Jacquard J.-F. Daniil Kharms and the end of the Russian avant-garde. SPb., 1995.
- Kobrinsky A.A. About Kharms and not only. SPb., 2007.
- Kobrinsky A. A. Daniil Kharms. M .: Young Guard, 2008. - (“Life wonderful people"). 2nd ed. - 2009.
- Kharmsizdat presents: Sat. materials. SPb., 1995.
- Tokarev D. Heading for the worst: absurdity as a category of text by Daniil Kharms and Samuel Beckett. M.: New literary association, 2002.- 336 p.
Music
- The poem "Very, very tasty cake" in musical interpretation Commonwealth "Other Creative".
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See what "Kharms" is in other dictionaries:
Daniil (real name Yuvachev Daniil Ivanovich; 1905, St. Petersburg - 1942, Leningrad), Russian writer. D. Kharms The son of the writer I. P. Yuvachev. In 1922 or a little earlier he began his poetic activity. Together with L. S. Lipavsky, Ya. S. Druskin, A ... Literary Encyclopedia
See: Oberiut Lexicon of non-classics. artistically aesthetic culture XX century.. VV Bychkov. 2003 ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies
- (real name Yuvachev) Daniil Ivanovich (1905-42), Russian writer. Participant literary group Association of Real Art (OBERIU, 1927-1930). In poetry, plays (Comedy of the city of St. Petersburg, 1927, published posthumously; Elizabeth to you ... Russian history
Kharms D.I.- HARMS (real name Yuvachev) Daniil Ivanovich (190542), Russian. writer. Member Lit. Groups Association of real claim wa (OBERIU, 192730). In poetry, plays (Comedy of the city of St. Petersburg, 1927, publ. see; Elizaveta Bam, post. 1928), pov ... Biographical Dictionary
Daniil Kharms Birth name: Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev Date of birth: December 17 (30), 1905 Place of birth: St. Petersburg Date of death: February 2, 1942 Place of death: Leningrad ... Wikipedia
Daniil Kharms (Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev) was born on December 30 (old style - 17) December 1905. His father, Ivan Pavlovich Yuvachev, was a man of exceptional destiny. For participation in the Narodnaya Volya terror, he (then a naval officer) was tried in 1883 and spent four years in solitary confinement, and then more than ten years in hard labor. Kharms' mother was in charge of a shelter for former convicts in St. Petersburg.
Kharms studied at the St. Petersburg German School (Petershule), where he acquired a thorough knowledge of German and English. In 1924, he entered the Leningrad Electrotechnical School, from where he was expelled a year later for "poor attendance" and "inactivity in public works." So neither superior nor average special education the writer could not get. But he was intensively engaged in self-education, he was especially fond of philosophy and psychology. Lived exclusively literary earnings. Since 1924, he begins to call himself Kharms. This was the main of his many pseudonyms; originating, perhaps, from the French "charm" (charm, charm), and from the English "harm" (harm, attack); he quite accurately reflected the essence of the writer's attitude to life and work: Kharms was able to travesty the most serious things and find very sad moments in the most seemingly ridiculous. The same ambivalence was characteristic of his personality: orientation towards the game, towards fun prank combined with sometimes painful suspiciousness, with the certainty that he brings misfortune to those he loves.
In 1925 Harms met the young Esther Rusakova and soon married her. Romance and marriage were difficult and painful for both parties - until the divorce in 1932. However, all his life he will remember Esther and compare with her all the women with whom fate will bring him.
In 1925, Kharms joined a small group of Leningrad poets, headed by Alexander Tufanov, who called themselves "zaumniks". Here an acquaintance and friendship with Alexander Vvedensky takes place. In 1926, together with the young philosophers Leonid Lipavsky and Yakov Druskin, they formed the "Planar" association. Around the same time, Kharms and Vvedensky were admitted to the Leningrad branch of the All-Russian Union of Poets. In the collections of the Union, they publish two of their poems, which remain the only "adult" works that they are destined to see printed. Main form activities of "plane trees" - performances with the reading of their poems in clubs, universities, literary circles; they usually ended in scandals.
Harms participates in various left-wing associations, initiates their creation. In 1927, the Association of Real Art (OBERIU) appeared, which, in addition to Kharms and Vvedensky, included Nikolai Zabolotsky, Konstantin Vaginov, Igor Bakhterev, Nikolay Oleinikov, who became a close friend of Kharms, also joined them.
The only evening of OBERIU on January 24, 1928 became some benefit of Harms: in the first part he read poetry, and in the second part his play “Elizaveta Bam” was staged (it in many ways anticipates the opening of the European theater of the absurd). Sharply negative reviews in the press determined the impossibility of such evenings, now the Oberiuts could only perform with small programs. Finally, one of their performances in the dormitory of the Leningrad State University caused new accusations of counterrevolutionaryism. In 1930, OBERIU ceased to exist, and at the end of 1931 Kharms and Vvedensky were arrested. The verdict, however, was relatively mild - exile to Kursk, and the efforts of friends led to the fact that already in the autumn of 1932 the poets were able to return to Leningrad.
At the end of 1927, Oleinikov and Boris Zhitkov organized the "Association of Writers of Children's Literature" and invited Kharms to join it. From 1928 to 1941, he constantly collaborated in the children's magazines "Hedgehog", "Chizh", "Cricket", "October", he published about 20 children's books. Poems and prose for children and give a kind of outlet for his playful element, but they were written solely for earnings and special significance the author did not give them. The attitude of official party criticism towards them was unambiguously negative.
After the exile, there could no longer be any talk of any publications or speeches. Moreover, it was necessary to hide their creativity from outsiders. Therefore, the communication of the former Oberiuts and people close to them now took place in apartments. Kharms, Vvedensky, Lipavsky, Druskin, Zabolotsky, Oleinikov, talked on literary, philosophical and other topics. The activities of this circle continued for several years. But in 1936 he married a Kharkov woman and Vvedensky went to her, in 1937 Oleinikov was arrested and soon shot.
"Adult" works of Kharms are now written exclusively "on the table." Poetry is replaced by prose, leading prose genre becomes a story. In the 30s. there is a desire for large form. Its first example can be considered the cycle "Cases" - thirty short stories and sketches, which Kharms arranged in a certain order, copied into a separate notebook and dedicated to his second wife Marina Malich (whom he married in 1935). In 1939, the second big thing appeared - the story "The Old Woman". There are about a dozen stories written in 1940-1941.
By the end of the 1930s, the ring around Kharms was shrinking. Fewer opportunities to publish in children's magazines. The result was a very real famine. The tragedy of the writer's works during this period intensifies to a feeling of complete hopelessness, complete meaninglessness of existence. Kharms's humor is also undergoing a similar evolution: from light, slightly ironic to black.
The beginning of the war and the first bombardments of Leningrad strengthened Kharms' sense of his own impending doom. In August 1941 he was arrested for "defeatist remarks". long time no one knew anything about his future fate, only in February 1942 Marina Malich was informed of the death of her husband. opinion about it last days contradictory. Some believe that Kharms, who was threatened with execution, feigned mental disorder and was sent to a prison psychiatric hospital, where he died in the first blockade Leningrad winter. There is also information that Kharms was indeed diagnosed with schizophrenia shortly before his arrest, so he was placed in a hospital for compulsory treatment. It is not known exactly where he died - in Leningrad or Novosibirsk. Date of death - February 2, 1942
Kharms' manuscripts were preserved by his friend Iosif Druskin; he took them in the winter of 1942 from the empty room of the writer. I did not part with this suitcase either during the evacuation or upon returning to Leningrad, for about twenty years I did not touch its contents, keeping hope for a miracle - the return of the owner. And only when there was no hope, he began to sort through the papers of his deceased friend.
Daniil Kharms has verses that many call prophetic:A man came out of the house
With rope and bag
And on a long journey, and on a long journey
Went on foot.
He walked and kept looking ahead,
And looked ahead
Didn't sleep, didn't drink
Didn't sleep, didn't drink
Didn't sleep, didn't drink, didn't eat.
And then one morning
He entered the dark forest
And from that time, and from that time,
And since then he has disappeared...
And if somewhere
You have to meet
Then quickly, then quickly
Tell us quickly.Twenty-five years after his death Kharms was appreciated by the general reader. His second birth began, which continues today.
