Probably, there is not a single Russian-speaking person who could not immediately remember at least one of which - Ivan is a fool. And everyone can also describe this hero: Ivan is the youngest son in the family, unlucky, lazy and good-natured. It’s better not to ask him for anything, otherwise, and even then only after much persuasion, Ivanushka will make everything worse than ever! But why, then, at the end of the fairy tale, it is he who will get all the best and half the kingdom in addition? Let's try to figure this out.
Tales about Ivan the Fool: a list
The best way to help us understand the character of the hero is the tales themselves, or rather, their retelling. Let us take only three of them, so to speak, the most typical.
- "Salt". A fairy tale about the merchant's son Ivan, who once set off on a ship with boards and boards, got to an unknown land during a storm and, finding salt there, went to trade it. Having successfully sold everything, he managed to take away the royal daughter as well. But the older brothers did not yawn, they threw Ivan into the ocean, and they themselves divided his prey. Yes only good hero and then he was lucky: he took him home, right behind festive table, giant. And the father, having learned about the unworthy behavior of the elder brothers, drove them out of sight, and married the youngest to the princess.
- "The Tale of Ivan the Fool". In this tale, Ivan the Fool tracks down three horses that trample the grass in the royal garden. The mouse helps him in this. good fellow generously fed. Three horses - silver, gold and diamond - become the property of Ivanushka. But! As he was for all the fool behind the stove, he remained: he did not confess his prey to anyone! Later, when it was necessary, by order of the king, to jump to the balcony of the princess, he began to do this in turn, on each horse. And again he returned to the stove: what can you do - a fool ?! Only when they found him and brought him to Ivan the Fool and the princess began to live together. True, not in the wards themselves, but in the goose barn. And only three wars, which Ivan won on his magical horses, proved to the whole kingdom that he was not a fool at all, but simply very modest and real hero! For this, Ivan became king.
- "The Fool and the Birch". In this tale, the fool is real, because he tried to sell the bull he inherited to an old dry birch he met in the forest. And he gave her a loan! And for two days I went for money, all waiting for the return. And only on the third - he could not stand it, he hit the trunk with an ax, and there - a treasure hidden by robbers! Well, fools - happiness!
There are also fairy tales about Ivan the Fool, their names can be continued endlessly: “Horse, tablecloth and horn”, “Ivan Bykovich”, “Humpbacked Horse”, “Sivka-Burka”, “Ivan- peasant son and Miracle Yudo”, etc.
Why did people like the image of Ivan so much?
Why is Ivan the Fool a hero of fairy tales? Why is the Russian people imbued with such love for him? Is it because the Slavs are generally characterized by sympathy for the orphans and the poor, a kind of Christian pity? You can talk about this for a long time.
After all, the people, who lived for many centuries in poverty and hopelessness, probably felt the same unloved younger son- Ivan the Fool, deceived by fate. Although, in defiance of this, not only a fairy tale, but life itself taught - not the truly fool who, sitting on the stove, measures the ashes with a hat, spits at the ceiling or sells the bull to the birch, but the one who, conceited, does not hear the world around him, is not connected with him together. Pride is a sin and will be punished!
Faith in miracles creates miracles
Ivan in his actions is guided not by logic, but only by intuition. Where can one get intuition for a person who always knows what, where and how much? How to develop it in the narrow framework of decency and canons? The law is not written for a fool, and if it is written, then it is not read, and so on ... This means that our Ivan will choose the most illogical, the most “wild” of all options, but, as it turns out later, leading to good luck. After all, nothing prevents him from listening to intuition, and most importantly, hearing it!
Remember the fairy tale where Ivan worked for three years as a priest, and when he was offered a choice of a bag of coins or a bag of sand for labor, our hero, based only on his understandable logic, chose sand? Fool, and only!
But on the way home, he met a fire in the forest, in which a beautiful girl was burning, and then the sand came in handy! Ivan covered them with fire, saved the girl, and she, being a sorceress, became his devoted wife and assistant.
By the way, why do you think the sorceress chose Ivan for herself? Yes, probably, all for the same reason: this person knows how to act not by the rules, but by listening to the heart. Who, if not a sorceress, can appreciate such a talent!
Features of the character of a fairy-tale hero
pay attention to important qualities character of our protagonist. All Russian fairy tales about Ivan the Fool describe him not just stupid, but naive. For him, every new day is an opportunity to live anew, that is, not to reproach himself endlessly for voluntary and involuntary previous mistakes (and he doesn’t remember them!), but to start everything from a new leaf. Isn't that what the followers of all kinds of philosophical and religious movements are striving for?
In other words, Ivan the Fool proves every time that from human knowledge and skills in life depend very little, that is, they are secondary and cannot play the main, decisive role in the fate of a person. Remember the saying of the greatest Lao Tzu: "Smart people are not scientists, and scientists are not smart."
And Ivan in fairy tales is always absolutely open to higher knowledge. He, even setting off on a journey, as a rule, "goes where his feet are" or "where his eyes look." Thus, he immediately discards common sense (with which his older brothers do not part until the end of the tale) and from this remains only to gain. It turns out that not everything in our life is subject to this very common sense!
Reflection in the image of Ivan the Fool of pagan traditions
Some researchers closely connected the image of Ivan with pagan traditions preserved in folklore. For example, A. A. Durov in his dissertation emphasized that Ivan the Fool adorns Russian folk tales with himself not only because of his narrow-mindedness, but because the pagans, it turns out, called everyone undergoing the initiation rite that way.
And the essence here was precisely in the peculiarities of the behavior of the neophyte: he had to forget his former life, abandon rationality in actions. It was this "stupidity" that became the hallmark of a person who wanted to turn from a "baking booby" into a real man.
Remember: in a fairy tale, at the beginning of it, Ivan is a laughingstock who, sitting at the stove, sorry for the quote, “winds snot on his fist.” And in the end - this is a successful, lucky young man. So the initiation is over!
And if you look at it from the other side?
Perhaps the image of the simpleton Ivan the Fool reveals only the dream of the people about supernatural powers able to help anyone? And some researchers believe that Ivanushka is a poetic dream, reflecting the dream of a carefree, cheerful life, which will still lead to both happiness and wealth.
In the essay “Ivan the Fool. The Roots of the Russian Folk Faith” A. Sinyavsky even grieves about the people who have chosen such a protagonist for themselves. After all, fools in fairy tales are dirty, skinned, unwashed, not having a penny for their souls, and lazy to the point of insanity. But to play the pipe or compose songs - they are much more than that. This total laziness frightens the author of the essay, because it allegedly proves that a Russian person, expecting the blessings of life from above, forgets about his personal responsibility.
Evg. Trubetskoy, in his discussion of the fabulous Fool, claims that the habit of shifting responsibility onto the “broad shoulders of St. Nicholas the Pleasant” is the scourge Slavic character, which lulls his energy and robs him of the will to win.
Attitude in the fairy tale of living creatures to Ivan the Fool
But it should be noted that it is not laziness or narrow-mindedness that has attracted loyal admirers to Ivan for so many centuries, but his kindness, gullibility and straightforwardness. This hero does not skimp on good word and the matter: he will let go, having delivered from misfortune, a living being, will take pity on the wanderer or old woman, and they will all repay him in the same coin afterwards.
Such a hero as Ivan the Fool, and grey Wolf will help, and pike, and dog, and cat. Before him, all barriers make way - because he is not afraid that this may not happen!
Remember the path to success indicated in the movie "Magicians": "I see the goal - I see no obstacles"? This is exactly what happens to Ivanushka in every fairy tale. He sees no obstacles to chopping off the twelve heads of the Serpent Gorynych or turning into a beautiful prince, dipping into a vessel with rejuvenating water. He trusts in God and receives according to his faith!
There are more options for the origin of the offensive nickname Ivan
Or maybe Ivan was known as a fool not because of the peculiarities of his mind? The guy was just unlucky - he was born the third in the family, which means that all the inheritance left from the father will be taken by the eldest sons, and the youngest will be left with nothing. Is it because Ivan is a fool that he has already been bypassed from a young age?
There is another option as to why Ivanushka wears this offensive nickname. The point is that in Ancient Rus' children were given two names. One, received at baptism, was kept secret (remember the proverb: “they call it a name, but they call it a duck”?), And the second was deliberately unsightly, even frightening, so that evil spirits would not want to take the child or do something bad to him: after all, and so the baby is no longer good! And children lived in Russian villages who carried up to 13 years strange names: Strashko, Ailment, Rottooth, Blackmouth, etc.
Often children were named in order of birth: Pervak (or First), Drugak (Second, Other), Tretyak, Chetvertak and so on, according to the number of heirs. So, some researchers believe that the Fool is a transformed, modified name Drugak. Well, perhaps the Fools were such only in the order of birth ...
The image of Ivan the Fool in child psychology
Speaking of such an ambiguous image in Russian culture, it is important to note that fairy tales about Ivan the Fool are also effective method child psychotherapy. After all, the child naturally feels timid before the future: how he will fit into adult life? After all, he knows and can do so little! And the fairy tale reassures him: “Do not be afraid, and they turned out to be not like that at the top!” The tale says: “The main thing is to take the first step, trusting inner voice and then you will get even more than you expect!”
And the child, pushed by the success of such a hero as Ivan the Fool, goes, no longer afraid, into adulthood, equipped with important experience: there is no such bottom from which it would not be possible to rise, there is no such misfortune that could not be overcome.
By the way, every child and fabulous Ivan always open to wonder. Maybe that's why miracles happen to them all the time? And the tale about the Fool, in fact, is also about how to forget excessive "cleverness" if you strive to win.
So who is this lover
Researchers believe that the tales about Ivan the Fool carry a certain strategy that does not come from standard postulates that call for always acting wisely, but, on the contrary, is based on the search for original, illogical and unexpected solutions. But they are successful!
Hidden in Ivan the Fool an ideal person- true to his word, honest and devoid of personal interest. After all, he has a negative attitude towards wealth (received as an addition to his wife), despite the fact that at the end of the tale he always owns it.
This state of affairs is quite understandable by the fact that the desire for wealth is, from the point of view of the Russian people, always a sign of self-interest, greed, and therefore cannot be a quality. positive person. And since Ivanushka is the embodiment of something ideal, then he simply must be unmercenary, who does not know the value of money and does not seek to earn it.
Why does God love fools?
Although the statement given in the subheading seems illogical at first glance, there is still logic in it. Judge for yourself: after all, the Fool has no one else to rely on! No one else can help him! And he won't help himself either. All that remains is the hope of God's providence.
In addition, Ivan the Fool, in which fairy tales he would not appear, is always full of extraordinary confidence only in this. He does not listen to human advice and does not learn anything from own experience, but he is absolutely open to Providence - and it never fails such a hero!
And not only Fools, but also quite reasonable heroes of fairy tales, the Lord brings them out of a difficult situation for them, as soon as they find themselves at a crossroads - they don’t know where to go. That is, behind each of them there is an invisibly image of Ivan the Fool, his passive, open to perception state, which helps to make the only right choice and win in the struggle for life.
The image of the Fool in literature and cinema
Ivan the Fool, capable of "breaking" with himself all the frames and decency, so closely surrounded ordinary person, took deep roots in Russian literature and cinema. F. M. Dostoevsky, and A. N. Ostrovsky, and N. S. Leskov, and M. Gorky, and many others used this image in their time. famous writers and poets.
Indeed, in his mouth you can put something that the “noble” hero would never say, and his actions make the viewer be in constant tension and continuously follow the development of the plot.
Art proves to us: it is Fools that are truly free people. They are not bound by conventions, their actions defy logic, and everything that they do is Right way to the Miracle.
And thank God that Fools are indestructible! Otherwise, miracles would simply leave us, and the world, accordingly, would dry up through the efforts of "wise men" and pragmatists.
If in order for there to be a place for Magic in the world, they are necessary, then each of us can and should from time to time put on the cap of the protagonist of the fairy tale about Ivan the Fool. The names that we give to this action are always the same - this is life!
The Russian folk tale Ivan the Fool says that fools are always lucky, Although Ivan was a fool, he defeated Dobrynya and married the royal daughter, and he managed to command the Russian heroes Ilya and Fedka. Read an interesting fairy tale about Ivan the Fool.
"Ivan the Fool" Russian folk tale
In a certain kingdom, in a certain state, there lived an old man with an old woman. They had three sons, the third was named Ivan the Fool. The first two are married, and Ivan the Fool is single; two brothers did business, managed the house, plowed and sowed, the third did nothing. Once, his father and daughter-in-law began to send Ivan to the field to plow some more arable land. The guy went, came to the arable land, harnessed his horse, rode with a plow once or twice, he sees: there are no mosquitoes and midges in the account; he grabbed a whip, lashed the horse's side, killed them without a quote; hit another, killed forty pouts and thinks:
- After all, I killed forty heroes in one swing, but there is no estimate for a small fry!
He took them all, put them in a heap and covered them with horse feces; he did not plow himself, unharnessed his horse, went home. He comes home and says to his daughters-in-law and mother:
- Give me a canopy and a saddle, and you, father, give me a saber that hangs on your wall - rusted on the wall. What kind of a man am I! I have nothing.
They laughed at him and gave him some kind of split tyurik instead of a saddle; our guy attached girths to it and put it on a thin mare. Instead of a canopy, the mother gave some old dubas; he took even that, but took the saber from his father, went, turned it, got ready and went. He reaches the Rosstans - and he was still a little literate - he wrote on a pillar: strong heroes Ilya Muromets and Fyodor Lyzhnikov would come to such and such a state to a strong and powerful hero who killed forty heroes at one swing, but there is no small fry estimate, and rolled them all down with a stone.
Precisely, after him, the hero Ilya Muromets arrives, sees the inscription on the pillar:
- Ba, - he says, - a strong one drove, mighty hero: it is not good to disobey.
I went, they would catch up with Vanyukha; did not get far, took off his hat and bowed:
But Vanyukha does not break his hat, he says:
- Hello, Ilyukha!
Let's go together. Not long after, Fyodor Lyzhnikov came to the same pole, he sees that it is written on the pole, it is not good to disobey: Ilya Muromets has passed! - and he went there too; I didn’t get far to Vanyukha either - they take off their hats, they say:
- Hello, strong, mighty hero!
But Vanyukha does not break his hats.
- Great, - says, - Fedyunka!
All three went together; come to one state, stopped at the royal meadows. The bogatyrs set up tents for themselves, and Vanyukha unrolled his club; the two heroes tangled the horses with silk fetters, and Vanyukha plucked a rod from a tree, twisted it and confused his mare. Here they live. The king saw from his tower that some people were poisoning his beloved meadows, they would immediately send off his neighbor to ask what kind of people? He came to the meadows, approached Ilya Muromets, they asked what kind of people they were and how they dared to trample the royal meadows without asking? Ilya Muromets replied:
- None of our business! Ask out the eldest - a strong, mighty hero.
The ambassador approached Vanyukha. He shouted at him, did not give a word to say:
- Get out, while alive, and tell the tsar that a strong, mighty hero came to his meadows, who killed forty heroes in one swing, but there was no estimate for a small fry, and rolled with a stone, but Ilya Muromets and Fyodor Lyzhnikov with him, and demands from king's daughter married.
He told this to the king. The tsar had enough according to the records: Ilya Muromets and Fyodor Lyzhnikov are there, and the third one, who kills forty heroes at one swing, is not in the records. Then the king ordered to gather an army, capture three heroes and bring to him. Where to grab? Vanyukha saw how the army began to approach closer; he shouted:
- Ilyukha! Go chase them away, what kind of people? - he lies, stretched out and look like an owl.
Ilya Muromets, at that word, jumped on his horse, drove, not so much beat with his hands, but trampled with his horse; nailed them all, leaving only the pagans to the king. The king heard this misfortune, gathered more strength and sent to catch the heroes. Ivan the Fool shouted:
- Fedyunka! Go get that bastard out!
He jumped on a horse, nailed everyone, leaving only the pagans.
What is the king to do? Things are bad, the heroes beat the strength; the tsar became thoughtful and remembered that a strong hero Dobrynya lives in his kingdom. He sends a letter to him, asking him to come and defeat the three heroes. Dobrynya has arrived; the tsar met him on the third balcony, and Dobrynya rode up to the balcony on a level with the tsar: that's what he was like! Hello, we talked. He went to the royal meadows. Ilya Muromets and Fyodor Lyzhnikov saw that Dobrynya was coming towards them, got scared, jumped off their horses and go from there - they stole it. But Vanyukha did not have time. While he was having his mare, Dobrynya rode up to him, and he laughs, what kind of strong, mighty hero is this? Small, skinny! He bent his head to Vanyukha himself, looking at him, and admiring him. Vanyukha, somehow, did not become timid, drew his saber, and cut off his head.
The king saw this and was frightened:
- Oh, - he says, - the hero killed Dobrynya; trouble now! Go quickly, call the hero to the palace.
For Vanyukha came such an honor that the priests forbid! The carriages are the best, the people are all complaining. Planted and brought to the king. The king treated him and gave his daughter; they got married, and now they live, they chew bread.
I was here, I drank honey; flowed down the mustache, did not get into the mouth. They gave me a cap, and they began to push; they gave me a caftan, I go home, and the titmouse flies and says:
- Xin da is good!
I thought:
- Put it down!
I took it off, and put it down. This is not a fairy tale, but a saying, a fairy tale ahead!
There was an old man with an old woman; they had three sons: two smart, the third - Ivan the Fool. The smart ones grazed the sheep in the field, but the fool did nothing, he sat on the stove and caught flies.
At one time an old woman cooked arzhan dumplings and said to the fool:
- Na-ko, take these dumplings to the brothers; let them eat.
She poured out a full pot and gave it to him; he went to his brothers. The day was sunny; As soon as Ivanushka came out of the village, he saw his shadow on the side and thought:
“What kind of person is this? He walks beside me, not a step behind: right, he wanted dumplings? And he began to throw dumplings at his shadow, and so he threw them all away; looks, and the shadow goes all the way.
- Eka insatiable womb! - said a fool with a heart and let a pot at her - shards scattered in different directions.
Here comes empty-handed to the brothers; they ask him:
- You, fool, why?
- I brought you lunch.
- Where's lunch? Come on live.
- Yes, you see, brothers, I don’t know what kind of person became attached to me along the way and ate everything!
- What kind of person?
- Here he is! And now it's standing right next to it!
Brothers, well, scold him, beat him, beat him; beat them off and forced the sheep to graze, while they themselves went to the village to dine.
The fool began to graze; sees that the sheep are scattered across the field, let's catch them and tear out their eyes. He caught everyone, gouged out everyone’s eyes, gathered the herd into one heap and sits radёhonek for himself, as if he had done the job. The brothers had lunch and returned to the field.
What have you done, you fool? Why is the herd blind?
- What about their eyes? As you left, brothers, the sheep scattered apart, and I came up with an idea: I began to catch them, collect them in a heap, tear out my eyes - how tired I was!
- Wait, you're still not so smart! - the brothers say and let's treat him with fists; the order did get the fool for nuts!
Not much time has passed, the old people sent Ivanushka the Fool to the city to buy housework for the holiday. Ivanushka bought everything: he bought a table, and spoons, and cups, and salt; a whole cart heaped all sorts of things. He goes home, and the horse is so, to know, unsuccessful: lucky - no luck!
“But what,” Ivanushka thinks to himself, “after all, the horse has four legs and the table also has four, so the table will run by itself.”
He took the table and put it on the road. He rides and rides, whether close or far, and the crows hover over him and all croak.
“You know, the sisters want to eat and eat, because they shouted so!” thought the fool. He put the dishes with dishes on the ground and began to regale:
- Dove sisters! Eat for health.
And he keeps moving forward and forward.
Ivanushka rides through the copse; along the way, all the stumps are burnt.
“Oh,” he thinks, the guys are without hats; after all, they will freeze, hearty ones! ”
I took pots and pots on them. Here Ivanushka drove to the river, let's water the horse, but she still does not drink.
“Know, he doesn’t want to be without salt!” - and well, salt the water. He poured out a full bag of salt, the horse still does not drink.
- Why don't you drink, wolf meat? Did I pour out a bag of salt for nothing?
He grabbed her with a log, but right in the head - and killed on the spot. Ivanushka had one purse with spoons left, and he carried it on himself. It goes - the spoons back and rattle like this: break, break, break! And he thinks that the spoons say: “Ivanushka the fool!” - he threw them and, well, trample and say:
- Here's Ivanushka the Fool! Here's Ivanushka the Fool! They even thought of teasing, useless ones! He returned home and said to his brothers:
- I redeemed everything, brothers!
- Thank you, fool, but where are your purchases?
- And the table is running away, yes, you know, lagged behind, the sisters eat from the dishes, pots and pots put on the heads of the guys in the forest, salted the swill of the horse with salt; and spoons tease - so I left them on the road.
- Go, fool, quickly! Pick up everything you've scattered along the way!
Ivanushka went into the woods, removed the troughs from the burnt stumps, knocked out the bottoms, and put on a batog a dozen different troughs, both large and small. Carries home. His brothers broke him off; we went to the city ourselves for shopping, and left the fool to housekeeping. The fool listens, but the beer in the tub ferments and ferments.
- Beer, don't wander! Don't tease the fool! Ivanushka says.
No, beer does not obey; he took it and let it all out of the tub, sat down in the trough himself, drove around the hut and sang songs.
The brothers arrived, became very angry, took Ivanushka, sewed him into a sack and dragged him to the river. They put a sack on the shore, and they themselves went to inspect the hole.
At that time, some gentleman rode past in a troika of browns; Ivanushka and well shout:
- They put me in the province to judge and dress, but I can neither judge nor dress!
- Wait, fool, - said the master, - I know how to judge and dress; get out of the hood!
Ivanushka got out of the sack, sewed up the master there, and he himself got into his cart and drove out of sight. The brothers came, lowered the sack under the ice and listened; and it gurgles in the water.
- Know, cloak catches! - said the brothers and wandered home.
Towards them, out of nowhere, Ivanushka rides in a troika, rides and boasts:
- Here are a hundred horses I caught! And still there was a Sivko - so glorious!
The brothers became envious; say to the fool:
- Now sew us into a sack and let it go down into the hole as soon as possible! Sivko won't leave us...
Ivanushka the Fool lowered them into the hole and drove home to finish the beer and remember the brothers.
Ivanushka had a well, there was dace fish in the well. That's
Once upon a time there lived an old man and an old woman and they had three sons: two are smart, and the third is Ivanushka the Fool. The smart ones grazed the sheep in the field, but the fool did nothing, he sat on the stove and caught flies.
At one time, an old woman boiled rye dumplings and said to the fool:
- Na-ko, take these dumplings to the brothers, let them eat.
She poured a full pot and gave it to him. He went to his brothers. The day was sunny. As soon as Ivanushka went out of the village, he saw his shadow on the side and thinks:
“What kind of person is this? He walks beside me, not a step behind: is it true that he wanted dumplings? And he began to throw dumplings at his shadow, and so he threw them all away; looks, and the shadow goes all the way.
- Eka insatiable womb! - said a fool with a heart and let a pot at her - shards scattered in different directions.
Here comes empty-handed to the brothers; they ask him:
“You fool, why?
- I brought you lunch.
- Where is lunch? Come on live.
- Yes, you see, brothers, I don’t know what kind of person became attached to me along the way and ate everything!
- What kind of person?
- Here he is! And now it's standing right next to it!
Brothers, well, scold him, beat him, beat him. They beat and forced the sheep to graze, and they themselves went to the village to have dinner.
The fool began to graze. He sees that the sheep have scattered across the field, let's catch them and tear out their eyes. He caught everyone, gouged out everyone’s eyes, gathered the herd into one heap and sits radёhonek for himself, as if he had done the job. The brothers had lunch and returned to the field.
What have you done, you fool? Why is the herd blind?
- Yes, what about their eyes? As soon as you left, brothers, the sheep scattered apart, and I came up with an idea: I began to catch them, gather them in a heap, tear out my eyes - how tired I was!
"Wait, you're not so smart yet!" - the brothers say and let's treat him with fists; the order did get the fool for nuts!
Neither more nor less time passed, the old people sent Ivanushka the Fool to the city to buy housework for the holiday. Ivanushka bought everything: he bought a table, and spoons, and cups, and salt. A whole wagon piled all sorts of things. He goes home, and the horse is so, you know, unsuccessful: lucky - no luck!
“But what,” Ivanushka thinks to himself, “after all, the horse has four legs and the table also has four, so the table will run by itself.”
He took the table and put it on the road. He rides and rides, whether close or far, and the crows hover over him and all croak.
“Know, the sisters want to eat and eat, because they shouted so!” thought the fool. He put the dishes with dishes on the ground and began to regale:
- Dove sisters! Eat for health.
Ivanushka rides through the copse; along the way, all the stumps are burnt.
“Eh,” he thinks, the guys are without hats; after all, they will be cold, hearty!
I took pots and pots on them. Here Ivanushka drove to the river, let's water the horse, but she still does not drink.
“Know, he doesn’t want to be without salt!” - and well, salt the water. He poured out a full bag of salt, the horse still does not drink.
Why don't you drink wolf meat? Did I pour out a bag of salt for nothing?
He grabbed her with a log, but right in the head - and killed on the spot. Ivanushka had one purse with spoons left, and he carried it on himself. It’s coming - the spoons from behind rattle like that: rumble, rumble, rattle! And he thinks that the spoons are saying: “Ivanushka is a fool!” - threw them and, well, stomp and say:
- Here's Ivanushka the Fool! Here's Ivanushka the Fool! They even thought of teasing, useless! He returned home and said to his brothers:
- I bought everything, brothers!
- Thank you, fool, but where are your purchases?
- And the table is running away, yes, you know, lagged behind, the sisters eat from the dishes, pots and pots put on the heads of the guys in the forest, salted the swill of the horse with salt; and spoons tease - so I threw them on the road.
"Go, fool, hurry up!" Pick up everything you've scattered along the way!
Ivanushka went into the woods, removed the troughs from the burnt stumps, raised the bottoms, and put on a batog a dozen different troughs, both large and small. Carries home. His brothers broke him off; we went to the city ourselves for shopping, and left the fool to housekeeping. The fool listens, but the beer in the tub ferments and ferments.
- Beer, don't wander! Don't tease the fool! Ivanushka says.
No, beer does not obey; he took it and let it all out of the tub, sat down in the trough himself, drove around the hut and sang songs.
The brothers arrived, became very angry, took Ivanushka, sewed him into a sack and dragged him to the river. They put a sack on the shore, and they themselves went to inspect the hole.
At that time, some gentleman rode past in a troika of browns; Ivanushka and well shout:
- They put me in the voivodship to judge and dress, but I can neither judge nor dress!
“Wait, fool,” said the master, “I know how to judge and dress up; get out of the hood!
Ivanushka got out of the sack, sewed up the master there, and he himself got into his cart and drove out of sight. The brothers came, lowered the sack under the ice and listened; and it gurgles in the water.
- Know, the cloak catches! - said the brothers and wandered home.
Towards them, out of nowhere, Ivanushka rides in a troika, rides and boasts:
- These are the horses I caught! And still there was a Sivko - so glorious!
The brothers became envious; say to the fool:
“Now sew us up in a sack and let us down into the hole as soon as possible!” Sivko will not leave us ...
Ivanushka the Fool lowered them into the hole and drove home.
Ivanushka had a well, there was dace fish in the well, and the tale was over.
State budgetary educational institution Samara region
Many interesting tales have accumulated over the centuries,
But it is especially known about Ivan the Fool.
Frank, kind fellow and naive, like a child.
He never lost heart, he did the difficult jokingly.
(G. Ladonshchikov)
Project
"Russian hero of fairy tales - Ivan the Fool"
The project was completed by:
students of 1 "B" class
Supervisor:
Vanshina O.A.,
teacher primary school
March 2013
Target: To study the image of Ivan in Russian folk tales
Tasks:
1. Find out the meaning of the name;
2. Describe the image of Ivan, find out what his character is.
3. Determine the type of his occupation.
4. Find out what kind of relationship he has with people.
Project Implementation Methods:
study of sources of information (scientific and artistic);
survey of students;
drawing plots of fairy tales;
fairy tale analysis.
Expected Result: the work will help to understand the depth of the semantic content of the fairy tale, the origins and features of Russian folklore
1. Introduction.
2. History of the name.
3. The image of Ivan the Fool in Russian folk tales.
4. The mystery of the image of Ivan the Fool
5. Ivan is a fool and Ivan is a prince.
6. Conclusion.
1. Introduction
Ivan is one of the characters in Russian folklore. How fairy tale character it appeared at the end of the 18th (18th) - beginning of the 19th (19th) centuries.
Ivan is the third and youngest of the brothers. He appears in peasant family, but most often does not engage in any useful work, unlike older brothers - prudent, homely owners. However, Ivan's brothers never achieve their goal, while he, on the contrary, gains wealth and happiness. Ivanushka the Fool is the youngest peasant son. Relatives and neighbors consider him a stupid and extravagant lad who can be forced to do any menial work that does not require special skills and knowledge.
In fact, Ivanushka is a minion of fate and a favorite of nature; he made friends with animals, birds and fish, lives not with the mind, but with the heart, so his actions seem illogical to others. Thanks to his “not mind” and irrational behavior, he succeeds in things that are impossible for others. He knows where the death of Koshchei is hidden, he knows the weak points of evil spirits and enemies.
Ivan Tsarevich is the youngest son of the Tsar, the most beloved and smartest of the three brothers. Having no rights to the throne of his father, he does his favorite things: he hones his sword and bow skills, learns the tricks of warfare, horseback riding. He fights against all evil, protects border lands with his squad from enemy raids.
In Russian folk tales, Ivashka, Ivanushka, Ivanushka the Fool, Ivan the Fool, Ivan Tsarevich is a positive hero, because he is a good-natured, savvy, often romantic, does not seek profit in any business, sees the good in everything, lives according to his conscience - the hero most loved by the people.
Therefore, at the end of the fairy tales, the reward goes to HIM, and not to the older brothers who are cunning, deceiving, looking for profit.
Whom do you ask -
Everyone knows in Rus':
Now he is a king, then from the peasants,
And his name is ... Ivan
_________________________ 2. History of the name
The name Ivan is of Hebrew origin (Yohanan - God has mercy), and came to the Russian name book with the adoption of Orthodoxy as the name of John the Baptist. The name John is one of the most significant in Christianity. Therefore, the name Ivan emphasizes that our hero is Orthodox Christian.
This name was loved in Rus' and dedicated to him three holidays:
On this day, a ladder is baked from dough for climbing to heaven in future life. On Listvinichka, the brownie rages until midnight, until the rooster crows.
The day before, in the night magic power they acquire flowers and plants, Kupala bonfires heal any ailment of a person and cattle. On this night, all evil spirits gain special strength and power: witches, mermaids, snakes.
A strict fast is observed, you can not eat apples, cabbage, watermelons and other things that would resemble a head; you can’t cut something with a knife, drink and dance, because Herod’s stepdaughter Salome, with the help of dance and song, achieved the execution of Ivan.
The hero of fairy tales, Ivan the Fool, is not a fool at all, in modern meaning this word. Before the adoption of Christianity and for a long time after there was a tradition not to call children "adult" names, so that they would not be kidnapped by "devils" while they were helpless. The “adult”, “real” name the child received at the initiation at the age of 10-13, and before that he wore a fake, childish one. Children's names formed from numerals - Pervak, Vtorak, Tretyak - were very common. And also Drugak, that is, “another”, the next. Since it was the most popular, denoting, in most cases, the youngest child, as a result it became a household word and simplified to "Fool". The name "Fool" is found in church documents up to the 14th and 15th centuries. From the 17th century, it began to mean what it means now - stupid person. Naturally, because the youngest is the most inexperienced and unintelligent. Therefore, the famous Ivan the Fool from Russian fairy tales is not a fool at all, but simply the youngest of three owls. newer.
Ivan the Fool, or Ivan the Fool- one of the main characters of Russian fairy tales. As a rule, his social status low - a peasant son or the son of an old man with an old woman. In the family, he was often the third, youngest son. Not married. According to some versions, the name Ivan the Fool is a name-amulet that prevents the evil eye. As you know, fairy tales took shape during pagan times, and many heroes were representatives of Good and Evil. Ivan the Fool is one of the goodies.
______3. The image of Ivan the Fool in Russian folk tales
It is customary to think well about the fairy-tale fool: he, they say, looks like this, but in fact he is a chamber of mind. But fools are different.
Ignorant fool
"Drag you do not drag!" - shouts such Ivan the Fool at the funeral. And for the wedding train, he wishes the kingdom of heaven and eternal rest. He is rude and does everything wrong. The story laughs at such a fool.
lazy fool
Such a fool lies to himself for whole days on the stove. But he's incredibly lucky. He will go for water - he will pull the magic pike out of the hole. The stump will be whipped - and gold will fall from under the stump. And then he suddenly gets everything he wants: a red caftan, and beauty, and handsomeness, and even a royal daughter with half a kingdom in addition. In such a fool, good beginnings are hidden. When the time comes, he looks and acts smart. One releases the pike into the wild, the other, guarding the wheat, shows both dexterity, and courage, and ingenuity.
executive fool
There are executive fools. “Make a fool pray to God - he will hurt his forehead” - this is said about such people. Such a worker can be a fool, that he guards the door separately from the house, and drives the bear instead of the cow to the cattle.
Just a fool
Such fools exist in every nation. No wonder they say: "Fools do not sow, do not reap - they themselves will be born." Both storytellers and listeners always make fun of them, feeling very smart.
Before us in fairy tales there is an option the worst person- poor, unhappy, impractical and, indeed, stupid. For example, in one of the tales, the hero is sent to the market to buy everything necessary for the household - a table, spoons, pots, food. On the way back, trying to help his weakened horse, the fool leaves the table on the road: “What, - Ivanushka thinks to himself, - after all, the horse has four legs, and the table also has four; so the table will run by itself.” And the crows are not in vain screaming over their heads, they probably want to eat. And Ivan the Fool lays out food in front of them. He covers the burnt stumps in the forest with pots: “Oh,” he thinks, “the guys are without hats; after all, they will be cold, hearty! As a result, he comes home empty-handed, lets his family down. But the narrator and listeners do not scold the hero. Everyone understands that Ivanushka did this out of stupidity, and not out of malice. In the fairy tale, he also plays the role of a jester, a buffoon.
The image of Ivan successfully stepped over into modern reality. O it makes films, cartoons, the appearance began to correspond to our day: m / f "Ivashka from the Palace of Pioneers", "Ivashka in distant kingdom", film "Magicians". However, the style of his actions remained the same: I see the goal, I do not notice the obstacles - and all this is done with good heart and for the benefit of the people.
________________5. The mystery of the image of Ivan the Fool
Ivan the Fool is a character that is inherently obscure, if not mysterious. Being the main character of the fairy tale, he, in accordance with the laws of the genre, successfully overcomes all the obstacles placed in his path by fate, and achieves prosperity, usually symbolized by marrying the king's daughter. In this, Ivan the Fool differs little from Ivan the Tsarevich and others. fairytale heroes with whom listeners sympathize and may identify, but if in others fairy tales luck eventually rewards heroes for their intelligence, cunning, loyalty, kindness, courage, then, considering this type of fairy tales, we have to conclude that Ivan the Fool is rewarded for his stupidity. Possessing no special virtues that even counterbalance his stupidity, he nevertheless comes to the same finale as obviously worthy heroes. Moreover, in the tale, in addition to Ivan the Fool, his brothers are often present, who differ from him only in their rationality and who also try to win luck, but of the three brothers, fate turns out to be favorable to the fool, confirming the conclusion about the reward for stupidity.
The morality straightforwardly derived from these tales says that a person does not particularly need a mind, it is not at all required to achieve success in life; if it is destined for you to become the royal son-in-law, then even if you are a fool, this will not prevent you from becoming one, and if it is not written, then you should not try. Hence, sometimes a rather offensive conclusion is made for us Russians, that the people, whose favorite folklore hero can be a fool and an idler, do not value intelligence, diligence, calculation and perseverance in achieving a goal, but are inclined, lying on the stove, to hope for a miracle, which without any hassle will lift him from rags to riches. But this conclusion is in clear contradiction with the fact that in other - created by the same people - fairy tales, the natural mind of the heroes, their education, prudence, wit, cunning serve as the basis for their success in life and are highly appreciated.
Ershov in his famous "Humpbacked Horse", using folk story about Ivan the Fool, follows this generally accepted path. In the beginning, however, he follows the folk tale, saying:
“He had three sons.
The older one was smart,
The average was this way and that,
The younger one was a complete fool.”
Ivan the Fool is interpreted by Yershov as a hero who is considered stupid only due to a misunderstanding and whose virtues are hidden under an inconspicuous appearance for the time being. Ershov follows ordinary common sense, confident that if a person whom we considered a fool has achieved extraordinary success in life, then he is probably not such a fool, and perhaps smarter than others. From this, the tale becomes more “correct”, logical, but at the same time, originality and the true meaning of the plot are lost.
To correctly understand the meaning of the tale and find out why main character- a fool, what is the functional role of his stupidity in the development of the plot, you need to move away from your usual ideas and try to take the point of view of the subject of folklore,
The plot about Ivan the Fool is similar to the type of fairy tales, and it uses the same elements: there are also difficult tasks that exceed human capabilities, there are magical assistants who solve unsolvable problems for the hero, and the same brilliant ending awaits the hero at the end. Ivan's stupidity is not proved by anything in the fairy tale, he is a fool by definition. Obviously, his foolishness is so undeniable that it does not need to be proven, he is a well-known village fool, to whom the Lord did not give reason.
In the tales about Ivan the Fool there is a contradiction, removed by the development of the plot. So, in one version of this tale, the plot unfolds as follows. When dividing property between brothers, the younger brother-fool asks his father to also allocate a part to him, and although the old father doubts whether this is worth doing - no property will help the fool, his case is hopeless - he still gives the fool a hundred out of justice and pity. rubles. The fool goes out into the street, and there the boys are torturing a kitten and a puppy. The fool asks to give them to him and in return gives his hundred rubles. In the future, a dog and a cat grow up and, naturally, turn out to be wonderful helpers of a fool, bringing him good luck and happy ending fairy tales. From this it can be seen that the fool's success is brought by the correct (in his position) choice of path: after it has been completed, bringing the plot to a happy end turns out to be a matter of fabulous technique.
Who hates Ivan. First of all, Ivan the Fool is completely devoid of the three vices that his enemies consider virtues.
Firstly, he is not at all conceited and never demands recognition and glory for his exploits.
Secondly, Ivan is disinterested, nowhere and never does anything for the sake of self-interest.
Thirdly, there is not even a hint of a tendency to kill or torment others in him, and he is cruel only in cases of extreme necessity, and only with evil spirit.
From the point of view of the enemies, it is the absence of these three vices, which they consider to be the most important virtues, that makes it possible to call Ivan a "fool". In fairy tales, the enemies, knowing how Ivan will behave, take advantage of this, provoke conditions in which he goes "there, not knowing where" in order to "bring something, not knowing what", they get both fame and wealth.
Why does Ivan win? The highest meaning of Ivan's travels and all the misadventures, even when he goes, and not knowing where and for no one knows why, is in the fight against evil spirits and in the multiplication of good. He conquers enemies by virtue of his natural, God this behavior. Everything that is light and good helps Ivan, and his mother is the damp earth, and forests, and rivers, and smaller brothers, to small animals and insects. It helps, because he himself is bright and kind, and not just close to light and goodness. He is an inner person, living with his heart - a prophet. "Here the old woman jumps over the garden: Fu-fu-fu, what is this! The Russian spirit came to me in the forest!"... realm of the dead, the main enemies of Ivan - Koshchei, Baba Yaga, the Serpent Gorynych - are opposed by the kingdom of the living. A special country Ivanstvo-Ivania is a special civilization. "Here is the Russian spirit, here it smells of Russia." This is the civilization of Russia. You won't find another one like it. "Rus Ivan" was and is still being called by our western neighbors, "Urus Ivan" by our eastern neighbors.
Moreover, a person of a nasty personal class, opposite to civilization, where, first of all, "favorite" wealth is held in high esteem, that is, an external person living with a cold mind, considers the Orthodox no longer fabulous, but real fools, and Russia - a wild, uncivilized country of fools. People from this country-civilization who have remained Orthodox, that is, you and I, are Ivans - Fools.
Meanwhile, the immortality of Russia lies precisely in the fact that Ivans lived and created, live and create in it, remembering kinship.
_
___________________5. Ivan is a fool and Ivan is a prince.
How did it become possible that the same image of Ivan is embodied in two heroes - a fool and a prince.
A prince is a man of noble birth, the son of a king. And the king's son should always be positive and strong. Therefore, Ivan Tsarevich is a folk positive hero. The image of Ivan Tsarevich is much more ancient than that of Ivan the Fool.
Ivan - Tsarevich - a positive character.
poor, lost by parents, persecuted by enemies, unaware of his royal lineage;
fights evil, helps the offended or the weak;
at the end of the tale, he receives half the kingdom, a royal or royal daughter, a magical or expensive horse.
The favorite hero of Russian fairy tales is Ivan Tsarevich, Ivan the Fool, Ivan the peasant son. This is a fearless, kind and noble hero who defeats all enemies, helps the weak and wins happiness for himself.
6. Conclusion
The Russian people love fools not because they are stupid, but because they are smart: smart with a higher mind, which is not in cunning and deceiving others, not in swindle and successful pursuit of their own narrow benefit, but in wisdom that knows true price any falsehood, ostentatious prettiness, seeing the price in doing good to others, and consequently, to oneself as a person.
And not every fool and eccentric is loved by the Russian people, but only one who will take a liking to an ugly humpbacked horse, will not offend a dove, will not break a talking tree, and then will give his own to others, will save nature and respect his dear parents. Such a "fool" will not only get a beauty, but the princess will give an engagement ring from the window, and with it half a kingdom-state as a dowry.
Tales of Ivan.
Ivan the Fool
Sivka-Burka Vesha-Kaurka
How Ivanushka the Fool went for a miracle
Ivan Tsarevich and the Grey Wolf
How Ivan the Fool guarded the door
Go there - I don't know where, bring that - I don't know what.
Ivanushka and brownie
Tale of rejuvenating apples and living water
Ivan Bestalanny and Elena the Wise
Ivan - a peasant son and a miracle - Yudo
Marya Morevna
Ivan Bykovich
Koschei the Deathless
Copper, silver and gold kingdom
Vasilisa the Wise
magic ring
Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka
Student survey
1. Ivan - is he a fool or smart?
2. What qualities do you like Ivan the Fool?
8 .References
Propp V. Ya. Historical roots fairy tale. L., 1986
Novikov N.V. Images of an East Slavic fairy tale. L., 1974.
Andrei Sinyavsky. Ivan the Fool in Russian fairy tales // Sinyavsky A.D. Ivan the Fool: An Essay on the Russian Folk Faith. - M.: Agraf, 2001, p. 37-48
Bakhtin V. Tales
Likhachev D.S. Once again about beauty
Propp V.Ya. Morphology of the fairy tale
Internet materials
