What is farce?
- The word "farce" has several meanings. About farce as a kind theatrical art Everything is already in the previous answers. Dahl's "farce" is a joke, a funny prank. In our time, "farce" is more often used in the sense of something hypocritical, cynical (for example, the elections have turned into a pathetic farce), or sometimes, as a rude joke.
- Farce is a light comedy with purely external comic prima. In the Middle Ages, a farce was also called a kind folk theater and literature, widespread in the XIV-XVI centuries in the Western European countries Oh. Prima farcical buffoonery preserved in the circus clownery
FARS French. farce, Latin. farsa is one of the comic genres of the medieval theater. In the 7th century, in Church Latin, farsa (farsia) denoted an insertion in a church text (Epistola cum farsa, Epistola farsita, etc.), later these insertions became common in prayers and hymns. The fixing of the term F. for a dramatic interlude can be attributed to the 12th century. The undoubted source of F. are the French games (jeux), already known in the XII century under various names: dits, d # 233; bats, etc. The game under the foliage (Jeu de la feuill # 233; e, ca., 1262) Adam de la Gale 12381286 has a number of purely farcical features both in terms of plot and wit of the provisions, and interpretation individual characters (predecessor of the Italian Harlequin devil Herlequin Croquesots, physicist, monk). The content of farces, as well as fables extremely close to them (see), was borrowed from everyday reality; F. themes are varied family relationships and the relationship of the master and servants, the deceit of his wife, the trickery in trade and in court, the adventures of a boastful soldier, the failure of an arrogant student; colorful images of monks and priests, merchants and artisans,soldiers and students, peasants and laborers, judges, officials; a comic situation is achieved by introducing an external effect of a brawl, squabble, etc.; often many complications are introduced by the use of several dialects, professional vocabulary, Macaronic Latin; individualization of the speech of F. characters was carried out in most cases quite consistently. There are no developed characters in the farce; as in fablio, F.'s characters act more, exchange puns and witty remarks; the growth of the plot occurs due to the rapid transfer of action from one place to another, unexpected explanations. Unlike large forms In the medieval city theater, F. did not know the lengthy preparation of the performance, did not have an equipped stage platform, and managed with the most primitive staging means. The French farce, and those close to F. soti, were the lot of small brotherhoods and were staged from the 14th century. predominantly parliamentary clerks (clercs de Basoche) and actors (enfants sans souci). Among the early F. are the Free Shooter from Bagnolet (Franc Archer de Bagnolet, 1468) and Trois galants et Philipot, where the old motif of the boastful soldier is beautifully developed. The number of F. has been growing strongly since the end of the 15th century. ; to this time is a kind of cycle F. about Patelena. Three Farces Monsieur Pierre Patelin 1470, New Patelin c. 1480, Testament of Patelen c. 1490 draw immortal image swindler-solicitor avocat sous lorme. The obvious popularity of these farces, especially the first one, is evident from the numerous editions (16 editions from 1489 to 1532) and those references to the main F. that are found in the New Patelen and in the Testament.
- Firstly, farce is a kind of folk theater, similar to the Italian "commedia dell'arte", that is, improvisational performances with the participation of masked actors. It became widespread in most Western European countries with the development and growing popularity of the mysteries (1416 centuries). The main pathetic and solemn action began with comedic inserts. Actually, it was then that the term farce arose from the word "minced meat, stuffing." The farce gradually developed into a separate genre of theater, a truly popular, democratic one. The farce is characterized by rude humor, buffoonery, improvisation, the emphasis is not on the individual, but on the typical features of the characters. Farcical motifs are clearly visible in literary creativity playwrights of the Renaissance and the 17th century (Shakespeare, Moliere, Cervantes, etc.).
Secondly, since the 19th century. the term farce is used as a title separate genre dramaturgy and theatrical performances that retain the main features medieval farce: lightness and unpretentiousness of the plot, buffoonish humor, unambiguity of characters, external comic tricks. It often serves as a synonym for vaudeville, stage anecdote, sitcom, theatrical and circus clowning, etc. Jokes in one act by A.P. Chekhov "Proposal", "Bear", "Jubilee" carry the features of farce.On household level the word farce is used in figurative meaning to determine a rude joke, an outrageous antics.
Medieval comic theatrical genre- comedy. Farce is the strange child of two incompatible parents. If comedy is his mother, then the father who gave him his name was the church text, in which the farce was called inserts (translation - "stuffing") - Epistola cum farsa or Epistola farsita, however, there were many of them in hymns and even just in prayers. If we continue the comparison, considering that here the tragedy, so beloved by the ancient Roman population, is not too far away. The farce in this case consisted in the fact that in the arena the poor tragedians were devoured by predatory animals to the cheerful cries of the audience. It is not in vain that the saying is recalled that any action can only be a tragedy for the first time, repeated twice is already a farce. This is no longer convincing. So what is a farce?
So the term stuck with a little dramatic interlude in the 12th century. Farce - this is the problems of the family, and the relationship of the servant and the owner, and chicanery, and the adventures of soldiers and students, any laborers and merchants, as well as judges and officials.
The figurative rows are full of comic situations, achieved by rather cheap means - with the help of brawls and squabbles. The development of the plot involves jumping from one scene to another, there is no unity. The characters are not deeply revealed, the characters are mostly puns and witticisms. Topics are varied and borrowed most often from the surrounding everyday life. The staging facilities are the most primitive, since there is no preparation for the performances. By the end of the 15th century, the number of farces increased, and the genre flourished.
Farce is the heyday of French theater
The French theater, for all its infancy, already acquired some purely farcical features by the 12th century. Building on witty plot moves. Characters - the predecessor of Harlequin (Herlequin), alchemist, monk. The trilogy about Potilene, a solicitor, a trickster and a swindler, becomes especially famous. Author unknown. Villon, and de la Salle, and Blanche are also suspected. Edifying and political farces were composed by Queen Margo (of Navarre, the same one). Much later, farce constantly shone through in the comedies of the famous Moliere. For example, or "Tricks of Scapen". The critical time for the development of the theater is the 17th century. The farce leaves the French scene. In its place, a full-fledged literary comedy triumphantly takes its place.
Farce is the father Italian comedy
The farce, in itself not a very independent dramatic act, had a huge impact on the whole world. Including Italy became a real home for farce, but in the end it received a talented child - commedia dell'arte, with immortal masks of Columbine, Pantaloon, Doctor and Harlequin.
farce is main genre on the stage of medieval Europe
Literature of other European countries has left us examples of this genre as a legacy. In Germany there were carnival games, scourging human weaknesses. In the 12th-15th centuries, the meistersingers (German poets-singers), especially those of Nuremberg, most often succeeded in composing farces. Like knights proud of their lineage, the Meistersingers were true professionals and respected the art of poetry as a craft. And in Spain, Cervantes worked. The most famous farces of his brilliant pen are "Two Talkers" and "The Theater of Miracles".
IN contemporary literature exists a large number of genres and their branches. Some of them arose relatively recently, while the history of others goes back more than one century. This article will describe the history of the origin of just one of these genres - farce.
The emergence and development of farce as a genre
Farce is a comedy genre that originated in Western European medieval theater. It originated in the seventh century, but how independent genre it emerged only in the second half of the fifteenth century. The main period of its development is the XIV-XVI century. Among the origins of the farce are performances by itinerant comedians and carnival games during Maslenitsa. The stories of the comedians determined the themes and dialogues, and the carnival performances determined its mass character and dynamic game nature. Later, mysteries begin to fill with farces (hence its name comes from), from which it stood out as an independent genre.
Farce in the medieval theater
Unlike other genres of medieval theatre, allegory and didacticism are completely uncharacteristic of farce. After all, it is based on real life events, anecdotes. Farcical plays reflect quite life-like everyday situations. However, there are no individualized images yet. Instead, there are types-masks, such as a cunning servant, an unfaithful wife, a boastful soldier, an unlucky student, a pedantic scientist, a charlatan doctor, and others. The heroes of farces act directly: they fight, swear, argue, exchange puns. There are many physical collisions in the performance, eccentrics, buffoonery, sharp and dynamic situations that quickly replace each other. Due to such changes, as well as the free transfer of action from one place to another, the plot unfolds quite quickly. Moreover, the heroes of farces not only made fun of the comedy of the situations, but also ridiculed certain phenomena and features.
Farce in European and Japanese theaters
European farces were staged mainly by amateur actors. The authors of medieval comic plays are mostly unknown (farces were often compiled collectively). It is known that farces were written by F. Rabelais, K. Maro, several farces of Margaret of Navarre have been preserved. The most popular in the 15th century was a cycle of French farces about the lawyer Patlen, who told about the adventures of the famous folk hero, vividly depicted the life of a medieval city, showed a number of colorful figures. In general, on French soil this genre - farce - begins to flourish.
The genre of farce (kyogen) also existed in the Japanese Noh theater: it developed in the 14th century. Japanese farce is a genre that has been closely associated with folklore (satiric and household tales, jokes). Like its European counterpart, kyogen was a small everyday scenes based on material borrowed from life itself. The main characters ridiculed by the Japanese farce are charlatan monks, stupid princes, their cunning servants, and peasants. The main principle of his game kyogen put forward comedy in combination with the truth of life. Farces in Japan were performed as interludes between dramas.
Significance in the history of world theater
Farce is an art direction that had a great influence on further development world theatre. It is thanks to him that English interludes and Spanish passes, German fastnachtspiel and Italian comedy of masks develop. In the 17th century, the farce, not without success, competes with the "learned" humanistic drama, and the synthesis of these two traditions led to the creation of Molière's dramaturgy.
Generally speaking, the farce is a kind of link between the old and the new theatre. Elements of it can be observed in Shakespeare and Lope de Vega, Goldoni and Beaumarchais. And although at the end XVII century the genre is fading away literary comedy, he is reborn in late XIX century. dramatic art of our time knows many works of this genre (“Suicide” by N. Yord-Man, “The Idea of the Big Deadviarch” by M. de Gelderod, “Zoyka’s Apartment” by M. Bulgakov, “Risk” by E. de Filippo, “They Stole the Code” by A. Petrashkevich etc.).
Until now, plays in this genre continue to be created. Farce is a play in literature with elements of comedy and mysteries, so it is not surprising that for many centuries people continue to love and respect this branch of art. Many young creators again resort to the use of farce, however, more modern, pressing problems that resonate in the hearts of modern viewers are ridiculed.
FARCE(French farce, from Latin farcio - filling, minced meat), the term has several meanings.
1. A type of folk theater that became widespread in most Western European countries in the 14th-16th centuries. Light entertaining scenes played out by masked actors acting within the framework of permanent characters originate from folk rituals and games. During the period of the formation of Christianity, this type of spectacle was preserved in the performances of wandering actors, called in different countries in different ways (histrions, buffoons, vagants, shpilmans, mimes, jugglers, franks, houglars, etc.). Such representations were severely persecuted by the church, and existed practically in an "underground" position. However, with the development and growing popularity of the mysteries (14th-16th centuries), comedic and everyday elements, sideshows, loosely connected with the main religious action, began to occupy an increasing place in them. Actually, it was then that the term “farce” arose - the main pathetic and solemn action “began” with comedic inserts. Thus began the revival of the folk theater. The farce gradually developed into a separate genre, and not only within the framework of a professional, but also an amateur theater - associations of citizens who were widely involved in comedic episodes of mysteries and carried out organizational work to conduct them (in France - brotherhoods and clownish societies, in the Netherlands - chambers of rhetors, in Germany - Meistersingers). Farce has become a truly popular, democratic genre of spectacular and theatrical art. So, in France in the 15th-16th centuries, along with mystery and morality, the farcical theater of soti (French sotie, from sot - stupid) became widespread, where all the characters acted in the guise of "fools", allegorically depicting social vices. Farcical scenes were no less widespread in mass holidays, especially - carnivals, anticipating the beginning of Lent. The farce is characterized by rude humor, buffoonery, improvisation, the emphasis is not on the individual, but on the typical features of the characters. Most famous received French farces: Lokhan, a cycle about lawyer Patlen, etc. The aesthetics of medieval farces had a serious impact on the development of European theater (in Italy - commedia dell'arte; in England - interludes; in Spain - pasos; in Germany - fastnachtspiel; etc.). Farcical motives are clearly visible in the literary work of the playwrights of the Renaissance (Shakespeare, Moliere, Cervantes, etc.).
2. Since the 19th century. the term farce is used as the name of a separate genre of dramaturgy and theatrical performances that retain the main features of the medieval farce: the lightness and unpretentiousness of the plot, buffoonish humor, the unambiguity of characters, and external comic devices. Often synonymous with vaudeville, stage anecdote, sitcom, theater and circus clownery, etc.
3. At the everyday level, the word "farce" is used to define a rude joke, a shocking trick.
Tatyana Shabalina
Farce
farce, farce, husband., And ( obsolete) farce, farces, female (French farce).
1. theatrical play light, playful, often frivolous content ( lit., theater.). Theater of comedy and farce.
2. trans., only units Obscene, shameful, cynical spectacle ( public). In most capitalist states so-called"free" elections have turned into a pitiful farce.
3. Rude joke, clown trick unfold obsolete). “He will make everyone laugh with his inflated speech, grimace, farce of the areal.” Lermontov.
Medieval world in terms, names and titles
Farce
(from lat. farcio - start) - the most popular genre medieval drama. These are small comic plays of everyday content, similar in theme and ideological orientation fablio. F. arose, apparently, in the 13th century. and flourished on the eve of the Renaissance. This genre is typically mountains. literature; precisely mountains. life with its peculiar specificity filled it with plots, themes, images and created favorable conditions for the flourishing of f. Written for broad circles townspeople, reflected their interests and tastes (representatives of other classes, primarily nobles and peasants, are depicted in f. not very often). F. operates not with individual characters, but with ready-made types - masks. Such are the rogue monk, the quack doctor, the stupid husband, the quarrelsome and unfaithful wife, and so on. In f. the greed of wealthy citizens is exposed, indulgences are ridiculed, the depravity of monks is exposed, feuds, wars, etc. are branded. The most famous were Fr. farces of the 15th century: "Lokhan", "Lawyer Patelen", etc. Genre f. had a great influence on the development of Western Europe. theater, especially the comedy by Moliere and it. commedia dell'arte, etc.
Lit.: Michalchi D. Farces about lawyer Patelene // Three farces about lawyer Patelene. M., 1951; Medieval French Farces. M., 1981.
Toponymic Dictionary of the Caucasus
Farce
a river in the Republic of Adygea, a left tributary of the Laba; originates from the Gavrysheva cave (northern slopes of the Galkina slope (1121 m)), flows into the Laba in the area of \u200b\u200band. Pshizov. In more early time The farce was known as Sosurukai (name Nart hero), also called the Makhosheevskaya village - the center of the entire Makhosheevskaya tribe. In the Adyghe language there are the words iferzag, kiferzag - “rolled in”, “flew in”. According to another version, the hydronym has an Iranian basis, where the farce is translated as "side"; there is a river with the same name in Iran. IN Arabic Farz means obligatory religious instruction, obligation.
Culturology. Dictionary-reference
Farce
(fr. farce)
1) type of medieval Western European theater and literature of everyday comedy-satirical nature (XIV - XVI centuries);
2) V theater XIX- XX centuries. - a comedy-vaudeville of light content with purely external comic tricks.
Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language
Farce
tragedy
Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism
Farce
1) (French farce) - one of the forms of the comic, manifested in clownish antics, rude jokes.
Rb: Aesthetic categories in literature
Genus: Comic
Genre: parody, farce 2
Ass: buffoonery, hyperbole, grotesque
* "The methods of farce were widely used by J.B. Molière, especially in comedies-ballets, W. Shakespeare (farcical influences were even reflected in his tragedies, for example, in the famous scene of gravediggers in Hamlet"), Russian playwrights V.V. Kapnist ( "Snake"), N.V. Gogol, A.V. Sukhovo-Kobylin (comedy-joke "The Death of Tarelkin"), V.V. Mayakovsky and others." ( Concise Dictionary aesthetics). *
2) - light comedy content with purely external comic devices.
RB: Genres and Genres of Literature
Genus: comedy
est: farce 1
Ass: Buffoonery, Grotesque
* "Progressive role comedy in the development of human consciousness is immeasurable. Even the public farce, where the sly plebeian alternately thrashed a policeman, a merchant and a dandy with a stick, removed the blinkers from people's eyes that prevented them from seeing the nothingness of the strong, rich and noble "(S.S. Narovchatov).
"Full of genuine wit, amusing situations, containing many well-aimed folk phrases, farces have always attracted a democratic audience" (AF Golovenchenko). *
Dictionary of forgotten and difficult words of the 18th-19th centuries
Farce
, A , m.; FARS, s , and.
1. Theatrical play of light, playful content with external comic effects.
2. Something hypocritical, cynical and deceitful; joke, laugh.
* [Repetilov:] Here are farces to me, how often they were pets, What a idler I am, what a fool, what a superstition... // Griboyedov. Woe from Wit //; My dear, I hate people so as not to despise them, because otherwise life would be too disgusting a farce.. // Lermontov. Hero of our time //; Sometimes, in deeds, under buckshot, they would make everyone laugh with an inflated speech, A grimace, a farce of the areal, or a genuine witticism. // Lermontov. Tambov Treasurer // *
FARCICAL.
encyclopedic Dictionary
Farce
- historical region in southern Iran. Before the Arab conquest (7th century) it was called Parsa, Persis. In the Middle Ages - the core of the states of the Buyids, Mozafferids, Zends, etc.
- (French farce, from Latin farcio - I start: medieval mysteries "started" comedy inserts), .. 1) a type of medieval Western European (mainly French) folk theater and literature of an everyday comedy-satirical nature (14-16 centuries). Close to the German fastnachtspiel, the Italian commedia dell'arte, etc. 2) In the theater of the 19th-20th centuries. comedy-vaudeville of light content with purely external comic devices.
