Dictionary of literary terms
A
Autology - an artistic device of figurative expression of a poetic idea not with poetic words and expressions, but with simple everyday ones.
And everyone looks with respect
How again without panic
I quickly put on my pants
And almost new
From the point of view of the foreman,
Tarpaulin boots…
Acmeism - the course in Russian poetry of the first two decades of the 20th century, the center of which was the circle "Workshop of Poets", and the main tribune was the magazine "Apollo". Acmeists contrasted the social content of art with the realism of material mother nature and the sensual plastic-material clarity of artistic language, refusing the poetics of vague hints and the mysticism of symbolism in the name of "return to the earth", to the subject, to the exact meaning of the word (A. Akhmatova, S. Gorodetsky , N. Gumilyov, M. Zenkevich, O. Mandelstam).
Allegory- allegorical image of an abstract concept or phenomenon through specific image; personification of human properties or qualities. The allegory consists of two elements:
1. semantic - this is any concept or phenomenon (wisdom, cunning, kindness, childhood, nature, etc.) that the author seeks to depict without naming it;
2. figurative-objective - this is a specific object, a creature depicted in a work of art and representing the named concept or phenomenon.
Alliteration- repetition in poetic speech (less often in prose) of the same consonant sounds in order to enhance the expressiveness of artistic speech; one of the types of sound recording.
Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind.
The majestic cry of the waves.
Storm is near. Beats on the shore
Uncharmed black boat.
K.D.Balmont
Alogism - an artistic technique, contradicting logic with phrases emphasizing the internal inconsistency of certain dramatic or comic situations - to prove, as if from the contrary, some logic and, therefore, the truth of the position of the author (and, after him, the reader), who understands the illogical phrase as a figurative expression (the title of the novel by Yu. Bondarev "Hot Snow").
Amphibrachius- a three-syllable poetic meter, in which the stress falls on the second syllable - stressed among unstressed ones - in the foot. Scheme: U-U| U-u...
Noisy midnight blizzard
In the forest and deaf side.
Anapaest- a three-syllable poetic meter, in which the stress falls on the last, third, syllable in the foot. Scheme: UU- | UU-…
People have something in the house - cleanliness, beauty,
And in our house - tightness, stuffiness ...
N.A. Nekrasov.
Anaphora- unanimity; repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of several phrases or stanzas.
I love you, Peter's creation,
I love your strict, slender look ...
A.S. Pushkin.
Antithesis- a stylistic device based on a sharp opposition of concepts and images, most often based on the use of antonyms:
I am a king - I am a slave, I am a worm - I am a god!
G.R.Derzhavin
Antiphrase (is) - the use of words or expressions in an apparently opposite sense. "Well done!" - as a reproach.
Assonance- repeated repetition in poetic speech (less often in prose) of homogeneous vowel sounds. Sometimes an inaccurate rhyme is called assonance, in which the vowels coincide, but the consonants do not coincide (enormity - I remember; thirst - it's a pity). Enhances the expressiveness of speech.
It became dark in the room.
Covers the slope of the window.
Or is this a dream?
Ding dong. Ding dong.
I.P. Tokmakova.
Aphorism - a clear, easy-to-remember, precise, concise expression of a certain completeness of thought. Aphorisms often become separate lines of poetry or phrases of prose: “Poetry is everything! - riding into the unknown. (V. Mayakovsky)
B
Ballad- a narrative song with a dramatic development of the plot, which is based on an unusual event, one of the types of lyrical-epic poetry. The ballad is based on an extraordinary story that reflects the essential moments of the relationship between a person and society, people among themselves, the most important features of a person.
Bard - a poet-singer, usually a performer of his own poems, often set to his own music.
Fable - a short poetic story-allegory of a moralizing orientation.
Blank verse- non-rhyming verses with metrical organization (i.e. organized through a system of rhythmically repeating accents). Widely distributed orally folk art and was actively used in the 18th century.
Forgive me, girlish beauty!
I'll part with you forever
I'm crying young.
I'll let you go, beauty
I'll let you go with ribbons...
Folk song.
Epics - ancient Russian epic songs-tales, singing the exploits of the heroes, reflecting the historical events of the 11th - 16th centuries.
IN
Barbarism - a word or figure of speech borrowed from a foreign language. Unreasonable use of barbarisms pollutes the native language.
Vers libre- a modern system of versification, which is a kind of border between verse and prose (it lacks rhyme, size, traditional rhythmic order; the number of syllables in a line and lines in a stanza can be different; there is also no equality of accents characteristic of white verse. Their features of poetic speech is divided into lines with a pause at the end of each line and the weakened symmetry of speech (the emphasis falls on the last word of the line).
She came from the cold
flushed,
Filled the room
The aroma of air and perfume,
in a clear voice
And completely disrespectful to work
Chatter.
Eternal image - an image from a work of the classics of world literature, expressing certain features of human psychology, which has become a household name of one type or another: Faust, Plyushkin, Oblomov, Don Quixote, Mitrofanushka, etc.
Inner monologue - the announcement of thoughts and feelings that reveal the inner experiences of the character, not intended for the hearing of others, when the character speaks as if to himself, “aside”.
Vulgarism - simple, even seemingly rude, seemingly unacceptable expressions in poetic speech, used by the author to reflect a certain nature of the described phenomenon, to characterize a character, are sometimes similar to common speech.
G
Hero lyrical- the image of the poet (his lyrical "I"), whose experiences, thoughts and feelings are reflected in the lyrical work. The lyrical hero is not identical to the biographical personality. The idea of a lyrical hero is of a summary nature and is formed in the process of familiarization with that inner world that is revealed in lyrical works not through actions, but through experiences, mental states, and the manner of speech self-expression.
literary hero - character, protagonist of a literary work.
Hyperbola- remedy artistic image based on excessive exaggeration; figurative expression, which consists in an exorbitant exaggeration of events, feelings, strength, meaning, size of the depicted phenomenon; outwardly effective form of presentation of the depicted. Can be idealizing and degrading.
gradation- stylistic device, the arrangement of words and expressions, as well as means of artistic representation in increasing or decreasing importance. Types of gradation: increasing (climax) and decreasing (anticlimax).
Increasing gradation:
The bipod is maple,
Omeshiki on the bipod damask,
The bipod is silver,
And the horn on the bipod is red gold.
Bylina about Volga and Mikul
Descending gradation:
Fly! less flies! crumbled to dust.
N.V. Gogol
Grotesque - a bizarre mixture in the image of the real and the fantastic, the beautiful and the ugly, the tragic and the comic - for a more impressive expression of the creative idea.
D
Dactyl- a three-syllable poetic meter, in which the stress falls on the first syllable in the foot. Scheme: -UU| -UU...
Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers!
Steppe azure, pearl chain
You rush, as if, like me, exiles,
From the sweet north to the south.
M.Yu.Lermontov
Decadence - a phenomenon in literature (and art in general) of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, reflecting the crisis of the transitional stage of social relations in the view of some spokesmen for the moods of social groups whose worldview foundations are being destroyed by the turning points of history.
Artistic detail - detail, emphasizing the semantic authenticity of the work with the authenticity of the real, event-specific - concretizing this or that image.
Dialectisms - words borrowed by the literary language or a specific author in his work from local dialects (dialects): “Well, go - and okay, you have to go up the hill, the house is nearby” (F. Abramov).
Dialogue - exchange of remarks, messages, live speech of two or more persons.
Drama - 1. One of three kinds of literature, which defines works intended for stage implementation. It differs from the epic in that it has not a narrative, but a dialogical form; from lyric poetry to that which reproduces the external world in relation to the author. Subdivided into genres: tragedy, comedy, as well as the actual drama. 2. Drama is also called a dramatic work that does not have clear genre features, combining the techniques of different genres; sometimes such a work is simply called a play.
E
Monogamy - the reception of repetition of similar sounds, words, language constructions at the beginning of adjacent lines or stanzas.
Wait for the snow to come
Wait when it's hot
Wait when others are not expected ...
K.Simonov
AND
Literary genre - a historically developing type of literary works, the main features of which, constantly changing along with the development of the variety of forms and content of literature, are sometimes identified with the concept of "kind"; but more often the term genre defines the type of literature on the basis of content and emotional characteristics: the satirical genre, the detective genre, the genre of historical essay.
Jargon, Also slang - words and expressions borrowed from the language of internal communication of certain social groups of people. The use of jargon in literature makes it possible to more clearly define the social or professional characteristics of the characters and their environment.
Lives of the saints a description of the life of people who are canonized by the church as saints (“The Life of Alexander Nevsky”, “The Life of Alexy the Man of God”, etc.).
Z
Tie - an event that determines the occurrence of a conflict in a literary work. Sometimes it coincides with the beginning of the work.
Zachin - the beginning of the work of Russian folk literary creativity - epics, fairy tales, etc. (“Once upon a time…”, “In a distant kingdom, in a distant state…”).
Sound organization of speech- targeted use of elements of the sound composition of the language: vowels and consonants, stressed and unstressed syllables, pauses, intonation, repetitions, etc. It is used to enhance the artistic expressiveness of speech. The sound organization of speech includes: sound repetitions, sound writing, onomatopoeia.
sound recording- the technique of enhancing the visualization of the text by such a sound construction of phrases, poetic lines, which would correspond to the reproduced scene, picture, expressed mood. Alliterations, assonances, and sound repetitions are used in sound writing. Sound recording enhances the image of a certain phenomenon, action, state.
Onomatopoeia- a type of sound recording; the use of sound combinations that can reflect the sound of the described phenomena, similar in sound to those depicted in artistic speech ("thunder rumbles", "horns roar", "cuckoos cuckoo", "echo laughter").
AND
Idea artwork – the main idea that summarizes the semantic, figurative, emotional content of a work of art.
Imagism - appeared in Russia after the October Revolution of 1917 literary movement, which proclaimed the image as an end in itself of the work, and not a means of expressing the essence of the content and reflecting reality. It broke up by itself in 1927. At one time, S. Yesenin joined this trend.
Impressionism- a direction in art of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, asserting main task artistic creativity expression of the artist's subjective impressions of the phenomena of reality.
Improvisation - direct creation of the work in the process of execution.
Inversion- violation of the generally accepted grammatical sequence of speech; rearrangement of parts of the phrase, giving it a special expressiveness; an unusual sequence of words in a sentence.
And the maiden's song is barely audible
Valleys in deep silence.
A.S. Pushkin
Interpretation - interpretation, explanation of the idea, theme, figurative system and other components of a work of art in literature and criticism.
Intrigue - system, and sometimes the mystery, complexity, mystery of events, on the unraveling of which the plot of the work is built.
irony - a kind of comic, bitter or, conversely, kind mockery, by ridiculing this or that phenomenon, exposing its negative features and thereby affirming the positive aspects foreseen by the author in the phenomenon.
Historical songs - a genre of folk poetry that reflects the popular idea of authentic historical events in Rus'.
TO
The literary canon a symbol, image, plot, born of centuries-old folklore and literary traditions and become normative to a certain extent: light is good, darkness is evil, etc.
Classicism - an artistic direction that developed in European literature of the 17th century, which is based on the recognition of ancient art as the highest model, ideal, and the works of antiquity as an artistic norm. Aesthetics is based on the principle of rationalism and “imitation of nature”. The cult of the mind. A work of art is organized as an artificial, logically constructed whole. Strict plot-compositional organization, schematism. Human characters are outlined in a straight line; positive and negative characters are opposed. Active appeal to public, civic issues. Emphasized objectivity of the story. Strict hierarchy of genres. High: tragedy, epic, ode. Low: comedy, satire, fable. Mixing high and low genres is not allowed. The leading genre is tragedy.
Collision - generating a conflict, underlying the action of a literary work, the contradiction between the characters of the heroes of this work, or between the characters and circumstances, the collisions of which constitute the plot of the work.
Comedy - a dramatic work, by means of satire and humor, ridiculing the vices of society and man.
Composition - arrangement, alternation, correlation and interconnection of parts of a literary work, serving the most complete embodiment of the artist's intention.
Context - the general meaning (theme, idea) of the work, expressed in its entire text or in a sufficiently meaningful passage, a link with which the quotation should not lose contact, and indeed any passage.
Artistic conflict. a figurative reflection in a work of art of the actions of the forces of the struggle of interests, passions, ideas, characters, political aspirations, both personal and social. The conflict adds to the poignancy of the story.
Climax - in a literary work, a scene, event, episode where the conflict reaches highest voltage and there is a decisive clash between the characters and the aspirations of the heroes, after which the plot begins the transition to the denouement.
L
Legend - narratives that initially told about the lives of the saints, then - religious-didactic, and sometimes fantastic biographies of historical, and even fairytale heroes whose deeds express the character of the people.
keynote- an expressive detail, a specific artistic image, repeatedly repeated, mentioned, passing through a separate work or the entire work of the writer.
Chronicles - handwritten Russian historical narratives telling about events in the life of the country by year; each story began with the word: "Summer ... (year ...)", hence the name - chronicle.
Lyrics- one of the main types of literature, reflecting life by depicting individual (single) states, thoughts, feelings, impressions and experiences of a person caused by certain circumstances. Feelings, experiences are not described, but expressed. In the center of artistic attention is the image-experience. The characteristic features of the lyrics are the poetic form, rhythm, lack of plot, small size, a clear reflection of the experiences of the lyrical hero. The most subjective kind of literature.
Lyrical digression - deviation from the descriptions of events, characters in an epic or lyrical-epic work, where the author (or the lyrical hero on behalf of whom the narration is being conducted) expresses his thoughts and feelings about the described, his attitude towards him, referring directly to the reader.
Litota - 1. The technique of underestimating a phenomenon or its details is a reverse hyperbole (the fabulous “boy with a finger” or “a little man ... in big mittens, and himself with a fingernail” N. Nekrasov).
2. Acceptance of the characteristics of this or that phenomenon not by a direct definition, but by the negation of the opposite definition:
The key to nature is not lost,
Proud labor is not in vain ...
V.Shalamov
M
Metaphor- figurative meaning of a word based on the use of one object or phenomenon to another by similarity or contrast; a hidden comparison built on the similarity or contrast of phenomena, in which the words "as", "as if", "as if" are absent, but implied.
Bee for tribute in the field
Flies from the wax cell.
A.S. Pushkin
Metaphor increases the accuracy of poetic speech and its emotional expressiveness. A type of metaphor is personification.
Types of metaphor:
1. lexical metaphor, or erased, in which direct meaning completely destroyed; "it's raining", "time is running", "clock hand", "door handle";
2. a simple metaphor - built on the convergence of objects or on one of some common features they have: "hail of bullets", "talk of waves", "dawn of life", "leg of the table", "dawn glows";
3. realized metaphor - a literal understanding of the meanings of the words that make up the metaphor, emphasizing the direct meanings of the words: "Yes, you don't have a face - you only have a shirt and trousers" (S. Sokolov).
4. extended metaphor - the spread of a metaphorical image to several phrases or to the entire work (for example, A.S. Pushkin's poem "The Cart of Life" or "He could not sleep for a long time: the remaining husk of words clogged and tormented the brain, stabbed in the temples, it's impossible was to get rid of it "(V. Nabokov)
Metaphor is usually expressed by a noun, a verb, and then other parts of speech.
Metonymy- convergence, comparison of concepts by adjacency, when a phenomenon or object is denoted with the help of other words and concepts: "a steel speaker is dozing in a holster" - a revolver; "led the swords to the plentiful" - led the soldiers into battle; "Sychok sang" - the violinist played his instrument.
Myths - works of folk fantasy, personifying reality in the form of gods, demons, spirits. They were born in ancient times, preceding the religious and even more scientific understanding and explanation of the world.
Modernism - the designation of many trends, trends in art, which determine the desire of artists to reflect modernity with new means, improving, modernizing - in their view - traditional means in accordance with historical progress.
Monologue - the speech of one of the literary heroes, addressed either to himself, or to others, or to the public, isolated from the replicas of other heroes, having independent meaning.
motive- 1. The smallest element of the plot; the simplest, indivisible element of the narrative (the phenomenon is stable and endlessly repeating). Various plots are formed from numerous motives (for example, the motive of the road, the motive of searching for the missing bride, etc.). This meaning of the term is more often used in relation to works of oral folk art.
2. "Stable semantic unit" (B.N. Putilov); "a semantically saturated component of a work, related to the theme, idea, but not identical to them" (VE Khalizev); a semantic (meaningful) element essential for understanding the author's concept (for example, the motive of death in "The Tale of the Dead Princess ..." by A.S. Pushkin, the motive of cold in " easy breathing- "Easy breathing" by I.A. Bunin, the motif of the full moon in "The Master and Margarita" by M.A. Bulgakov).
H
Naturalism - a trend in the literature of the last third of the 19th century, which asserted the extremely accurate and objective reproduction of reality, sometimes leading to the suppression of the author's individuality.
Neologisms - newly formed words or expressions.
Novella - a short prose work comparable to a short story. The short story has more eventfulness, a clearer plot, a clearer plot twist leading to a denouement.
ABOUT
artistic image - 1. The main way of perceiving and reflecting reality in artistic creativity, a form of knowledge of life specific to art and the expression of this knowledge; the purpose and result of the search, and then identifying, highlighting, emphasizing by artistic techniques those features of a particular phenomenon that most fully reveal its aesthetic, moral, socially significant essence. 2. The term “image” sometimes refers to one or another trope in a work (the image of freedom is the “star of captivating happiness” in A.S. Pushkin), as well as one or another literary hero (the image of the wives of the Decembrists E. Trubetskaya and M. Volkonskaya in N. Nekrasova).
Oh yeah- a poem of an enthusiastic nature (solemn, glorifying) in honor of some
either persons or events.
Oxymoron, or oxymoron- a figure based on a combination of words opposite in meaning with the aim of an unusual, impressive expression of a new concept, idea: hot snow, mean knight, luxuriant nature wilting.
personification- the image of inanimate objects as animate, in which they are endowed with the properties of living beings: the gift of speech, the ability to think and feel.
What are you howling about, night wind,
What are you complaining about so much?
F.I. Tyutchev
Onegin stanza - stanza created by A.S. Pushkin in the novel “Eugene Onegin”: 14 lines (but not a sonnet) of iambic tetrameter with rhyme ababvvggdeejzh (3 quatrains in turn - with cross, pair and embracing rhyme and the final couplet: designation of the theme, its development, culmination , ending).
Feature article- a kind of small form of epic literature, different from its other form, story, the absence of a single, quickly resolved conflict and the great development of the descriptive image. Both differences depend on the features of the problematics of the essay. It touches not so much on the problems of the formation of the personality's character in its conflicts with the established social environment, but on the problems of the civil and moral state of the "environment". The essay can refer to both literature and journalism.
P
Paradox - in literature - the reception of a statement that clearly contradicts generally accepted concepts, either to expose those that, in the author's opinion, are false, or to express one's disagreement with the so-called "common sense", due to inertia, dogmatism, ignorance.
Parallelism- one of the types of repetition (syntactic, lexical, rhythmic); compositional technique that emphasizes the connection of several elements of a work of art; analogy, the convergence of phenomena by similarity (for example, natural phenomena and human life).
Wind in bad weather
Howls - howls;
wild head
Evil sadness torments.
V.A.Koltsov
Parceling- the division of a single statement into several independent ones, stand-alone offers(in writing - with the help of punctuation marks, in speech - intonationally, with the help of pauses):
Well? Can't you see he's crazy?
Say seriously:
Insane! what the hell is he talking about here!
Worshiper! father-in-law! and about Moscow so menacingly!
A.S. Griboyedov
Pamphlet(English pamphlet) - a journalistic work, usually small in volume, with a pronounced accusation, often a polemical focus and a well-defined socio-political "address".
Paphos - the highest point of inspiration, emotional feeling, delight, achieved in a literary work and in its perception by the reader, reflecting significant events in society and the spiritual upsurge of the characters.
Scenery - in literature - the image in a literary work of pictures of nature as a means of figurative expression of the author's intention.
paraphrase- use of a description instead of a proper name or title; descriptive expression, figure of speech, replacing the word. Used to decorate speech, replace repetition, or carry the meaning of allegory.
Pyrrhic - an auxiliary foot of two short or unstressed syllables, replacing the iambic or chorea foot; lack of stress in iambic or chorea: “I am writing to you ...” by A.S. Pushkin, “Sail” by M.Yu. Lermontov.
Pleonasm- unjustified verbosity, the use of words that are unnecessary to express thoughts. In the normative style, Pleonasm is seen as speech error. In the language of fiction - as a stylistic figure of addition, which serves to enhance the expressive qualities of speech.
"Elisha had no appetite for food"; "some boring man ... lay down ... between the dead and personally died"; "Kozlov continued to lie silently, being killed" (A. Platonov).
Tale - a work of epic prose gravitating towards a consistent presentation of the plot, limited by a minimum of storylines.
Repetition- a figure consisting in the repetition of words, expressions, song or poetic lines in order to draw special attention to them.
Every house is alien to me, every temple is not empty,
And everything is the same and everything is one ...
M. Tsvetaeva
Subtext - the meaning hidden “under” the text, i.e. not expressed directly and openly, but arising from the narrative or dialogue of the text.
Permanent epithet - a colorful definition, inextricably combined with the word being defined and at the same time forming a stable figurative and poetic expression ("blue sea", "white-stone chambers", "beautiful maiden", "clear falcon", "sugar lips").
Poetry- a special organization of artistic speech, which is distinguished by rhythm and rhyme - a poetic form; lyrical form of reflection of reality. Often the term poetry is used in the sense of "works of different genres in verse." It conveys the subjective attitude of the individual to the world. In the foreground - the image-experience. It does not set the task of conveying the development of events and characters.
Poem- a large poetic work with a plot-narrative organization; a story or novel in verse; a multi-part work in which the epic and lyrical beginnings merge together. The poem can be attributed to the lyrical-epic genre of literature, since the narrative of historical events and the events of the life of the characters is revealed in it through the perception and evaluation of the narrator. The poem deals with events of universal significance. Most of the poems sing of some human deeds, events and characters.
Tradition - oral storytelling about real people and authentic events, one of the varieties of folk art.
Foreword - an article that precedes a literary work, written either by the author himself or by a critic or literary critic. In the preface, brief information about the writer and some explanations about the history of the creation of the work can be given, an interpretation of the author's intention is proposed.
Prototype - a real person who served the author in kind to create the image of a literary hero.
The play - the general designation of a literary work intended for stage presentation - tragedies, dramas, comedies, etc.
R
Interchange - the final part of the development of a conflict or intrigue, where it is resolved, comes to a logical figurative conclusion of the conflict of the work.
Poet size- consistently expressed form of poetic rhythm (determined by the number of syllables, stresses or stops - depending on the system of versification); line construction diagram. In Russian (syllabic-tonic) versification, five main poetic meters are distinguished: two-syllable (iamb, trochee) and three-syllable (dactyl, amphibrach, anapest). In addition, each size can vary in the number of feet (iambic 4-foot; iambic 5-foot, etc.).
Story - a small prose work of a mostly narrative nature, compositionally grouped around a single episode, character.
Realism - an artistic method of figurative reflection of reality in accordance with objective reliability.
Reminiscence - the use in a literary work of expressions from other works, and even folklore, causing the author to some other interpretation; sometimes the borrowed expression is somewhat changed (M. Lermontov - “Luxury city, poor city” (about St. Petersburg) - from F. Glinka “Wonderful city, ancient city” (about Moscow).
Refrain- the repetition of a verse or a series of verses at the end of a stanza (in songs - a chorus).
We are ordered to go into battle:
"Long live freedom!"
Freedom! Whose? Not said.
But not the people.
We are ordered to go into battle -
"Allied for the sake of nations",
And the main thing is not said:
Whose banknotes for?
Rhythm- constant, measured repetition in the text of segments of the same type, including minimal ones, - stressed and unstressed syllables.
Rhyme- sound repetition in two or more verses, mainly at the end. Unlike other sound repetitions, rhyme always emphasizes rhythm, the articulation of speech into verses.
A rhetorical question- a question that does not require an answer (either the answer is fundamentally impossible, or clear in itself, or the question is addressed to a conditional "interlocutor"). A rhetorical question activates the reader's attention, enhances his emotional reaction.
"Rus! where are you going?"
"Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol
Is it new for us to argue with Europe?
Has the Russian lost the habit of victories?
"To the slanderers of Russia" A.S. Pushkin
Genus - one of the main sections in the systematics of literary works, defining three different forms: epic, lyric, drama.
Novel - epic narrative with elements of dialogue, sometimes including drama or literary digressions, focused on the history of an individual in a public environment.
Romanticism - a literary trend of the late 18th - early 19th century, which opposed itself to classicism as a search for forms of reflection that were more in line with modern reality.
romantic hero- a complex, passionate personality, whose inner world is unusually deep, endless; it is a whole universe full of contradictions.
WITH
Sarcasm - caustic sarcastic mockery of someone or something. Widely used in satirical literary works.
Satire - a kind of literature that exposes and ridicules the vices of people and society in specific forms. These forms can be very diverse - paradox and hyperbole, grotesque and parody, etc.
Sentimentalism - literary movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It arose as a protest against the canons of classicism in art that had turned into a dogma, reflecting the canonization of feudal social relations that had already turned into a brake on social development.
Syllabic versification e - syllabic versification system based on the equality of the number of syllables in each verse with obligatory stress on the penultimate syllable; equivalence. The length of a verse is determined by the number of syllables.
Don't love hard
And love is hard
And the hardest
Loving love is unreachable.
A.D. Kantemir
Syllabo-tonic versification- a syllable-stressed system of versification, which is determined by the number of syllables, the number of stresses and their location in a poetic line. It is based on the equality of the number of syllables in a verse and the orderly change of stressed and unstressed syllables. Depending on the system of alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables, two-syllable and three-syllable sizes are distinguished.
Symbol- an image that expresses the meaning of a phenomenon in objective form. An object, an animal, a sign become a symbol when they are endowed with an additional, exceptionally important meaning.
Symbolism - literary and artistic direction of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Symbolism sought through symbols in a tangible form to embody the idea of the unity of the world, expressed in accordance with its most diverse parts, allowing colors, sounds, smells to represent one through the other (D. Merezhkovsky, A. Bely, A. Blok, Z. Gippius, K. Balmont , V. Bryusov).
Synecdoche - an artistic technique of substitution for the sake of expressiveness - one phenomenon, object, object, etc. - correlated with it by other phenomena, objects, objects.
Oh, you are heavy, Monomakh's hat!
A.S. Pushkin.
Sonnet - a fourteen-line poem composed according to certain rules: the first quatrain (quatrain) represents the exposition of the theme of the poem, the second quatrain develops the provisions outlined in the first, in the subsequent tercet (three-line) the denouement of the theme is outlined, in the final tercet, especially in its final line, the end of the denouement follows expressing the essence of the work.
Comparison- a visual technique based on the comparison of a phenomenon or concept (object of comparison) with another phenomenon or concept (means of comparison), with the aim of highlighting some feature of the object of comparison that is especially important in artistic terms:
Full of good before the end of the year,
Like Antonov apples, days.
A.T. Tvardovsky
Versification- the principle of rhythmic organization of poetic speech. Versification can be syllabic, tonic, syllabo-tonic.
Poem- a small work created according to the laws of poetic speech; usually a lyric.
Poetic speech- a special organization of artistic speech, which differs from prose in strict rhythmic organization; measured, rhythmically organized speech. A means of conveying expressive emotions.
Foot- a stable (ordered) connection of a stressed syllable with one or two unstressed ones, which are repeated in each verse. The foot can be two-syllable (iamb U-, trochee -U) and three-syllable (dactyl -UU, amphibrach U-U, anapaest UU-).
Stanza- a group of verses repeated in poetic speech, related in meaning, as well as the arrangement of rhymes; a combination of verses, forming a rhythmic and syntactic whole, united by a certain system of rhyming; additional rhythmic element of the verse. Often has a complete content and syntactic construction. The stanza is separated from one another by an increased interval.
Plot- a system of events in a work of art, presented in a certain connection, revealing the characters actors and the attitude of the writer to the depicted life phenomena; subsequence. The course of events that constitutes the content of a work of art; dynamic aspect of a work of art.
T
Tautology- repetition of the same words close in meaning and sound.
All mine, said gold,
All my said damask steel.
A.S. Pushkin.
Subject- the range of phenomena and events that form the basis of the work; object of artistic image; what the author is talking about and what he wants to attract the main attention of readers.
Type - a literary hero embodying certain features of a particular time, social phenomenon, social system or social environment (“superfluous people” - Eugene Onegin, Pechorin, etc.).
Tonic versification- a system of versification, which is based on the equality of stressed syllables in poetry. The length of a line is determined by the number of stressed syllables. The number of unstressed syllables is arbitrary.
The girl sang in the church choir
About all the tired in a foreign land,
About all the ships that have gone to sea,
About all those who have forgotten their joy.
Tragedy - a kind of drama that arose from the ancient Greek ritual dithyramb in honor of the patron of viticulture and wine, the god Dionysus, who appeared in the form of a goat, then - like a satyr with horns and a beard.
Tragicomedy - a drama that combines the features of both tragedy and comedy, reflecting the relativity of our definitions of the phenomena of reality.
trails- words and expressions used in figuratively in order to achieve artistic expressiveness of speech. At the heart of any path is a comparison of objects and phenomena.
At
Default- a figure that provides the listener or reader with the opportunity to guess and reflect on what could be discussed in a suddenly interrupted statement.
But is it me, is it me, the sovereign's favorite...
But death ... but power ... but the disasters of the people ....
A.S. Pushkin
F
Plot - a series of events that form the basis of a literary work. Often the plot means the same thing as the plot, the differences between them are so arbitrary that a number of literary critics consider the plot what others consider the plot, and vice versa.
Feuilleton(French feuilleton, from feuille - sheet, sheet) - a genre of fiction and journalistic literature, which is characterized by a critical, often comic, including satirical, beginning, and certainly - relevance.
The final - part of the composition of the work that ends it. Can sometimes coincide with the denouement. Sometimes there is an epilogue as the finale.
Futurism - artistic movement in the art of the first two decades of the 20th century. The Futurist Manifesto published in 1909 in the Parisian magazine Le Figaro is considered to be the birth of futurism. The theorist and leader of the first group of futurists was the Italian F. Marienetti. The main content of futurism was the extremist revolutionary overthrow of the old world, its aesthetics in particular, up to linguistic norms. Russian futurism opened with I. Severyanin's "Prologue of Egofuturism" and the collection "A Slap in the Face of Public Taste", in which V. Mayakovsky took part.
X
Literary character - a set of features of the image of a character, a literary hero, in which individual characteristics serve as a reflection of the typical, conditioned both by the phenomenon that makes up the content of the work, and by the ideological and aesthetic intention of the author who created this character. Character is one of the main components of a literary work.
Chorey- two-syllable meter with stress on the first syllable.
A storm covers the sky with mist,
U|-U|-U|-U|
Whirlwinds of snow twisting;
U|-U|-U|-
Like a beast, she will howl, -U|-U|-U|-U|
He will cry like a child...
A.S. Pushkin
C
Quote - verbatim cited in the work of one author, the statement of another author - as a confirmation of his thought by an authoritative, indisputable statement, or even vice versa - as a formulation that requires refutation, criticism.
E
Aesopian language - various ways to allegorically express this or that thought that cannot be expressed directly, for example, due to censorship.
Exposure - the part of the plot immediately preceding the plot, presenting to the reader the initial information about the circumstances in which the conflict of the literary work arose.
Expression- emphasized expressiveness of something. Unusual artistic means are used to achieve expression.
Elegy- lyric poem, conveying deeply personal, intimate experiences of a person, imbued with a mood of sadness.
Ellipsis- a stylistic figure, the omission of a word, the meaning of which is easy to recover from the context. The meaningful function of the ellipsis is to create the effect of lyrical "reticence", deliberate negligence, emphasized dynamism of speech.
Beast - lair,
Wanderer - the road
Dead - drogs,
To each his own.
M. Tsvetaeva
Epigram- a short poem that makes fun of a person.
Epigraph - an expression prefixed by the author to his work or part of it. The epigraph usually expresses the essence of the creative intent of the author of the work.
Episode - fragment of the plot of a literary work, describing a certain integral moment of the action that constitutes the content of the work.
Epistrophe - a repetition of the same word or expression in a long phrase or period, focusing the reader's attention, in poetry - at the beginning and end of stanzas, as if surrounding them.
I won't tell you anything
I won't disturb you...
Epithet- artistic and figurative definition, emphasizing the most significant feature of an object or phenomenon in a given context; is used to evoke in the reader a visible image of a person, thing, nature, etc.
I sent you a black rose in a glass
Golden as the sky, Ai...
An epithet can be expressed by an adjective, an adverb, a participle, a numeral. Often the epithet is metaphorical. Metaphorical epithets highlight the properties of an object in a special way: they transfer one of the meanings of a word to another word on the basis that these words have a common feature: sable eyebrows, a warm heart, a cheerful wind, i.e. a metaphorical epithet uses the figurative meaning of a word.
Epiphora- a figure opposite to anaphora, the repetition of the same elements at the end of adjacent segments of speech (words, lines, stanzas, phrases):
Baby,
We are all a little horse,
Each of us is a horse in his own way.
V.V.Mayakovsky
Epos - 1. One of the three types of literature, the defining feature of which is the description of certain events, phenomena, characters. 2. This term is often called heroic tales, epics, tales in folk art.
Essay(French essai - attempt, test, essay) - a literary work of a small volume, usually prose, free composition, conveying individual impressions, judgments, thoughts of the author about a particular problem, topic, about a particular event or phenomenon. It differs from the essay in that in the essay the facts are only an occasion for the author's reflections.
YU
Humor - a kind of comic, in which vices are not ridiculed mercilessly, as in satire, but benevolently emphasize the shortcomings and weaknesses of a person or phenomenon, reminding us that they are often only a continuation or reverse of our virtues.
I
Yamb- two-syllable meter with stress on the second syllable.
The abyss opened, full of stars
U-|U-|U-|U-|
The stars have no number, the abyss of the bottom. U-|U-|U-|U-|
In the dictionary of literary terms posted on our website, we collect specific terms related to literature, writing and writing. We hope that the dictionary will help novice authors in the difficult task of writing works. We will expand the vocabulary as much as possible.
A
A paragraph is a piece of text from one red line to another.
An advance is a sum of money paid by a publisher to an author. As a rule, the advance is paid in instalments. Half - upon signing the contract, the second - after signing the original layout. If the book has reprints, then in addition to the advance payment, the author receives a percentage of sales - royalties.
Autobiography - (from the Greek autos - myself, bios - life and grapho - I write) - description by the author own life. Represents the author's judgment of himself, often expresses the writer's creative principles. An autobiography can reflect the personal qualities and properties of the author or generalize in the person of the author the characteristics of his generation, ethnic or social environment. A work of art in which the author used the events of his personal life is called autobiographical.
Avant-garde literature is unconventional in form, content or style. Such literature is difficult to understand, since the author does not build the text according to the usual rules.
The author's speech is the intratextual embodiment of the author (the image of the author) responsible for what he said. The term "Author's speech" applies primarily to artistic speech, since it is there that we meet many points of view, the speech of characters or someone other than the author of the text. In the text, the author can be presented as an author, a narrator, a lyrical hero, a lyrical "I" and a hero of role-playing lyrics.
Acmeism - from the Greek. άκμη - “peak, maximum, flowering, blooming time”) is a literary trend in Russian poetry that arose at the beginning of the 20th century in Russia. opposed to symbolism.
Acrostic - a poem, the initial letters of the lines of which form a name, surname, word or phrase.
Alliteration is the repetition in poetry (sometimes in prose) of consonant consonant sounds to enhance the expressiveness of speech.
Almanac is a collection of literary works.
An alpha reader is a person who reads a book as it is being written. The alpha reader reads each new chapter, voices comments and gives advice on how to improve the text.
Allusion - (from the French allusion - a hint) - the author's allusion to a well-known literary or historical fact, as well as a well-known work of art. An allusion is wider than a specific phrase, quotation, the narrow context in which it is enclosed, and makes it necessary to correlate the citing and cited works as a whole, to discover their general orientation or polemic.
Amphibrach is a three-syllable foot in syllabo-tonic versification, the stress falls on the second syllable.
Anacreontic poetry is a type of ancient poetry: poems glorifying a cheerful, carefree life.
Anapaest is a three-syllable foot in Russian syllabo-tonic versification with an emphasis on the third syllable.
Anonymous - 1) a work without indicating the name of the author; 2) the author of the work who concealed his name.
Antithesis is a turn of poetic speech in which, for expressiveness, directly opposite concepts, thoughts, character traits of the characters are sharply opposed.
Abstract - a brief (one or two paragraph) summary of the content of the book. Designed to arouse reader interest in the book.
Antagonist is an adversary, a rival.
An anthology is a collection of selected works by various authors.
An apostrophe, otherwise metabasis or metabasis, is a turn of poetic speech, consisting in referring to an inanimate phenomenon, as to an animate and to an absent person, as to a present one.
Architectonics - the construction of a work of art, the proportionality of its parts, chapters, episodes.
An aphorism is a thought expressed briefly and precisely.
B
A ballad is a lyrical-epic poetic work with a pronounced plot of a historical or everyday nature.
A fable is a small piece of work with ironic, satirical or moralizing content.
Fiction is the general name for fiction in prose and verse. Fiction is now often referred to in the new meaning of "mass literature" as opposed to "high literature".
White verse - stop verses without rhymes. They are called so because the endings of the lines, where the rhyme is usually found, remain unfilled in sound terms, i.e. "white". Blank verse uses various metres, but the endings of a verse are often chosen according to a system, as a rule, provided for by the pattern and design of the stanza.
A beta reader is a person who reads the manuscript before it is sent to the publisher and points out to the author any errors (stylistic, grammatical, structural, etc.).
Sympathy (euphony) is the quality of speech, which consists in the beauty and naturalness of its sound.
Burime is a poem composed according to predetermined rhymes.
Burlesque is a comic narrative poem in which a sublime theme is presented ironically, parodic.
Bylina is a Russian folk narrative song-poem about bogatyrs and heroes.
IN
Versification is a system of certain rules and techniques for constructing poetic speech, versification.
Layout is one of the stages of prepress preparation of a book. The typesetter arranges text and illustrations as they will appear in the book. Layout is also called a pdf file that is sent to the author so that he can familiarize himself with the layout of the book.
Free verse is syllabo-tonic, usually iambic verse with an unequal number of feet in poetic lines. Free verse is often called fable verse due to its widespread use by fabulists, because due to its diversity, it easily conveys the intonations of speech characteristic of a fable.
Memoirs, or memoirs, are works about past events written by their participants.
Vulgarism is a turn not accepted in literary speech. Rough word.
Fiction is the imagination of the writer, the fruit of the imagination.
G
Hyperbole is a stylistic device that consists in the figurative exaggeration of the depicted event or phenomenon.
Galleys (obsolete) - a text prepared for printing, but not yet laid out.
Grotesque - the image of a person, events or phenomena in an ugly-comic, fantastic form.
D
Dactyl is a three-syllable foot in Russian syllabo-tonic versification, containing stressed and two unstressed syllables.
Decadence is a manifestation of modernism, which is characterized by the preaching of empty art, mysticism, and individualism.
Dialogue is a conversation between two characters.
A dithyramb is a work of praise.
Dolnik is a three-syllable poetic meter with the omission of one or two unstressed syllables within a line.
AND
Genre is a historically established division of literary works, carried out on the basis of the specific properties of their form and content.
Genre literature is the general name of works in which the main driving force is the plot. The moral development of the characters is not important here. TO genre works include detectives, romance, science fiction, fantasy and horror.
Z
The plot is an event during which the main conflict of the work is determined.
AND
Idealization - the image of something in a better way than it really is.
The ideological world of a work is the realm of artistic decisions. It includes the author's assessments and the ideal, artistic ideas and pathos of the work.
The idea of a work of art is the main idea about the phenomena that are depicted in the work; expressed by the writer in artistic images.
Imagism - (from lat. imago - image) - a literary trend in Russian poetry of the 20th century. Imagists proclaimed the main task of creativity to invent new images.
Impressionism - (from French impressionnisme, from impression - impression) - a literary movement of the last third of the 19th - early 20th centuries, which originated in France. The Impressionists considered the task of art to convey the personal impressions of the writer.
An invective is a form of literary work, one of the forms of a pamphlet that sharply ridicules a real person or group.
Inversion is a turn of poetic speech, consisting in a peculiar arrangement of words in a sentence that violates the usual order.
Intellectual prose - works designed to make the reader think about a problem.
Intrigue is the development of action in a complex plot of a work.
Irony is a hidden mockery. satirical reception, in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (opposed) to the explicit meaning. Irony creates the feeling that the subject matter is not what it seems.
TO
A cantata is a solemn poem in praise of happy event or his hero.
Cantilena is a narrative poem sung to music.
Canzona is a poem celebrating knightly love.
A caricature is a playful or satirical depiction of events or personalities.
Classicism - a literary trend of the XVII - early. XIX centuries in Russia Western Europe based on imitation of antique samples and strict stylistic norms.
Classical literature - works that are considered exemplary for a particular era. The most valuable literature of the past and present.
Clause - the final syllables of a line of poetry, starting with the last stressed syllable.
Coda - (Italian coda - “tail, end, train”) - final, additional verse.
A collision is a collision of forces involved in a conflict between themselves.
Commentary - interpretation, explanation of the meaning of a work, episode, phrase.
Commercial literature - works intended for a wide audience and using in great demand. Includes genre literature and mainstream.
A winged word is a well-aimed expression that has become a proverb.
The climax is the most intense moment in the development of the plot. The conflict reaches a critical point of development.
L
Laconism - brevity in the expression of thought.
A leitmotif is an image or figure of artistic speech that repeats in a work.
Fiction literature is a field of art, the distinguishing feature of which is the display of life, the creation of an artistic image with the help of a word.
Literary negro - unknown writer, hired to write a book that will be published under the authorship of another person.
Literary editor - a specialist engaged in editorial editing of texts.
M
Book marketing - actions to attract attention to the work or its author, contributing to the sale of the book's circulation. Includes advertising, promotion and publicity (PR).
The marketing department is a department of a publishing house that monitors the book market and sales of books of its publishing house on it. The department also handles promotional materials and marketing-related activities.
Madrigal is a lyrical work of humorous complimentary or love content.
Mainstream - works of art, in which the main role is played not by the plot, but by the moral development of the characters.
Metaphor is the use of a word in figurative meaning to describe a person, object or phenomenon.
Myth is an ancient legend about the origin of life on Earth, about natural phenomena, about the exploits of gods and heroes.
A monologue is a speech addressed to the interlocutor or to oneself.
Monorhythm is a poem with one, repeated rhyme.
H
The initial rhyme is the consonance at the beginning of the verse.
Non-commercial literature - books published without profit, often intellectual prose and poetry.
Innovation is the introduction of new ideas and techniques.
Non-fiction (from English non-fiction) - non-fiction: biographies, memoirs, monographs, etc.
ABOUT
An image is an artistic depiction of a person, nature, or individual phenomena.
Appeal - a turn of poetic speech, consisting in an underlined appeal of the writer to the hero of his work, natural phenomena, the reader.
Ode is a laudatory poem dedicated to a solemn event or a hero.
An octave is a stanza of eight verses, in which the first six verses are united by two cross rhymes, and the last two are adjacent.
Personification (prosopopoeia) is a technique in which animals, natural phenomena, inanimate objects are endowed with human properties and abilities.
The Onegin stanza is a stanza used by Pushkin in the novel Eugene Onegin, consisting of three quatrains and a final couplet.
The original layout is a page layout of the publication signed for printing, each page of which completely coincides with the corresponding page of the future edition.
P
Publicity (PR, PR) - free mention of the title of a book or the author's name in the media. This is the most effective, cheapest and most difficult way to advertise. It requires a lot of time - and not so much on the part of the publisher, but on the part of the author.
A pamphlet is a journalistic work with a pronounced accusatory orientation and a specific socio-political address.
Parallelism is a technique consisting in comparing two phenomena by means of their parallel image.
Parody is a genre of literature that politically or satirically imitates the features of the original.
A libel is a work with offensive, slanderous content.
Landscape - the image of nature in a literary work.
Transfer (enjambement) - transferring the end of a sentence that is complete in meaning from one poetic line or stanza to the next one after it.
Paraphrase is the replacement of the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its essential features and features.
A character is a character in a literary work.
The narrator is the person on whose behalf the story is told in epic and lyrical works.
The story is a prose genre that occupies an intermediate place between the novel and the short story in terms of text volume, gravitating towards a chronicle plot that reproduces the natural course of life. In Russia in the first third of the 19th century, the term "story" corresponded to what is now called "story". The concept of a story or a short story was not known at that time, and the term “story” meant everything that did not reach the novel in volume.
A proverb is a short, figurative expression that does not have syntactic completeness.
Pocketbook (pocketbook - pocket book) - a small book in soft cover.
A portrait is a depiction of a character's appearance in a work of art.
Dedication - an inscription at the beginning of a work, indicating the person to whom it is dedicated.
An afterword is a structurally independent addition placed behind a literary work, not related to the development of the plot of this work, but devoted to a discussion of the ideas expressed in it, situations, autobiographical moments, etc., which, according to the author, need special clarification.
A joke is a sharp phrase or word.
A parable is an edifying story about human life in an allegorical or allegorical form.
A pseudonym is a fictitious name of a writer.
Prologue - an introductory part, introduction, preface to a book. The prologue introduces the characters before the beginning of the action, or communicates what preceded it.
Promotion - as part of the promotion, the publisher provides sellers with discounts for the fact that they make efforts to promote a particular book. They lay out in stores, place advertising stands, etc. Usually we are talking about offsetting: the publishing house delivers goods for a certain amount free of charge.
Publicism is a set of works of art that reflect the social and political life of society.
R
The denouement is the outcome of the main plot conflict in the work. Describes the position of the characters that has developed in the work as a result of the development of the events depicted in it. The final scene.
The size of the verse is the number and order of alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in the stops of a syllabo-tonic verse.
Rhapsode is an itinerant poet-singer in ancient Greece who sang epic songs to the accompaniment of a lyre.
A story or short story (Italian novella - news) is the main genre of short narrative prose. A short story is a smaller form of fiction than a short story or a novel. Compared to more extended narrative forms, there are not many characters in the stories and one plot line (rarely several) with the characteristic presence of some one problem.
Edition (in publishing) - one of the options for the text of the work. For example: "Get the text in the first edition."
A response is one character's response to another's speech.
Refrain - repeated verses at the end of each stanza.
Reader - an employee of the publishing house who reads the submitted applications (spontaneity). Also called a reader is an e-book (reader).
Rhythm is a systematic, measured repetition in verse of certain, similar units of speech (syllables).
Rhyme - the endings of poetic lines that coincide in sound.
The type of literature is divided according to fundamental features: drama, lyrics, epic.
A romance is a small lyrical poem of a melodious type on the theme of love.
Rondo is an eight-verse containing 13 (15) lines and 2 rhymes.
A novel is a literary genre, usually prose, which involves a detailed narrative about the life and development of the personality of the protagonist (heroes) in a crisis, non-standard period of his life.
Royalty is a percentage of the wholesale price of the book, which is paid to the author after the advance payment is paid off.
Rubai - forms of lyric poetry of the East. A quatrain in which the first, second and fourth lines rhyme.
WITH
Sarcasm is a sarcastic joke.
Satire is a work of art ridiculing vicious phenomena in the life of society or negative qualities individual person.
Free verse (vers libre) is a verse in which an arbitrary number of stressed and unstressed syllables is based on a homogeneous syntactic organization that determines the uniform intonation of the verse.
The signal copy is the first copy of the printed edition coming from the printing house to the publishing house for quality control. Signal copies are also called books that are sent to the media for reviews and review.
Syllabic versification is the same number of syllables in a line of poetry.
Syllabo-tonic versification is versification, which is determined by the number of syllables, the number of stresses and their location in a line.
Symbolism is a literary movement. Symbolists created and used a system of symbols into which they invested a mystical meaning.
Synopsis - summary a work from which the genre, time of action, the characters of the characters and the contours of the storylines are clear. See the post "How to write a synopsis".
A tale is a way of organizing a narrative, focused on oral, vernacular speech.
A story (legend) is a work based on an actual incident.
A syllable is a sound or a combination of sounds in a word, pronounced with one breath; primary rhythmic unit in poetic measured speech.
Stanzas - a small form of lyric poetry, consisting of quatrains, complete in thought.
Versification is a system for constructing measured poetic speech, which is based on any repetitive rhythmic unit of speech.
Foot - in syllabo-tonic versification, repeated combinations of stressed and unstressed syllables in a verse, which determine its size.
T
The creative process is the work of the writer on the work.
The theme is an object of artistic reflection.
Theme is a set of themes of a work.
A trend is a conclusion that the author seeks to lead the reader to.
Notebook is a typographical term meaning a set of sheets in an assembly element. Subsequently, notebooks are sewn or glued into a book and covered with a cover.
At
Urbanism is a trend in literature that is mainly concerned with describing the features of life in a big city.
Utopia is a work of art that tells about a dream as a real phenomenon. Depicts an ideal social system without scientific justification.
F
plot - plot basis literary work. Arrangement of the main events of a literary work in their chronological order.
Fan fiction (fan fiction - fans' fiction) - texts created by fans of a work, movie, game using characters, situations, stories originally invented by other authors.
Feuilleton - a type of newspaper article ridiculing the vices of society.
A stylistic figure is an unusual turn of speech that a writer resorts to to enhance the expressiveness of a literary word.
Flash back (flash back - return to the past) - a story about the events that happened before the start of the current scene.
Folklore is a collection of works of oral folk poetry.
X
Character - an artistic image of a person with pronounced individual traits.
Chorey is a two-syllable poetic meter with the stress on the first syllable.
Chronicle - a narrative or dramatic work that reflects in chronological order social life events.
Artistic taste is the ability to correctly perceive, independently comprehend works of art. Understanding the nature of artistic creation and the ability to analyze a work of art.
C
Cycle - works of art united by characters, era, thought or experience.
H
Chastushka is a small piece of oral folk poetry with humorous, satirical or lyrical content.
E
Euphemism is the replacement of coarse expressions in poetic speech with softer ones.
Aesopian language is an allegorical, disguised way of expressing one's thoughts.
An exposition is a text at the beginning of a work that outlines the initial situation: the time and place of the action, the composition and relationships of the characters. If the exposition is placed at the beginning of the work, it is called direct, if it is in the middle, it is called delayed.
An eclogue is a short poem describing life in a village.
The exposition is the initial, introductory part of the plot. Unlike the plot, it does not affect the course of subsequent events in the work.
Impromptu is a work created quickly, without preparation.
An elegy is a poem filled with sadness or a dreamy mood.
An epigram is a short, witty, mocking or satirical poem.
An epigraph is a short text placed at the beginning of a work and explaining the author's intention.
Episode - one of the interconnected events in the plot, which has more or less independent significance in the work.
Epilogue - the final part, added to a finished work of art and not necessarily connected with it by an inseparable development of the action. The epilogue introduces the reader to future fate actors.
An epithet is a figurative definition.
YU
Humoresque is a small humorous work in prose or verse.
I
Yamb is a two-syllable size in Russian versification, consisting of an unstressed and a stressed syllable.
ISBN (International Standard Book Number) is an international identification number assigned to a book when it is printed, consisting of 13 digits. The code is unique for each edition.
August 14, 2015Illustration for: Literary terms
>>Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms
Allegory- an allegorical description of an object or phenomenon for the purpose of its specific, visual representation.
Amphibrachius- a three-syllable meter of the verse, in the line of which groups of three syllables are repeated - unstressed, stressed, unstressed (-).
Anapaest- a three-syllable size of a verse, in the line of which groups of three syllables are repeated - two unstressed and stressed (-).
Ballad- a poetic story on a legendary, historical or household theme; the real in the ballad is often combined with the fantastic.
Fable- a short allegorical story of an instructive nature. The characters in the fable are often animals, objects, and which manifest human qualities. Most often, fables are written in verse.
Hero (literary)- character, character, artistic image of a person in a literary work.
Hyperbola- excessive exaggeration of the properties of the depicted object.
Dactyl- a three-syllable meter of the verse, in the line of which groups of three syllables are repeated - stressed and two unstressed.
Detail (artistic)- expressive detail, with the help of which an artistic image is created. A detail can clarify, clarify the writer's intention.
Dialogue- a conversation between two or more people.
Dramatic work or drama- a work intended to be staged.
Genre literary- manifestation in a more or less extensive group of works of common signs of the image of reality.
Idea- the main idea of the work of art.
Intonation- the main expressive means of sounding speech, which allows you to convey the attitude of the speaker to the subject of speech and to the interlocutor.
Irony- subtle, hidden mockery. The negative meaning of irony is hidden behind the external positive form of the statement.
Comedy- a dramatic work based on humor, funny.
comic- funny in life and literature. The main types of comic: humor, irony, satire.
Composition- construction, arrangement and interconnection of all parts of a work of art.
Legend- a work created by folk fantasy, which combines the real (events, personalities) and the fantastic.
Lyric work- a work in which the thoughts and feelings of the author are expressed, caused by various phenomena of life.
Metaphor- transferring the properties and actions of some objects to others, similar to them but the principle of similarity.
Monologue- the speech of one person in the work.
Novella- narrative genre, close in volume to the story. The short story differs from the short story in sharpness and dynamism of the plot.
personification- transfer of signs and properties of living beings to inanimate ones.
Description- a verbal image of something (landscape, portrait of a hero, interior view dwellings, etc.).
Parody- a funny, distorted likeness of something; comic or satirical imitation of someone (something).
Pathos- in fiction: sublime feeling, passionate inspiration, upbeat, solemn tone of narration.
Scenery- depiction of nature in a work of art.
Tale- one of the types of epic works. In terms of coverage of events and characters, the story is more than a short story, but less than a novel.
Portrait- the image of the appearance of the hero (his face, figures, clothes) in the work.
Poetry- poetic works (lyrical, epic and dramatic).
Poem- one of the types of lyric-epic works: the poem has a plot, events (as in an epic work) and open expression the author of his feelings (as in the lyrics).
Parable- a short story containing in an allegorical form a religious or moral teaching.
Prose- Non-poetic works of art (stories, novels, novels).
Prototype- a real person that served as the basis for the writer to create a literary image.
Story- small epic work narrating about one or more events from the life of a person, animal.
Narrator- the image of a person in a work of art, on whose behalf the narration is being conducted.
Rhythm- repetition of homogeneous elements (speech units) at regular intervals.
Rhyme- consonance of the endings of poetic lines.
Satire- ridicule, derision negative sides life by depicting them in a ridiculous, caricatured way.
Comparison- comparison of one phenomenon or object with another.
Poem- a line of poetry, the smallest unit of rhythmically organized speech. The word "poetry" is often used also in the meaning of "poem".
Poem- a small piece of poetry in verse.
Poetic speech- unlike prose, speech is rhythmically ordered, consisting of similar-sounding segments - lines, stanzas. Poems often have rhymes.
Stanza- in a poetic work, a group of lines (poems), constituting a unity, with a certain rhythm, as well as a repeating arrangement of rhymes.
Plot- the development of action, the course of events and ionistic and dramatic works, sometimes even lyrical.
Subject- the range of life phenomena depicted in the work; what is said in the works.
Fantastic- works of art in which a world of incredible, wonderful ideas and images is created, born of the writer's imagination.
Literary character- the image of a person in a literary work, created with a certain completeness and endowed with individual characteristics.
Chorey- two-syllable meter with stress on the first syllable.
Fiction One of the types of art is the art of the word. The word in fiction is a means of creating an image, depicting a phenomenon, expressing feelings and thoughts.
Artistic image- a person, object, phenomenon, picture of life, creatively recreated in a work of art.
Aesopian language- forced allegory, artistic speech, saturated with omissions and ironic hints. The expression goes back to the legendary image of the ancient Greek poet Aesop, the creator of the fable genre.
Epigram- a short satirical poem.
Epigraph- a short saying (proverb, quote) that the author places before the work or part of it to help the reader understand the main idea.
Episode- an excerpt of a work of art that has relative completeness.
Epithet- artistic definition object or phenomenon, which helps to vividly present the object, to feel the author's attitude towards it.
epic work- a work of art in which the author tells about people, about the world around him, about various events. Types of epic works: novel, story, story, fable, fairy tale, parable, etc.
Humor- in a work of art: the image of heroes and a funny, comic form; cheerful, good-natured laughter, helping a person to get rid of shortcomings.
Yamb- two-syllable meter with stress on the second syllable
Cimakova L.A. Literature: Handyman for 7th grade. zagalnoosvіtnіh navchalnyh zakladіh z rosіyskoy my navchannya. - K.: Vezha, 2007. 288 p.: il. - Mova Russian.
Submitted by readers from the website
The meaning of the word DRAMA in the Dictionary of Literary Terms
DRAMA
- (from Greek drama - action)
1) One of the three main types of literature, reflecting life in actions taking place in the present. TO dramatic kind include tragedies (see tragedy), comedies (see comedy), D. proper, melodramas (see melodrama), and vaudeville (see vaudeville).
2) D. in the narrow sense of the word is one of the leading genres (see literary genre) of dramaturgy; a literary work written in the form of a dialogue of characters. Designed to be performed on stage. Focused on spectacular expression. The relationship of people, the conflicts that arise between them are revealed through the actions of the characters and are embodied in a monologue-dialogical form. Unlike tragedy, drama does not end in catharsis.
Dictionary of literary terms. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is DRAMA in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- DRAMA in Miller's Dream Book, dream book and interpretation of dreams:
In a dream, watching a drama on stage is a harbinger of pleasant meetings with very distant friends. Being bored at a performance means that to ... - DRAMA. in the Literary Encyclopedia:
" id=Drama.contents> D. as a poetic genus 421 Origin D. 427 Eastern D. 428 Antique D. 430 Medieval D. 441 D. … - DRAMA in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Greek drama letters. - action), 1) a literary genus, belonging simultaneously to two arts: theater and literature; its specificity is plot, conflict ... - DRAMA in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
Drama (Greek drama) is an "action" that is taking place (actio, and not already done - actum), since it develops with the interaction of character and external position ... - DRAMA in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Greek drama, literally - action), 1) a literary genus, belonging simultaneously to two arts: theater and literature, its specifics are plot, conflict ... - DRAMA
[from the ancient Greek drama action] 1) in a broad sense, any plot literary work written in a colloquial form and without the author's speech ... - DRAMA in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
s, w. 1. pl. No. One of the three main types of verbal art (along with lyrics and epic). 2. collected Literary … - DRAMA in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -s, w. 1. A kind of literary work written in a dialogical form and intended to be performed by actors on stage. 2. Literary ... - DRAMA in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
DRAMA (Greek drama, letters - action), a literary genus belonging to the same time. two lawsuits for you: theater and literature; The specifics of D. are plot, conflict ... - DRAMA in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
(Greek ??????) ? an “action” that is being performed (actio, and not already done? actum), insofar as it, developing through the interaction of character and external ... - DRAMA in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
dra "ma, dra" we, dra "we, dra" m, dra "me, dra" mom, dra "mu, dra" we, dra "my, dra" my, dra "mami, dra" me, ... - DRAMA in the Popular Explanatory-Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
-s, well. 1) only units. One of the three main genres of fiction (along with epic and lyric poetry), belonging simultaneously to two ... - DRAMA
In Greek this word means... - DRAMA in the Dictionary for solving and compiling scanwords:
Chekhov ... - DRAMA in the Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary:
- DRAMA in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(gr. drama action) 1) one of the three main types of fiction (along with lyrics and epic), which is a work, ... - DRAMA in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
[ 1. one of the three main genres of fiction (along with lyrics and apos), which is a work built in the form of ... - DRAMA in the Russian Thesaurus:
1. ‘bad development of events’ Syn: tragedy, misfortune, grief, misfortune, sorrows, blow, adversity, disaster, misfortune, misfortune, misfortune 2. ‘kind of literary works, ... - DRAMA in the Dictionary of synonyms of Abramov:
see the spectacle, ... - DRAMA in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
bad development of events Syn: tragedy, misfortune, grief, misfortune, sorrows, blow, adversity, disaster, misfortune, misfortune, misfortune, a kind of literary works intended for ... - DRAMA in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
1. g. 1) One of the three main types of literature (along with the epic and lyrics), which is a work, usually built in ...
ANTITHESIS - opposition of characters, events, actions, words. Can be used at the level of details, particulars ("Black Evening, White snow”- A. Blok), but can serve as a technique for creating the entire work as a whole. Such is the contrast between the two parts of A. Pushkin's poem "The Village" (1819), where in the first part pictures of beautiful nature, peaceful and happy, are drawn, and in the second - in contrast - episodes from the life of a disenfranchised and cruelly oppressed Russian peasant.
ARCHITECTONICS - the relationship and proportionality of the main parts and elements that make up a literary work.
DIALOGUE - a conversation, conversation, dispute between two or more characters in a work.
STAGE - an element of the plot, meaning the moment of the conflict, the beginning of the events depicted in the work.
INTERIOR - a compositional tool that recreates the atmosphere in the room where the action takes place.
INTRIGA - the movement of the soul and the actions of the character, aimed at searching for the meaning of life, truth, etc. - a kind of "spring" that drives the action in a dramatic or epic work and makes it entertaining.
COLLISION - a clash of opposing views, aspirations, interests of the characters of a work of art.
COMPOSITION - the construction of a work of art, a certain system in the arrangement of its parts. Differ composite means(portraits of actors, interior, landscape, dialogue, monologue, including internal) and compositional techniques(montage, symbol, stream of consciousness, self-disclosure of the character, mutual disclosure, image of the character of the hero in dynamics or in statics). The composition is determined by the peculiarities of the writer's talent, genre, content and purpose of the work.
COMPONENT - an integral part of the work: in its analysis, for example, we can talk about components of content and components of form, sometimes interpenetrating.
CONFLICT - a clash of opinions, positions, characters in a work, driving, like intrigue and conflict, its action.
CULMINATION - an element of the plot: the moment of the highest tension in the development of the action of the work.
Keynote - the main idea of the work, repeatedly repeated and emphasized.
MONOLOGUE - a lengthy speech of a character in a literary work, addressed, in contrast to the internal monologue, to others. An example of an internal monologue is the first stanza of A. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin": "My uncle is the most honest rules…" etc.
INSTALLATION is a compositional technique: composing a work or its section into one whole from separate parts, excerpts, quotations. An example is the book of Evg. Popov "The beauty of life".
MOTIVE - one of the components of a literary text, part of the theme of the work, more often than others acquiring a symbolic meaning. Motif of the road, motif of the house, etc.
OPPOSITION - a variant of antithesis: opposition, opposition of views, behavior of characters at the level of characters (Onegin - Lensky, Oblomov - Stolz) and at the level of concepts ("wreath - crown" in M. Lermontov's poem "The Death of a Poet"; "it seemed - it turned out" in A. Chekhov's story "The Lady with the Dog").
LANDSCAPE - a compositional means: the image in the work of pictures of nature.
PORTRAIT - 1. Compositional means: image of the character's appearance - face, clothes, figure, demeanor, etc.; 2. A literary portrait is one of the prose genres.
STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS - a compositional technique used mainly in literature modernist trends. The scope of its application is the analysis of complex crisis states of the human spirit. F. Kafka, J. Joyce, M. Proust and others are recognized as masters of the "stream of consciousness". In some episodes, this technique can also be used in realistic works- Artem Vesely, V. Aksenov and others.
PROLOGUE - an extra-plot element that describes the events or persons involved before the start of the action in the work ("The Snow Maiden" by A. N. Ostrovsky, "Faust" by I. V. Goethe, etc.).
DENOUGH - an element of the plot that fixes the moment of resolution of the conflict in the work, the result of the development of events in it.
RETARDATION - a compositional technique that delays, stops or reverses the development of action in a work. It is carried out by including in the text various kinds of digressions of a lyrical and journalistic nature (“The Tale of Captain Kopeikin” in “ Dead souls"N. Gogol, autobiographical digressions in A. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin", etc.).
PLOT - a system, the order of development of events in a work. Its main elements are: prologue, exposition, plot, development of action, climax, denouement; in some cases, an epilogue is possible. The plot reveals causal relationships in the relationship between characters, facts and events in the work. To evaluate various kinds of plots, such concepts as the intensity of the plot, "wandering" plots can be used.
THEME - the subject of the image in the work, its material, indicating the place and time of action. main topic, as a rule, is specified by subject, i.e., a set of private, separate topics.
FABULA - the sequence of unfolding events of the work in time and space.
FORM - a certain system artistic means revealing the content of a literary work. Categories of form - plot, composition, language, genre, etc. Form as a way of existence of the content of a literary work.
CHRONOTOPE - spatio-temporal organization of material in a work of art.
Bald man with a white beard - I. Nikitin
Old Russian giant – M. Lermontov
With dogaress young – A. Pushkin
Falls on the sofa – N. Nekrasov
Used most often in postmodern works:
Under it is a stream
But not azure,
Above him ambre -
Well, no strength.
He, having given everything to literature,
Full of its fruit tasted.Drive, man, five-kopeck piece,(I. Irteniev)
And do not annoy unnecessarily.
Desert sower of freedom
Gathers a meager harvest.
EXPOSITION - an element of the plot: the situation, circumstances, positions of the characters in which they are before the start of the action in the work.
EPIGRAPH - a proverb, a quote, someone's statement, placed by the author before the work or its part, parts, designed to indicate his intention: “... So who are you finally? I am part of that power that always wants evil and always does good.” Goethe. "Faust" is an epigraph to M. Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita".
EPILOGUE - an element of the plot that describes the events that occurred after the end of the action in the work (sometimes after many years - I. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons").
2. The language of fiction
ALLEGORY - allegory, a kind of metaphor. Allegory fixes a conditional image: in fables, a fox is cunning, a donkey is stupidity, etc. Allegory is also used in fairy tales, parables, and satire.
ALLITERATION is an expressive means of language: the repetition of identical or homogeneous consonants in order to create a sound image:
And he's empty(A. Pushkin)
Runs and hears behind him -
As if thunder rumbles -
Heavy-voiced galloping
On the shaken pavement...
ANAphorA is an expressive means of a language: the repetition at the beginning of poetic lines, stanzas, paragraphs of the same words, sounds, syntactic constructions.
With all my insomnia I love you
With all my insomnia, I will heed you -
About that time, as throughout the Kremlin
Ringers are waking up...But my river yes with your river,(M. Tsvetaeva)
But my hand- yes with your hand
Not converge. My joy, as long as
Not catch up with the dawn of dawn.
ANTITHESIS is an expressive means of language: opposition of sharply contrasting concepts and images: You are poor, // You are plentiful, // You are powerful, // You are powerless, // Mother Rus'! (I. Nekrasov).
ANTONYMS - words with opposite meanings; serve to create bright contrasting images:
The rich fell in love with the poor,(M. Tsvetaeva)
The scientist fell in love - stupid,
I fell in love with ruddy - pale,
Loved the good - the bad
Golden - copper half.
ARCHAISMS - obsolete words, turns of speech, grammatical forms. They serve in the work to recreate the color of a bygone era, characterize the character in a certain way. They can give solemnity to the language: “Show off, city of Petrov, and stand, unshakable, like Russia”, and in other cases - an ironic connotation: “This youth in Magnitogorsk gnawed at the granite of science in college and, with God's help, completed it successfully.”
UNION - an expressive means of language, accelerating the pace of speech in the work: “Clouds are rushing, clouds are winding; // Invisible moon // Illuminates the flying snow; // the sky is cloudy, the night is cloudy " (A. Pushkin).
BARBARISMS - words from a foreign language. With their help, the color of a particular era can be recreated (“Peter the Great” by A. N. Tolstoy), a literary character (“War and Peace” by L. N. Tolstoy) can be characterized. In some cases, barbarism can be the object of controversy, irony (V. Mayakovsky."About" fiascos "," apogees "and other unknown things").
RHETORICAL QUESTION - an expressive means of language: a statement in the form of a question that does not require an answer:
Why is it so painful and so difficult for me?(M. Lermontov)
Waiting for what? Do I regret anything?
Rhetorical exclamation - an expressive means of language; an appeal that serves to increase emotionality usually creates a solemn, upbeat mood:
Oh Volga! My cradle!(N. Nekrasov)
Has anyone loved you like me?
vulgarism - a vulgar, rude word or expression.
HYPERBOLE - an excessive exaggeration of the properties of an object, phenomenon, quality in order to enhance the impression.
From your love you can’t heal at all,(B. Okudzhava)
forty thousand other bridges loving.
Ah, my Arbat, Arbat,
you are my fatherland
never get past you.
GRADATION is an expressive means of language, with the help of which the depicted feelings and thoughts are gradually strengthened or weakened. For example, in the poem "Poltava" A. Pushkin characterizes Mazepa as follows: "that he does not know the shrine; // that he does not remember goodness; // that he doesn't like anything; // that he is ready to pour blood like water; // that he despises freedom; // that there is no homeland for him. Anaphora can serve as the basis for gradation.
GROTESQUE is an artistic technique of exaggerated violation of the proportions of the depicted, a bizarre combination of the fantastic and the real, the tragic and the comic, the beautiful and the ugly, etc. The grotesque can be used at the level of style, genre and image: “And I see: // Half of the people are sitting. // Oh, the devil! // Where is the other half? (V. Mayakovsky).
DIALECTISMS - words from the general national language, used mainly in a certain area and used in literary works to create local color or speech characteristics characters: "Nagulnov let his mashtak bait and stopped him side of the mound "(M. Sholokhov).
JARGON - conditional language is small social group, which differs from the common language mainly in vocabulary: “The writing language was refined, but at the same time flavored with a good dose of maritime jargon ... how sailors and vagrants speak” (K. Paustovsky).
INTELLIGENT LANGUAGE is the result of an experiment that the Futurists were mainly fond of. Its goal is to find a correspondence between the sound of the word and the meaning and free the word from its usual meaning: “Bobeobi sang lips. // Veeomi gazes sang ... " (V. Khlebnikov).
INVERSION - changing the order of words in a sentence in order to highlight the meaning of a word or give an unusual sound to the phrase as a whole: “We switched from the highway to a piece of canvas // Barge haulers of these Repinsky legs” (Dm. Kedrin).
IRONY - a subtle hidden mockery: "He sang the faded color of life // Nearly eighteen years old" (A. Pushkin).
PUN - a witty joke based on homonyms or the use of different meanings of one word:
The area of rhymes is my element(D. Minaev)
And I write poetry easily.
Without hesitation, without delay
I run to line from line.
Even to the Finnish brown rocks
I'm dealing with a pun.
LITOTA - a pictorial means of language, built on a fantastic understatement of an object or its properties: “Your Spitz, lovely Spitz, / No more than a thimble” (A. Griboyedov).
METAPHOR - a word or expression used in a figurative sense. Fine language tool based on implicit comparison. The main types of metaphors are allegory, symbol, personification: "Hamlet, who thought with timid steps ..." (O. Mandelstam).
METONYMY - an artistic means of the language: replacing the name of the whole with the name of the part (or vice versa) on the basis of their similarity, proximity, adjacency, etc.: “What is the matter with you, blue sweater, // An anxious breeze in your eyes?” (A. Voznesensky).
NEOLOGISM - 1. A word or expression created by the author of a literary work: A. Blok - overhead, etc.; V. Mayakovsky - a hulk, hammery, etc .; I. Severyanin - sparkling, etc.; 2. Words that have acquired a new additional meaning over time - satellite, cart, etc.
RHETORICAL APPEAL - oratory, expressive means of language; a word or a group of words naming the person to whom the speech is addressed, and containing an appeal, demand, request: “Listen, comrade descendants, // agitator, bawler, leader” (V. Mayakovsky).
OXYMORON - an epithet used in a meaning opposite to the words being defined: “a miserly knight”, “a living corpse”, “blinding darkness”, “sad joy”, etc.
PERSONIFICATION - a technique for metaphorically transferring the features of the living to the inanimate: “The river plays”, “ It is raining”, “Poplar is burdened by loneliness”, etc. The polysemantic nature of the personification is revealed in the system of other artistic means of the language.
Homonyms are words that sound the same but have different meanings: scythe, oven, marriage, once, etc. “And I didn’t care. about // What a secret volume my daughter has // I dozed until morning under my pillow” (A. Pushkin).
ONOMATOPEIA - onomatopoeia, imitation of natural and everyday sounds:
Kulesh clucked in the cauldron.(E. Evtushenko)
Heeled under the wind
Wings of red fire.
Midnight sometimes in the swamp wilderness(K. Balmont)
Slightly audible, noiselessly rustling reeds.
PARALLELISM is a visual means of language; a similar symmetrical arrangement of speech elements, in proportion creating a harmonious artistic image. Parallelism is often found in oral folklore and in the Bible. In fiction, parallelism can be used at the verbal-sound, rhythmic, and compositional level: “Black raven in the gentle dusk, // Black velvet on swarthy shoulders” (A. Blok).
PERIPHRASE - a visual means of language; replacement of the concept with a descriptive phrase: “A sad time! Eye charm! - autumn; Foggy Albion - England; "Singer of Giaur and Juan" - Byron, etc.
PLEONASM (Greek "pleonasmos" - excess) - an expressive means of the language; repetition of words and phrases that are close in meaning: sadness, longing, once upon a time, crying - shedding tears, etc.
REPETITIONS - stylistic figures, syntactic constructions based on the repetition of words that carry a special semantic load. Types of repetitions - Anaphora, Epiphora, Refrain, Pleonasm, Tautology and etc.
REFRAIN - expressive means of language; periodic repetition of a passage that is complete in meaning, generalizing the thought expressed in it:
Mountain king on a long journey(K. Balmont )
- It's boring in a foreign country. -
Wants to find a beautiful girl.
“You won't come back to me. -
He sees the estate on a mossy mountain.
- It's boring in a foreign country. -
Little Kirsten is standing in the yard.
“You won't come back to me. -<…>
SYMBOL (one of the meanings) - a kind of metaphor, a comparison of a generalizing nature: for M. Lermontov, "sail" is a symbol of loneliness; A. Pushkin has a “star of captivating happiness” - a symbol of freedom, etc.
SYNECDOCH - a visual means of language; view metonymy, based on replacing the name of the whole with the name of its part. Sometimes synecdoche is called "quantitative" metonymy. "The bride has now gone foolish" (A. Chekhov).
COMPARISON - a visual means of language; creating an image by comparing the already known with the unknown (old with new). Comparison is created using special words (“like”, “as if”, “exactly”, “as if”), instrumental form or comparative forms of adjectives:
And she is majestic(A. Pushkin )
It floats like a pava;
And as the speech says,
Like a river murmurs.
TAUTOLOGY is an expressive means of language; repetition of single-root words.
Where is this house with a torn shutter,(D. Kedrin )
A room with a colorful carpet on the wall?
Sweet, sweet, long time ago
My childhood is remembered to me.
TROPES - words used in a figurative sense. The types of trails are Metaphor, Metonymy, Epithet and etc.
DEFAULT is an expressive means of the language. The hero's speech is interrupted in order to activate the reader's imagination, designed to fill in the gap. It is usually denoted by an ellipsis:
What's wrong with me?(A. Pushkin )
Father ... Mazepa ... execution - with a plea
Here, in this castle my mother -
EUPHEMISM is an expressive means of language; a descriptive turn that changes the assessment of an object or phenomenon.
“In private, I would call him a liar. In a newspaper note, I would use the expression - a frivolous attitude towards the truth. In Parliament, I would regret that the gentleman is ill-informed. It could be added that people get punched in the face for such information.” (D. Galsworthy"The Forsyte Saga").
EPITET - a visual means of language; a colorful definition of an object, which makes it possible to distinguish it from a number of similar ones and to discover the author's assessment of what is being described. Types of epithet - permanent, oxymoron, etc.: "The lonely sail turns white ...".
EPIPHORA - an expressive means of language; repetition of words or phrases at the end of lines of poetry. Epiphora is a rare form in Russian poetry:
Note - I love you!(V. Voznesensky )
Fuzzy - I love you!
Beast - I love you!
Separation - I love you!
3. Fundamentals of poetry
Acrostic is a poem in which the initial letters of each verse vertically form a word or phrase:
An angel lay down at the edge of the sky,
Leaning down, he marvels at the abysses.
The new world was dark and starless.
Hell was silent. Not a groan was heard.Scarlet blood timid beating,
Fragile hands fright and shudder,
The world of dreams got into possession
Angel's holy reflection.Close in the world! Let him live dreaming(N. Gumilyov)
About love, about sadness and about shadows,
Opening in the eternal darkness
ABC of their own revelations.
ALEXANDRIAN VERSE - a system of couplets; six-foot iambic with a number of paired verses according to the principle of alternating male and female pairs: aaBBwwYY…
Happened together two Astronomers in a feast(M. Lomonosov)
A
And argued very among themselves in the heat:
A
One kept repeating: the earth, spinning, the circle of the Sun walks,
B
The other is that the Sun leads all the planets with it:
B
One Copernicus was, the other was known as Ptolemy,
V
Here the cook settled the dispute with his grin.
V
The owner asked: “Do you know the course of the stars?
G
Tell me, how do you talk about this doubt?
G
He gave this answer: “That Copernicus is right,
d
I will prove the truth, I have not been to the Sun.
d
Who saw a simpleton of cooks is
E
Who would turn the hearth around Zharkov?
E
Alexandrian verse was used mainly in high classic genres - tragedies, odes, etc.
AMPHIBRACHY (Greek "amphi" - round; "bhaspu" - short; literal translation: "short on both sides") - a three-syllable size with an emphasis on the 2nd, 5th, 8th, 11th, etc. d. syllables.
There lived a little / cue boy(V. A. Zhukovsky(bipedal amphibrach)
He was tall / about the size of a finger.
The face was / handsome, -
Like sparks / little eyes,
Like fluff in / calves ...
ANAPEST (Greek "anapaistos" - reflected back) - a three-syllable size with stress on the 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, etc. syllables.
Neither country / nor pogos / ta(I. Brodsky(two-foot anapaest))
I don't want / choose.
On Vasily /evsky island /trov
I will come / die.
ASSONANCE - an inaccurate rhyme based on the consonance of the roots of words, not endings:
The student wants to listen to Scriabin,(E. Evtushenko)
And for half a month he lives a miser.
ASTROPHIC TEXT - the text of a poetic work, not divided into stanzas (N. A. Nekrasov"Reflections at the front door", etc.).
BANAL RHYME - a common, familiar rhyme; sound and semantic stencil. “... There are too few rhymes in the Russian language. One calls the other. The "flame" inevitably drags the "stone" behind it. Because of the “feeling”, “art” certainly peeps out. Who is not tired of "love" and "blood", "difficult" and "wonderful", "faithful" and "hypocritical" and so on. (A. Pushkin"Journey from Moscow to St. Petersburg").
POOR RHYME - only stressed vowels are consonant in it: “near” - “earth”, “she” - “soul”, etc. Sometimes poor rhyme is called “sufficient” rhyme.
WHITE VERSE - verse without rhyme:
From the pleasures of life(A. Pushkin)
Music yields to love alone;
But love is a melody...
White verse appeared in Russian poetry in the 18th century. (V. Trediakovsky), in the XIX century. used by A. Pushkin (“I visited again ...”),
M. Lermontov (“Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilievich ...”), N. Nekrasov (“Who should live well in Rus'”), etc. In the 20th century. blank verse is represented in the works of I. Bunin, Sasha Cherny, O. Mandelstam, A. Tarkovsky, D. Samoilov and others.
BRAHIKOLON - a one-syllable verse used to convey an energetic rhythm or as a comic form.
Forehead -(V. Khodasevich."Funeral")
Chalk.
Bel
Coffin.
sang
Pop.
Sheaf
Arrows -
Day
Holy!
Crypt
blind
Shadow -
In hell!
BURIME - 1. A poem on given rhymes; 2. The game, which consists in compiling such poems. During the game, the following conditions are met: rhymes must be unexpected and varied; they cannot be changed or rearranged.
VERLIBR - free verse. It may lack meter, rhyme. Ver libre is a verse in which the unit of rhythmic organization (line, Rhyme, stanza) intonation appears (singing in oral performance):
I lay on top of the mountain(A. Tarkovsky)
I was surrounded by earth.
Enchanted edge below
Lost all colors except for two:
Light blue,
Light brown where on the blue stone
wrote the pen of Azrael,
Dagestan lay around me.
INTERNAL RHYME - consonances, of which one (or both) are inside the verse. Internal rhyme can be constant (appears in a caesura and defines the boundary between half-verses) and irregular (breaks a verse into separate rhythmic unequal and non-permanent groups):
If the yard, disappearing,(K. Balmont)
Numb and shining
Snow flakes curl. -
If sleepy, distant
Now with reproach, then in love,
The sounds are crying tender.
FREE VERSE - multi-footed verse. The predominant size of free verse is iambic with a verse length from one to six feet. This form is convenient for transmitting live colloquial speech and therefore it is used mainly in fables, poetic comedies and dramas (“Woe from Wit” by A. S. Griboyedov and others).
Crosses / not, you / walked out / patience / I 4-stop.(I. Krylov)
From ra / dawn / ya, 2-stop.
What speech / ki them / and ru / cells 4-stop.
When in / dopo / lie when / mending / whether, 4-stop.
Send / ask / for yourself / upra / you are at / Rivers, 6-stop.
In ko / toru / th stream / and river / ki te / fall / whether 6-stop.
EIGHT LINE - a stanza of eight verses with a specific rhyme pattern. For more details, see Octave. Triolet.
HEXAMETER - six-foot dactyl, favorite meter of ancient Greek poetry:
The son of the Thunderer and Lethe - Phoebus, angry with the king(Homer. Iliad; per. N. Gnedich)
He brought an evil plague on the army: peoples perished.
Having dropped the urn with water, the maiden broke it on the rock.(A. Pushkin)
The maiden sits sadly, idle holding a shard.
Miracle! Water will not dry up, pouring out of a broken urn,
The Virgin, above the eternal stream, sits forever sad.
HYPERDACTYLIC RHYME - a consonance in which the stress falls on the fourth and further syllable from the end of the verse:
Goes, Balda, grunts,(A. Pushkin)
And the pope, seeing Balda, jumps up ...
Dactylic rhyme - a consonance in which the stress falls on the third syllable from the end of the verse:
I, the Mother of God, now with a prayer(M. Yu. Lermontov)
Before your image, bright radiance,
Not about salvation, not before the battle
Not with gratitude or repentance,
I do not pray for my desert soul,
For the soul of a wanderer in the light of the rootless...
DACTIL - three-syllable size with stress on the 1st, 4th, 7th, 10th, etc. syllables:
Approaching / dove-eyed for / cat(I. Annensky(3-foot dactyl))
The air was / gentle and / intoxicated,
And otu / beckoning / garden
Somehow about / especially / green.
COUPLE - 1. A stanza of two verses with a paired rhyme:
Pale blue mysterious face
On withered roses drooped.And the lamps gild the coffin(I. Bunin)
And their children are transparently flowing ...
2. Kind of lyrics; complete poem of two verses:
From others I praise - that the ashes,(A. Akhmatova)
From you and blasphemy - praise.
DOLNIK (Pauznik) - poetic size on the verge syllabo-tonic And tonic versification. Based on the rhythmic repetition of the strong (cf. Ict) and weak points, as well as variable pauses between stressed syllables. The range of inter-ict intervals ranges from 0 to 4 shockless. The length of a verse is determined by the number of shocks in a line. Dolnik came into wide use at the beginning of the 20th century:
Autumn is late. The sky is open(A. Blok(triple dolnik))
And the forests are silent.
Lay down on the blurry shore
The head of a mermaid is sick.
FEMALE RHYME - a consonance in which the stress falls on the second syllable from the end of the verse:
These poor villages(F. I. Tyutchev)
This meager nature
The land of native long-suffering,
The land of the Russian people!
ZEVGMA (from ancient Greek literally “bundle”, “bridge”) - an indication of the commonality of various poetic forms, literary movements, art forms (see: Biryukov SE. Zeugma: Russian poetry from mannerism to postmodernism. - M., 1994).
ICT is a strong rhythm-forming syllable in verse.
KATRAIN - 1. The most common stanza in Russian poetry, consisting of four verses: “In the depths of Siberian ores” by A. Pushkin, “Sail” by M. Lermontov, “Why are you looking eagerly at the road” by N. Nekrasov, “Portrait” by N. Zabolotsky, "It's snowing" by B. Pasternak and others. The rhyming method can be paired (aabb), ring (abba) cross (abab); 2. Kind of lyrics; a poem of four lines of predominantly philosophical content, expressing a complete thought:
To persuasiveness, to(M. Tsvetaeva)
Kills are simple:
Two birds made a nest for me:
Truth - and Orphanhood.
A CLAUSE is a group of final syllables in a line of poetry.
LIMERIK - 1. The solid form of the stanza; quintuple with double consonance according to the principle of rhyming aabba. The English poet Edward Lear introduced limerick into literature as a kind of comic poem telling about an unusual incident:
There lived an old man from Morocco,
He saw surprisingly poorly.
- Is that your leg?
- I doubt a little -
An old man from Morocco answered.
2. Literary game, which consists in compiling similar comic poems; at the same time, the limerick must necessarily begin with the words: “Once upon a time ...”, “There once lived an old man ...”, etc.
A LIPOGRAM is a poem in which no specific sound is used. So, in the poem by G. R. Derzhavin “The Nightingale in a Dream” there is no sound “r”:
I slept high on the hill
I heard your voice, nightingale;
Even in the deepest sleep
He was intelligible to my soul:
It sounded, then it was given,
He groaned, then he smiled
In hearing from afar, he, -
And in the arms of Callista
Songs, sighs, clicks, whistles
Enjoyed a sweet dream.<…>
MACARONIC POETRY - poetry of a satirical or parodic orientation; the comic effect is achieved in it by mixing words from different languages and styles:
Here I am on the road:(I. Myatlev("Sensations and remarks of Mrs. Kurdyukova abroad given l "etrange"))
I dragged myself into the city of Peter
And crafted a ticket
For myself e pur Anet,
And pur Khariton le medic
Sur le pyroscaphe "Heir",
Loaded the crew
Prepared for the voyage<…>
MESOSTIKH - a poem in which the letters in the middle of the line vertically form a word.
METER - a certain rhythmic ordering of repetitions within poetic lines. Types of meter in syllabic-tonic versification are two-syllable (see. Chorey, Yamb), tripartite (cf. Dactyl, Amphibrach, Anapaest) and other poetic sizes.
METRICA is a branch of versification that studies the rhythmic organization of verse.
MONORYM - a poem using one rhyme:
When you are, children, students,(A. Apukhtin)
Don't break your head over the moments
Over Hamlets, Lyres, Kents,
Over kings and over presidents,
Over the seas and over the continents
Do not hang out with opponents there,
Be smart with your competitors
And how do you finish the course with eminents
And you will go to the service with patents -
Do not look at the service of assistant professors
And do not hesitate, children, with presents!<…>
MONOSTIKH is a poem consisting of one verse.
I(K. Balmont)
All-expressiveness is the key to worlds and mysteries.
II
Love is fire, and blood is fire, and life is fire, we are fiery.
MORA - in ancient versification, a unit of time for pronouncing one short syllable.
MALE RHYME - a consonance in which the stress falls on the last syllable of the verse:
We are free birds; it's time, brother, it's time!(A. Pushkin)
There, where the mountain turns white behind the cloud,
There, where the sea edges turn blue,
There, where we walk only the wind ... yes, I!
ODIC STROPHE - a stanza of ten verses with a rhyming method AbAbVVgDDg:
Oh, you who are waiting(M. V. Lomonosov(“Ode on the day of the accession to the All-Russian throne of Her Majesty the Empress Elisaveta Petrovna. 1747”))
Fatherland from its bowels
And wants to see them
Which calls from foreign countries.
Oh, your days are blessed!
Be emboldened now
Show with your care
What can own Platos
And quick-witted Newtons
Russian land to give birth.
OCTAVA - a stanza of eight verses with triple consonance due to rhyming abababwww:
Harmonies of verse divine mysteries
Do not think to unravel from the books of the sages:
By the shore of sleepy waters, wandering alone, by chance,
Listen with your soul to the whispering of the reeds,Oak forests speak: their sound is extraordinary(A. Maykov)
Feel and understand... In harmony with poetry
Involuntarily from your lips dimensional octaves
They will pour, sonorous, like the music of oak forests.
The octave is found in Byron, A. Pushkin, A. K. Tolstoy and other poets.
ONEGIN STROPHE - a stanza consisting of 14 verses (AbAbVVg-gDeeJj); created by A. Pushkin (the novel "Eugene Onegin"). A characteristic sign of the Onegin stanza is the obligatory use of iambic tetrameter.
Let me be known as an old believer,(M. Lermontov(Tambov Treasurer))
I don't care - I'm even glad:
I write Onegin in size:
I sing, friends, in the old way.
Please listen to this story!
Her unexpected denouement
Approve, maybe you
A slight bow of the head.
An ancient custom of observing
We are beneficent wine
Let's drink the rough verses,
And they will run, limping,
For a peaceful family
To the river of oblivion to rest.<…>
PALINDROME (Greek "palindromos" - running back), or Flipping - a word, phrase, verse, equally read both from left to right and from right to left. A whole poem can be built on a palindrome (V. Khlebnikov "Ustrug Razin", V. Gershuni "Tat", etc.):
The weaker the spirit - the worse dashing,(V. Palchikov)
cunning (especially quiet quarrel).
Those are in Viya's swara. Faith in the world.
PENTAMETER - pentameter dactyl. Used in combination with hexameter how elegiac distich:
I hear the silent sound of the divine Hellenic speech.(A. Pushkin)
I feel the shadow of the great old man with a confused soul.
PENTON is a five-syllable foot consisting of one stressed and four unstressed syllables. In Russian poetry, “mainly the third penton is used, bearing the stress on the third syllable:
red frying pan(A. Koltsov)
Dawn flashed;
On the face of the earth
The fog rolls in...
PEON is a four-syllable foot consisting of one stressed and three unstressed syllables. Peons differ in the place of stress - from the first to the fourth:
Sleep, half / dead y / withered flowers / you,(K. Balmont(five-foot peon first))
So do not ties / naschie races / colors are beautiful / you,
Near the paths behind / traveled grown up / schennye by the creator,
Crumpled not / who saw you / by the yellow cole / catfish ...
Flashlights - / sudariki,(I. Myatlev(two-foot peon second))
Tell me / you tell me
What they saw / what they heard
In the night you ti/tire?…
Listening to the wind, / the poplar bends, / rain from the sky oh / hay pours,(K. Balmont(four-foot peon third))
Above Me / there is a / measured knock of the cha / owls of the walls;
No one / smiles at me, / and my heart beats anxiously
And a monotonous / sad verse is not / freely torn from the mouth;
And like a quiet / distant stomp, / outside the window I / hear a murmur,
Incomprehensible / strange whisper / - whisper of drops / rain.
Let us use the third peon more in Russian poetry; peon of the fourth type is not found as an independent meter.
TRANSFER - rhythmic mismatch; the end of the sentence does not coincide with the end of the verse; serves as a means of creating conversational intonation:
Winter. What should we do in the village? I meet(A. Pushkin)
The servant who brings me a cup of tea in the morning,
Questions: is it warm? Has the blizzard subsided?
PYRRICHIUS - foot with a missed accent:
Storm / mist / sky / covers,(A. Pushkin(the third foot of the second verse is pyrrhic))
Whirlwinds / snowy / e cool / heavy ...
PENTISTIC - stanza-quatrain with double consonance:
Like a pillar of smoke brightens in the sky! -(F. Tyutchev)
How the shadow below glides elusively! ..
“This is our life,” you said to me,
Not light smoke, shining in the moonlight,
And this shadow running from the smoke ... "
The type of quintuple is Limerick.
RHYTHM - repeatability, proportionality of the same phenomena at regular intervals of time and space. In a work of art, rhythm is realized at different levels: plot, composition, language, verse.
RIFMA (Consent) - the same sounding clauses. Rhymes are characterized by location (pair, cross, ring), by stress (masculine, feminine, dactylic, hyperdactylic), by composition (simple, compound), by sound (exact, root or assonance), monorhyme, etc.
SEXTINE - a stanza of six verses (ababab). Rarely found in Russian poetry:
King-Fire with Water-Queen. -(K. Balmont)
World beauty.
The white-faced day serves them
Darkness undies at night,
Half-dark with the Moon Maiden.
Their foot is three whales.<…>
SILLABIC VERSION - A system of versification based on an equal number of syllables in alternating verses. With a large number of syllables, a caesura is introduced, which divides the line into two parts. Syllabic versification is used predominantly in languages that have constant stress. In Russian poetry was used in the XVII-XVIII centuries. S. Polotsky, A. Kantemir and others.
SYLLABO-TONIC POSTER - a system of versification based on the orderly arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables in a verse. Basic meters (dimensions) - disyllabic (Yamb, Chorey) and trisyllabic (Dactyl, Amphibrachius, Anapaest).
SONNET - 1. A stanza consisting of 14 verses with various ways of rhyming. Sonnet types: Italian (rhyming method: abab//abab//vgv//gvg)\ French (rhyming method: abba/abba//vvg//ddg)\ English (way of rhyming: abab//vgvg//dede//lj). In Russian literature, “irregular” sonnet forms with unfixed rhyming methods are also developing.
2. Kind of lyrics; a poem consisting of 14 verses, mainly philosophical, love, elegiac content - sonnets by V. Shakespeare, A. Pushkin, Vyach. Ivanova and others.
SPONDEY - foot with an additional (super-scheme) stress:
Swede, Russian / ko / let, ru / bit, re / jet.(A. Pushkin)
(iambic tetrameter - first spondei foot)
VERSE - 1. Line in a poem; 2. The totality of the features of the versification of a poet: the verse of Marina Tsvetaeva, A. Tvardovsky and others.
STOP - a repeated combination of stressed and unstressed vowels. The foot serves as a unit of verse in the syllabic-tonic system of versification: iambic three-foot, anapaest four-foot, etc.
STROE - a group of verses united by a repeating meter, rhyming method, intonation, etc.
STROFIKA - a section of versification that studies the compositional techniques of the structure of a verse.
TAKTOVIK - poetic meter on the verge of syllabo-tonic and tonic versification. Based on the rhythmic repetition of the strong (cf. Ict) and weak points, as well as variable pauses between stressed syllables. The range of inter-ict intervals ranges from 2 to 3 shockless. The length of a verse is determined by the number of shocks in a line. The tactician came into wide use at the beginning of the 20th century:
A black man was running around the city.(A. Blok(four-shot tactician))
He extinguished the lanterns, climbing the stairs.
Slow, white dawn approached,
Together with the man he climbed the stairs.
TERCETS - a stanza of three verses (ahh, bbb, eeee etc.). Tercet is rarely used in Russian poetry:
She, like a mermaid, is airy and strangely pale,
In her eyes, escaping, a wave plays,
In her green eyes, her depth is cold.Come - and she will embrace, caress you,
Not sparing himself, tormenting, perhaps destroying,
But still she kisses you without loving.And in an instant he will turn away, and will be a soul away,(K. Balmont)
And will be silent under the moon in golden dust
Watching indifferently as the ships sink in the distance.
TERZINA - a stanza of three verses (aba, bvb, vgv etc.):
And far away we went - and fear embraced me.
Imp, tucking his hoof under him
Twisted the moneylender at the hellfire.Hot fat dripped into a smoked trough,(A. Pushkin)
And the baked usurer burst on fire
And I: “Tell me: what is hidden in this execution?
It is written in tertsina " The Divine Comedy» Dante.
TONIC VERSION - a system of versification based on the ordered arrangement of stressed syllables in a verse, while the number of unstressed syllables is not taken into account.
EXACT RHYME - a rhyme in which sounds clause match up:
Blue evening, moonlit evening(WITH. Yesenin)
I used to be handsome and young.
Unstoppable, unique
Everything flew ... far ... past ...
The heart has cooled, and the eyes have faded ...
Blue happiness! Lunar nights!
TRIOLET - a stanza of eight verses (abbaabab) with repetition of the same lines:
I'm lying in the grass on the shore(V. Bryusov)
Night river I hear splashing.
Through fields and copses,
I'm lying in the grass on the shore.
On a misty meadow
Green shimmery glitters
I'm lying in the grass on the shore
Night river and I hear splashes.
FIGURED POEMS - poems, the lines of which form the outlines of an object or geometric figure:
in vain(G. Derzhavin)
Dawn
Rays
How about things
I shine in the dark
I delight my whole soul.
But what? - from the sun in it only a lovely brilliance?
No! - Pyramid - good memories of deeds.
PHONICS is a section of versification that studies the sound organization of a verse.
CHOREA (Trocheus) - two-syllable size with stress on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, etc. syllables:
Fields / compressed, / groves / naked,(WITH. Yesenin(four-foot trochee))
From water / dy that / man and / dampness.
Kole / catfish for / blue / mountains
The sun / quietly / e_ska / hushed.
A caesura is a pause in the middle of a line of poetry. Usually the caesura appears in verses of six feet or more:
Science is stripped, // sheathed in rags,(A. Cantemir(Satire 1. On those who blaspheme the teaching: To your own mind))
Out of almost all the houses // Shot down with a curse;
They don’t want to know her, // her friendship is running away,
As, suffering at sea, // ship service.
SIX-LINE - a six-line stanza with a triple consonance; rhyming method can be different:
This morning, this joy A(A. Fet)
This power of both day and light, A
This blue vault b
This cry and strings IN
These flocks, these birds, IN
This voice of water... b
The type of six-line is Sextina.
YaMB is the most common two-syllable size in Russian poetry with stress on the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, etc. syllables:
Girl friend / ga doo / we are celebrating / noah(A. Pushkin(iambic trimeter))
Ink / niya / mine!
My age / rdno / image / ny
You / ukra / I am strong.
4. Literary process
AVANT-GARDISM is the common name for a number of trends in the art of the 20th century, which are united by the rejection of the traditions of their predecessors, primarily realists. The principles of avant-garde as a literary and artistic movement were realized in different ways in Futurism, Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism, Expressionism, etc.
ACMEISM - a trend in Russian poetry of the 1910-1920s. Representatives: N. Gumilyov, S. Gorodetsky, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam, M. Kuzmin and others. In contrast to symbolism, acmeism proclaimed a return to the material world, the subject, the exact meaning of the word. va. Acmeists composed literary group"Workshop of poets", published an almanac and the journal "Hyperborea" (1912-1913).
UNDERGROUND (English "undergraund" - underground) - the general name of works of Russian unofficial art of the 70-80s. 20th century
BAROQUE (Italian "Lagosso" - pretentious) - a style in the art of the 16th-18th centuries, characterized by exaggeration, pomp of forms, pathos, the desire for oppositions and contrasts.
ETERNAL IMAGES - images whose artistic significance has gone beyond the framework of a particular literary work and the historical era that gave rise to them. Hamlet (W. Shakespeare), Don Quixote (M. Cervantes), etc.
DADAISM (French "dada" - a wooden horse, a toy; in a figurative sense - "baby talk") is one of the directions of the literary avant-garde that has developed in Europe (1916-1922). Dada preceded surrealism And expressionism.
Decadence (lat. "decadentia" - decline) - the general name of the crisis phenomena in the culture of the late XIX - early XX centuries, marked by moods of hopelessness, rejection of life. Decadence is characterized by the rejection of citizenship in art, the proclamation of the cult of beauty as highest goal. Many motives of decadence have become the property of artistic movements modernism.
IMAGENISTS (French “image” - image) - a literary group of 1919–1927, which included S. Yesenin, A. Mariengof, R. Ivnev, V. Shershenevich and others. The Imagists cultivated the image: “we who polish the image who cleans the form from the dust of content better than a street shoe shiner, we affirm that the only law of art, the only and incomparable method is to reveal life through the image and rhythm of images ... ”In literary work, the Imagists relied on complicated metaphor, the play of rhythms, etc. .
IMPRESSIONISM - a trend in art of the late XIX - early XX century. In literature, impressionism strove to convey fragmentary lyrical impressions, designed for the associative thinking of the reader, capable of ultimately recreating a complete picture. A. Chekhov, I. Bunin, A. Fet, K. Balmont and many others resorted to the impressionistic manner. others
CLASSICISM - a literary trend of the 17th-18th centuries, arose in France and proclaimed a return to ancient art as a role model. The rationalistic poetics of classicism is set forth in the work of N. Boileau "Poetic Art". The characteristic features of classicism are the predominance of reason over feelings; the object of the image is the sublime in human life. The requirements put forward by this direction are: rigor of style; the image of the hero in the fateful moments of life; the unity of time, action and place - most clearly manifested in dramaturgy. In Russia, classicism appears in the 30-50s. 18th century in the work of A. Kantemir, V. Trediakovsky, M. Lomonosov, D. Fonvizin.
CONCEPTUALISTS - a literary association that arose at the end of the 20th century, denies the need to create artistic images: an artistic idea exists outside the material (at the level of an application, project or commentary). Conceptualists are D. A. Prigov, L. Rubinshtein, N. Iskrenko and others.
LITERARY DIRECTION - characterized by generality literary phenomena over a certain period of time. The literary direction presupposes the unity of the worldview, aesthetic views writers, ways of depicting life in a certain historical period. The literary direction is also characterized by the generality of the artistic method. Literary trends include classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, etc.
LITERARY PROCESS (the evolution of literature) - reveals itself in a change in literary trends, in updating the content and form of works, in establishing new connections with other types of art, with philosophy, with science, etc. The literary process proceeds according to its own laws and is not directly connected with the development of society.
MODERNISM (French "modern" - modern) is a general definition of a number of trends in the art of the 20th century, characterized by a break with the traditions of realism. The term "modernism" is used to refer to a variety of non-realist movements in the art and literature of the 20th century. – from symbolism at its beginning to postmodernism at its end.
OBERIU (Association of Real Art) - a group of writers and artists: D. Kharms, A. Vvedensky, N. Zabolotsky, O. Malevich, K. Vaginov, N. Oleinikov and others - worked in Leningrad in 1926–1931. The Oberiuts inherited the Futurists, professing the art of the absurd, the rejection of logic, the usual time calculation, etc. The Oberiuts were especially active in the field of theater. nogo art and poetry.
POSTMODERNISM is a type of aesthetic consciousness in the art of the late 20th century. In the artistic world of a postmodernist writer, as a rule, either causes and effects are not indicated, or they are easily interchanged. Here, ideas about time and space are blurred, the relationship between the author and the hero is unusual. The essential elements of style are irony and parody. The works of postmodernism are designed for the associative nature of perception, for the active co-creation of the reader. Many of them contain a detailed critical self-assessment, that is, literature and literary criticism are combined. Postmodern creations are characterized by specific figurativeness, the so-called simulators, i.e., images-copies, images without new original content, using the already known, simulating reality and parodying it. Postmodernism destroys all sorts of hierarchies and oppositions, replacing them with allusions, reminiscences, and quotations. Unlike avant-gardism, he does not deny his predecessors, but all traditions in art are of equal value to him.
Representatives of postmodernism in Russian literature are Sasha Sokolov ("School for Fools"), A. Bitov ("Pushkin House"), Ven. Erofeev ("Moscow - Petushki") and others.
REALISM is an artistic method based on an objective depiction of reality, reproduced and typified in accordance with the author's ideals. Realism depicts the character in his interactions ("clutches") with the surrounding world and people. An important feature of realism is the desire for credibility, for authenticity. In progress historical development realism acquired specific forms of literary trends: ancient realism, Renaissance realism, classicism, sentimentalism, etc.
In the XIX and XX centuries. realism successfully assimilated individual artistic techniques romantic and modernist movements.
ROMANTISM - 1. artistic method, based on the subjective ideas of the author, based mainly on his imagination, intuition, fantasies, dreams. Like realism, romanticism appears only in the form of a concrete literary direction in several varieties: civil, psychological, philosophical, etc. The hero of a romantic work is an exceptional, outstanding personality, depicted with great expression. The style of the romantic writer is emotional, rich in visual and expressive means.
2. A literary trend that arose at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, when the freedom of society and the freedom of man were proclaimed the ideal. Romanticism is characterized by an interest in the past, the development of folklore; his favorite genres are elegy, ballad, poem, etc. (“Svetlana” by V. Zhukovsky, “Mtsyri”, “Demon” by M. Lermontov, etc.).
SENTIMENTALISM (French “sentimental” - sensitive) is a literary trend of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. The book of L. Stern "Sentimental Journey" (1768) became the manifesto of Western European sentimentalism. Sentimentalism proclaimed, in contrast to the rationalism of the Enlightenment, the cult of natural feelings in everyday life. In Russian literature, sentimentalism originated in late XVIII V. and is associated with the names of N. Karamzin (“Poor Liza”), V. Zhukovsky, Radishchev poets, and others. The genres of this literary trend are epistolary, family-household novel; confessional story, elegy, travel notes, etc.
SYMBOLISM - a literary trend of the late 19th - early 20th centuries: D. Merezhkovsky, K. Balmont, V. Bryusov, A. Blok, I. Annensky, A. Bely, F. Sologub, etc. Based on associative thinking, on the subjective reproduction of reality. The system of paintings (images) offered in the work is created by means of the author's symbols and is based on the personal perception and emotional feelings of the artist. An important role in the creation and perception of works of symbolism belongs to intuition.
SOC-ART is one of the characteristic phenomena of Soviet unofficial art of the 70-80s. It arose as a reaction to the all-penetrating ideologization of Soviet society and all types of art, choosing the path of ironic confrontation. Parodying also European and American pop art, she used the techniques of the grotesque, satirical outrageousness, and caricature in literature. Sots Art achieved particular success in painting.
SOCIALIST REALISM is a trend in the art of the Soviet period. As in the system of classicism, the artist was obliged to strictly adhere to a certain set of rules governing the results. creative process. The main ideological postulates in the field of literature were formulated at the First Congress of Soviet Writers in 1934: “Socialist realism, being the main method of Soviet fiction and literary criticism, requires from the artist a truthful, historically concrete depiction of reality in its revolutionary development. At the same time, the truthfulness and historical concreteness of the artistic image must be combined with the task of ideologically reshaping and educating working people in the spirit of socialism. In fact, socialist realism took away the writer's freedom of choice, depriving art of research functions, leaving him only the right to illustrate ideological attitudes, serving as a means of party agitation and propaganda.
STYLE - sustainable features of use poetic devices and means that serve as an expression of originality, uniqueness of the phenomenon of art. It is studied at the level of a work of art (the style of "Eugene Onegin"), at the level of the individual style of the writer (style of N. Gogol), at the level of a literary movement (classicist style), at the level of an era (baroque style).
SURREALISM is an avant-garde art movement of the 1920s. XX century, which proclaimed the source of inspiration to the human subconscious (his instincts, dreams, hallucinations). Surrealism breaks logical connections, replaces them with subjective associations, creates fantastic combinations of real and unreal objects and phenomena. Surrealism most clearly manifested itself in painting - Salvador Dali, Juan Miro and others.
FUTURISM is an avant-garde trend in art of the 10-20s. 20th century Based on the denial of established traditions, the destruction of traditional genre and language forms, on the intuitive perception of the rapid flow of time, the combination of documentary material and science fiction. Futurism is characterized by self-contained form-creation, the creation abstruse language. Futurism was most developed in Italy and Russia. Its prominent representatives in Russian poetry were V. Mayakovsky, V. Khlebnikov, A. Kruchenykh and others.
EXISTENTIALISM (lat. "existentia" - existence) - a trend in the art of the middle of the 20th century, consonant with the teachings of the philosophers S. Kierkegaard and M. Heidegger, partly N. Berdyaev. The personality is depicted in a closed space where anxiety, fear, loneliness reign. The character comprehends his existence in the boundary situations of struggle, catastrophe, death. Seeing the light, a person cognizes himself, becomes free. Existentialism denies determinism, asserts intuition as the main, if not the only, way of knowing a work of art. Representatives: J. - P. Sartre, A. Camus, W. Golding and others.
EXPRESSIONISM (lat. "expressio" - expression) is an avant-garde trend in art of the first quarter of the 20th century, which proclaimed the only reality of the spiritual world of the individual. The basic principle of depicting human consciousness (the main object) is the boundless emotional tension, which is achieved by violating real proportions, up to giving the depicted world a grotesque fracture, reaching abstraction. Representatives: L. Andreev, I. Becher, F. Durrenmat.
5. General literary concepts and terms
ADEQUATE - equal, identical.
ALLUSION - the use of a word (combination, phrase, quote, etc.) as a hint that activates the reader's attention and allows you to see the connection of the depicted with some known fact of literary, everyday or socio-political life.
ALMANAC is a non-periodic collection of works selected according to thematic, genre, territorial, etc. features: "Northern Flowers", "Physiology of St. Petersburg", "Day of Poetry", "Tarus Pages", "Prometheus", "Metropol", etc.
"ALTER EGO" - the second "I"; reflection in the literary hero of a part of the author's consciousness.
ANACREONTICA POETRY - poems that glorify the joy of life. Anacreon is an ancient Greek lyricist who wrote love poems, drinking songs, etc. Translations into Russian by G. Derzhavin, K. Batyushkov, A. Delvig, A. Pushkin, and others.
ABSTRACT (lat. "annotatio" - note) - a brief note explaining the content of the book. The abstract is given, as a rule, on the back of the title page of the book, after the bibliographic description of the work.
ANONYMOUS (Greek "anonymos" - nameless) - the author of a published literary work, who did not give his name and did not use a pseudonym. The first edition of "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" in 1790 was published without indicating the author's name on title page books.
ANTI-UTOPIA is a genre of epic work, most often a novel, creating a picture of the life of a society deceived by utopian illusions. - J. Orwell "1984", Evg. Zamyatin "We", O. Huxley "Oh wondrous, new world”, V. Voinovich “Moscow 2042”, etc.
ANTHOLOGY - 1. A collection of selected works by one author or a group of poets of a certain direction and content. - Petersburg in Russian poetry (XVIII - early XX century): Poetic anthology. - L., 1988; Rainbow: Children's anthology / Comp. Sasha Black. - Berlin, 1922 and others; 2. In the XIX century. anthological verses were called poems written in the spirit of ancient lyric poetry: A. Pushkin "Tsarskoye Selo statue", A. Fet "Diana", etc.
Apocrypha (Greek "anokryhos" - secret) - 1. A work with a biblical story, the content of which does not completely coincide with the text of the holy books. For example, “Lemonar, that is, Meadow Dukhovny” by A. Remizov and others. 2. An essay attributed with a low degree of certainty to any author. In ancient Russian literature, for example, "Tales of Tsar Constantine", "Tales of Books" and some others were supposed to have been written by Ivan Peresvetov.
ASSOCIATION (literary) is a psychological phenomenon when, when reading a literary work, one representation (image), by similarity or contrast, conjures up another.
ATRIBUTION (lat. "attributio" - attribution) - a textological problem: the establishment of the author of the work as a whole or its parts.
APHORISM - a laconic saying expressing a capacious generalized thought: “I would be glad to serve, it’s sickening to serve” (A. S. Griboedov).
BALLAD - a lyrical-epic poem with a historical or heroic plot, with the obligatory presence of a fantastic (or mystical) element. In the 19th century the ballad was developed in the works of V. Zhukovsky ("Svetlana"), A. Pushkin ("Song of prophetic Oleg”), A. Tolstoy (“Vasily Shibanov”). In the XX century. the ballad was revived in the works of N. Tikhonov, A. Tvardovsky, E. Yevtushenko and others.
A FABLE is an epic work of an allegorical and moralizing nature. The narrative in the fable is colored with irony and in the conclusion contains the so-called morality - an instructive conclusion. The fable traces its history back to the legendary ancient Greek poet Aesop (VI-V centuries BC). The greatest masters of the fable were the Frenchman La Fontaine (XVII century), the German Lessing (XVIII century) and our I. Krylov (XVIII-XIX centuries). In the XX century. the fable was presented in the works of D. Bedny, S. Mikhalkov, F. Krivin and others.
BIBLIOGRAPHY is a branch of literary criticism that provides a purposeful systematic description of books and articles under various headings. Reference bibliographic manuals on fiction prepared by N. Rubakin, I. Vladislavlev, K. Muratova, N. Matsuev and others are widely known. Soviet poets» reports details of both publications literary texts, and about the scientific and critical literature on each of the authors included in this manual. There are other types of bibliographic publications. Such, for example, are the five-volume bibliographic dictionary Russian Writers 1800–1917, The Lexicon of Russian Literature of the 20th Century, compiled by V. Kazak, or Russian Writers of the 20th Century. and etc.
Operational information about novelties is provided by a special monthly bulletin "Literary Studies", published by the Institute of Scientific Information RAI. New items in fiction, scientific and critical literature are also systematically reported by the newspaper Knizhnoye Obozreniye, the journals Voprosy Literature, Russian Literature, Literary Review, New Literary Review, and others.
BUFF (Italian “buffo” - buffoon) is a comic, mainly circus genre.
WREATH OF SONNETS - a poem of 15 sonnets, forming a kind of chain: each of the 14 sonnets begins with the last line of the previous one. The fifteenth sonnet consists of these fourteen repeated lines and is called the "key" or "pipeline." A wreath of sonnets is presented in the works of V. Bryusov (“The Lamp of Thought”), M. Voloshin (“Sogopa astralis”), Vyach. Ivanov ("A wreath of sonnets"). It also occurs in modern poetry.
VAUDEVILLE is a type of sitcom. A light entertaining play of domestic content, built on an entertaining, most often, love affair with music, songs, and dances. Vaudeville is represented in the works of D. Lensky, N. Nekrasov, V. Sologub, A. Chekhov, V. Kataev and others.
VOLYAPYUK (Volapyuk) - 1. An artificial language that was tried to be used as an international one; 2. Gibberish, meaningless set of words, abracadabra.
DEMIURG - creator, creator.
DETERMINISM is a materialistic philosophical concept about objective patterns and cause-and-effect relationships of all phenomena of nature and society.
DRAMA - 1. A kind of art that has a synthetic character (a combination of lyrical and epic principles) and belongs equally to literature and theater (cinema, television, circus, etc.); 2. Drama itself is a type of literary work depicting acutely conflicting relations between a person and society. - A. Chekhov "Three Sisters", "Uncle Vanya", M. Gorky "At the Bottom", "Children of the Sun", etc.
DUMA - 1. Ukrainian folk song or poem on a historical theme; 2. Genre of lyrics; poems of a meditative nature, devoted to philosophical and social problems. - See “Thoughts” by K. Ryleev, A. Koltsov, M. Lermontov.
SPIRITUAL POETRY - poetic works of various types and genres containing religious motifs: Yu. Kublanovskiy, S. Averintsev, 3. Mirkina, etc.
GENRE - a type of literary work, the features of which, although historically developed, are in the process of constant change. The concept of genre is used at three levels: generic - the genre of epic, lyric or drama; specific - the genre of the novel, elegy, comedy; genre proper - a historical novel, a philosophical elegy, a comedy of manners, etc.
idyll - a kind of lyrical or lyrical poetry. In an idyll, as a rule, a peaceful serene life people in the bosom of beautiful nature. - Antique idylls, as well as Russian idylls of the 18th - early 19th centuries. A. Sumarokov, V. Zhukovsky, N. Gnedich and others.
HIERARCHY - the arrangement of elements or parts of the whole according to the sign from the highest to the lowest and vice versa.
INVECTIVE - An angry denunciation.
HYPOSTASIS (Greek “hipostasis” – face, essence) – 1. The name of each person of the Holy Trinity: One God appears in three hypostases – God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Spirit; 2. Two or more sides of one phenomenon or object.
HISTORIOGRAPHY is a branch of literary criticism that studies the history of its development.
HISTORY OF LITERATURE - a section of literary criticism that studies the features of development literary process and determining the place of the literary trend, the writer, the literary work in this process.
TRAFFIC - a copy, an exact translation from one language into another.
CANONICAL TEXT (corresponds to the Greek "kapop" - rule) - is established in the process of textual verification of publishing and manuscript versions of the work and meets the last "author's will".
CANZONA - a kind of lyrics, mainly love. The heyday of the canzona is the Middle Ages (the work of the troubadours). Rarely found in Russian poetry (V. Bryusov "To the Lady").
CATHARSIS - the purification of the soul of the viewer or reader, experienced by him in the process of empathy literary characters. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the goal of tragedy, ennobling the viewer and reader.
COMEDY is one of the literary creativity belonging to the dramatic genus. Action and characters In comedy, the goal is to ridicule the ugly in life. Comedy originated in ancient literature and is actively developing right up to our time. Comedies of positions and comedies of characters differ. Hence the genre diversity of comedy: social, psychological, everyday, satirical.
