8.1. ecological-economic and natural-technical systems
Definitions and interpretations. Overcoming the ecological crisis requires the determination of the permissible anthropogenic load on the biosphere, the comparison of the natural and industrial potentials of the territory, the regulation of technogenic impacts, i.e. environmental regulation economic activity person. It is equally important to ensure comprehensive and objective control over the implementation of environmental regulations at the global, regional and local levels, something that can be implemented even before the deep greening of the economy and production.
These requirements can be most fully implemented within the limits of such a natural and economic complex, which forms an equilibrium ecological and economic system. The concept of an ecological-economic system (EES) is widely used in modern economic and environmental literature, along with similar concepts of "natural- economic system”, “bioeconomic system* and “natural-technical system”.
Currently, there are two levels of interpretation of the concept of EPS global and territorial. According to the first EES is interpreted as a type of environmentally oriented socio-economic formation. It was in this sense that at the closing of the UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, its chairman M. Strong spoke of the need for humanity to move from an economic system to an ecological-economic system. But in a global sense, this is still a distant and rather abstract perspective. For the practical implementation of the principle of balanced nature management, it is important to have an idea about the EPS at the territorial level in individual regions and industrial complexes.
In this interpretation, the eco-economic system is a part of the technosphere limited by a certain territory, in which natural, social and production structures and processes are connected by mutually supporting flows of matter, energy and information. The concept of a natural-technical system is quite widely used in the literature on engineering ecology (Mazur et al., 1996; Stadnitsky and Rodionov, 1997). Under the natural-technical system (NTS) is understood a set of natural and artificial objects, formed in some territory as a result of the construction and operation of industrial complexes, engineering structures and technical means interacting with the components of the natural and social environment.
Unfortunately, no one has ever considered real TCPs from the standpoint of ecological and economic balance. Industrial development has never set as its goal the creation of balanced EPS. And the mechanisms of environmental regulation of economic activity, such as the assessment of the expected impact on the environment and the environmental impact assessment of programs and projects, by themselves are not able to ensure the practical implementation of the requirements of balance. But this does not mean that such systems are impossible. It is only necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "balanced ecological and economic system" and "balanced ecological and economic development". The latter usually presupposes the co-evolution of living nature and society, i.e. essentially matching the rates of natural evolution and social progress. This is really impossible.
EES models: structure and flows. Now there are many attempts to simulate EPS. Regional EPSs are usually presented in the form of block models in which relationships are analyzed, but there are no approaches to quantitative environmental regulation.
EPS is a combination of jointly functioning ecological and economic systems with emergent properties. Recall that an ecosystem is a community of living organisms that interact with each other and with their environment in such a way that the energy flow creates a stable structure and circulation of substances between the living and non-living parts of the system. In turn, the economic system is an organized set of productive forces that converts the input material and energy flows of natural and industrial resources into output flows of consumer goods and production waste. Thus, part of the material elements of the ecological system, including elements of the human environment, is used as a resource of the economic system.
Rice. 8.1. Scheme of the main material flows in the ecological and economic system
The global level of these relations is reflected in the anthropogenic material balance scheme in Chap. 5. Here is a simplified flow diagram of the territorial EPS (Fig. 8.1). In it, the economic and ecological systems act as parts of a whole and are designated as subsystems. The boundary between them is conditional, since the entire sphere of biological life support and human reproduction belongs to both subsystems.
The total input of production is the sum of production material resources Rp, which is made up of the resources Ri imported into the given system.
(they also include non-renewable local resources) and from renewable local resources Rn, and the latter include part of the bioproducts of the ecological subsystem, including the products of agrocenoses and the person himself, both as a resource and as a subject of production and consumption. So
Rp = Ri + Rn. (8.1)
Total production P includes products for local consumption, Pe (the flow of products returning to the production cycle and the cycle of secondary products are not shown in the diagram) and products for export, Rd:
P = PC + PE. (8.2)
Production efficiency is determined by the ratio
(8.3)
Consumption C is made up of part of the local net production pc, which is used for consumption, as well as a part of local bioresources Cn and imported products Ci; those.
C = PC + Ci + Cn (8.4)
Local resources of production and consumption in total form a flow of withdrawal of resources from the ecological subsystem:
Un = Cn + Rn (8.5)
Wastes from the production of Wp and consumption of Wc enter the environment as the sum of the wastes of the economic subsystem:
W = Wh + Wc. (8.6)
Some of them, Wa, are included in the biogeochemical circulation of the ecological subsystem, and the other part, Wz, accumulates and dissipates With a partial removal outside the system. The total waste of production is determined by the ratio
(8.7)
Part of the Wa stream waste undergoes assimilation and biotic neutralization in the process of destruction; the other part, after biological and geochemical migration, joins the Wz fractions and, together with them, undergoes immobilization, dispersion, and removal.
Thus, part of the waste acts as technogenic pollution M = KW, where K is the general coefficient of aggressiveness or harmfulness of waste for the system. In turn, the harm caused by pollution can be represented as an indirect withdrawal of part of the resources of the ecological subsystem, similar to Un. Then Um = LM, where L is the integral coefficient of the "pollution damage" dependence. The sum U = Un + Um represents the total loss of the ecological subsystem due to its interaction with the economic subsystem.
The ratio between intermediate and final pollution flows and their total damage depend not only on their mass and chemical composition, but also on the species composition, biomass, density of recipients, productivity and stability of the ecosystem, in particular, in relation to technogenic impacts. These qualities depend to the greatest extent on the input flow of renewal of the biogeochemical cycle Ii, its productive capacity Nr, and the scale of destruction D.
The cycles of both subsystems of the EES together form a kind of technobiogeochemical cycle, and the entire EES can be designated as a technobiogeocenosis. The flows of matter in the EES can be assigned equilibrium and velocity constants, which makes it possible to carry out a kinetic analysis of the system and identify the conditions for its equilibrium and stability. Thus, the approximation of the balance principle in terms of the considered system has the form:
Cn + Rn + LKW = U £ Ii + Wa – D (8.8)
This means that in a balanced ecological and economic system, the total anthropogenic load should not exceed the self-healing potential of natural systems.
>>Informatics: Introduction. Information and information processes
Introduction. Information and information processes.
Information in inanimate nature.
In physics, which studies inanimate nature, information is a measure of the system's orderliness on the "chaos order" scale. One of the fundamental laws of classical physics states that closed systems, in which there is no exchange of matter and energy with the environment, tend to move over time from a less probable ordered state to the most probable chaotic state. In accordance with this point of view of physics in late XIX For centuries, it has been predicted that our Universe will face “thermal death”, i.e., molecules and atoms will be evenly distributed in space and any changes and development will stop. However modern science established that some laws of classical physics, which are valid for macrobodies, cannot be applied to the micro- and mega-world. According to modern scientific ideas, our Universe is a dynamically developing system in which processes of structure complication are constantly taking place. Thus, on the one hand, in inanimate nature, in closed systems, processes proceed in the direction from order to chaos (it decreases in them). On the other hand, in the process of evolution of the Universe in the micro- and mega-world, objects with an increasingly complex structure arise and, consequently, information, which is a measure of the orderliness of the elements of the system, increases.
Information in wildlife.
Living systems in the process of development are able to increase the complexity of their structure, i.e., increase information, understood as a measure of the orderliness of the elements of the system. Thus, plants in the process of photosynthesis consume the energy of solar radiation and build complex organic molecules from "simple" inorganic molecules. Animals are picking up the baton of increasing complexity of living systems, eating plants and using plant organic molecules as building material to create even more complex molecules. Biologists figuratively say that "the living thing feeds on information", creating, accumulating and actively using information. The purposeful behavior of living organisms and the survival of animal populations are largely based on the receipt of information signals. Information signals can have a different physical or chemical nature: sound, light, smell, and others.
Genetic information is a set of genes, each of which is "responsible" for certain features of the structure and functioning of the body. At the same time, "children" are not exact copies of their parents, since each organism has a unique set of genes that determine differences in structure and functionality.
Man and information.
A person exists in a "sea" of information, he constantly receives information from the surrounding world with the help of his senses, stores it in his memory, analyzes it with the help of thinking and exchanges information with other people. Man cannot live outside of society. In the process of communicating with other people, he transmits and receives information in the form of messages. At dawn human history For transmission of information sign language was used first, and then oral speech appeared. Currently, messages are exchanged between people using hundreds of natural languages (Russian, English, etc.). In order for a person to be able to correctly navigate in the world around him, the information must be complete and accurate. The task of obtaining complete and accurate information about nature, society and technique stands before science. The process of systematic scientific knowledge The world around, in which information is considered as knowledge, began from the middle of the 15th century after the invention of printing.
Information processes in technology.
The functioning of control systems for technical devices is associated with the processes of receiving, storage, processing and transmission of information. Control systems are built into almost all modern household appliances, machine tools with numerical control, vehicles etc. Control systems can ensure the functioning of a technical system according to a given program. For example, program control systems provide a choice of washing modes in washing machine, recording in a video recorder, processing a part on a machine tool with program control. In some cases leading role in the process of control, a person performs, in others, control is carried out by a microprocessor built into the technical device or a connected computer. In modern information society the main resource is information, the use of which is based on information and communication technologies. Information and communication technologies are a set of methods, devices and production processes used by society to collect, store, process and disseminate information.
The amount of information as a measure of reducing the uncertainty of knowledge.
The process of cognition of the surrounding world leads to the accumulation of information in the form of knowledge (facts, scientific theories, etc.). Receipt new information leads to an increase in knowledge or, as is sometimes said, to a decrease in the uncertainty of knowledge. If a certain message leads to a decrease in the uncertainty of our knowledge, then we can say that such a message contains information. The more uncertain the initial situation (the greater the number of information messages is possible), the more new information we will receive when receiving the information message (the uncertainty of knowledge will decrease more times). The approach discussed above to information as a measure of reducing the uncertainty of knowledge makes it possible to measure information quantitatively.
There is a formula that relates the number of possible information messages N and the amount of information I that the received message carries:
To quantify any quantity, you must first determine the unit of measure. The smallest unit of information quantity is a bit, and the next largest unit is a byte, with 1 byte = 8 bits = 23 bits. In computer science, the system for the formation of multiple units of measurement of the amount of information uses the coefficient 2n. Byte multiples of the unit for measuring the amount of information are entered as follows: 1 KB = 210 bytes = 1024 bytes; 1 MB = 210 KB = 1024 KB; 1 GB = 210 MB = 1024 MB.
Alphabetical approach to determining the amount of information.
With an alphabetical approach to determining the amount of information, we abstract from the content of information and consider the information message as a sequence of signs of a certain sign system. The formula relates the number of possible information messages N and the amount of information I that the received message carries.
Then in the situation under consideration, N is the number of characters in the alphabet of the sign system, and I is the amount of information that each character carries:
Using this formula, you can, for example, determine the amount of information that a sign carries in a binary sign system: Thus, in a binary sign system, a sign carries 1 bit of information. Interestingly, the very unit of measurement of the amount of information bit (bit) got its name from the English phrase Binary digit, that is, a binary digit. The more characters the alphabet of the sign system contains, the more information one character carries.
Informatics and ICT: Textbook for 10 cells. N.D. Ugrinovich
Lesson content lesson summary support frame lesson presentation accelerative methods interactive technologies Practice tasks and exercises self-examination workshops, trainings, cases, quests homework discussion questions rhetorical questions from students Illustrations audio, video clips and multimedia photographs, pictures graphics, tables, schemes humor, anecdotes, jokes, comics parables, sayings, crossword puzzles, quotes Add-onsThe concept of the process
Information processes in society
By studying this topic, students will learn
how to understand the information process
what are information processes in society, wildlife, technology.
what is information technology
what is the role of the personal computer in information technology
The concept of the process
IN Everyday life a person is constantly faced with various processes: the change of seasons, cooking, tailoring a suit, baking bread, writing an essay, etc. Some processes take place in wildlife, others - in human society. Some processes proceed independently of human influence; in other processes, a person takes an active role.
Used in production technological processes which may differ significantly. For baking bread and manufacturing high-precision equipment, a different set of components and equipment is required.
Information plays a special role in the course of the process. demonstration
With the help of the senses, people perceive information, comprehend it, and based on their experience, knowledge, and intuition make decisions.
The processes associated with the collection, storage, search, processing, coding and transmission of information are called information processes. Information processes take place not only in human society, but also in the animal and plant world.
Information processes in society
We have been dealing with information processes since childhood. Assembling a house from cubes or playing mother-daughters, children are involuntarily drawn into the information process. The main object of the game is information. In order to paluchat and transfer knowledge, to learn about the danger, to express their attitude to what is happening, people need to come into contact with each other. This phenomenon is called communication and is the basis of information processes in human society. Communication is often referred to not only as a process, but also as a way and means of transferring an object from one place to another. People communicate using speech, gestures, books, TV shows, movies, newspapers, computers, etc. People are the most important objects in the communication system. Communication is a two-way process. A person not only receives information, but also transmits it, making contact with other people who have access to the global information space. Without the exchange of information, development is impossible human society. The external environment leaves an imprint on information processes, and consequently on communication. The communication environment is a set of conditions for the exchange of information. Over the years, the way information is transmitted has undergone tremendous changes. Question to students. What do you think of these changes?
With the advent of computers, the development of information processes acquires an unprecedented scope. Now appeared Information Systems, giving a person the opportunity to receive and transmit information almost instantly. However, the use of these systems requires certain knowledge from a person.
The transmission of information is necessary for its dissemination. The transfer of information can occur during a direct conversation between people, through correspondence, as well as with the help of technical means of communication. The main devices for the rapid transmission of information over long distances are currently the telegraph, radio - telephone, television transmitter, telecommunication networks based on computer systems. Such means of communication are usually called information transmission channels. It should be noted that in the process of transmitting information, it may be distorted or lost. This happens in cases where information channels Bad quality or there is noise (interference) on the communication line.
The transfer of information is always a two-way process. In which there is a source, and there is a receiver of information. The source transmits information and the receiver receives it. demonstration Obtaining information is based on the reflection of various properties of processes, objects, and phenomena environment. This process is expressed in perception through the senses. To improve the perception of information, a person came up with various individual devices and devices - glasses, binoculars, a microscope, a stethoscope, various sensors, etc.
Information processes in wildlife
In wildlife, as well as in the human world, information plays a huge role. The sun is shining, it's raining, freezing - vegetable world having received this information, it reacts to it: leaves bloom, flowers bloom, leaves fall, etc. Such information serves as a signal for the occurrence of various physicochemical processes in cells, and therefore controls these processes. Animals use other methods of communication that play important role in their lives. These are sounds, smells, touch. The survival of an animal population is largely based on the exchange of information signals between members of the same population. The purposeful behavior of living organisms is based on the receipt of information signals. demonstration
Information processes in technology
We are constantly confronted with information processes in technology, a child, when playing with a controlled car or ship, gets the first acquaintance with information processes in technology. At the end of the century, science created robots - automatic mechanisms controlled by a computer. They are used where the presence of a person is a difficult or impossible action. The robots are equipped with video cameras and devices for studying the climate. Switching TV programs, changing the volume level, setting the microwave mode, etc. All these are information processes occurring in technology. In physics, which studies inanimate nature, information is a measure of the ordering of a system on a scale "chaos - order. One of the basic laws of classical physics states that closed systems, in which there is no exchange of matter and energy with the environment, tend to move over time from a less probable ordered state to the most probable chaotic state.
Final questions for the lesson
1. What does the word "information" mean? 2. What is information technology? 3. In what forms does information exist? 4. Why do you think people need information? 5. What is the communication environment? 6. What devices does a person use for communication.
Homework. Give examples of the transfer of information in wildlife, technology. Give examples of technological processes.
Used Books
textbook: Makarova N.V. Grade 8-9, Ugrenovich N. Grade 8, Internet resources.
Receiving and transforming information is necessary condition life of any organism. Even the simplest unicellular organisms constantly perceive and use information, such as temperature and chemical composition environment to select the most favorable conditions for existence. Living beings are able not only to perceive information from the environment with the help of the senses, but also to exchange it among themselves.
For example, DNA molecules store hereditary information that is passed from parents to children. This information is processed by the body during its development.
A person also perceives information through the senses, and languages are used to exchange information between people. During the development of human society, there were a lot of such languages. Without it, without the exchange of information between people, the emergence and development of society would be impossible.
Information processes are characteristic not only for wildlife, man and society, but also for technology. This technique simulates some human actions and in these cases is able to partially (and sometimes completely) replace it. Man has developed technical devices, in particular computers, which are specially designed for automatic information processing.
For example, information about a product in a supermarket is stored in a computer database, marked (processed) with a barcode, transferred to the cashier (price) or warehouse (quantity of goods). Another example is quartz watches. Instead of a pendulum, springs and gears, they use a microprocessor, a quartz crystal and a battery. Just to show the time, the microprocessor must process about 30,000 items of information per second.
Human activity associated with the processes of obtaining, transforming, accumulating and transmitting information is called information activities.
As a result scientific and technological progress Mankind has been creating ever new means and methods of collecting, storing and transmitting information.
Computers are used in production at all stages: from the design of individual parts of the product, its design to assembly and sale. A computer-aided manufacturing (CAD) system allows you to create drawings, immediately receiving general form object, manage machines for the manufacture of parts. A flexible manufacturing system (FPS) allows you to quickly respond to changing market conditions, quickly expand or curtail the production of a product or replace it with another one. Ease of transition of the conveyor to release new products makes it possible to produce many different models of the product. Computers allow you to quickly process information from various sensors, including automated security, from temperature sensors for regulating energy consumption for heating, from ATMs that record customer spending, from a complex tomograph system that allows you to "see" internal structure human organs and correctly diagnose. The computer is located on the desktop of a specialist of any profession.
Control systems
Science deals with the study of management processes cybernetics. The beginning of cybernetics was laid by the American scientist Norbert Winner.
Under management refers to the purposeful interaction of objects, some of which control, while others are controlled.
Management is a complex information process that includes the receipt, storage, transformation and transmission of information.
And computer technology now largely determines the scientific and technical potential of the country, the level of development of its National economy, lifestyle and activities of a person.
For the purposeful use of information, it must be collected, transformed, transmitted, accumulated and systematized. All these processes associated with certain operations on information will be called information processes.
The receipt and transformation of information is a necessary condition for the life of any organism. Even the simplest unicellular organisms constantly perceive and use information, for example, about the temperature and chemical composition of the environment to select the most favorable conditions for existence. Living beings are able not only to perceive information from the environment with the help of the senses, but also to exchange it among themselves.
A person also perceives information with the help of the senses, and languages are used to exchange information between people. During the development of human society, there were a lot of such languages. First of all, these are native languages (Russian, Tatar, English, etc.), which are spoken numerous nations peace. The role of language for humanity is exceptionally great. Without it, without the exchange of information between people, the emergence and development of society would be impossible.
Information processes are characteristic not only for living nature, man, society. Mankind has created technical devices - automats, the work of which is also associated with the processes of receiving, transmitting and storing information. For example, an automatic device called a thermostat receives information about the temperature of the room and, depending on the temperature set by the person, turns on or off the heaters.
Human activity associated with the processes of obtaining, transforming, accumulating and transmitting information is called information activity.
For thousands of years, the subjects of human labor were material objects. All tools from a stone ax to the first steam engine, an electric motor or a lathe were associated with the processing of matter, the use and conversion of energy. At the same time, mankind had to solve the problems of management, the tasks of accumulating, processing and transferring information, experience, knowledge, there are groups of people whose profession is exclusively related to information activities. In ancient times, these were, for example, military leaders, priests, chroniclers, then scientists, etc.
However, the number of people who could use the information from written sources, was negligible. Firstly, literacy was the privilege of an extremely limited circle of people and, secondly, ancient manuscripts were created in single (sometimes single) copies.
A new era in the development of information exchange was the invention of printing. Thanks to the printing press, created by I. Gutenberg in 1440, knowledge and information became widely replicated, accessible to many people. This served as a powerful incentive to increase the literacy of the population, the development of education, science, and production.
As society developed, the circle of people whose professional activities were associated with the processing and accumulation of information was constantly expanding. Constantly growing and volume human knowledge, experience, and with it the number of books, manuscripts and other written documents. There was a need to create special repositories of these documents - libraries, archives. The information contained in books and other documents had to be not just stored, but streamlined and systematized. This is how library classifiers, subject and alphabetical catalogs and other means of systematizing books and documents arose, and the professions of a librarian and archivist appeared.
As a result of scientific and technological progress, mankind created more and more new means and methods of collecting, storing, and transmitting information. But the most important thing in information processes is processing, the purposeful transformation of information was carried out until recently exclusively by man.
At the same time, the constant improvement of technology and production has led to a sharp increase in the amount of information with which a person has to operate in the course of his professional activity.
The development of science and education has led to a rapid increase in the volume of information and human knowledge. If at the beginning of the last century total amount human knowledge has doubled approximately every fifty years, then in subsequent years - every five years.
The way out of this situation was the creation of computers, which greatly accelerated and automated the process of processing information.
The first electronic computer "ENIAC" was developed in the USA in 1946. In our country, the first computer was created in 1951 under the guidance of academician
Currently, computers are used to process not only numerical, but also other types of information. Thanks to this, informatics and Computer Engineering firmly entered the life of a modern person, are widely used in production, design work, business and many other industries.
Computers are used in production at all stages: from the design of individual parts of a product, its design to assembly and sale. The computer-aided production system (CAD) allows you to create drawings, immediately getting a general view of the object, to control machines for the manufacture of parts. A flexible production system (FPS) allows you to quickly respond to changing market conditions, quickly expand or curtail the production of a product or replace it with another one. The ease of transferring the conveyor to the production of new products makes it possible to produce many different models of the product. Computers allow you to quickly process information from
various sensors, including from automated security, from temperature sensors for regulating energy consumption for heating, from ATMs that register money spent by customers, from a complex tomograph system that allows you to “see” the internal structure of human organs and correct diagnosis.
The computer is located on the desktop of a specialist in any profession. It allows you to contact by special computer mail with any point the globe, connect to the collections of large libraries without leaving home, use powerful information systems - encyclopedias, study new sciences and acquire various skills with the help of training programs and simulators. He helps a fashion designer to develop patterns, a publisher to compose text and illustrations, an artist to create new paintings, and a composer to music. An expensive experiment can be completely calculated and simulated on a computer.
The development of methods and methods for presenting information, technology for solving problems using computers, has become important aspect activities of people of many professions.
