Russian literature is replete with a variety of speech turns. In order to make speech more vivid and expressive, people often use figurative means of language and stylistic devices: comparison, inversion, and others. Everyone in his life, when reading this or that literature, probably met with such a concept as hyperbole, not even suspecting the meaning of this term.
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Use in literature
Hyperbolas in literature very fond of using all writers without exception. They do this in order to decorate their works, making them more emotional, vivid, filled.
And this is not at all surprising, because without this stylistic figure and others like it, any work would be empty, boring and absolutely uninteresting. It is unlikely that such works would capture the attention of the reader, exciting his imagination, causing him numerous vivid emotions.
Hyperbole, in turn, just helps to achieve such necessary effects. So what is hyperbole in ? This artistic medium Images, based on an exaggeration of reality.
Advice! Another definition of hyperbole is exaggeration to the point of implausibility, so it is very important to remember and keep in mind that it does not need to be taken literally!
What is hyperbole for?
They free the reader from reality and attribute supernatural characteristics natural phenomena and people. Hyperbole in literature plays by no means last role, as it makes our speech more lively, and allows you to feel the emotional and state of mind narrator or author of the text.
This allows them to clearly and correctly convey the verbal atmosphere of the story. The function of hyperbole as a device is give brightness, emotionality and persuasiveness to the text. It is also often used by humorous writers to create comic images for characters in their works, allowing the reader's imagination to revive them in their imagination. .
How to find hyperbole in text?
Complete the task "find hyperbole in the text" is quite simple, because among all the others speech turns they are distinguished by the fact that they have clear exaggeration. Examples of usage: "this girl had saucer-sized eyes in surprise" or, "this dog was the size of an elephant."
All these phrases are apparent exaggeration of reality, because you will not meet a girl on the street with such big eyes or a dog the size of an elephant, because there are simply none and cannot be in nature. These are the most simple examples the use of the considered stylistic device in the Russian literary language.
Attention! To find hyperbole in the text, it is enough to pay attention to a clear significant exaggeration.
What is hyperbole in Russian?
Linguistics refers to any excessive exaggeration of properties, qualities, phenomena or actions to form an effective and eye-catching created image hyperbole .
It is used not only in literary language.
In normal colloquial speech she is also a frequent visitor. The difference between the first application and the second is that in his speech a person uses existing statements, and the writer seeks to create his own, exclusive statement in order to highlight own work from many others.
Examples
Examples of hyperbole from artistic and colloquial speech:
- "rivers of blood";
- "always late";
- "mountains of corpses";
- “have not seen each other for a hundred years”;
- "scare to death";
- “I said a hundred times”;
- "a million apologies";
- "sea of ripened wheat";
- “I have been waiting for an eternity”;
- “stood all day”;
- "at least fill up";
- "a house a thousand kilometers away";
- "Always late."
Examples in fiction
It can be said that everything classical works rest on the transfer of the author's emotions to the reader, who moves him into a situation created by himself. Hyperbole in literature classical works very actively used by many famous authors.
Word hyperbola- mathematical and linguistic. It so happened that one word denotes two concepts at once from completely different, one might even say opposite in essence, sciences.
Hyperbole in mathematics- curve related to the number of conic sections.
Hyperbole in literature- a figure of exaggeration.
Mathematical hyperbole
In mathematics, the hyperbola is much less common than its counterparts: the parabola and the ellipse. More precise definition mathematical hyperbola will be like this:
Hyperbola- these are points on the plane, the difference of which to two selected points (or, as they are also called, tricks of hyperbole) is a constant value.
In the same way as in the cases with an ellipse, such a quantity is denoted by 2a, and the distance between foci through 2s.
A hyperbola consists of two absolutely identical parts. This is her characteristic. She also has straight lines, to which the hyperbole rushes when it goes to infinity. These lines are called asymptotes.
Just like ellipse, hyperbola has an optical property. This means that a beam that has left one focus, after reflection, moves as if it had left another focus.
In mathematics, the term "hyperbola" appeared before our era. It was introduced by the ancient Greek mathematician Apollonius of Perga who lived from 262 to 190 BC.
There are several types of hyperbolas.
isosceles is called a hyperbola in which a=b. Such a hyperbola is described in a rectangular coordinate system by the equation xy = a²/2, and its foci are at the points (a; a) And (-a;-a).
There are also hyperbolas directly related to triangles. So, Enzhabek's hyperbole is a curve that is the isogonal conjugate of the Euler line, and Kiepert's hyperbole is a curve that is isogonally conjugate to a line passing through the center of the circumscribed circle and the Lemoine point of the corresponding triangle.
Literary hyperbole
Hyperbole in literature- this is a stylistic figure, which is a figurative expression that exaggerates any phenomenon, object, action. IN works of art hyperbole is used to enhance the artistic impression.
Since hyperbole is a figurative expression, such an expression should not be taken literally.
Especially often hyperbole is used in Russian folk poetry. Yes, the song "Dunya-spinner" completely built on the use of hyperbole. This song tells how Dunya strained three threads in three hours, which turned out to be "thinner than a log, thicker than a knee". Then she these threads "I put it in the garden, stuck it with a stake".
Hyperbole is also found in Russian ditties:
Sits a loafer at the gate,
Opened his mouth wide
And no one will understand
Where is the gate, and where is the mouth.
Hyperbole is also widely used by ancient Russian authors whose names have not come down to us. For example, in "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" we read:
"To that in Polotsk they rang the morning bell, early at St. Sophia's bells, and he heard the ringing in Kiev."
Russian writers also used hyperbole. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov used close to folk tricks:
It will pass - like the sun will shine!
Look - the ruble will give!
I saw how she mows:
What a wave - then a mop is ready.
Nikolai Gogol also became famous for his hyperbole. Everyone knows such expressions from his works as "A million Cossack hats poured onto the square", "A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper", bloomers from the Cossacks "the width of the Black Sea".
In the work of Vladimir Mayakovsky, hyperbole is one of the characteristic techniques. In his poem "6 nuns" we read:
Let the quota be filled with years of life,
one has only to remember this miracle,
tearing the mouth of a yawn
wider than the Gulf of Mexico.
By the way, hyperbole also has a directly opposite stylistic figure - litotes denoting an understatement. But more on that next time.
Statements framed as hyperbole in Russian are based on an assessment, as evidenced by the definition given below. To the question "What is hyperbole in Russian"?
Hyperbole - what is it? Definition, meaning, translation
1) Hyperbole in literature is an artistic technique, which consists in the deliberate exaggeration of the scale of the phenomenon in order to give the phrase more expressiveness and emotional intensity. A hyperbola is similar to a parabola, but differs from it in a formal definition.
The artistic persuasiveness and ambiguity of hyperbole are all the more significant, the more clearly the reader imagines the specific essence of the image or situation. By the way, the same goal can be pursued by understatement, litote, which can be considered as a kind of hyperbole, like hyperbole in the literature “with a minus sign”. Here, the hyperbole in literature takes on a symbolic sound, suggests a person in captivity in a multitude of insignificant passions and circumstances ... It is in satire hyperbole is most often appropriate and artistically justified. However, hyperbole in literature, even "ridiculing", may not be overtly satirical.
For example: We have not seen each other for a hundred years, - “a hundred years” in this case is a hyperbole (an exaggeration of the quantity), since it gives emotionality to the speech and is used, of course, in figuratively. Hyperbole is often confused with simile and metaphor because they also often compare two things. The main difference: hyperbole is always an exaggeration. For example: His legs were huge, like a barge. The example looks like a comparison, but remembering how much the barge weighs, you will see an exaggeration and, accordingly, a hyperbole in this case.
Any writer's work contains a number of special stylistic devices, such as metaphor, comparison, grotesque or hyperbole. Comparison and metaphor, like hyperbole, compare objects and phenomena, but hyperbole is always an exaggeration. Remember, hyperbole in literature is a figurative expression, so don't take it literally.
IN Lately hyperbole / litote is actively used in the language of advertising. It is generally accepted that hyperbole is an exaggeration. 6. In other words, they do not correspond to the definitions of a hyperbole. One of the consequences is to recognize that hyperbole is uncharacteristic of colloquial speech, that it lives only in the sphere of literary and artistic creativity.
When is hyperbole used in the Bible?
Hyperbolas are often found in Holy Scripture in connection with the poetic style of narration. At the same time, in the Bible there are also such fragments, the content of which, although reminiscent of hyperbole, is only superficially comprehended.
Lexical hyperbole
Hyperbole is often combined with other stylistic devices, giving them the appropriate coloring: hyperbolic comparisons, metaphors, etc. (“the waves rose like mountains”). Hyperbole is also characteristic of rhetorical, oratorical style, as a means of pathetic rise, as well as romantic style where pathos meets irony. Of the Russian authors, Gogol is especially prone to hyperbole, and of the poets, Mayakovsky. Hyperbole (rhetoric) - This term has other meanings, see Hyperbole.
To clearly understand what hyperbolas are in literature, you need to know the ways of implementing amplification inherent in the text of a work of art. Phraseological hyperbolas in the literature are stable expressions.
Language, as a phenomenon, often uses the same words to denote different concepts. Hyperbole is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of the size, strength, significance of an object, phenomenon. Hyperbole can be idealizing and destroying.
used to express hyperbole language tools: words, combinations of words and sentences.
A hyperbola can be defined as a conic section with an eccentricity greater than one. Hyperbole Under this name is known in analytical geometry a series of curved lines. 1) G. of the second order, or the so-called Apollonian hyperbola. Hyperbolas in the Bible HYPERBOLES (Greek ὑπερβολή - exaggeration) IN THE BIBLE, art.
Most often, hyperbole can be found in epics. As a result, hyperbolic comparisons, metaphors, personifications are formed. Hyperbole is used to emphasize the idea being expressed and to enhance the effect of what has been said in the literature. Hyperbole is usually called a deliberate exaggeration in a literary work to enhance the effect of perception.
To make speech more vivid and expressive, people use figurative means of language and stylistic devices: metaphor, comparison, inversion, and others.
Literary tropes are artistic devices, a word or an expression used by the author to enhance the expressiveness of the text and enhance the figurativeness of the language.
Tropes include , comparison , epithet , hyperbole, . This article will focus on hyperbole and its antonym - litote.
Wikipedia says that hyperbole is a word from the Greek language and means exaggeration. The first part of the word "hyper" is in many words with the meaning of exaggeration, excess: hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperthyroidism, hyperfunction.
Hyperbole in literature is artistic exaggeration. In addition, the concept of a hyperbola exists in geometry, and there it denotes the locus of points.
This article will deal with hyperbole from a literary point of view. Its definition, how long it has been known, by whom and where it is used. It is found everywhere in literary works, V oratorical speeches, in everyday conversations.
Hyperbole in fiction
She has been known since ancient times. In ancient Russian epics, exaggeration is often found when describing heroes-heroes and their exploits:
Hyperbole often occurs in fairy tales and folk songs: “that is mine, my heart is groaning, like autumn forest buzzing.”
The author of the old Russian story About Prince Vsevolod often uses hyperbole, he writes: “You can scatter the Volga with oars, and scoop out the Don with helmets” to show what a large squad he has. Here exaggeration is used for the sublime poetic characterization of the prince.
For the same purpose N. V. Gogol uses hyperbole to poetic description the Dnieper River: "a road without measure in width, without end in length". “A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper.” “And there is no river. equal to him in the world.“
But more often Gogol uses it in his satirical works with irony and humor, ridiculing and exaggerating the shortcomings of his characters.
Hyperbole in the monologues of the heroes of Gogol's "Inspector":
- Osip - "as if a whole regiment blew the trumpets."
- Khlestakov - “... Thirty-five thousand one couriers”, “as I pass ... just an earthquake, everything is shaking and shaking”, “me myself state council fears".
- Mayor - "I would wipe you all into flour!"
Often Gogol uses artistic exaggerations on the pages of his work Dead Souls.
“Countless, like the sands of the sea, human passions…”
Emotional and loud hyperbole in poetry V. Mayakovsky:
- “In a hundred and forty suns, the sunset was blazing ...”
- ” Shine and no nails! Here is my slogan and the sun”
In verse A. Pushkin , S. Yesenina and many other poets use artistic exaggeration in describing events and scenery.
"No end in sight
Only blue sucks eyes.
S. Yesenin
In colloquial speech, exaggeration is used daily without hesitation. Especially often we resort to it in a state of passion, irritation, so that the interlocutor understands our feelings better.
"I've already called a hundred times, imagined a thousand troubles, almost died of anxiety,"
“I explain it to you twenty times, but you still do it wrong.”
"You're late again, again you've been waiting for an eternity."
Sometimes when declaring love:
“I love you like no one knows how to love, more than anyone in the world.”
Litota and its meaning
Antonym of hyperbole - litotes, artistic understatement . In their colloquial speech, people constantly use both exaggeration and understatement.
You won't have time to blink an eye and life has flown by. When you wait, a second stretches for years. The waist is thin, thinner than a reed.
Hyperbole and litotes, along with other artistic devices, make Russian speech expressive, beautiful and emotional.
Do not miss: artistic technique in literature and Russian.
Zoom in and out in fiction
Writers creating artistic text of their work, can realistically describe life, without resorting to exaggeration or understatement of surrounding objects. But some authors underestimate or exaggerate not only words, but also objects of the surrounding world, creating a fantastic unreal world.
A prime example serves Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland. The heroine of the fairy tale finds herself in a world where she and all the heroes she meets change their sizes. Authors need such a technique to express their thoughts and views on some problems and suggest ways to eradicate them. You can remember Jonathan Swift's Gulliver in the Land of the Lilliputians.
Writers with a satirical, romantic and heroic orientation in their work often resort to fantasy. It is creative, original, invented by the author, but based on the real social and living conditions of the authors. Writer creates fantastic work, but his situations echo those of real events.
When does it pass social reality, which gave rise to the creation of this fantastic work, the new generation is no longer clear where such fantastic fictions came from.
Hyperbole and litotes make a literary text more expressive, helping to convey emotions more accurately. Without them creative work it would be boring and faceless. Not only the authors, but also ordinary people in everyday conversations they cannot do without them, although they do not know their names, but simply emotionally express their feelings and thoughts.
There are a number of words in Russian that, with the same spelling and pronunciation, carry completely different meanings. semantic load. This statement boldly applies to the mathematical-linguistic concept of “hyperbole”, which is present in such unrelated areas as mathematics and literature. Let's consider it in more detail.
What is hyperbole in literature?
The term "hyperbole" in Greek is interpreted as "exaggeration". Modern definition the concept says that hyperbole is a stylistic device of figurative expression, which is based on an exaggeration of a phenomenon, action or object.
- This stylistic figure has become widespread in works of art in order to enhance the impression of the description, including folk poetry, ditties.
- The object of exaggeration can be phenomena, events, objects, power, feelings.
- A spectacular form can both idealize an object and carry a derogatory message.
- Hyperbole is a figurative expression, so do not literally take the meaning of the phrase in which it is located.
Do not confuse hyperbole with another allegorical term - metaphor. characteristic feature the first is always the exaggeration.
Example
“His feet were as big as skis.”
At a cursory evaluation of the phrase, it may seem that we are talking about the metaphor, but it's not. After assessing the actual dimensions of the skis, it becomes clear that hyperbole is taking place.
What is hyperbole in mathematics?
The mathematical term "hyperbola" characterizes the set of points in the plane, the absolute value of the difference in distances from which to the foci is a constant value. These points form a curve related to the number of canonical sections. The concept of "hyperbola" was first introduced by the mathematician Ancient Greece Apollonius of Perga in the 200s BC
Moving to the Cartesian coordinate system, we take an arbitrary point of the curve - m. L (x, y) and define the foci of the hyperbola through m. A 1 (-c,0), etc. A 2(c,0). Then the definition of a hyperbola can be represented as an expression ∣ |A 1 L| – |A 2 l|∣ = 2a , where a is the real semiaxis of the hyperbola. In this case, condition 2a is obligatory.< 2c.
- Translating the record of this expression into the coordinate form and getting rid of irrationality, we get √ (x + c )² + y ² −√ (x − c )² + y ² = ± 2 a ⇒ k the anonic expression of such a figure as a hyperbola represents the equation x 2 / a 2 - y 2 / b 2 = 1, where the lines a and b are the lengths of the real and imaginary semiaxes.
- If a = b, you have an equilateral hyperbola.
- A characteristic feature of a hyperbola is the presence of two identical (symmetrical) curves.
- The tangents towards which the hyperbola rushes, but never reaches them, are called asymptotes.
- The optical property of a hyperbola is that a ray fired from one focus continues its movement as if it had come from another focus.
