She was born on July 1, 1804 in Paris, in the family of the nobleman Maurice Dupin (he came from the family of the commander Moritz of Saxony).

Her father, gifted both in literature and musical ability a young aristocrat, during the Revolution of 1789 joined the ranks of the revolutionary army, did a number of Napoleonic campaigns and died young. His wife Sophia Victoria Antoinette Delaborde was the daughter of a Parisian bird seller, a true daughter of the people. The future writer visited Spain with her mother during the Napoleonic campaign, then ended up in a quiet village environment with her grandmother, who raised her according to the ideas of Jean Jacques Rousseau. Living in constant close contact with the peasants, the girl early learned the life of both the rural poor and the rural rich, she was used to taking the interests of the former to heart and had a negative attitude towards the village kulaks. She received her education in a monastery, like many girls in her environment. After leaving the monastery, Aurora was passionately carried away by reading and re-read the entire library of the old woman Dupin. Rousseau's writings especially fascinated her, and his influence was reflected in all her work. After the death of her grandmother, Aurora soon married Casimir Dudevant. Dudevant turned out to be a completely unsuitable companion for an intelligent, inquisitive, dreamy and peculiar woman. It was a typical bourgeois-hospitable. In 1830, she broke up with him, went to Paris and began to lead there, on the one hand, a completely student, free, and on the other, a purely professional, working life of a writer.

Literary talent affected Aurora Dupin very early. Her literary activity began with a collaboration with Jules Sando. The fruit of this "collective creativity" - the novel "Rose and Blanche", or "The Actress and the Nun" was published in 1831 under the pseudonym of Jules Sand (half of Sando's name - Sandeau) and was a success. The publishers wished to immediately publish a new work of this author. Aurora in Nogan wrote her part, and Sando wrote only one title. The publishers demanded that the novel come out with the name of the same successful Sando, and Jules Sando did not want to put his name under someone else's work. To resolve the dispute, Sando was advised to write under his own name from now on. full name and a surname, and Aurora to take half of this surname and prefix it with the name Georges, common in Berry. So the pseudonym George Sand was born. Preferring men's suits to women's, George Sand traveled to places in Paris where aristocrats, as a rule, did not get. For the upper classes of France in the 19th century, such behavior was considered unacceptable, so that she actually lost her status as a baroness.

Contemporaries considered Sand fickle and heartless, called her a lesbian and wondered why she chose men younger than herself.

George Sand met Frederic Chopin at the reception of a countess. The composer was not struck by her beauty - he did not even like the famous writer. It is all the more surprising that after a while, the gentle, subtle, vulnerable Chopin fell in love with a woman who smoked tobacco and spoke openly on any topic. Mallorca became the place of their joint residence. The scene is different, but the story is the same, with the same sad ending. Burning with passion, Chopin fell ill (as Alfred de Musset once did). When the composer had the first signs of consumption, George Sand began to be weary of him. It is difficult to love a sick, capricious and irritable person. George Sand herself admitted this. Chopin did not want a break. A woman experienced in such matters tried all means, but in vain. Then she wrote a novel in which, under fictitious names, she portrayed herself and her lover, and endowed the hero with all conceivable weaknesses, and exalted herself to heaven. It seemed now the end was inevitable, but Chopin hesitated. He still thought that it was possible to return the irrevocable. In 1847, ten years after their first meeting, the lovers parted. A year after the separation, Chopin and George Sand met at the house of their mutual friend. Full of remorse, she approached her former lover and held out her hand to him. But Chopin left the hall without saying a word...

George Sand spent the last years of her life on her estate, where she enjoyed universal respect and earned the nickname "the good lady of Noan". She died there on June 8, 1876.

210 years ago, Amandine Aurora Lucille Dupin was born, who later became famous writer under a pseudonym (true, male!) - George Sand. For 40 years of literary activity, George Sand created about a hundred works,in the center of which most often is the fate of a woman, her struggle for individual freedom, for justice, for high love. Many of her novels, such as Indiana, Consuelo, and The Countess Rudolstadt, are still popular with modern readers.

George Sandtook place July 1, 1804 in Paris, in noble family. By the way, her father, Maurice Dupin, came from the family of the commander Moritz of Saxony. The father of the future writer was fond of literature and music. However, at the height of the Revolution of 1789, he joined the revolutionaries and together with them made several Napoleonic campaigns and died at a young age.

Mother, Sophia Victoria Antoinette Delaborde, was the daughter of a Parisian bird seller. During the Napoleonic campaign, George Sand was with her mother in Spain, and then came under the care of her grandmother, who raised her according to the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. In the village, the girl closely communicated with the peasants. Therefore, I learned early social inequality. She was never left indifferent to the interests of the village poor, and she treated the village rich negatively. The girl studied in a convent. Reading has become a real passion for Aurora. In her grandmother's library, she read all the books from cover to cover. But she was especially interested in the writings of Rousseau. It was they who had an influence in the future on all her work. After the death of her grandmother, Aurora soon married Casimir Dudevant. Dudevant turned out to be a completely unsuitable life partner for such a dreamy and peculiar woman with an inquisitive mind. And in 1830 she broke up with him, went to Paris and began to lead there, on the one hand, a completely student, free, and on the other, a purely professional, working life of a writer.

Origin of the pseudonym

Her literary activity began with a collaboration with Jules Sando. The fruit of this "collective creativity" - the novel "Rose and Blanche", or "The Actress and the Nun" was published in 1831 under the pseudonym of Jules Sand and was a success. The publishers wished to immediately publish a new work of this author. Aurora in Nogan wrote her part, and Sando wrote only one title. The publishers demanded that the novel come out with the name of the same successful Sando, and Jules Sando did not want to put his name under someone else's work. To resolve the dispute, Sando was advised to write under her full name and surname from now on, and Aurora to take half of this surname and prefix it with the name Georges, common in Berry. So the well-known pseudonym George Sand was born. Preferring men's suits to women's, George Sand traveled to places in Paris where aristocrats, as a rule, did not get. For the upper classes of France in the 19th century, such behavior was considered unacceptable, so that she actually lost her status as a baroness.

Men George Sand

It is interesting to know what this unusual Frenchwoman looked like? Was George Sand beautiful? Some said yes, while others considered it disgusting. Contemporaries portrayed her as a woman of short stature, a dense build, with a gloomy face, large eyes, yellow skin and premature wrinkles on the neck. True, everyone agreed that she had a very beautiful hands. She constantly smoked cigars, and her movements were sharp and impetuous. But the men in love with her did not spare enthusiastic epithets to describe her. Men were attracted by her intellect and lust for life. Among the lovers of George Sand were the poet Alfred de Musset, the engraver Alexandre Damien Manso, the artist Charles Marshal, whom Sand called "my fat child", and Frederic Chopin.

George Sand spent the last years of her life on her estate, where she enjoyed universal respect and earned the nickname "the good lady of Noan". She died there on June 8, 1876.

Creativity George Sand

The work of the French writer George Sand has become one of the most significant phenomena in European culture XIX century. George Sand was a creative, bright, freedom-loving and talented person. And many heroines of George Sand's works are similar to their creator.

Consuelo

The novel "Consuelo" is considered one of the best creations in the literary heritage of the famous French writer George Sand. The prototype of Consuelo was French singer Pauline Viardot, and the most famous novel of the writer tells about the calling of a true artist, about the heavy burden of talent bestowed by fate, and sometimes the tragic choice between success, fame and personal happiness, the joy of family life...

Countess Rudolstadt

The continuation is the novel "Countess Rudolstadt". A new meeting with the dark-skinned woman Consuelo is great opportunity plunge into the atmosphere of a gallant era full of dangers and genuine passion, when people knew how to live in full force and die with a smile on their lips.

Indiana

The action of the novel takes place in the era of the Restoration, a time when everyone still remembers both the events of the revolution and the reign of Napoleon. The heroine of the novel suffers from the despotism of her husband, Colonel Delmare. Love for Raymond de Ramier fills her life with new meaning, but they are not destined to be together.

Valentine

Provincial Valentina, young heiress county title and an enviable state, becomes the bride of a handsome count, but her heart gives to a simple poor young man. She cannot resist her feelings, however, a pure, noble soul and a sense of duty do not allow her to neglect the cynical and deceitful laws of society. What choice will the girl make and will it bring her happiness?

Lelia

The novel "Lelia" is a sincere confession of a woman, noble, beautiful, but cold as a statue, disappointed in love; in her agitated soul, one feeling survived - the need to believe in love, and, perhaps, in divine love. The young poet Stenio passionately loves Lelia and tries in vain to revive her. The tenderness and poetry of the characters, the enchanting beauty of style cannot leave anyone indifferent. The book, if not completely autobiographical in nature, then, in any case, reflects the personal feelings experienced by the author.

These and other works of the consummate queen French romanticism George Sand are waiting for their readers in Central Library them. A.S. Pushkin and in all municipal libraries of the city of Chelyabinsk.

(French George Sand, real name Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin - Amandine Aurora Lucile Dupin; 1804 - 1876) - French writer.
Aurora Dupin was born on July 1, 1804 in Paris, in the family of the nobleman Maurice Dupin (he was a descendant of the commander Count Moritz of Saxony). Her mother, Sophie-Victoria Delaborde, was the daughter of a birder. Here is what George Sand later wrote:

She was already over thirty years old when my father saw her for the first time, and among what a terrible society! My father was generous! He realized that this beautiful creature is still capable of love...

Maurice's mother did not want to admit for a long time unequal marriage but the birth of a granddaughter softened her heart. However, after the death of Aurora's father in an accident, the countess-in-law and the commoner daughter-in-law broke off their relationship. Aurora's mother, not wanting to deprive her of a large inheritance, left her daughter in Nohant (Indre department) in the care of her grandmother. Aurora Dupin was educated at the Augustinian Catholic convent in Paris. Aurora is fond of philosophical and religious literature: Chateaubriand, Bossuet, Montesquieu, Aristotle, Pascal - they are read by a young monastic pupil.

However, it seemed to her that genuine Christianity, which requires absolute equality and fraternity, she found only in Rousseau. To love and sacrifice oneself - that's what, in her opinion, the law of Christ was

In 1822, Aurora married Casimir, the illegitimate son of Baron Dudevant. In this marriage, she gave birth to two children: a son, Maurice, and a daughter, Solange (presumably not from Casimir). Very different people, the Dudevant couple actually broke up in 1831, Aurora left for Paris, having received a pension from her husband and promising to keep the appearance of marriage. Later in the life of Aurora there were many love affairs. To make a living (like married woman, she lost the right to dispose of her inheritance - her husband remained the owner of the estate in Noan), she began to write. The writer Henri de Latouche offered her cooperation in the Le Figaro newspaper, but the brief journalistic style was not her element, she was more successful in lengthy descriptions of nature and characters. In 1831 she published her first novel, Rose et Blanche, which she wrote together with her lover Jules Sandeau. It was his surname that became the basis of the pseudonym of the writer.

Preferring men's suits to women's, George Sand traveled to places in Paris where aristocrats, as a rule, did not get. For the upper classes of France in the 19th century, such behavior was considered unacceptable, so that she actually lost her status as a baroness.

From 1833 to 1834, her relationship with Alfred de Musset lasted. Then Dr. Pazhello, Charles Didier, composer Frederic Chopin consistently become her companions - for nine years Georges was not so much a lover as true friend and a nurse for him. Sand was credited love affair with Liszt, but Georges and Liszt always denied this. She was friends with the critic Sainte-Beuve, the writers Merimee, Balzac, Dumas the father, Dumas the son, Flaubert, the singer Pauline Viardot.

In 1836, the Dudevant spouses divorced, Georges received the right to live on her estate in Nohant and raise her daughter, Casimir was entrusted with raising her son, but since 1837 Maurice has been living with her mother all the time.

George Sand died on June 8, 1876 in Nohant. Upon learning of her death, Hugo wrote: “I mourn the deceased, I salute the immortal!”

And she became his mistress. In 1696, she gave birth to a son, Moritz, the lovers broke up even before the birth of the child. Maria Aurora took up residence in Quedlinburg Abbey, establishing a popular society salon there.

In 1748, one of Moritz's mistresses, Marie de Verrières ( real name Rento) gave birth to a daughter, Maria Aurora (1748-1821). Since Marie de Verrières was not faithful to Moritz, the marshal did not include her and her daughter in his will. Marie Aurora turned to Moritz's niece Dauphine Marie Josephine for patronage. She was placed in the convent of Saint-Cyr and assigned an allowance of eight hundred livres. Maria Aurora was considered the daughter of unknown parents, her position scared off potential applicants for her hand. She appealed a second time to the Dauphine so that she would be allowed to be called " illegitimate daughter Marshal of France Count Moritz of Saxony and Marie Rento. Paternity was confirmed by an act of the Parliament of Paris. At 18, Marie Aurora married an infantry captain, Antoine de Horne. He received the post of commandant of the Alsatian town of Celeste. The couple arrived at de Horn's destination five months after the wedding, the next day the forty-four-year-old de Horn fell ill, and died three days later. Maria Aurora settled in a monastery, and later, due to lack of funds, she moved to the house of her mother and aunt. At the age of thirty, she married a second time to the representative of the chief tax-farmer in Berry, Louis-Claude Dupin de Françøy - former lover his aunt Geneviève de Verrières. The house of the Dupin spouses was put on a grand scale, they spent a lot on charity, were interested in literature and music. Having been widowed in 1788, Marie-Aurora, together with her son Maurice, moved to Paris. In 1793, believing that life in the provinces was safer, Marie-Aurora bought the estate of Noan-Vic, located between Châteauroux and La Chatre. At first, Madame Dupin, who called herself a follower of Voltaire and Rousseau, sympathized with the revolution. Her attitude to events changed when the terror began, she even signed up for 75,000 livres in a fund to help emigrants. For her belonging to the nobility in December 1793, Madame Dupin was arrested and placed in the monastery of the English Augustines. She was released after the events of 9 Thermidor, and in October 1794 she left with her son for Noan.

Childhood and youth

Aurora Dupin

Maurice Dupin (1778-1808), despite classical education and love of music, chose a military career. Having started his service as a soldier during the Directory, officer rank he got into the Italian campaign. In 1800, in Milan, he met Antoinette-Sophie-Victoria Delaborde (1773-1837), the mistress of his boss, the daughter of a bird-catcher, and a former dancer.

She was already over thirty years old when my father saw her for the first time, and among what a terrible society! My father was generous! He realized that this beautiful creature is still able to love ...

They registered their marriage at the city hall of the 2nd arrondissement of Paris on June 5, 1804, when Sophie-Victoria was expecting their first common child - Maurice had illegitimate son Hippolyte, Sophie-Victoria had a daughter Caroline.

House of George Sand in Nohant

Aurora's teacher and her stepbrother Hippolyte was Jean-Francois Deschartres, manager of the estate, former tutor of Maurice Dupin. In addition to teaching reading, writing, arithmetic, and history, her grandmother, an excellent musician, taught her how to play the harpsichord and sing. The girl also took over the love of literature from her. No one was involved in the religious education of Aurora - Madame Dupin, "a woman of the last century, recognized only the abstract religion of philosophers."

Because men's clothing was more comfortable for riding, walking and hunting, Aurora used to wear it from childhood.

The girl saw her mother only occasionally, coming with her grandmother to Paris. But Madame Dupin, in an effort to minimize the influence of Sophie-Victoria, tried to shorten these visits. Aurora decided to run away from her grandmother, soon her intention was revealed, and Madame Dupin decided to send Aurora to a monastery. Upon arrival in Paris, Aurora met with Sophie-Victoria, and she approved of her grandmother's plans for the further education of her daughter. Aurora was struck by the coldness of her mother, who at that time was once again arranging her personal life. “Oh my mother! Why don't you love me, me, who loves you so much?" . Her mother was no longer her friend or adviser, later Aurora learned to do without Sophie Victoria, however, without completely breaking with her and maintaining purely outward respect.

In the Augustinian Catholic Monastery, where she entered on January 12, 1818, the girl became acquainted with religious literature and mystical moods seized her. “I perceived this complete merging with the deity as a miracle. I literally burned like Saint Teresa; I didn’t sleep, I didn’t eat, I walked without noticing the movements of my body ... ”She decided to become a nun and do the hardest work. However, her confessor, Abbot Premor, who believed that a person could fulfill his duty without leaving secular life, dissuaded Aurora from this intention.

Her grandmother survived the first blow and, fearing that Aurora might remain under the care of "her unworthy mother", she decided to marry the girl. Aurora left the monastery, which became for her "heaven on earth". Soon the grandmother decided that her granddaughter was still too young for family life. Aurora tried to reconcile her mother and grandmother, but was defeated. She invited her mother to stay with her, but Sophie Victoria did not agree to this. In 1820, Aurora returned with her grandmother to Nohant. A wealthy heiress, Aurora nevertheless was not considered an enviable match due to a string of illegitimate births in the family and the low birth of her mother.

As a result of the second blow, Madame Dupin was paralyzed, and Dechartre transferred to the girl all the rights to manage the estate. Dechartre, who was mayor of Nohant, also acted as an apothecary and surgeon, Aurora assisted him. At the same time, Aurora became fascinated philosophical literature, studied Chateaubriand, Bossuet, Montesquieu, Aristotle, Pascal, but most of all she admired Rousseau, believing that only he has true Christianity, "which requires absolute equality and fraternity."

She took long rides on Colette's horse: "We had to live and ride together for fourteen years." Aurora was criticized by those around her for her way of life, the freedom she enjoyed was unthinkable at that time for a person of her sex and age, but she did not pay attention to it. In La Chatre, Aurora was friends with her peers, the sons of her father's friends: Duvernay, Fleury, Pape. With one of them - Stephane Ajasson de Grandsagne, a student who taught her anatomy, an affair began. But youthful love did not lead to anything: for Gransan's father, the count, she was the daughter of a commoner, but her grandmother would not have agreed to this marriage because of Stefan's poverty.

Aurora's grandmother died on December 26, 1821, having agreed, to the surprise of her believing granddaughter, to take unction and take communion before her death. “I am convinced that I am not committing any meanness or lies, agreeing to a ceremony that, at the hour of separation from loved ones, serves as a good example. May you have peace of mind, I know what I'm doing. Grandmother insisted that Aurora be present at her confession. WITH last words Madame Dupin turned to her granddaughter: "You are losing your best friend."

Marriage

According to the will of Madame Dupin, custody of the seventeen-year-old girl was transferred to Count Rene de Villeneuve, and Aurora herself was supposed to live in Chenonceau, in the family of the Count. However, the girl's mother insisted on leading her. The Villeneuve abstained from guardianship - they did not want to deal with an "adventurer" of low origin. Aurora obeyed her mother "out of a sense of duty" and justice - class prejudices were alien to her. Soon there was a conflict between mother and daughter: Sophie-Victoria forced Aurora to marry a man to whom she had not the slightest inclination. Aurora was furious. Her mother threatened her with imprisonment in a monastery.

“You'll be better off here. We'll alert the community at your expense; here they will beware of your eloquence. Get ready for the thought that you will have to live in this cell until you come of age, that is, three and a half years. Do not try to appeal to the help of laws; no one will hear your complaints; and neither your defenders, nor you yourself will ever know where you are ... ”But then - either they were ashamed of such a despotic act, or they were afraid of the retribution of the law, or they just wanted to scare me, - this plan was abandoned. .

Aurora realized that a lonely woman without protection is doomed to face difficulties at every turn. Due to nervous tension, she fell ill: "she began to have cramps in her stomach, which refused to eat." Sophie Victoria left her daughter alone for a while. In 1822, Aurora was visiting the family of her father's friend, Colonel Retier du Plessis. Through the du Plessis, she met Casimir Dudevant (1795-1871), the illegitimate son of the Baron Dudevant, owner of the Guillieri estate in Gascony. Suffering from loneliness, she "fell in love with him as the personification of masculinity." Casimir made an offer not through relatives, as was then customary, but personally to Aurora, and thus conquered her. She was sure that Casimir was not interested in her dowry, since he was the only heir to his father and his wife.

Despite his mother's doubts, in September, Aurora and Casimir got married in Paris and left for Nohant. Casimir replaced Deschartres as the manager of Noan, and the couple began to lead the life of ordinary landowners. On June 30, 1823, Aurora gave birth to a son, Maurice, in Paris. The husband was not interested in books or music, he hunted, engaged in "local politics" and feasted with local noblemen like him. Soon, Aurora was seized by bouts of melancholy, which irritated her husband, who did not understand what was happening. For the romantically inclined Aurora, who dreamed of "love in the spirit of Rousseau", the physiological side of marriage was a shock. But at the same time, she retained affection for Casimir - an honest man and great father. Some peace of mind she was able to regain herself by communicating with her mentors in the English Catholic monastery, where she moved with her son. But Maurice fell ill, and Aurora returned home.

There comes a time when you feel the need for love, exceptional love! It is necessary that everything that happens has to do with the object of love. I wanted you to have both charm and gifts for him alone. You didn't see it in me. My knowledge turned out to be unnecessary, because you did not share it with me.

Aurora felt unwell, her husband believed that all her illnesses exist only in her imagination. Quarrels between spouses became more frequent.

Solange Dudevant

At the end of 1825, the Dudevant couple made a trip to the Pyrenees. There, Aurora met Aurélien de Cez, a fellow prosecutor of the Court of Bordeaux. The affair with de Cez was platonic - Aurora felt happy and at the same time reproached herself for having changed her attitude towards her husband. In her "Confession", which she wrote to her husband on the advice of de Cez, Aurora explained in detail the reasons for her act, that her feelings did not resonate with Casimir, that she changed her life for him, but he did not appreciate it. Returning to Nohant, Aurora maintained a correspondence with de Cez. At the same time, she again meets with Stéphane Ajasson de Gransan and the youthful romance continues. On September 13, 1828, Aurora gives birth to a daughter, Solange (1828-1899), all Sand's biographers agree that Ajasson de Grandsagne was the girl's father. Soon the Dudevant couple actually separated. Casimir began to drink and made several love affairs with the Noan servants.

Aurora felt that it was time to change the situation: her new lover, Jules Sandeau, went to Paris, she wished to follow him. She left the estate to her husband in exchange for an annuity, on the condition that she would spend half a year in Paris, the other six months in Nohant, and maintain the appearance of a marriage.

The beginning of literary activity

Auguste Charpentier. Portrait of George Sand

Aurora arrived in Paris on January 4, 1831. A pension of three thousand francs was not enough to live on. Out of economy, she wore a men's suit, besides, he became a pass to the theater: the stalls were the only places that she and her friends could afford, ladies were not allowed.

To earn money, Aurora decided to write. In Paris, she brought a novel ("Aimé"), which she intended to show to de Keratri, a member of the Chamber of Deputies and a writer. He, however, advised her not to study literature. On the recommendation of her friend from La Chatre, Aurora turned to the journalist and writer Henri de Latouche, who had just headed Le Figaro. The novel "Aime" did not impress him, but he offered Ms. Dudevant cooperation in the newspaper and introduced him to the Parisian literary world. A brief journalistic style was not her element, she was more successful in lengthy descriptions of nature and characters.

More decisively than ever, I choose the literary profession. Despite the troubles that sometimes happen in it, despite the days of laziness and fatigue that sometimes interrupt my work, despite my more than humble life in Paris, I feel that from now on my existence is meaningful.

At first, Aurora wrote with Sando: the novels The Commissioner (1830), Rose and Blanche (1831), which had great success with readers, came out with his signature, since Casimir Dudevant's stepmother did not want to see her name on the covers of books. In "Rose and Blanche" Aurora used her memories of the monastery, notes about a trip to the Pyrenees, the stories of her mother. Already on her own, Aurora began a new work, the novel "Indiana", the theme of which was the opposition of a woman looking for ideal love, a sensual and conceited man. Sando approved the novel, but refused to sign someone else's text. Aurora chose a male pseudonym: it became for her a symbol of getting rid of the slave position that condemned a woman to modern society. Keeping the surname Sand, she added the name Georges.

Latouche considered that in "Indiana" Aurora copied the style of Balzac, however, after reading the novel more carefully, he changed his mind. The success of Indiana, lauded by Balzac and Gustave Planche, allowed her to sign a contract with the Revue de Deux Monde and gain financial independence.

By that time, the beginning of Sand's friendship with Marie Dorval, famous actress romantic era.

To understand what power she (Dorval) has over me, one would have to know to what extent she is not like me ... She! God put a rare gift in her - the ability to express her feelings ... This woman, so beautiful, so simple, did not learn anything: she guesses everything ...<…>And when this fragile woman appears on stage with her broken figure, with her careless gait, with a sad and penetrating look, then you know what I imagine? ... It seems to me that I see my soul ...

Sand was credited with a love affair with Dorval, but these rumors are not confirmed by anything. In 1833, the novel Lelia was published, which caused a scandal. main character(in many ways this is a self-portrait), in pursuit of the happiness that gives other women, but not her, physical love passes from lover to lover. Later, regretting that she had betrayed herself, George Sand corrected the novel, removing confessions of impotence and giving it a greater moral and social coloring. Jules Janin in the Journal de Debas called the book "disgusting", the journalist Capo de Feuyid "demanded a 'flaming coal' to cleanse his lips of these base and shameless thoughts..." Gustave Planche published a positive review in the Revue de Deux Monde and challenged Capo de Feuyid to a duel. Sainte-Beuve wrote to Sand:

The general public demanding reading room to give her some book, will refuse this novel. But on the other hand, he will be highly appreciated by those who see in him the most vivid expression of the eternal thoughts of mankind ... To be a woman who has not yet reached thirty years of age, whose appearance cannot even be understood when she managed to explore such bottomless depths; to carry this knowledge in oneself, a knowledge that would make our hair come out and our temples turn gray - to carry it with ease, ease, maintaining such restraint in expressions - this is what I first of all admire in you; really, madam, you are an extremely strong, rare nature ...

George Sand and Alfred de Musset

Alfred de Musset

In April 1835 he spoke for the defense at the trial of the Insurgents of Lyon. Sand followed him to Paris to attend the hearings and take care of Michel, who "spoiled himself not in the defense of the April defendants."

In January 1836, Sand filed a complaint against her husband with the court of La Chatre. After hearing the witnesses, the court entrusted the upbringing of the children to Madame Dudevant. Casimir Dudevant, afraid of losing his rent, did not defend himself and agreed to a sentence in absentia. However, disagreements soon arose during the division of property between the former spouses. Dudevant appealed the court's decision and set out his claims to his wife in a special memorandum. Michel was the defender of Sand in the divorce proceedings resumed in May 1836. His eloquence impressed the judges, but their opinions were divided. But the next day, Casimir Dudevant went to the world: he had to raise his son and received the Narbonne Hotel in Paris for use. Madame Dudevant was entrusted with her daughter, and Nohant remained behind her.

Sand broke up with Michel Sand in 1837 - he was married and had no intention of leaving his family.

Christian socialism

Prone, like George Sand, to mysticism, Franz Liszt introduced the writer to Lamennay. She immediately became an ardent supporter of his views and even went to some cooling of relations with Sainte-Beuve, who criticized the abbe for inconsistency. For Lamenne's founded newspaper Le Monde, Sand offered to write for free, giving herself the freedom to choose and cover topics. "Letters to Marcy," a correspondence in the form of a novel, included actual messages from Sand to the poor dowry Eliza Tourangin. When in the "Sixth Letter" Sand touched on gender equality in love, Lamenne was shocked, and after learning that the next one would be devoted to "the role of passion in a woman's life", he stopped publishing.

... he (Lamennay) does not want to be written about a divorce; he expects from her (Sand) those flowers that fall from her hands, that is, fairy tales and jokes. Marie d'Agout to Franz Liszt

However main reason The gap between Lamennay and Sand was that she was a faithful follower of the philosophy of Pierre Leroux. Most of Leroux's ideas were borrowed from Christianity, Leroux only did not allow the immortality of the individual. He also advocated equality of the sexes in love and the improvement of marriage as one of the conditions for the emancipation of women. According to Sand, Leroux, “the new Plato and Christ”, “saved” her, who found in his teaching “calmness, strength, faith, hope”. For fifteen years, Sand supported Leroux, including financially. Under the influence of Leroux, Sand wrote the novels Spiridion (co-authored with Leroux) and The Seven Strings of the Lyre. In 1848, after leaving the conservative edition of the Revue des Deux Mondes, she founded, together with Louis Viardot and Leroux, the newspaper Revue Independente. Sand published her novels Horace, Consuelo and Countess Rudolstadt in it. She supported poets from the proletarian milieu - Savignen Lapointe, Charles Magu, Charles Ponsy and promoted their work ("Dialogues on the Poetry of the Proletarians", 1842). In her new novels (The Wandering Apprentice, The Miller from Anzhibo), the virtue of the proletarians was opposed to the "egoism of the noble rich."

George Sand and Chopin

At the end of 1838, Sand began a relationship with Chopin, who by that time had parted ways with his fiancee Maria Vodzinskaya. Hoping that the climate of Mallorca will have a beneficial effect on Chopin's health, Sand decides to spend the winter there with him and the children. Her expectations were not justified: the rainy season began, Chopin had coughing fits. In February they returned to France. Sand recognizes himself as the head of the family. From now on, she tries to live only for children, Chopin and her work. To save winter they spent in Paris. The difference in characters, political preferences, jealousy for a long time could not prevent them from maintaining affection. Sand quickly realized that Chopin was dangerously ill and devotedly cared for his health. But no matter how his situation improved, Chopin's character and his illness did not allow him to be in a peaceful state for a long time.

This is a man of extraordinary sensitivity: the slightest touch to him is a wound, the slightest noise is a thunderclap; a man who recognizes only face-to-face conversation, who has gone into some kind of mysterious life and only occasionally manifests himself in some kind of irrepressible antics, charming and funny. Heinrich Heine

Some of the friends felt sorry for Sand, calling Chopin her " evil genius' and 'cross'. Fearing for his condition, she reduced their relationship to purely friendly, Chopin suffered from this state of affairs and attributed her behavior to other hobbies.

If any woman could inspire complete confidence in him, then it was me, and he never understood this ... I know that many people accuse me - some for wearing him down with the unbridledness of my feelings, others for that I bring him to despair with my foolishness. I think you know what's going on. And he, he complains to me that I am killing him with refusals, while I am sure that I would have killed him if I had done otherwise ... From a letter from George Sand to Albert Grzhimala, Chopin's friend.

Relations with Chopin are reflected in Sand's novel Lucrezia Floriani. Subsequently, she denied that she wrote off Lucrezia from herself, and Karol from Chopin. Chopin did not recognize or did not wish to recognize himself in the image young man, a charming egoist, beloved by Lucrezia and who became the cause of her premature death. In 1846, a conflict broke out between Chopin and Maurice, as a result of which the latter announced his desire to leave the house. Sand took the son's side:

It could not be, it should not have been, Chopin could not bear my interference in all this, although it was necessary and legal. He lowered his head and said that I fell out of love with him. What blasphemy after eight years of maternal selflessness! But the poor offended heart was unaware of its madness...

Chopin left in November 1846, at first he and Georges exchanged letters. Chopin was pushed to the final break by his daughter Sand. Solange, having quarreled with her mother, came to Paris and turned Chopin against her.

... she hates her mother, slanders her, blackens her most holy motives, defiles her home with terrible speeches! You like to hear it all and maybe even believe it. I will not enter into such a struggle, it terrifies me. I prefer to see you in a hostile camp than to defend myself against an adversary who is nourished by my breast and my milk. George Sand - Frederic Chopin.

Last time Sand and Chopin met by chance in March 1848:

I thought that a few months of separation would heal the wound and restore peace to friendship, and justice to memories ... I shook his cold, trembling hand. I wanted to talk to him - he disappeared. Now I could tell him, in turn, that he stopped loving me.

With Solange, who married the sculptor Auguste Clézenger, the composer maintained friendly relations until his death.

Revolution and Second Empire

After the events of May 15, 1848, when a mob of demonstrators tried to take over the National Assembly, some newspapers blamed it for inciting a riot. There were rumors that she would be arrested. Sand remained in Paris for two more days to "be at hand with justice if it took it into her head to settle scores with me," and returned to Nohant.

After the December coup of 1851, she achieved an audience with Louis Napoleon and gave him a letter calling for an end to the persecution of political opponents. With the help of Napoleon-Joseph Sand, the fate of many republicans was mitigated. Since the proclamation of Louis Napoleon as emperor, she no longer saw him, turning to the Empress, Princess Mathilde or Prince Napoleon for help.

Last years

During the years of the Second Empire, anti-clerical sentiments appeared in Sand's work as a reaction to the policies of Louis Napoleon. Her novel Danielle (1857), which attacked the Catholic religion, caused a scandal, and the newspaper La Presse, in which it was published, was closed.

George Sand died from complications of intestinal obstruction on June 8 at her estate Nohant. Upon learning of her death, Hugo wrote: “I mourn the deceased, I salute the immortal!”

Compositions

Major novels

• Indiana (Indiana, 1832)
• Valentine (Valentine, 1832)
• Melchior (Melchior, 1832)
• Lelia (Lélia, 1833)
• Cora (Cora, 1833)
• Jacques (Jacques, 1834)
• Metella (Métella, 1834)
• Leone Leoni (1835)
• Mauprat (Mauprat, 1837)
• Mosaic Masters (Les Maîtres mozaistes, 1838)
• Orco (L'Orco, 1838)
• Uskok (L'Uscoque, 1838)
• Spiridion (Spiridion, 1839)
• Traveling apprentice (Le Compagnon du tour de France, 1841)
• Horace (Horace, 1842)
• Consuelo (Consuelo, 1843)
• Countess Rudolstadt (La Comtesse de Rudolstadt, 1843)
• Miller from Angibault (Le Meunier d'Angibault, 1845)
• Damn swamp (La Mare au diable, 1846)
• Sin of Monsieur Antoine (Le Péché de M. Antoine, 1847)
• Lucrezia Floriani (1847)
• Piccinino (Le Piccinino, 1847)
• Little Fadette (La Petite Fadette, 1849)
• Francois the Foundling (François le Champi, 1850)
• Mont Reveche (1853)
• History of my life (Histoire de ma vie, 1855)
• The Fair Gentlemen of Bois-Doré (Ces beaux messieurs de Bois-Doré, 1858)
• She and He (Elle et lui, 1859)
• Snowman (L'Homme de neige, 1859)
• Marquis de Villemer (1861)
• Confession of a Young Girl (La Confession d'une jeune fille, 1865)
• Pierre Tumbleweed (Pierre qui roule, 1870)
• Nanon (1872)

Prose

• Commissioner (Le Commissionnaire, 1830, with Jules Sandeau).
• Rose and Blanche (1831, with Jules Sandeau)
• Girl from Albano (La Fille d'Albano, 1831)
• Aldo le Rimeur (1833)
• Conspiracy in 1537 (Une conspiration en 1537, 1833)
• Intimate diary (Journal intime, 1834)
• Private Secretary (Le Secrétaire intime, 1834)
• Marquise (La Marquise, 1834)
• Garnier (Garnier, 1834)
• Lavinia (Lavinia, 1834)
• Andre (André, 1835)
• Mattea (Mattea, 1835)
• Simon (Simon, 1836)
• The Last of Aldini (La Dernière Aldini, 1838)
• Pauline from the Mississippi (Pauline. Les Mississipiens, 1840)
• The Seven Strings of the Lyre (Les Sept Cordes de la lyre, 1840)
• Mony Rubin (Mouny Roubin, 1842)
• Georges de Guérin (1842)
• Winter in Mallorca (Un hiver à Majorque, 1842)
• Dialogues on the Poetry of the Proletarians (1842, article)
• The Younger Sister (La Sœur cadette, 1843)
• Koroglu (Kouroglou, 1843)
• Karl (Carl, 1843)
• Jan Zizka (1843)
• Jeanne (1844)
• Isidora (Isidora, 1846)
• Teverino (Teverino, 1846)
• Champagne Holidays (Les Noces de campagne, 1846)
• Evenor and Lesippus. Love in the Golden Age (Evenor et Leucippe. Les Amours de l "Âge d'or, 1846)
• The Castle of Solitude (Le Château des Désertes, 1851)
• The story of a true dupe named Griboul (Histoire du véritable Gribouille, 1851)
• La Fauvette du docteur (1853)
• Goddaughter (La Filleule, 1853)
• Country Musicians (Les Maîtres sonneurs, 1853)
• Adrians (Adriani, 1854)
• Around the table (Autour de la table, 1856)
• Daniella (La Daniella, 1857)
• The Devil in the Fields (Le Diable aux champs, 1857)
• Rural walks (Promenades autour d'un village, 1857)
• Jean de la Roche (1859)
• Narcissus (Narcisse, 1859)
• Green Ladies (Les Dames vertes, 1859)
• Constance Verrier (1860)
• Rural Evenings (La Ville noire, 1861)
• Valverde (Valvèdre, 1861)
• The Germand family (La Famille de Germandre, 1861)
• Tamaris (Tamaris, 1862)
• Mademoiselle La Quintinie (1863)
• Antonia (Antonia, 1863)
• Laura (Laura, 1865)
• Monsieur Sylvestre (1866)
• Flavia (Flavie, 1866)
• Last Love (Le Dernier Amour, 1867)
• Cadio (Cadio, 1868)
• Mademoiselle Merquem (1868)
• Beautiful Laurence (Le Beau Laurence, 1870)
• Against All Odds (Malgré tout, 1870)
• Caesarine Dietrich (1871)
• Diary of a Wartime Traveler (Journal d'un voyageur pendant la guerre, 1871)
• Francia (Francia. Un bienfait n'est jamais perdu, 1872)
• Grandmother's Tales (Contes d'une grand'mère vol. 1, 1873)
• My Sister Jeanne (Ma sœur Jeanne, 1874)
• Flamand (Flamarande, 1875)
• Two Brothers (Les Deux Frères, 1875)
• Percemont Tower (La Tour de Percemont, 1876)
• Grandma's Tales (Contes d'une grand'mère vol. 2, 1876)
• Marianne (Marianne, 1876)
• Rural Legends (Legendes rustiques, 1877)

Notes

1. George Sand. Story of my life. Quoted from: A. Morois. Lelia, or the life of George Sand. - M.: Pravda, 1990. p. 33
2. Hippolyte Shatiron (1798-1848). Subsequently, the owner of the castle of Montgivret near Nohant. He was married to Emilie de Villeneuve
3. George Sand. Story of my life. Quoted from: A. Morois. Lelia, or the life of George Sand. - M.: Pravda, 1990. p. 41
4. A. Morua. Lelia, or the life of George Sand. - M.: Pravda, 1990. p. 41
5. Cit. Quoted from: A. Morois. Lelia, or the life of George Sand. - M.: Pravda, 1990. p. 44
6. George Sand. Story of my life. Quoted from: A. Morois. Lelia, or the life of George Sand. - M.: Pravda, 1990. p. 50
7. George Sand, Histoire de ma vie, I, p. 1007
8. A. Morua. Lelia, or the life of George Sand. - M.: Pravda, 1990. p. 61

Sand (Sand) Georges (pseudonym; real name and surname

Sand Georges

Sand(Sand) Georges (a pseudonym; real name and surname Aurora Dupin, Dupin; by her husband - Dudevant (Dudevant) (1.7.1804, Paris, - 8.6.1876, Noan, Indre department), French writer. She studied in an English Catholic monastery in In 1831, after breaking with her husband, she and the writer Jules Sandeau published the novel Rose et Blanche. , published in 1832: for her, the so-called “women’s question” developed into the problem of human freedom. The novels Valentina (1832), Lelia (1833), and Jacques (1834), permeated with rebellious individualism, put S. in the ranks democratic romantics.

Since the mid 30s. S. was fond of the ideas of the Saint-Simonists, the Christian socialism of P. Leroux, the views of the left Republicans. S. confronts his heroes with the ideals of utopian socialists. The novel Maupra (1837) condemned romantic rebellion; in Horace (1841-42) - the debunking of individualism. Goodies S. finds among the people, among the workers: the carpenter Pierre Huguenin (“The Wandering Apprentice”, 1840), the miller Louis (“The Miller from Anzhibo”, 1845), the carpenter Japla (“The Sin of Monsieur Antoine”, 1845). belief creative possibilities ordinary people, the pathos of the national liberation struggle, the dream of art serving the people, pervades best novel S. - "Consuelo" (1842-43). S. sympathetically talks about Hussite revolutionary movement.

40s - the time of the highest rise in the literary and social activities of S., she participated in the publication of social-utopian, anti-clerical, left-republican magazines and newspapers. S. actively supported working-class poets and promoted their work (Dialogues on the Poetry of the Proletarians, 1842). In the novels of the 40s. a gallery of sharply negative images of the hoarding bourgeois was created (Bricolin - "The Miller from Anzhibo", Cardonnet - "The Sin of Monsieur Antoine"). S. idealized patriarchal village customs in her idyllic novels: The Devil's Puddle (1846), François the Foundling (1847–48), and Little Fadette (1848–49).

S. took part in February Revolution 1848, was close to the radical circles of the left Republicans (A. Barbès and others), edited the "Bulletin de la Republique" ("Bulletins de la republique"). June 1848 shattered her utopian illusions. She retired from social activities, wrote novels in the spirit of the early romantic works: "The Snowman" (1858), "Jean de la Roche" (1859) and others, the multi-volume "History of my life" (1854-55).

From the 40s. 19th century S. was popular in Russia. I. S. Turgenev, N. A. Nekrasov, F. M. Dostoevsky, V. G. Belinsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky, A. I. Herzen admired her, saw her as an ally in the struggle for the liberation of man.

Op.: ?uvres, nouv. ed., t. 1-16, P., 1848-49; ?uvres choisies, P., 1937; Correspondence, t. 1-10, P., ; in Russian per. - Collection. soch., vol. 1-18, St. Petersburg, 1896-99; Fav. soch., v. 1-2, M., 1950; Sobr. op. vol. 1-9, L., 1971-74.

Lit.: Belinsky V. G., Complete collection of works, vols. 1-13, M., 1959 (see index); Karenin V., George Sand, her life and works, vol. 1-2, St. Petersburg - P., 1899-1916; Skaftymov A., Chernyshevsky and George Sand, in his book: Articles on Russian Literature, [Saratov, 1958]; Morua A., George Sand, 2nd ed., M., 1968; Reizov B., George Sand and the Peasant-Plebeian Revolution in the Czech Republic, in his book: From History European literatures, [L.], 1970; Larnac J., G. Sand revolutionnaire. P., ; Blanc A., Notre amie G. Sand, P., 1950; "Europe", 1954, No. 102-103 (special issue); Thomas G., G. Sand, P., ; Salomon P., G. Sand, P., ; Edwards S., G. Sand, N. Y., .

I. A. Lileeva.

J. Sand. "Consuelo". ill. V. Bekhteev. 1936.

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