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Gogol's direction of Russian literature. Gogol direction

Gogol's direction of Russian literature. Gogol direction

06.03.2019

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« Gogol direction"- a literary direction, the beginning of which was laid N.V. Gogol « Petersburg stories”, “Inspector” and “ Dead souls” and which was defined in the 40s as a natural school. V. G. Belinsky, who was an ardent supporter natural school, emphasized its connection with the ideological and artistic principles of Gogol's realistic creativity, asserting the fruitful influence of the Gogol school on modern Russian literature. The term arose in the 50s of the 19th century in the controversy between revolutionary democratic and liberal criticism as a designation of socio-critical, satirical line in Russian literature. Democratic criticism came up with the rationale for "G.N." V contemporary literature. This goal was primarily devoted to the extensive work of N.G. Chernyshevsky “Essays on the Gogol period of Russian literature”, published in Sovremennik in 1855. A. V. Druzhinin spoke out against the ideas developed by Chernyshevsky, who published in the Library for Reading (1856, Nos. 11, 12) the article “Criticism of the Gogol period of Russian literature and our attitude towards it”, in which he deliberately pushed Gogol’s and Pushkin’s began in Russian literature, advocated for an "artistic" understanding of art. Criticism is idealistic, liberal (Druzhinin, P.V. Annenkov, S.S. Dudyshkin, N.D. Akhsharumov) and Slavophile (A.A. Grigoriev, T.I. Filippov, B.N. Almazov, E.N. Edelson) wrote about the need to overcome Gogol’s “one-sided” criticism (P.V. Annenkov, “On the Significance of works of art for Society", 1856) and the victory of the "Pushkin direction", "pure artistic poetry", "healthy" attitude to life.

They tried to find confirmation of this thesis in the works of A.N. Ostrovsky, A.F. Pisemsky, I.S. Turgenev, I.A. Historical and literary comparison of A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol as artists and their comparative assessment social value For certain period the development of Russian society, characteristic of V.G. Belinsky, turned into a metaphysical opposition of their creative principles by liberal critics of the 50s, in connection with which the terms “G.N.” and the "Pushkin trend" acquired an anti-historical character, abstracted from the specific stages in the development of realism - from Pushkin to Gogol. "Pushkin's direction" was declared by liberal criticism to be the only truly poetic expression supposedly " pure art". "G.n." interpreted as "rough" art, even base. In contrast to such a distortion of the real meaning of the evolution of Russian realism, critics of the revolutionary-democratic camp emphasized in every possible way public importance critical pathos precisely "G.n.". Continuing Belinsky's point of view, Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov rightly argued that for modern life what is needed is the "poetry of reality" as much as the "idea of negating" it, which is the pathos of Gogol's work. At the same time, revolutionary-democratic criticism understood that "G.N." cannot simply repeat Gogol. Chernyshevsky in his Essays on the Gogol Period speaks of the need for "a more complete and satisfactory development of the ideas that Gogol embraced only from one side, not fully conscious of their linkage, their causes and consequences." He soon noted in provincial essays” Shchedrin, Gogol’s lack of a clear understanding of the connection between individual “ugly facts and the whole situation of our life.” Thus, at the heart of the literary and aesthetic controversy was the question of attitudes towards Russian reality, public role literature, its tasks and ways of development; in the end it was a dispute about which way Russian will go literature - along the path of "pure" (in essence, protective) art, or along the path of direct, open service to the people, that is, along the path of struggle against serfdom and autocracy. From the methodological point of view, the opposition of the “Pushkin direction” to “G.N.” (no matter how different and even opposite the goals with which this opposition was made) is associated with the well-known loss of Russian criticism of that time holistic perception phenomena of art, which distinguished Belinsky's critical speeches. In general, the influence of "G.n." on further destinies Russian literature testified to the victory of materialistic aesthetics over idealistic, which had a beneficial effect on the development of Russian realistic art. In modern foreign literary criticism, the views of Russian liberal criticism are often repeated in the interpretation of Russian literary process 19th century. So in the "Dictionary of Russian Literature" (published in the USA in 1956) the role of revolutionary democratic criticism is belittled, while Pushkin is interpreted as a supporter of "pure art". R. Poggioli, in his book of essays on Russian writers The Phoenix and the Spider (published in the USA, 1960), calls the theory of Belinsky and Chernyshevsky about Gogol as the father of Russian realism “doubtful”, believing that “the Russian classical realism was more a denial of the Gogol case than a continuation of it. Thus, foreign bourgeois criticism is trying to rely on those tendencies of Russian "aesthetic" criticism of the 60s of the 19th century, which were rejected by the entire subsequent development of Russian literature.

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The natural school is a conventional name for the initial stage in the development of critical realism in Russian literature of the 1840s, which arose under the influence of the work of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol.

Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Grigorovich, Herzen, Goncharov, Nekrasov, Panaev, Dal, Chernyshevsky, Saltykov-Shchedrin and others were ranked as the "natural school".

The term "Natural School" was first used by Faddey Bulgarin as a disparaging characteristic of the work of young followers of Nikolai Gogol in the "Northern Bee" dated January 26, 1846, but was rethought by Vissarion Belinsky in the article "A Look at Russian Literature of 1846": "natural", then is an artless, strictly truthful depiction of reality. The main idea of the "natural school" was proclaimed the thesis that literature should be an imitation of reality.

The formation of the "Natural School" dates back to 1842-1845, when a group of writers (Nikolai Nekrasov, Dmitry Grigorovich, Ivan Turgenev, Alexander Herzen, Ivan Panaev, Evgeny Grebyonka, Vladimir Dal) united under the ideological influence of Belinsky in the journal "Domestic Notes". Somewhat later, Fyodor Dostoevsky and Mikhail Saltykov were published there. These writers also appeared in the collections "Physiology of Petersburg" (1845), "Petersburg Collection" (1846), which became the program for the "Natural School".

It was to Gogol - the author of "Dead Souls", "The Inspector General", "The Overcoat" - as the ancestor, that the natural school was built by Belinsky and a number of other critics. Indeed, many writers who belong to the natural school experienced the powerful influence of various aspects of Gogol's work. Such is his exceptional power of satire on the "vile Russian reality", the sharpness of posing his problem " small person", his gift for portraying the "prosaic essential squabbles of life". In addition to Gogol, the writers of the natural school were influenced by such representatives of Western European literature as Dickens, Balzac, George Sand.

The "Natural School" was criticized by representatives of different directions: it was accused of being addicted to "low people", of "mud-filming", of political unreliability (Bulgarin), of a one-sidedly negative approach to life, of imitating the latest French literature. After the death of Belinsky, the very name "natural school" was banned by censorship. In the 1850s, the term "Gogolian trend" was used (the title of the work of N. G. Chernyshevsky "Essays on the Gogol period of Russian literature" is typical). Later, the term "Gogolian trend" began to be understood more broadly than the actual "natural school", using it as a designation of critical realism.

The most common features, on the basis of which the writer was considered to belong to the Natural School, were the following: socially significant topics, which captured more wide circle than even the circle of social observations (often in the "low" strata of society), a critical attitude to social reality, the realism of artistic expression, which fought against the embellishment of reality, aestheticism in itself, romantic rhetoric.

In the works of the participants of the "natural school" new spheres of Russian life opened up before the reader. The choice of subjects testified to the democratic basis of their work. They exposed serfdom, the disfiguring power of money, the injustice of the entire social order, which oppresses the human personality. The question of the "little man" grew into a problem of social inequality.

The Natural School is characterized by a predominant attention to the genres of fiction (“a physiological essay”, a story, a novel). Following Gogol, the writers of the Natural School subjected officialdom to satirical ridicule (for example, in Nekrasov’s poems), depicted the life and customs of the nobility (“Notes of a Young Man” by A. I. Herzen, “An Ordinary History” by I. A. Goncharov), criticized dark sides urban civilization (“Double” by F. M. Dostoevsky, essays by Nekrasov, V. I. Dahl, Ya. P. Butkov), with deep sympathy portrayed “ little man” (“Poor people” by Dostoevsky, “A Tangled Case” by M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin). From A. S. Pushkin and M. Yu. extra person” I. S. Turgenev and others), the emancipation of a woman (“The Thieving Magpie” by Herzen, “Polinka Saks” by A. V. Druzhinin). N. sh. innovatively solved the themes traditional for Russian literature (for example, a raznochinets became a “hero of the time”: “Andrei Kolosov” by Turgenev, “Doctor Krupov” by Herzen, “The Life and Adventures of Tikhon Trosnikov” by Nekrasov) and put forward new ones (a true depiction of the life of a serf village: “Notes hunter" by Turgenev, "Village" and "Anton-Goremyk" by D. V. Grigorovich).

Directions.

Among the writers who were classified as N.sh., in the Literary Encyclopedia, three trends are distinguished.

In the 1840s, the differences were not yet sharpened to the limit. As yet, the writers themselves, united under the name of the natural school, were not clearly aware of the full depth of the contradictions that separated them. Therefore, for example, in the collection "Physiology of St. Petersburg", one of the characteristic documents of the natural school, the names of Nekrasov, Ivan Panaev, Grigorovich, Dahl stand side by side. Hence the rapprochement in the minds of contemporaries of urban essays and stories by Nekrasov with bureaucratic stories by Dostoevsky.

By the 1860s, the division between writers classified as naturalists would become sharper. Turgenev will take an uncompromising position in relation to the Sovremennik by Nekrasov and Chernyshevsky and will be defined as an artist-ideologist of the "Prussian" path of development of capitalism. Dostoevsky will remain in the camp that maintains the prevailing order (although democratic protest was also characteristic of Dostoevsky in the 1840s, in Poor Folk, for example, and in this respect he had links with Nekrasov).

And, finally, Nekrasov, Saltykov, Herzen, whose works will pave the way for the wide literary production of the revolutionary part of the raznochintsy of the 1860s, will reflect the interests of the "peasant democracy" fighting for the "American" path of development of Russian capitalism, for the "peasant revolution".

"Gogol direction" - a literary direction, the beginning of which was laid by N.V. Gogol "Petersburg Tales", "Inspector General" and "Dead Souls" and which was defined in the 40s as a natural school. V. G. Belinsky, who was an ardent supporter of the natural school, emphasized its connection with the ideological and artistic principles of Gogol's realistic creativity, asserting the fruitful influence of the Gogol school on modern Russian literature. The term arose in the 50s of the 19th century in the controversy between revolutionary-democratic and liberal criticism as a designation of a socio-critical, satirical line in Russian literature. Democratic criticism came up with the rationale for "G.N." in modern literature. This goal was primarily devoted to the extensive work of N.G. Chernyshevsky “Essays on the Gogol period of Russian literature”, published in Sovremennik in 1855. A. V. Druzhinin spoke out against the ideas developed by Chernyshevsky, who published in the Library for Reading (1856, Nos. 11, 12) the article “Criticism of the Gogol period of Russian literature and our attitude towards it”, in which he deliberately pushed Gogol’s and Pushkin’s began in Russian literature, advocated for an "artistic" understanding of art. Criticism is idealistic, liberal (Druzhinin, P.V. Annenkov, S.S. Dudyshkin, N.D. Akhsharumov) and Slavophile (A.A. Grigoriev, T.I. Filippov, B.N. Almazov, E.N. Edelson) wrote about the need to overcome Gogol's "one-sided" criticism (P.V. Annenkov, "On the Significance of Artistic Works for Society", 1856) and about the victory of the "Pushkin trend", "pure artistic poetry", "healthy" attitude to life.

They tried to find confirmation of this thesis in the works of A.N. Ostrovsky, A.F. Pisemsky, I.S. Turgenev, I.A. The historical and literary comparison of A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol as artists and a comparative assessment of their social significance for a certain period in the development of Russian society, characteristic of V.G. Belinsky, turned into a metaphysical opposition of their creative principles, in connection with which the terms "G.N." and the "Pushkin trend" acquired an anti-historical character, abstracted from the specific stages in the development of realism - from Pushkin to Gogol. "Pushkin's trend" was declared by liberal criticism to be the only truly poetic expression of supposedly "pure art". "G.n." interpreted as "rough" art, even base. In contrast to such a distortion of the real meaning of the evolution of Russian realism, the critics of the revolutionary-democratic camp emphasized in every possible way the social significance of the critical pathos of precisely "GN." Continuing Belinsky's point of view, Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov rightly argued that modern life needs as much "poetry of reality" as the "idea of negating" it, which is the pathos of Gogol's work. At the same time, revolutionary-democratic criticism understood that "G.N." cannot simply repeat Gogol. Chernyshevsky in his Essays on the Gogol Period speaks of the need for "a more complete and satisfactory development of the ideas that Gogol embraced only from one side, not fully conscious of their linkage, their causes and effects." Soon he noted in Shchedrin's "Provincial Essays" that Gogol lacked a clear understanding of the connection between individual "ugly facts and the whole situation of our life." Thus, at the heart of the literary and aesthetic controversy was the question of the attitude towards Russian reality, the social role of literature, its tasks and ways of development; Ultimately, it was a dispute over which way will go Russian literature follows the path of "pure" (essentially protective) art or the path of direct, open service to the people, that is, the path of struggle against serfdom and autocracy. From the methodological point of view, the opposition of the “Pushkin direction” to “G.N.” (no matter how different and even opposite the goals with which this opposition was made) is connected with the well-known loss by Russian criticism of that time of a holistic perception of the phenomena of art, which distinguished Belinsky's critical speeches. In general, the influence of "G.n." on the future fate of Russian literature testified to the victory of materialistic aesthetics over idealistic, which had a beneficial effect on the development of Russian realistic art. In modern foreign literary criticism, the views of Russian liberal criticism are often repeated in the interpretation of the Russian literary process of the 19th century. So in the "Dictionary of Russian Literature" (published in the USA in 1956) the role of revolutionary democratic criticism is belittled, while Pushkin is interpreted as a supporter of "pure art". R. Poggioli, in his book of essays on Russian writers The Phoenix and the Spider (published in the USA, 1960), calls the theory of Belinsky and Chernyshevsky about Gogol as the father of Russian realism "doubtful", believing that "Russian classical realism was to a greater extent a denial of the Gogol case than a continuation of it." Thus, foreign bourgeois criticism is trying to rely on those tendencies of Russian "aesthetic" criticism of the 60s of the 19th century, which were rejected by the entire subsequent development of Russian literature.

Option 1

1. What literary direction dominated the literature of the second half of the 19th century?

A) romanticism B) sentimentalism

B) classicism D) realism

2. Specify the founders of the "natural school".

A) V.G. Belinsky, I.S. Turgenev B) M.Yu. Lermontov, F.I. Tyutchev

B) A. S. Pushkin, N. V. Gogol D) V. G. Belinsky, N. V. Gogol

3. Which of the Russian writers was called "Columbus of Zamoskvorechye"?

A) I.S. Turgenev B) L.N. Tolstoy

B) A.N. Ostrovsky D) F.M. Dostoevsky

4. The heroine of Ostrovsky's play "Thunderstorm", Kabanikha, was called:

A) Anna Petrovna B) Katerina Lvovna

B) Marfa Ignatievna D) Anastasia Semenovna

5.Specify which artistic technique uses A.A. Fet in selected phrases:

“Again the birds fly from afar / / To the shores that break the ice / / The warm sun walks high / / And fragrant lily of the valley waiting."

A) personification B) epithet

B) inversion D) allegory

6. The hero of what work was promised to God at birth, “he died many times and did not die”?

A) L.N. Tolstoy, "War and Peace", Prince Andrei B) I.S. Turgenev, "Fathers and Sons", Bazarov

B) A.N. Ostrovsky, "Thunderstorm", Katerina Kabanova D) N.S. Leskov, "The Enchanted Wanderer". Flyagin

7. In what work of Russian literature does the nihilist hero appear?

A) A.N. Ostrovsky "Forest" B) F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

B) I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" D) I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"

8. Katerina Izmailova is a heroine:

A) essay by N.S. Leskov “Lady Macbeth Mtsensk district»

B) plays by A.N. Ostrovsky "Dowry"

C) the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

D) the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"

A) A.N. Ostrovsky B) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin

B) F.M. Dostoevsky D) L.N. Tolstoy

10. Which of the heroes of the novel "War and Peace" proposed to M. Kutuzov a plan for a guerrilla war?

A) Dolokhov B) Bolkonsky

B) Denisov D) Drubetskoy

11. What hero of "War and Peace" belongs to the statement "Chess is placed. The game starts tomorrow"?

A) Prince Andrew B) Napoleon

B) Emperor Alexander 1 D) M.I. Kutuzov

12. Which hero of the novel "Crime and Punishment" Razumikhin characterizes with the following words: "Gloomy, gloomy, arrogant and proud"?

A) Porfiry Petrovich B) Raskolnikov

B) Zosimova D) Svidrigailova

13. Indicate which of the heroes of Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" is on the path of searching.

A) Platon Karataev B) Pierre Bezukhov

B) Fedor Dolokhov D) Anatole Kuragin

14. Which of the Russian poets owns the words “You may not be a poet, but you must be a citizen”?

A) A.S. Pushkin B) F.I. Tyutchev

B) N.A. Nekrasov D) M.Yu. Lermontov

15. What kind of literature should include the genres of the novel, story, short story?

A) lyrics B) epic

B) drama D) lyro-epic

16. What is the main character trait of Sonya Marmeladova (F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment")

A) sacrifice B) hypocrisy

B) frivolity D) love of freedom

17. Indicate which of the Russian writers is the author of the cycle "Frigate Pallada"?

A) L.N. Tolstoy B) I.A. Goncharov

18. Indicate which of the Russian critics called the heroine of A.N. Ostrovsky's drama "Thunderstorm" "a ray of light in a dark kingdom."

A) V.G. Belinsky B) N.G. Chernyshevsky

B) N.A. Dobrolyubov D) D.I. Pisarev

19. What is the name of the poet who was a supporter of "pure art".

A) A.S. Pushkin B) N.A. Nekrasov

B) A.A. Fet D) M.Yu. Lermontov

20. Specify correct name the Kirsanov estates (I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons")

A) Berry B) Maryino

B) Zamanilovka D) Otradnoe

21. How was Dolokhov (L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace") punished for a joke with a quarterly?

A) expelled from St. Petersburg B) was not punished because he gave a bribe

B) demoted to the ranks D) was not punished, as he had support among those in power

22. Raskolnikov's theory (F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment") is

A) a rigorous scientific justification for dividing people into categories

B) the division of people into categories depending on their social affiliation, education

C) the division of people into categories: material and people themselves

23. Ivan Flyagin (N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer") in his life was not

A) a nanny baby B) a soldier

B) a gardener D) an artist

24. Name the works in which the motive of wandering plays important role in the organization of the plot:

A) "Thunderstorm", "The Enchanted Wanderer"

C) “Who should live well in Rus'”, “The Man in the Case”

D) "Thunderstorm", "Man in a case"

Final test for the course grade 10 Option - 2

1. Indicate the writers of the second half of the 19th century, in the title of whose works there is a contrast.

A) A.N. Ostrovsky, I.S. Turgenev, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin

B) I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy

C) I.A. Goncharov, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.P. Chekhov

D) L.N. Tolstoy, N.S. Leskov, I.S. Turgenev

2. In the work of which poet was the impressionistic manner of depiction first used?

A) N.A. Nekrasov B) A.A. Fet

B) F.I. Tyutchev D) A.K. Tolstoy

A) A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" B) L.N. Tolstoy "The Living Corpse"

B) F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" D) N.S. Leskov "Lady Macbeth ..."

4. What artistic technique did the author use in this passage: “Blessed is the gentle poet, / / In whom there is little bile, a lot of feeling // He is so sincere greetings / / Friends of calm art ..”

A) allegory B) antithesis

B) metaphor D) hyperbole

5. What are the main criteria for evaluating a personality in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace".

A) pride and pride B) naturalness and morality

B) nobility and kindness D) generosity and courage

6. Which of the Russian writers was sentenced to hard labor?

A) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin B) F.M. Dostoevsky

B) A.I. Herzen D) N.A. Nekrasov

7.What literary type depicted in the image of the Wild (A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm")?

A) the type of "little man" B) tyrant

B) type of "extra person" D) romantic hero

A) I.A. Goncharov B) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin

B) N.A. Nekrasov D) A.P. Chekhov

9. Indicate what position the author takes in the epic novel "War and Peace".

A) a participant in ongoing events

B) a person who deeply experiences and comments on the events described

B) an impassive observer

D) a narrator who interrupts the story to tell the reader about himself

10. Indicate the name of the regiment in which Nikolai Rostov served (L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace").

A) Preobrazhensky B) Izmailovsky

B) Pavlogradsky D) Semenovsky

11. What kind of literature became dominant in the second half of the 19th century?

A) lyrics B) epic

B) drama D) lyro-epic

12. Indicate which of the Russian writers spoke of the need to "squeeze a slave out of yourself drop by drop."

A) I.A. Goncharov B) L.N. Tolstoy

B) A.P. Chekhov D) F.M. Dostoevsky

13. In the work of which writer is the type of “little man” shown for the first time?

A) Samson Vyrin in " stationmaster» A.S. Pushkin

B) Akaki Akakievich in N.V. Gogol's "Overcoat"

C) Maxim Maksimych in "A Hero of Our Time" by M.Yu. Lermontov

D) Captain Tushin in "War and Peace" by L.N. Tolstoy

14. Agafya Pshenitsyna is a heroine:

A) the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

B) the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" D

C) the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"

D) the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

A) A.S. Pushkin B) F.I. Tyutchev

B) N.A. Nekrasov D) A.A. Fet

16. Which of the heroes of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky asked the question “Am I a trembling creature or do I have the right”?

A) Sonya Marmeladova B) R. Raskolnikov

B) Pyotr Luzhin D) Lebezyatnikov

17. Indicate which of the Russian poets owns the poem "I met you - and all the past ..."

A) N.A. Nekrasov B) F.I. Tyutchev

B) A.S. Pushkin D) A.A. Fet

18. Name the “happy” person in N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who should live well in Rus'”.

A) Savely B) Matryona Korchagin

B) Grigory Dobrosklonov D) Ermil Girin

19. Indicate that the teacher Belikov taught, the character of the story "The Man in the Case" by A.P. Chekhov.

A) geography B) literature

B) the Greek language D) the law of God

20. In the novel "War and Peace" there is goodies who have reached the pinnacle of moral and spiritual development. One of them is Kutuzov, the other is

A) Pierre Bezukhov B) Andrei Bolkonsky

B) Platon Karataev D) Vasily Denisov

21. What miscalculations did Raskolnikov (F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment") make during the murder of the old woman?

A) forgot to close the door of the apartment B) left the hat at the crime scene

B) forgot to take the crime weapon D) stained with blood

22. The genre definition of "epic novel" means:

A) a novel about the ideological and moral quest of the individual, associated with the fate of the nation

B) a novel in which not one, but several central characters, and among other characters there are historical figures

B) a novel about historical event influencing the fate of the country

23. The turning point in the life of Ivan Flyagin (N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer") comes when

A) he recognizes himself as a great sinner and wants to atone for his guilt by suffering

B) he renounces faith and stops praying

C) because of his fault a person dies

24. Not related to the story "The Man in the Case" by A.P. Chekhov, the following character

A) Gurov B) Kovalenko

B) Burkin D) Belikov

Final test for the course grade 10 Option - 3

1. Indicate the reasons for the changes in the character of D.I. Startsev (A.P. Chekhov "Ionych").

A) the influence of his bride B) the influence of the environment

B) the influence of parents D) the profession of a doctor

2. Indicate to which literary direction the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" should be attributed.

A) romanticism B) classicism

B) sentimentalism D) realism

3. Indicate the work of A.P. Chekhov, which is a lyrical comedy.

A) "Man in a case" B) "Bear"

B) "Seagull" D) "Lady with a dog"

4. Indicate which of the writers owns the statement "There is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth."

A) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin B) L.N. Tolstoy

B) F.M. Dostoevsky D) A.P. Chekhov

5. Indicate where the main action of I.A. Goncharov's novel "Oblomov" takes place.

A) Petersburg B) city NN

B) Moscow D) Oblomov's Tula estate

6. Which of the heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment" is disturbed by dreams?

A) Lebezyatnikov B) Luzhin

B) Sonya D) Svidrigailov

7. Which character in the Chekhov story belongs to the following remark “The Little Russian language, with its tenderness and pleasant sonority, resembles ancient Greek”

A) Belikov (“Man in a Case”) B) Ochumelov (“Chameleon”)

B) Turkin ("Ionych") D) Ippolit Ippolitich ("Teacher of Literature")

8. What is the name of the writer who was an artillery officer and took part in the defense of Sevastopol in 1854.

A) I.A. Goncharov B) F.M. Dostoevsky

B) L.N. Tolstoy D) I.S. Turgenev

9. Indicate the second name of the Gogol trend in literature.

A) pure art B) decadence

B) natural school D) socialist realism

10. Indicate which of the following composite parts is optional.

A) prologue B) climax

B) tie D) denouement

11.As in Art Theater named characteristic of Chekhov's plays action development?

A) "turbulent flow" B) "undercurrent"

B) "stream of consciousness" D) "invisible life"

12. What theme is predominant in the work of N.A. Nekrasov?

A) the theme of the city B) love

B) loneliness D) citizenship

13. Indicate which of the Russian writers owns the words that "beauty will save the world."

A) F.M. Dostoevsky B) I.A. Bunin

B) L.N. Tolstoy D) A.P. Chekhov

14. What vice does A.P. Chekhov denounce in the story "Ionych"?

A) spiritual emptiness B) servility

B) veneration D) hypocrisy

A) N.A. Nekrasov “Who should live well in Rus'” B) N.S. Leskov “The Enchanted Wanderer”

B) A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" D) I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"

16. In which of the following works does the action take place against the background of the Volga panorama?

A) "The Cherry Orchard" B) " Dead Souls»

B) "Thunderstorm" D) "Gooseberry"

17. Indicate to whom the following lines from N.A. Nekrasov’s poem are dedicated: “A naive and passionate soul, / / In whom beautiful thoughts boiled, / / Persevering, worrying and hastening, / / You honestly went to one, high purpose…»

A) N.G. Chernyshevsky B) V.G. Belinsky

B) N.V. Gogol D) M.Yu. Lermontov

18. Indicate to which literary direction the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" can be attributed.

A) classicism B) romanticism

B) realism D) sentimentalism

19. Specify what social status Martha Ignatievna Kabanova (A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm")

A) bourgeois B) peasant

B) noblewoman D) merchant's wife

20. What literary device used by the author in this passage: “The Neva swelled and roared / / Boiled and swirled like a cauldron ...”

A) grotesque B) allegory

B) personification D) comparison

21. Oblomov's dream (I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov") is

A) the history of the Oblomov family

B) a realistic depiction of a Russian village from the time of serfdom

C) a poetic picture of Russian life, where reality and a fairy tale are mixed

22. A statement containing a factual error (LN Tolstoy "War and Peace").

A) Tolstoy compares the maid of honor A.P. Sherer with the mistress of a spinning workshop

B) the heroic deed of Prince Andrei determined the outcome of the Battle of Austerlitz

C) Danilo Kupor is a dance that is danced on the name day of the Rostovs

23. For Ivan Flyagin (N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer"), the following of these qualities is characteristic

A) indifference B) innocence

B) indifference D) arrogance

24. Name the works in which there are heroes whose images go back to the images epic heroes

A) "The Enchanted Wanderer", "About Love"

B) "The Enchanted Wanderer", "Who Lives Well in Rus'"

C) “Who should live well in Rus'”, “Thunderstorm”

D) "Thunderstorm", "About love"

Final test for the course grade 10 Option - 4

1. Why did A.P. Chekhov call his play "The Cherry Orchard" a comedy?

A) funny story B) farcical situations

B) a comical ending D) the claims of the characters contradict their capabilities

2. Indicate which of the Russian writers owns the words “Russia cannot be understood with the mind, cannot be measured with a common yardstick ...”

A) A.K. Tolstoy B) A.A. Fet

B) A.S. Pushkin D) F.I. Tyutchev

3. Indicate which of the Russian writers took part in the defense of Sevastopol.

A) F.M. Dostoevsky B) F.I. Tyutchev

B) L.N. Tolstoy D) I.A. Goncharov

4. Indicate which of the Russian poets owns the words "You may not be a poet, but you must be a citizen."

A) A.A. Fet B) N.A. Nekrasov

B) F.I. Tyutchev D) A.K. Tolstoy

5. Indicate which of the named works is not included in the cycle "Notes of a Hunter" by I.S. Turgenev.

A) " raspberry water» C) «Singers»

B) Mumu D) Biryuk

6. Indicate to whom the novel by I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons” was dedicated.

A) N.G. Chernyshevsky B) V.G. Belinsky

B) N.A. Nekrasov D) A.A. Grigoriev

7. Which of the Russian writers served hard labor in the Omsk prison?

A) N.G. Chernyshevsky B) F.M. Dostoevsky

B) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin D) N.A. Nekrasov

8. Name the writer who committed trip around the world on board the frigate "Pallada"

A) I.S. Turgenev B) L.N. Tolstoy

B) I.A. Goncharov D) A.P. Chekhov

9. Enter the name of the writer who made the trip to Sakhalin Island.

A) L.N. Tolstoy B) A.P. Chekhov

B) I.A. Goncharov D) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin

10. What is the name of a writer who is not a native of Moscow.

A) A.S. Pushkin B) F.M. Dostoevsky

B) M.Yu. Lermontov D) A.P. Chekhov

11.Choose correct sequence change of one literary direction others.

A) sentimentalism, romanticism, classicism, realism, modernism

B) modernism, romanticism, realism, sentimentalism, classicism

C) classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism, modernism

D) realism, classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, modernism

12. The favorite genre of poetry of N.A. Nekrasov is:

A) ode B) elegy

B) ballad D) message

13. Name a poet in whose work the poem "Prophet" is not found

A) A.S. Pushkin B) N.A. Nekrasov

B) M.Yu. Lermontov D) F.I. Tyutchev

14. What does L.N. Tolstoy mean by the concept of “people”?

A) all workers who create material values

B) serfs working on the land

B) a set of representatives of all social groups and estates showing spirituality, patriotism

D) artisans, artisans

15. Which of the heroes of L.N. Tolstoy's novel “War and Peace! Do the words “One must live, one must love, one must believe” belong?

A) Andrei Bolkonsky B) Pierre Bezukhov

B) Nikolai Rostov D) Platon Karataev

16. What is the name of the highest point in the development of the plot literary work?

A) hyperbole B) exposure

B) grotesque D) climax

17. Indicate what determines the activity of Lopakhin in A.P. Chekhov's comedy "The Cherry Orchard".

A) the desire to ruin Ranevskaya and appropriate her fortune

B) the desire to take revenge on the owners who fell into poverty

C) an attempt to help Ranevskaya correct her financial situation

D) dream to destroy The Cherry Orchard reminding him of a difficult childhood

18. Indicate the work, in the plot of which there is no episode of the duel.

A) A.S. Pushkin "Shot" B) A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"

B) L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" D) M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"

19. Identify the author and work by final words: “Whatever passionate, sinful, rebellious heart hides in the grave, the flowers growing on it serenely look at us with their innocent eyes; not about one eternal peace of "indifferent" nature; they also speak of eternal reconciliation and endless life.

A) M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" B) F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment

B) L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace” D) I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”

20. What artistic technique does A.A. Fet use in the following passage: “This is morning, this joy, / / This power and day and light, / / This blue vault, / / This cry and strings, / / These flocks, these birds, / / This dialect of waters ... "

A) personification B) anaphora

B) antithesis D) epithet

21. Bazarov (I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”) tells Arkady about his father: “The same eccentric as yours, only in a different way.” Fathers are similar in that they

A) close in age and social status

B) love nature, music and poetry

C) love their sons and strive to keep up with the century

22. In N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” there are the following characters:

A) Ermil Girin, Kuligin, Yakim Nagoi B) Ermil Girin, Utyatin, Yakim Nagoi

B) Yakim Nagoi, Kudryash, Utyatin D) Feklusha, Utyatin, Kuligin

23. In the concept of Leskov, the next of the parties to the concept of "righteous" is not considered.

A) the ability to be content with little, but never act against conscience

B) religious detachment from earthly passions, serving God

C) ability ordinary person to self-sacrifice.

24. The following problem does not rise in the story "Gooseberry" by A.P. Chekhov

A) the relationship between man and nature

B) personality degradation

C) personal responsibility for what is happening in the world

D) Russian intelligentsia

Final Literature Test for Grade 10 Course Option 1

1. What literary direction dominated the literature of the second half of the 19th century?

A) romanticism B) sentimentalism

B) classicism D) realism

2. Specify the founders of the "natural school".

A) V.G. Belinsky, I.S. Turgenev B) M.Yu. Lermontov, F.I. Tyutchev

B) A. S. Pushkin, N. V. Gogol D) V. G. Belinsky, N. V. Gogol

3. Which of the Russian writers was called "Columbus of Zamoskvorechye"?

A) I.S. Turgenev B) L.N. Tolstoy

B) A.N. Ostrovsky D) F.M. Dostoevsky

4. The heroine of Ostrovsky's play "Thunderstorm", Kabanikha, was called:

A) Anna Petrovna B) Katerina Lvovna

B) Marfa Ignatievna D) Anastasia Semenovna

5. Indicate what artistic technique A.A. Fet uses in the selected phrases:

“Again, the birds fly from afar / / To the shores that break the ice, / / The warm sun walks high / / And waits for the fragrant lily of the valley.

A) personification B) epithet

B) inversion D) allegory

6. The hero of what work was promised to God at birth, “he died many times and did not die”?

A) L.N. Tolstoy, "War and Peace", Prince Andrei B) I.S. Turgenev, "Fathers and Sons", Bazarov

B) A.N. Ostrovsky, "Thunderstorm", Katerina Kabanova D) N.S. Leskov, "The Enchanted Wanderer". Flyagin

7. In what work of Russian literature does the nihilist hero appear?

A) A.N. Ostrovsky "Forest" B) F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

B) I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" D) I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"

8. Katerina Izmailova is a heroine:

A) essay by N.S. Leskov “Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk district”

B) plays by A.N. Ostrovsky "Dowry"

C) the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

D) the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"

A) A.N. Ostrovsky B) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin

B) F.M. Dostoevsky D) L.N. Tolstoy

10. Which of the heroes of the novel "War and Peace" proposed to M. Kutuzov a plan for a guerrilla war?

A) Dolokhov B) Bolkonsky

B) Denisov D) Drubetskoy

11. What hero of "War and Peace" belongs to the statement "Chess is placed. The game starts tomorrow"?

A) Prince Andrew B) Napoleon

B) Emperor Alexander 1 D) M.I. Kutuzov

12. Which hero of the novel "Crime and Punishment" Razumikhin characterizes with the following words: "Gloomy, gloomy, arrogant and proud"?

A) Porfiry Petrovich B) Raskolnikov

B) Zosimova D) Svidrigailova

13. Indicate which of the heroes of Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" is on the path of searching.

A) Platon Karataev B) Pierre Bezukhov

B) Fedor Dolokhov D) Anatole Kuragin

14. Which of the Russian poets owns the words “You may not be a poet, but you must be a citizen”?

A) A.S. Pushkin B) F.I. Tyutchev

B) N.A. Nekrasov D) M.Yu. Lermontov

15. What kind of literature should include the genres of the novel, story, short story?

A) lyrics B) epic

B) drama D) lyro-epic

16. What is the main character trait of Sonya Marmeladova (F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment")

A) sacrifice B) hypocrisy

B) frivolity D) love of freedom

17. Indicate which of the Russian writers is the author of the cycle "Frigate Pallada"?

A) L.N. Tolstoy B) I.A. Goncharov

18. Indicate which of the Russian critics called the heroine of A.N. Ostrovsky's drama "Thunderstorm" "a ray of light in a dark kingdom."

A) V.G. Belinsky B) N.G. Chernyshevsky

B) N.A. Dobrolyubov D) D.I. Pisarev

19. What is the name of the poet who was a supporter of "pure art".

A) A.S. Pushkin B) N.A. Nekrasov

B) A.A. Fet D) M.Yu. Lermontov

20. Indicate the correct name of the Kirsanovs' estate (I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons")