Program music
kind of instrumental music; musical works that have a verbal, often poetic program and reveal the content imprinted in it. The title can serve as a program, indicating, for example, the phenomenon of reality that the composer had in mind (“Morning” by Grieg from the music for Ibsen’s drama “Peer Gynt”), or to the literary work that inspired him (“Macbeth” by R. Strauss - a symphonic poem based on Shakespeare's play). More detailed programs usually compiled according to literary works (symphonic suite"Antar" by Rimsky-Korsakov based on the fairy tale of the same name by Senkovsky), less often - without connection with the literary prototype ("Fantastic Symphony" by Berlioz). The program reveals something inaccessible to musical embodiment and therefore not revealed by the music itself; in this it is fundamentally different from any analysis or description of music; only its author can give it to a piece of music. Musical figurativeness, sound writing, and concretization through the genre are widely used in musical composition. The simplest form of P. m. is picture programming ( musical picture nature, folk festivals, battles, etc.). In plot-program works, development musical images to one degree or another corresponds to the contours of the plot, as a rule, borrowed from fiction. Sometimes they only give musical characteristic basic images, general direction plot development, initial and final ratio active forces(generalized plot programming), sometimes the entire sequence of events is displayed (sequential plot programming). Musical music uses developmental methods that make it possible to "follow" the plot without violating proper musical patterns. Among them: variation and the related principle of Monothematism a ,
put forward by F. Liszt; the principle of leitmotiv characteristics (see Leitmotiv), which was one of the first to be applied by G. Berlioz; the combination in a single-movement form of the features of the sonata allegro and the sonata-symphony cycle, characteristic of the genre created by F. Liszt symphonic poem. Programming was a great conquest of musical art, stimulated the search for new expressive means, contributed to the enrichment of the range of images musical works. Musical music is equal in rights with non-programmed music and develops in close interaction with it. P. m. has been known since ancient times ( ancient greece). Among the program works of the 18th century. - harpsichord miniatures by F. Couperin and J. F. Rameau, "Capriccio for the Departure of a Beloved Brother" by J. S. Bach. A number of program compositions were created by L. Beethoven - “ Pastoral symphony”, overtures “Egmont”, “Coriolanus”, etc. The heyday of P. m. in the 19th century. largely associated with the romantic direction in musical art(see Romanticism),
who proclaimed the slogan of renewing music by uniting it with poetry. Among the program works of romantic composers are Berlioz's "Fantastic Symphony" and the symphony "Harold in Italy", the symphonies "Faust", "K" Divine Comedy"Dante", symphonic poems "Tasso", "Preludes", etc. Liszt. Russian classical composers also made a major contribution to classical music. Great fame enjoy the symphonic painting "Midsummer Night on Bald Mountain" and piano cycle Mussorgsky’s “Pictures at an Exhibition”, Rimsky-Korsakov’s symphonic suite “Antar”, the symphony “Manfred”, the fantasy overture “Romeo and Juliet”, the fantasy for orchestra “Francesca da Rimini” by Tchaikovsky and others. Glazunov, A. K. Lyadov, A. I. Skryabin, S. V. Rakhmaninov and others. National traditions in the field of P. m. find their continuation and development in the work Soviet composers- N. Ya. Myaskovsky, D. D. Shostakovich and others. Lit.: Tchaikovsky, P.I., About program music, Izbr. excerpts from letters and articles, M., 1952; Stasov V.V., Art XIX century, fav. soch., vol. 3, M., 1952; List F., Selected. articles, M., 1959, p. 271-349; Khokhlov Yu., O music software, M., 1963; KIauwell O., Geschichte der Programmusik, Lpz., 1910; Sychra A., Die Einheit von absoluter Musik und Programmusik, "Beiträge zur Misik-wissenschaft", 1, 1959; Niecks Fr., Program music in the last four centuries, N. Y., 1969. Yu. N. Khokhlov.
Big soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
See what "Program music" is in other dictionaries:
Academic music that does not include a verbal text (that is, purely instrumental), but accompanied by a verbal indication of its content. The minimum program is the title of the essay, indicating any phenomenon ... ... Wikipedia
The latest "descriptive" or "pictorial" music (Wagner and his followers), which strives to convey movement, various actions, etc. in sounds, needs a program in order to be completely understandable to listeners; hence the software... Dictionary foreign words Russian language
Musical works that the composer provided with a verbal program that concretizes perception. Many program works are connected with plots and images of outstanding literary works... Big encyclopedic Dictionary
- (German Programmusik, French musique a program, Italian musica a programma, English program music) music. works that have a certain verbal, often poetic. program and revealing the content imprinted in it. The phenomenon of music ... ... Music Encyclopedia
Musical works that the composer provided with a verbal program that specifies the content. Many program works are associated with plots and images of outstanding literary works. * * * PROGRAM MUSIC PROGRAM MUSIC,… … encyclopedic Dictionary
What do you think is different piano concert Tchaikovsky from his own symphonic fantasy "Francesca da Rimini"? Of course, you will say that in the concerto the piano is the soloist, but in fantasy it is not at all. Maybe you already know that the concert ... ... Music dictionary
PROGRAM MUSIC- (from German Programmusik), music, the task of which is to depict the state of the inner or outer world, more or less precisely defined in the text (program) attached to the composition. Under the influence of the latter, the listener, listening to the letter, does not ... ... Riemann's musical dictionary
program music- instrumental and orchestral music associated with the embodiment of ideas borrowed from the non-musical sphere (literature, painting, natural phenomena, etc.). The name comes from the program - the text that composers often accompanied ... ... Russian index k English-Russian Dictionary in musical terminology
Program music- type of instr. prod. with the program announced (in the form of a title or in a more detailed verbal form) as a source of music. dramaturgy. The program does not include genre headings (waltz, polka) or wok texts. music. Although examples of software ... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary
I Music (from the Greek musike, literally the art of the muses) is a type of art that reflects reality and affects a person through meaningful and in a special way organized sound sequences, consisting mainly of tones ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Books
- Etudes on foreign music, Valentina Konen. The collection is intended mainly for teachers. However, it can also be used by students for seminars or reports in scientific circles. Some of the articles are...
- Program development of educational areas "Cognition", "Communication", etc. in the nursery group, Karpukhina Natalia Aleksandrovna. Software development educational areas"Cognition", "Communication", "Reading fiction", "Socialization", " Physical Culture", "Music" in nursery group(1.5-2 years)…
N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov's "Scheherazade", before us there are images of the cruel Sultan Shakhriyar, the skillful storyteller Sheherazade, the majestic picture of the sea and the ship of Sinbad the Sailor sailing into the distance. Arabian tales"A Thousand and One Nights" became the program of this wonderful work. Rimsky-Korsakov summarized it in a literary preface. But already the name of the suite directs the listeners' attention to the perception of a certain content.
G. Berlioz.
Program (from the Greek “program” - “announcement”, “order”) includes musical works that have a specific title or literary preface created or chosen by the composer himself. Due to the specific content, program music is more accessible and understandable to listeners. Her means of expression especially embossed and bright. In program works, composers make extensive use of orchestral sound recording, figurativeness, they emphasize the contrast between images-themes, sections of form, etc.
The range of images and themes of program music is rich and varied. This is also a picture of nature - the gentle colors of "Dawn on the Moscow River" in the overture to MP Mussorgsky's opera "Khovanshchina"; the gloomy Darial Gorge, the Terek and the castle of Queen Tamara in the symphonic poem Tamara by M.A. Balakirev; poetic landscapes in the works of C. Debussy "Sea", " Moonlight". Juicy, colorful pictures folk holidays recreated in the symphonic works of M. I. Glinka "Kamarinskaya" and "Jota of Aragon".
Many compositions of this type of music are associated with remarkable works of world literature. Turning to them, composers in music seek to reveal those moral issues over which poets and writers pondered. P. I. Tchaikovsky (fantasy "Francesca da Rimini"), F. Liszt ("Symphony to Dante's Divine Comedy") turned to Dante's "Divine Comedy". W. Shakespeare's tragedy "Romeo and Juliet" was inspired by the symphony of the same name by G. Berlioz and Tchaikovsky's fantasy overture, the tragedy "Hamlet" - Liszt's symphony. One of R. Schumann's best overtures was written for dramatic poem J. G. Byron "Manfred". The pathos of struggle and victory, the immortality of the feat of the hero who gave his life for the freedom of his homeland, was expressed by L. Beethoven in the overture to J. W. Goethe's drama "Egmont".
TO program works include works that are commonly referred to as musical portraits. These are Debussy's piano prelude The Girl with Flaxen Hair, the piece for harpsichord The Egyptian by JF Rameau, Schumann's piano miniatures Paganini and Chopin.
Sometimes the program musical composition is inspired by works visual arts. The piano suite “Pictures at an Exhibition” by Mussorgsky reflected the composer's impressions of the exhibition of paintings by the artist V. A. Hartmann.
large-scale, monumental works program music are associated with the most important historical events. Such, for example, are D. D. Shostakovich’s symphonies “1905”, “1917”, dedicated to the 1st Russian Revolution of 1905-1907. and the October Revolution.
Program music has long attracted many composers. Graceful pieces in the Rococo style were written for harpsichord French composers 2nd half of XVII - early XVIII V. L. K. Daken (“The Cuckoo”), F. Couperin (“The Grape Pickers”), Rameau (“The Princess”). Italian composer A. Vivaldi combined four violin concertos under common name"Seasons". They created subtle musical sketches of nature, pastoral scenes. The composer outlined the content of each concerto in a detailed literary program. J.S. Bach jokingly called one of the pieces for the clavier “Capriccio for the Departure of a Beloved Brother”. IN creative heritage J. Haydn has more than 100 symphonies. Among them there are also program ones: "Morning", "Noon", "Evening and Storm".
An important place was occupied by program music in the work of romantic composers. Portraits, genre scenes, moods, subtle shades human feelings subtly and inspiredly revealed in the music of Schumann (piano cycles "Carnival", "Children's Scenes", "Kreisleriana", "Arabesque"). Liszt's large piano cycle "Years of Wanderings" became a kind of musical diary. Impressed by his trip to Switzerland, he wrote the plays "William Tell's Chapel", "The Bells of Geneva", "On the Wallendstadt Lake". In Italy, the composer was captivated by the art of the great masters of the Renaissance. Petrarch's poetry, Raphael's painting "The Betrothal", Michelangelo's sculpture "The Thinker" became a kind of program in Liszt's music.
The French symphonist G. Berlioz embodies the principle of programming not in a generalized way, but consistently reveals the plot in music. "Fantastic Symphony" has a detailed literary preface, written by the composer himself. The hero of the symphony finds himself at a ball, then in a field, then he goes to an execution, then he finds himself at a fantastic coven of witches. With the help of colorful orchestral writing, Berlioz achieves almost visual pictures of theatrical action.
Russian composers often turned to program music. fantastic, fairy tales formed the basis of symphonic paintings: "Night on Bald Mountain" by Mussorgsky, "Sadko" by Rimsky-Korsakov, "Baba Yaga", "Kikimora", "Magic Lake" by A. K. Lyadov. The creative power of the human will and mind was sung by A. N. Scriabin in the symphonic poem "Prometheus" ("The Poem of Fire").
Program music takes great place in the work of Soviet composers. Among the symphonies of N. Ya. Myaskovsky there are "Kolkhoznaya", "Aviation". S. S. Prokofiev wrote symphonic work"Scythian Suite", piano pieces "Fleeting", "Sarcasms"; R. K. Shchedrin - concerts for the orchestra "Naughty ditties", "Rings"; M. K. Koishibaev - a poem for orchestra of Kazakh folk instruments"Soviet Kazakhstan"; Z. M. Shakhidi - symphonic poem "Buzruk".
PROGRAM MUSIC . What do you think is the difference between a piano concerto
Tchaikovsky from his own symphonic fantasy "Francesca da Rimini"?
Of course, you will say that the piano is the soloist in the concerto, but in the fantasy it
no at all. Perhaps you already know that a concerto is a work of
many-part, as the musicians say, is cyclic, but in fantasy there is only one
Part. But now we are not interested in this.
Are you listening to a piano or violin concerto, a Mozart symphony or
sonata by Beethoven. Enjoying beautiful music, you can follow it
development, for how different musical themes how they
change, develop. And you can reproduce in your imagination
some pictures, images that evokes sounding music. At the same time, your
fantasies will surely be different from what another imagines
a person who listens to music with you. Of course, it does not happen that you
in the sounds of music it seemed the noise of battle, and to someone else - an affectionate
lullaby. But stormy, formidable music can evoke associations with
rampant elements, and with a storm of feelings in the human soul, and with a formidable rumble
battles...
And in "Francesca da Rimini" Tchaikovsky by the very name indicated exactly that
it is his music that draws: one of the episodes of Dante's Divine Comedy.
This episode tells how among the hellish whirlwinds, in the underworld,
the souls of sinners rush about. Dante who descended into hell accompanied by a shadow
the ancient Roman poet Virgil, meets among these spirits carried by a whirlwind
beautiful Francesca, who tells him sad story his
unhappy love. The music of the extreme sections of Tchaikovsky's fantasy draws
hellish whirlwinds, the middle section of the work is the sorrowful story of Francesca.
There are many pieces of music in which the composer, in one way or another,
explains the content to listeners in a different way. So, my first symphony
Tchaikovsky called "Winter Dreams". He prefaced the first part of it with the title
"Dreams on a winter road", and the second - "A gloomy land, a misty land".
Berlioz, except for the subtitle "Episode from the Life of an Artist", which he gave
of his Fantastic Symphony, set out in great detail the content of each
of its five parts. This presentation is in character reminiscent of a romantic
And "Francesca da Rimini", and the symphony "Winter Dreams" by Tchaikovsky, and
Berlioz's fantastic symphony - examples of the so-called program
music. You probably already understood that program music is called such
instrumental music, which is based on the "program", that is,
some very specific story or image.
Programs are of different types. Sometimes the composer
retells the content of each episode of his work. So,
for example, did Rimsky-Korsakov in his symphonic picture "Sadko"
or Lyadov in Kikimore. It happens that, referring to well-known
literary works, the composer considers it sufficient only to indicate
this literary
Not including a verbal text, that is, instrumental, but accompanied by a verbal indication of its content.
Definition
Programming as a phenomenon is directly related to the specifics of music: the most abstract of the arts, music has important advantages in transmission. emotional states and moods, but cannot, by its own means, precisely designate what exactly gives rise to these moods - conceptual, objective concreteness is not subject to it. The function of the program in music, as O. Sokolov writes, is replenishing and concretizing: “In the best works this kind of program and music aesthetically ideally complement each other: the first points to the object, the second expresses author's attitude to him, which is best and lends itself precisely to musical expression.
Story
According to musicologists, program music already existed in ancient Greece: according to one of the reports that have come down to us, in 586 BC. e. at the Pythian Games at Delphi, an avletist named Sakao performed a play by Timosthenes depicting the battle of Apollo with the dragon.
Program music experienced its real heyday in the era of romanticism, both in chamber genres and in symphonic music, primarily in the work of Hector Berlioz and Franz Liszt, who developed a special programmatic genre of the symphonic poem.
Programming in Scriabin's music is also interesting, where various remarks are often found in the notes, for example, commenting on the music (“the appearance of horror”, “wing, whirlwind” (Sonata Six)), or explaining its content (“with languid grace”, “with mournful grace” (Two Dances op.73)).
Types of programs
The minimum program is the title of the work, indicating some phenomenon of reality or a work of literature or visual art with which this piece of music is associated. However, more detailed programs are also possible: for example, Antonio Vivaldi each of the four concertos for violin and orchestra "The Seasons" was preceded by a sonnet dedicated to the same season.
Musicologists distinguish several types of programs: generalized (extra-plot) - such, for example, "Pastoral Symphony" by L. Beethoven, "Italian" and "Scottish" symphonies by F. Mendelssohn, "Rhine" by R. Schumann or "Gardens in the rain" by C. Debussy ; generalized plot type - for example, Romeo and Juliet by P. Tchaikovsky; narrative-pictorial, as, for example, "
What do you think is the difference between Tchaikovsky's piano concerto and his own symphonic fantasy "Francesca da Rimini"? Of course, you will say that in the concerto the piano is the soloist, but in fantasy it is not at all.
Perhaps you already know that a concerto is a work of many parts, as the musicians say, it is cyclic, but in fantasy there is only one part. But now we are not interested in this. You are listening to a piano or violin concerto, a Mozart symphony or a Beethoven sonata. Enjoying beautiful music, you can follow its development, how different musical themes replace one another, how they change, develop. Or you can reproduce in your imagination some pictures, images that sound music evokes. At the same time, your fantasies will certainly be different from what another person who listens to music with you imagines.
Of course, it does not happen that you feel the noise of battle in the sounds of music, and someone else - an affectionate lullaby. But stormy, formidable music can evoke associations with the rampant elements, and with a storm of feelings in a person’s soul, and with a formidable roar of battle...
And in Francesca da Rimini, Tchaikovsky, by the very title, indicated exactly what his music depicts: one of the episodes of Dante's Divine Comedy. This episode tells how among the hellish whirlwinds, in the underworld, the souls of sinners rush about. Dante, who descended into hell, accompanied by the shadow of the ancient Roman poet Virgil, meets among these spirits carried by a whirlwind the beautiful Francesca, who tells him the sad story of her unhappy love. The music of the extreme sections of Tchaikovsky's fantasy draws hellish whirlwinds, the middle section of the work is Francesca's sorrowful story.
There are many pieces of music in which the composer in one form or another explains their content to the listeners. So, Tchaikovsky called his first symphony "Winter Dreams". He prefaced the first part of it with the heading "Dreams on a winter road", and the second - "A gloomy land, a misty land".
P. I. Tchaikovsky. Symphony No. 1 in G minor, Op. 13. "Winter dreams".
Part 1. "Dreams on a winter road"
P. I. Tchaikovsky. Symphony No. 1 G-mol, Op.13. "Winter Dreams".
Part 2. "Gloomy land, foggy land"
Berlioz, in addition to the subtitle "Episode from the Life of an Artist", which he gave to his Fantastic Symphony, also set out in great detail the content of each of its five parts. This story is reminiscent of a romantic novel.
And "Francesca da Rimini", and the symphony "Winter Dreams" by Tchaikovsky, and Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony are examples of so-called program music.
You probably already understood that program music is such instrumental music, which is based on a "program", that is, some very specific plot or image. Programs are of different types. Sometimes the composer retells in detail the content of each episode of his work. So, for example, did Rimsky-Korsakov in his symphonic picture "Sadko" or Lyadov in "Kikimora".
It happens that, referring to well-known literary works, the composer considers it sufficient only to indicate this literary
