Russian literature 50-60 years of the 19th century. Aesthetic program of the "new world"

Korobkin A.N. History Soviet culture 60s - 70s of XX century ABSTRACT Genghis Khan, Charlemagne and the first Russian academician Menshikov - they did not know how to write on paper, but they wrote fluently on the "boards of Destiny" ... (Sergey Fedin). 1. LITERATURE In Russian Soviet literature of the military and post-war four decades of the 20th century, we are given the opportunity to distinguish two periods: - the first - the literature of the war years and the post-war revival (40 - 50s) - the second - the literature of developed socialism (60 - 70s). Historians attribute the transition to the stage of developed socialism in the USSR to the end of the 50s, without linking it to one specific date. Developed socialism could not take shape in just one year. With the entry of socialism into the stage of maturity, it became obvious that it had already taken shape and appeared before the gaze of mankind in all its greatness new civilization, and hence the new culture, which is fundamentally different from the capitalist civilization based on the exploitation of millions of laborers. In the 1960s and 1970s, new conditions were created for the development of literature and art. Profound changes in social structure Soviet society, the growth of its culture, consciousness, initiatives opened up new prospects for the manifestation of the principles of nationality and party spirit, required a new approach to solving the problem modern hero and a number of other problems. At the stage of developed socialism, it became especially clear that no one artistic method did not open up such opportunities for the artist as the method of so-called socialist realism provided. During the period of developed socialism, the classics of socialist realism continued their work in the field of literature. These are: Konstantin Fedin, Mikhail Sholokhov, Alexander Tvardovsky, Alexander Fadeev, Leonid Leonov. Along with them, a new generation of writers worked, such as: V. Belov, V. Mozhaev, G. Troepolsky, V. Astafiev, V. Shukshin, V. Rasputin, Vil Lipatov, A. Chakovsky, Ch. Aitmatov and many others. other. In the works of these writers, social and moral contradictions were most often expressed in the forms of everyday, habitual human existence. Literary criticism has already expressed a view of the period of the 1960s and 1970s as being closest to classical realism in comparison with the literature of the first post-revolutionary years. This conclusion is based on the nature of philosophical and moral quest writers such as Vasily Shukshin. Talent V.M. Shukshina is increasingly being measured by the yardstick of Leskov, Chekhov, Bunin. His heroes struggle with the problems that riveted the attention of the greatest writers of the past: what is the meaning of life, "what is happening to us", what is the secret of the world, beauty, movement, "why is everything?" The spiritual tension of his stories is connected with the attempts of the characters to explain the world and themselves, to understand the connection, "to get to the bottom". As a writer, Shukshin tried his hand at the genres of the novel ("Lubavin", "I came to give you freedom"), short stories ("There in the distance", "Kalina Krasnaya", "Until the third roosters"), drama ("Energetic people"), story. The main characters of most of Shukshin's stories are village people: tractor drivers, drivers, accountants, foremen, in a word, sowers and keepers of the land. As a rule, V. Shukshin's heroes are inquisitive people, often "with a weirdo", but in thoughts and feelings they are direct, sometimes simple-hearted, touchingly charming. In his stories, Shukshin ridiculed human vices, knew how to show where is good and where is evil. In the story "The Hunt to Live" evil and good are shown in direct combat. The old hunter Nikitich, a man of infinite kindness, an open soul, sheltered a criminal, actually saved his life - and received a bullet from him in the back. Uncompromisingly negative attitude Shukshin to evil, in this case made in the form of a criminal. It is all the more important to emphasize that the writer subsequently addressed more than once in his works to people who, for one reason or another, were serving prison sentences. The problem of human happiness, which acutely worried V. Shukshin, remained unresolved by him to the end, but it was solved in favor of our life with increasing success. Literature of the 60s - 70s, exploring difficult paths development moral consciousness personality, based on social practice. Not only reason, not only knowledge, but also the strength of the moral radiation of the individual acquired a special price. Turning to a broad depiction of reality, to an analysis of the features of that stage of life, the writers again and again posed the problems of organizing and managing production, relations between the manager and the team, creative growth personality. Having recreated the atmosphere of working everyday life in the novel "And it's all about him", the writer Vil Lipatov, in the conflict between Yevgeny Stoletov and the master Gasilov, showed the struggle between the creator and the consumer. The hero of Lipatov struggles with such vices of society as philistinism, eyewash. These problems worried not only V. Shukshin and V. Lipatov, but also such writers as V. Popov, M. Kolesnikov, O. Kuvaev, poet E. Yevtushenko. But the writers of the 60s and 70s narrated not only about contemporary reality. Some also turned to the military theme, to the heroic past of our people. Many books have been devoted to the theme of the Great Patriotic War. One of them is "Blockade" by A. Chakovsky. The extraordinary drama of the event side with the incomparable battle for Leningrad - that's what captured the "Blockade" millions of readers. The novel depicts a heroic life Soviet people during the enemy blockade. A strategic duel between General Zhukov and the Nazi Field Marshal von Leeb is shown. The winner was the Soviet general, and in general, of course, the heroic defenders of the city. The writers V. Bykov ("Alpine Ballad", "Sotnikov"), M. Sholokhov ("They fought for their homeland", "The Fate of a Man"), K. Simonov ("The Living and the Dead", "Soldiers are not born"), Y. Semyonov ("17 Moments of Spring"), Y. Bondarev ("Hot Snow"), poet R. Rozhdestvensky ("Requiem"). 2. ARCHITECTURE In the 60s of the XX century, in connection with the growth of industry and cities, architecture faced new and new tasks. The All-Union Conference of Architects and Builders in December 1954, the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the Elimination of Excesses in Design and Construction" in 1955, and the All-Union Conference on Urban Planning in 1960 determined further ways improvement of the planning and development of populated areas, contributed to the widespread development of the industrialization of construction, the introduction of the achievements of science and technology into it. Has come new stage development of Soviet urban planning. The rapid development of the country's productive forces, especially in Siberia, the Far East and Central Asia caused the construction of new cities. Annually for geographical map about 20 cities and urban-type settlements appeared in the country. Cities were built and rapidly developed: Bratsk, Novosibirsk Akademgorodok, Tolyatti, Navoi, Shevchenko, Naberezhnye Chelny, Nizhnevartovsk, Nadym, Zelenograd, Ust-Ilimsk, Amursk, Tynda, Chervonograd, Dneprorudny and many others. Monuments and memorials were erected in new and newly built cities. On October 15, 1967, the grand opening of the monument-ensemble on Mamayev Kurgan in Volgograd took place in honor of Soviet heroes victorious battle of Stalingrad. The authors of this memorial are the architect Belopolsky and the sculptor Vutetich. The ensemble is crowned by a 52-meter figure of a woman with a raised sword. This is the personification of the Motherland, which calls its sons to defeat the enemy. In the hall military glory an eternal flame is lit. Monuments to the inhabitants of the village were erected in the village of Khatyn, burned to the ground by the Nazis. The authors of the monuments are architects Yu. Gradov, V. Zankovich, L. Levin, sculptor S. Selikhanov. The monument to the Mother, who saw off her five sons to the front, is known throughout the country. The authors of the monument are architect A. Trofimchuk and sculptor A. Zaspitsky. Many more monuments and their authors can be named. All of them make us remember the heroic past and present of our people. The historic 22nd Congress of the CPSU was held in the new majestic building of the Moscow Kremlin - the Kremlin Palace of Congresses. Development of the project of the Kremlin Palace of Congresses - large creative achievement author's team of designers, headed by corresponding member of the Academy of Construction and Architecture of the USSR M.V. Posokhin. The team of authors included architects A.A. Mndoyants, E.N. Stamo and a number of other architects and engineers. Kremlin Palace Congresses built in short time in less than a year and a half. The volume of the building is about 400 thousand cubic meters. On October 17, 1961, the building was opened. Its facade is lined with white Ural marble and golden anodized aluminum. Above the main entrance was the gilded coat of arms of the USSR, which has now been replaced by the coat of arms of the Russian Federation. Red karbakhty granite, koelga marble and patterned Baku tuff were used in the interior decoration, various breeds tree. The new building, which enriched the Kremlin ensemble, was built for the people. It has become a venue for social and political events and cultural recreation of people. Inside the building, installations for air ozonation were launched, devices were installed - translators from 29 foreign languages. Significant work Soviet architecture, created by young architects - the Moscow Palace of Pioneers and Schoolchildren named after the 40th anniversary of the All-Union Pioneer Organization - is an architectural complex of unusual composition, designed for out-of-school education of children, for the comprehensive development of their abilities in various fields of science, technology, art and sports . The project of the Palace of Pioneers was created (on the basis of a competition held in Moscow in the spring of 1958) by a team of architects and engineers of Mosproekt. The authors of the project are architects: V. Egerev, V. Kubasov, F. Novikov, in collaboration with a large group of architects and engineers. The Palace of Pioneers is located in the southwestern region of the capital, on the Lenin Hills. Its territory (with a total area of ​​56 hectares) is distinguished by a rare combination of favorable town-planning qualities. A pronounced relief, a variety of vegetation, the proximity of the Moskva River and the Lenin Hills park - all this gives the site a country character, despite the fact that it is located in the urban development system. Possessing rich natural data, the site also has developed engineering communications and convenient transport links. Opening new opportunities for development public forms education of children, the Palace of Pioneers is a significant phenomenon in the Soviet architectural and construction practice. In my hometown Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg) during the period of 60 - 70s, many architectural structures were built. With the development of architecture, architects were required to have a new layout of residential buildings and complexes. In the cities of the country, the number of storeys of residential buildings has increased. In particular, in Sverdlovsk, five-story houses began to be built less and less. 12 and 9-storey houses were built. Many have been built public buildings. Almost at the same time were put into operation: the building of the House of Political Education on the street "8th March" (now the Variety Theater), architect Lopatkin, cinema "Cosmos" and the Palace of Youth, architect G.I. Belyankin - Honored Architect of the RSFSR, chief architect of the city, people's architect of the USSR. By the 64th anniversary of the October Revolution, on November 6, Belyankin's next work was put into operation - DK UZTM, which was not equal in size then in the Soviet Union. architect famous monument to the soldiers of the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps on the Railway Station Square (1960) is also G.I. Belyankin (sculptors V.M. Druzin and P.A. Sazhin). Instead of the former wasteland in front of the District House of Officers, the building of the GlavSredUralstroy trust was built and a square with a color-musical fountain was laid out. The author of this ensemble is the architect A.M. Manzhelevsky. At one time, this work received a diploma at the competition. But all of the above is not all. Many have been built and are being built now. 3. THEATER, MUSIC, CINEMA In the 1960s and 1970s, there were resolutions of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR on the allocation of funds for the development of theatrical and film arts. During this period, new talents in the theater and cinema were revealed. There are new actors and new directors. They created new films telling about the past and present of our people. Director S. Yutkevich touched on the topic of V.I. Lenin. He had several works: "Soldier with a gun", "Lenin in Poland". In those years, director S. Bondarchuk also became famous. Suffice it to recall his film epic "War and Peace", where he himself starred in the role of Pierre Bezukhov. Vyacheslav Tikhonov, a talented film actor, starred as Prince Andrei Bolkonsky. Sergey Bondarchuk made such films on military theme, as: "They fought for their homeland", where the writer V. Shukshin starred in the title role of Lopakhin, and "The Fate of a Man", which in 1960 was awarded the State Prize of the USSR. The theater director Oleg Efremov was also known in those years. He has been for a long time artistic director Moscow Art Theater. The head of the Sovremennik Theater was a wonderful theater and film actor Oleg Tabakov. With the departure of Oleg Efremov in 1970 to the Moscow Art Theater, Oleg Tabakov directed Sovremennik for six and a half years. He starred in the films "Kashtanka", "17 Moments of Spring", "A Few Days in the Life of Oblomov", etc. In the theater. Vakhtangov, many great actors have worked and are working, among them the theater and film actor Mikhail Ulyanov. He created a wonderful image of the commander Georgy Zhukov in the film epic directed by Yu. Ozerov "Liberation". AT Bolshoi Theater The leading soloists of the USSR were Elena Obraztsova, Irina Arkhipova and Boris Shtokolov. It is known that I. Arkhipova was not even going to become a singer. In the post-war years, she studied at the Moscow Institute of Architecture, where she also studied in a vocal circle with N. M. Malysheva. After graduating from the institute, without having worked for even a year, she entered the Moscow State Conservatory, and now she is already known all over the world. Boris Shtokolov superbly performed the parts of Boris Godunov, Ivan Susanin and others. For interesting concert programs he was awarded the USSR State Prize for 1981. The unsurpassed performer of the role of the Princess Swan in the ballet by P.I. Tchaikovsky's "Swan Lake", Juliet in S. Prokofiev's ballet "Romeo and Juliet" became the Honored Artist of the USSR, laureate State Prizes USSR, hero of socialist labor Galina Ulanova. Talented performers the music of Beethoven, Chopin, Liszt became widely known musicians such as pianists Svyatoslav Richter and Emil Gilels, violinist Igor Oistrakh and many others. other. At the 3rd international competition Tchaikovsky, the violinist Viktor Tretyakov won the first place in the performance of the compulsory program, and at the VI competition of the same name, held in 1978, the young pianist Mikhail Pletnev won the first place. The jury especially noted the extraordinary talent of this young performer. Variety masters such as Vladimir Vysotsky, Alla Pugacheva and many others are widely known. other. The doors of philharmonic societies and theaters are wide open for visitors. In the USSR, many theaters of satire and humor were created. The famous actor Arkady Raikin was almost always in charge of the Moscow Theater of Miniatures, and the Puppet Theatre, directed by Sergei Obraztsov, is open to both adults and children. The cheerful production of "An Extraordinary Concert" has been pleasing the audience for many years. In the 60s composers S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich, A. Khachaturian, D. Kabalevsky continued to work and created their works. They wrote a lot of works. Prokofiev's opera "War and Peace" is widely known. He also wrote 7 ballets, among them Cinderella and Romeo and Juliet. The theme of the side part of the first part of Prokofiev's 7th symphony began the television program "Vremya". The opera "Katerina Izmailova" and the 7th "Leningrad" symphony by Shostakovich are known all over the world. For him, music was a means of talking to people about the most important things. Aram Khachaturian's ballets "Gayane" and "Spartacus" are often staged on the stages of the country's theaters. Composer D. Kabalevsky is known for the operas Cola Breugnon (based on the book by Romain Rolland), The Taras Family. He wrote many songs for children ("Our land", "Goodbye girl", etc.). He also wrote a Requiem to the words of R. Rozhdestvensky, 4 symphonies and many other works. Dmitry Kabalevsky was also known as an active promoter of music. Last years During his life he worked as a simple music teacher in a Moscow school. The younger generation of that era includes such composers as Lev Shaporin, Rodion Shchedrin, Alexandra Pakhmutova and others. Who does not know Shchedrin's famous song "We are not stokers, not carpenters" from the movie "Vysota"? Rodion Shchedrin also composed 4 ballets, the most famous of them is Anna Karenina. Alexandra Pakhmutova is known as a songwriter. For a long time she worked with the poets Dobronravov and Rozhdestvensky. In the 60s and 70s, such composers as Shainsky, Sorokin, Khrennikov were also known. All of them are recognized masters of musical art. Thus, the period of the 40s, 50s and, in particular, the period of the 60s - 70s of the XX century was marked by powerful impetus forward in the development of socialist culture and world culture in general. _______ June 2013.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, Russian literature and culture flourished. AT public life countries during this period important events: The Crimean War, numerous peasant unrest, the abolition of serfdom, the formation of capitalism. In general, social relations overcome a certain level, a certain level, after which a return to the recent past seems impossible. First of all, this concerns attitudes towards a person, his problems, without distinction of categories and estates. The process of formation of the “new man”, his social and moral self-awareness, begins. It is not surprising that such aspirations made it precisely realism, the main trend in Russian literature by the middle of the 19th century, through which the principles of depicting reality are developed. His new stage was closely connected with an attempt to penetrate into the depths of human feelings and relationships. The authors demonstrate a desire not only to convey their emotions through actors but also to reveal the main causes of social evil. As a result, the authors increasingly turn to folk themes in their works, the image of a peasant, a peasant, becomes one of the main ones in fiction. The traditions of realism laid down by Lermontov, Pushkin , Gogol, are fixed, their works in many respects become a standard for new authors. Critical reviews of works acquire considerable significance and weight. Chernyshevsky's activities, including his dissertation "The Aesthetic Relationship of Art to Reality", served to a large extent as a merit for this. It is impossible not to remember what exactly happened at that time. significant event: serfdom was abolished in the Russian Empire, which of course was reflected in fiction. The desire for further transformations on this basis led to controversy and the emergence of two camps: liberals and democrats. The former proposed political and economic reforms of gradual change public relations, the second insisted on immediate, radical transformations, as a rule, through revolutionary processes. The democratic camp included, among others, Dobrolyubov, Herzen, Nekrasov , Chernyshevsky, and Dostoevsky, Turgenev, Druzhinin, Leskov adhered to liberal views. As a rule, the exchange of views and ideas was carried out through polemics on the pages of literary magazines. Also in the literature there are disputes between supporters of "pure art" and adherents of the "Gogol" direction, later - between "soil" and "Westerners". Under the influence of the ideology of the raznochintsy, the ideas of “real criticism” develop, and the problem of the positive hero is raised. Creative searches of writers - realists lead to new artistic discoveries, enrichment of the genre of the novel, strengthening of psychologism. In the second half of the 19th century, a whole galaxy of talented Russian writers appeared: F.M. Dostoevsky (Poor people, Crime and Punishment ), I.S. Turgenev (Fathers and Sons, Notes of a Hunter), I.A. Goncharov (Ordinary story, Oblomov, Obryv), A.N. Ostrovsky (Thunderstorm, Not everything is carnival for a cat, Dowry, Our people - we will settle), N.A. Nekrasov (Princess Volkonskaya, To whom it is good to live in Rus'), M.E. Saltykov - Shchedrin (History of one city, Lord Golovlev, Poshekhonskaya antiquity), L.N. Tolstoy (War and Peace), A.P. Chekhov (Doctor's novel, Reporter's novel, Ward No. 6, Death of an official, Longing, Vanka, Cherry Orchard).

Two lines of development are clearly visible in the literature and art of the second half of the 1960s. The first is officially recognized. It was represented by published novels and short stories, art canvases exhibited at exhibitions, performed from the stages of dramatic and musical works. In addition, there was the work of cultural figures, unknown or little known to most readers and viewers, created not within the framework of traditional method socialist realism. Some of the works official art, highly appreciated in their time by the governing bodies of culture, turned out to be "one-day". And vice versa, many works of the second, previously unrecognized direction have taken a prominent place in Russian culture.

In the work of many representatives of literature and art in the period under review, the theme of the Great Patriotic War. Movies about the war were shown on the screens of cinemas (including "Ordinary Fascism" by M.I. Romm). Monuments to the heroes and victims of the war were erected in cities and workers' settlements (for example, the memorial " Heroic defenders Leningrad" by sculptor M.K. Anikushin).

At the turn of the 60-70s, literature entered large group prose writers whose theme of creativity was the contemporary village. In the works of V.P. Astafieva, B.P. Mozhaeva, V.G. Rasputin, V.M. Shukshin, the fate of the Russian peasantry, the relationship between the village and the city, occupied a central place. In the genre of science fiction worked A.N. and B.N. Strugatsky. The interest of writers to the historical past of the country has increased. The memoir literature was replenished with memoirs of famous military leaders of the period of the Patriotic War (books by G.K. Zhukov "Memories and Reflections", A.M. Vasilevsky "The Work of All Life", etc.). However, many talented works written during this period could not overcome censorship restrictions and saw the light after a long time.

The idealization of social life was heavily reflected in the development of painting and cinema. Great difficulties had to be overcome by the organizers of the exhibitions of one of the most talented artists- I. S. Glazunova. As before, canvases of avant-garde artists of the 1930s gathered dust in the storerooms of museums. Pictures and literary works on historical themes could see the light only if they corresponded to the prevailing official views to the events of the past. At the same time, a "green street" was opened for the publication of works known to be weak, but relevant ideological foundations socialist culture. In the second half of the 70s, L. I. Brezhnev's book "Small Land" was published in multimillion copies. "Celina" and "Renaissance". Books-memoirs written on assignment Secretary General Central Committee of the CPSU, were journalistic in nature and were intended mainly for study in the network of party studies. However, the board of the Union of Writers of the USSR found it possible to accept L.I. Brezhnev in the ranks of the Writers' Union.

Literary works banned by the authorities were printed, as a rule, in samizdat. This way for the first time came to the reader of the book A.I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago", A.P. Platonov "Chevengur", B.L. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago".

In the 60s. socio-political processes in a country that has entered a period of mature socialism, a deep interpenetration of national and international principles in artistic creativity, level artistic development Soviet literature, the experience it has accumulated for the multifaceted display of the main vital conflicts, created the prerequisites for the final formation of a new, modern stage development of Soviet literature. Important changes in literary life countries expressed themselves in the revival of activities creative unions, in the passage of heated discussions, in the revitalization of the work of magazines and publishing houses. After the 2nd Congress of Writers of the USSR (1954; subsequent congresses took place in 1959, 1967, 1971, 1976), the number and circulation of journals and almanacs increased sharply, and the map of their "settlement" expanded. The almanac "Friendship of Peoples" has become a monthly literary, artistic and socio-political magazine. A new publishing house was created in Moscow " Soviet Russia"New publishing houses were organized in the Kalmyk, Kabardino-Balkarian, Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republics and a number of regions. Since 1958, the second literary newspaper Literature and Life began to appear in Moscow, later reorganized into a weekly" Literary Russia". A constant fact of literary life has become the days of Soviet literature, taking place in the republics, territories, various regions of the USSR.

Formation and development of Soviet literatures in inseparable connection with socio-historical development and cultural construction in the USSR, their steady growth - quantitative and qualitative - is the most important regularity of the spiritual life of Soviet society and one of the characteristic typological features literary process.

An objective study of all layers and social groups of society, a truthful disclosure of conflicts of the past and present from the standpoint of party membership, nationality, adherence to the principle of historicism contributed to the flourishing national literatures, revealing the deepest potentials and created a solid foundation for their international unity.

In the late 50s - early 60s. The achievements of Soviet poetry were associated primarily with those works in which the most ambitious, cardinal for modern era Problems. The biography of the century, the path of a new society, the personality in its relationship with history - such topics have become the subject of artistic research in the epic poems "The Middle of the Century" (publ. 1958) by V.A. Lugovsky, "Strict Love" (1956) Ya.V. Smelyakova, "Lyubava" (1958--62) B.A. Ruchyova, "Palestine, Palestine..." I.V. Abashidze, "Voice of Asia" (1956) Tursunzade, "Blood and Ashes" (1960), "Wall" (1965) Y. Marcinkyavichyus, "Sold Venus" (1958) V.D. Fedorova, "Court of Memory" (1962) E.I. Isaeva and others; in large poetic cycles, claiming to be deep philosophical and social generalizations, "The Man" (1961) by E. Mezhelaitis, "Roses and Grapes" (1957) by Rylsky, "When it clears up" (1956--59) by Pasternak, etc .; in poetry collections "Poems" (1957) N.A. Zabolotsky, "Lad" (1961) Aseev. The spiritual wealth of his young contemporary, the sensitivity, diversity and complexity of his intellectual and emotional reactions reflected in their work B.A. Akhmadullina, A.A. Voznesensky, E.A. Evtushenko, N.N. Matveeva, M. Machavariani, B.Sh. Okudzhava, R.I. Rozhdestvensky, D. Charkviani and others.

At every stage in the development of Soviet society, it is natural for writers to return to the theme of Lenin. In creating a multi-genre and multi-problem Leniniana that opens up perspectives artistic expression The typical image of a person at a qualitatively new level of understanding of this task finds expression in the multinational community of Soviet literature. Significant achievements in this area are marked by such works as the last part of Pogodin's dramatic trilogy "The Third Pathetic" (1959), chronicle novels by M.S. Shaginyan "The Ulyanov Family" (1938, revised ed. 1957), "The First All-Russian" (1965), Kazakevich's story "The Blue Notebook" (1961), Kataev's lyrical diary "A small iron door in the wall" (1964), documentary book by E. Ya. Drabkina "Black crackers" (1957--60).

The deepening of historicism in Soviet literature caused in the 60s and 70s. a new upsurge in historical-revolutionary prose. In works of this genre, writers put actual problems active, heroic attitude to life, in a broad historical and philosophical context, reveal important trends in social development: the novels "Father and Son" (1963--64), "Siberia" (1969--73) by Markov, "Toward the Dawn" (book. 1--2, 1956--57) V.M. Kozhevnikova, "The Creation of the World" (books 1 - 2, 1955 - 1967) V.A. Zakrutkina, "Land and people" (1956) R. Sirge, "Dawn over the sea" (1956) Yu.K. Smolich, "The Twelve Gates of Bukhara" (1967--68) D. Ikrami, "People in the Swamp" (1962) Melezha, "Blood and Sweat" (1961--70) A. Nurpeisova and others. Sharply dramatic carotenes of the class struggle in the post-war Lithuanian village painted M. Slutsky in the novel "Stairway to Heaven" (1963). Many of these works, as well as novels and short stories by M.N. Alekseev "Cherry Pool" (1961), "Bread is a noun" (1964), "Karyukha" (1967), Zalygin "Salty Pad" (parts 1-2, 1967--68), "Commission" ( 1975), A.S. Ivanov "Shadows disappear at noon" (1963), "Eternal call" (1970) turn to the origins folk life, striving to artistically explore the roots and preconditions of a new historical community of people, its problems, prospects for the future. Evidence of the maturity of Soviet multinational literature as a whole is the appearance of significant epic canvases in the literatures of small nations: the novels of the Chuvash writers V. Krasnov-Asli, N. Ilbekov, the Kabardians H. Teunov and A. Shortanov, the Adyghe D. Kostanov and others.

A comprehensive study of the complex processes taking place in the post-revolutionary countryside is combined in Soviet literature with close attention to the person's personality moral character, its place in the system of social relations. Trilogy F.A. Abramov "Pryasliny" (1958--73), novels by P.L. Proskurin ("Bitter Herbs", 1964; "Fate", 1972), Avizhyus ("The Village at the Crossroads", 1964), as well as such works as "Lipyagi" (1963--65) by S.A. Krutilina, "Village Diary" (1956--71) E.Ya. Dorosha are characterized by an accurate knowledge of the language and life of the collective farm village, meaningful artistic analysis life, characters, relationships between people, subtle understanding native nature, poetry peasant labor and moral values ​​based on it. A wide gallery of original folk characters created by V.M. Shukshin, who affirmed in his works moral maximalism, high pathos of spirituality.

Talent V.M. Shukshina is increasingly being measured by the yardstick of Leskov, Chekhov, Bunin. His heroes struggle with the problems that riveted the attention of the greatest writers of the past: what is the meaning of life, "what is happening to us", what is the secret of the world, beauty, movement, "why is everything?" The spiritual tension of his stories is connected with the attempts of the characters to explain the world and themselves, to understand the connection, "to get to the bottom".

As a writer, Shukshin tried his hand at the genres of the novel ("Lubavin", "I came to give you freedom"), the story ("There in the distance", "Kalina Krasnaya").

The main characters of most of Shukshin's stories are village people: tractor drivers, drivers, accountants, foremen, in a word, sowers and keepers of the land. As a rule, V. Shukshin's heroes are inquisitive people, often "with a weirdo", but in thoughts and feelings they are direct, sometimes simple-hearted, touchingly charming.

In his stories, Shukshin ridiculed human vices, knew how to show where good and where evil was.

In the story "The Hunt to Live" evil and good are shown in direct combat. The old hunter Nikitich, a man of infinite kindness, an open soul, sheltered a criminal, actually saved his life - and received a bullet from him in the back. Shukshin's uncompromisingly negative attitude towards evil, in this case performed in the form of a criminal. It is all the more important to emphasize that the writer subsequently addressed more than once in his works to people who, for one reason or another, were serving prison sentences.

The problem of human happiness, which acutely worried V. Shukshin, remained unresolved by him to the end, but it was solved in favor of our life with increasing success.

Military prose still occupies an important place in the literary process. The artistically accurate embodiment of rich factual material, the depth of reflection on the tragic and heroic military four years and its place in history distinguish Simonov's trilogy "The Living and the Dead" (1959--71). With deep psychological authenticity, the inner world of a person in war, the social and moral motives of his behavior are analyzed in Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man" (1956--57), in the stories "Span of the Earth" (1959) and "The Dead Have No Shame" (1961) G. Ya. Baklanova, "Sotnikov" (1970) and "Survive until dawn" (1972) by V. Bykov, in the story "Ivan" (1958) and the novel "In August forty-fourth" (1974) by V. Bogomolov. A significant contribution to the creation of the military epic was made by the works of K.D. Vorobiev, A.A. Ananiev, N. Dumbadze, B. Hovsepyan, T. Akhtanova. A multifaceted image of the Great Patriotic War was given in his novels "Hot Snow" (1969) and "Coast" (1975) Bondarev. staging complex social problems, the desire to penetrate into national psychology, to show its class conditioning, to depict the character of a new person, the novels "The Swift's Cry" (1969) by V. Beshlyage, "The Moon, Like a Muzzle of a Cannon" (1970) by S. Shlyakhu are distinguished

The genre and stylistic range of documentary prose, enriched with lyricism, depth of philosophical generalizations, and passionate publicism, is expanding. Significant pages in the annals of the Great Fatherland. war entered S.S. Smirnov books " Brest Fortress"(1957), "Stories about unknown heroes" (1963). One of the tragic episodes of the military past is devoted to "Khatyn Tale" (1973) by A.M. Adamovich. The desire to more fully express personal experience in direct conversation with the reader, attitude to life caused the appearance of such books, original in terms of genre, as "Daytime Stars" (1959) by Bergholz, "Ice Book" (1959) by Y. Smuula. In the lyric-prose book "My Dagestan" (1968), Gamzatov reflects on the beauty of his homeland, on the fate its history and culture, about the place of tradition in the formation of the spiritual image of a contemporary.

Developing social and moral problems, writers use the techniques of "polyphony" of the narrative, which opens up the possibility of comparing different points of view, characters and life positions, the "looseness" of the novel time, which allows to more fully express the intense self-analysis of the characters, their "confessional" thoughts (produced by A.G. Bitov, Yu.V. Trifonov, Slutskis, etc.). Similar processes are observed in dramaturgy. In the plays of A.V. Vampilov, acute conflict situations become a test of moral and volitional potential, internal culture heroes.

Soviet literature comprehensively reveals the philosophical and cultural and economic meaning of the ongoing changes, reflects the new production relations of people in the moral and ethical sphere of their being: V. Kozhevnikov's novels "Meet Baluev!" (1960), G.N. Vladimov "Big Ore" (1961), A.E. Rekemchuk "Young-green" (1961). The acute problems of modern production, relations in the working environment are becoming more and more attractive material for literature, which is looking for new, effective means of depicting a person, a citizen, a fighter.

The Party highly appreciates the achievements of Soviet literature, notes the intensification of the activity of the creative intelligentsia, which is making an ever more significant contribution to the all-Party, all-people cause of building a communist society. The Party calls for a further enhancement of the role of socialist culture and art in ideological, political, moral and aesthetic education. Soviet people, the formation of their spiritual needs. The Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On Literary and Artistic Criticism" (1972) calls for fighting for a high ideological and aesthetic level of Soviet art, consistently opposing bourgeois ideology, and more boldly exploring the processes taking place in society. The resolution had a significant impact on the development of literary criticism and literary criticism, which seek to more actively, from party positions, influence the course of the literary process, shape the beliefs and tastes of readers. Public authority is growing, the Marxist-Leninist methodological armament is increasing, the professional level of literary criticism is rising (see Literary Studies in the Science section, as well as the article Literary Criticism). The Party pays great attention to the preparation and education of a creative change as one of the most important tasks of the fruitful development of the Soviet artistic culture. In the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On work with creative youth" (1976), a detailed program was given to improve the entire system of vocational training and ideological and political hardening younger generation artistic intelligence.

The formation of Soviet literature as a new stage in the development of the spiritual culture of mankind has always attracted the attention of the progressive artistic intelligentsia. various countries. In the social activities and work of A. Barbusse and R. Rolland, B. Brecht and I. Becher, T. Dreiser and M. Andersen-Neksö, Premchand and Lu Xun, R. Fox, N. Hikmet and many other outstanding representatives of literature 20th century the world-historical significance of the revolutionary experience was affirmed Soviet writers in the creation of a unified socialist multinational literature and traced the routes of its future decisive influence on the course of development "... an international culture of democracy and the world labor movement" (V.I. Lenin, Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 24, p. 120). Being embodied in the works of Soviet literature, the ideas of socialist internationalism equip the writers of various countries with a new vision of the world and open up a real prospect for a way out of the impasses of bourgeois society. The growing international prestige of Soviet literature clearly expresses the triumph of Lenin's national policy (see section International Cultural Relations).

Literature of the 50-60s of the XX century (the "THAW" period).

- the rise of literature, popularity, publication of some previously banned authors;

- new literary associations, poetic schools;

Appear new young and talented poets, and writers (E. Evtushenko, A. Voznesensky, B. Akhmadulina, B. Okudzhava, R. Rozhdestvensky and others);

Expanding the boundaries of what is permitted relative freedom creativity;

- romance"socialism with human face”, an appeal to Leninist traditions;

Participates in the literary life of Voronezh, is fond of socialist ideas, we publish poems, articles, stories of the “worker-philosopher”

Leaves the Communist Party, works, heads the drought control commission

Book. "Electrification", poems

Works as a provincial reclamator, is engaged in self-education, reads a lot

Moves to Moscow with his wife and son

Literary success

"Epiphany Gateways"

"Secret Man"

Criticism, allegations of libel against the party

"Doubting Makar" story

Prohibited for printing

Travel and work in Turkmenistan

Collaboration with the journals "Literary Review" and " literary critic»

Arrest of 15-year-old son

A war correspondent is sent to the front, gets a concussion

Works about the war "Stories about the Motherland"

Illness and death of son, tuberculosis

Not printing, persecution, illness

Children's works, fairy tales

Died, buried in Moscow

Tasks:

1. Why is the fate of the writer so sad, despite his "proletarian" origin?

2. What personal qualities did the difficult, working life in a writer?

The artistic world of the writer:

lived in a turbulent, difficult time and write about problems modernity;

- wrote on "people" in plain language, used fantastic forms (on behalf of the hero);

- works are often not finished, have an "open" ending, surprise the reader with the lack of logic, a clear plot;

- works are often allegorical, symbolic, with philosophical and religious - ethical issues;

- works are inextricably the comic (usually satire) and the tragic are connected;

Heroes of Platonov“strange” people (sufferers, seekers of truth, people from the people, orphans at heart).

Hero types:

- "natural" man - spontaneous , "hidden", with hidden spiritual qualities;

- a person-rationalist-enthusiast of labor , converter, a man with a mechanical consciousness, without a soul;

– child- the highest ethical, the bearer of good and symbol of the future.

Personality and creativity Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov().

In his works we see

Russian diamond placers

speeches ... a word taken from the people ...

Tsensky.

1. Biographical information:

3. The artistic world of the writer:

- wrote about what was happening in the country, because he was a patriot and himself participated in all significant events of the time (collectivization, wars, etc.)

- in his works he tried to reflect the people's consciousness (through language (tale), style, images, etc.);

- a combination of tragic and comic, but more tragic;

– important role landscape;

- the pathos of affirming the value of life;

- realism as the main method.

1. Your opinion about the character and personality of Sholokhov.

2. Make a conclusion about Sholokhov's contribution to Soviet literature (see the themes of the works).

3. Why was Sholokhov's relationship with the government so difficult? Why hasn't Sholokhov written practically anything in the last 20 years?

Cycle "Don stories" (1923-26).

Genre features: Cycle (several works on the same topic) of 20 stories about the Civil War.

The works are tragic in content, but at the same time life-affirming.

Idea: Show the inhumanity of fratricidal war and at the same time glorify universal human values ​​(love, devotion, duty, etc.), an attempt to comprehend the laws of folk life and characters. The author thinks about the problem: are violence, murders, class struggle justified.

Poetics: The symbolism of the images of children (the future), the landscape (corresponds to what is happening). linguistic characteristics of the characters (Cossack dialect, tale).

"Mole" (1923).

The White Guard father Koshevoy kills his son (Nikolai) on the battlefield, and he understands this by his mole.

Idea: Politics, war destroys the family, leads to infanticide. A family is a cell of a united society.

"Shibalkovo seed".

Yakov Shibalok (Red Army machine gunner) falls in love with Daria, who turns out to be an informer of the "whites", they have a son. Yakov, knowing about Daria's deceit, kills her, and wants to raise the child.

Idea: Eternal values ​​are all-conquering - life, love. But the duty to the Motherland is higher. War separates people, leads to the impossibility of personal happiness

"Alien Blood"(1926)

Grandfather Gavrila and his wife, having lost their “white” son in the war, left the wounded “red” contractor Nikolai and fell in love with him like a son.

Idea: The victory of humanistic values: despite politics, people have not forgotten how to love and help their neighbors.

1. Write a presentation on one of the "Don stories", Try to analyze it (theme, idea, characters).

2. Why did Sholokhov turn to the subject of the Civil War? What problems worried him?

3. Why did this collection immediately bring fame to Sholokhov?

Novel "Virgin Soil Upturned"(1932-60)

History of creation: Sholokhov himself participated in collectivization and wanted to prove to people the necessity of these transformations in the countryside. The first title of the novel With sweat and blood”, but the Novy Mir publishing house rejected it. The novel depicts the construction of a collective farm on the Don in a Cossack village.

Genre features : Chronicle novel(1 year), socio-psychological novel.

Idea: show collectivization realistically, prove it the necessity and inevitability of change, legs at the same time and the tragic side of this process.

Semyon Davydov- former factory mechanic, participant civil war appointed to Gremyachiy Log to create a collective farm there. A smart person, devoted to the idea, but he really sees the shortcomings of what is happening, in his personal life he is unhappy and lonely. Tragically dies in the final, but the collective farm creates.

Makar Nagulnov- Chairman of the party cell, fanatically devoted to the cause of the party, dreams of a world revolution. He is unhappy in his personal life, cruel and merciless to "enemies". Dies in the final.

Andrey Razmetnov- very unhappy, lost his family in the war, in love with a woman who does not support his views, Andrei is capable of compassion and thinks about the correctness of what is happening.

Yakov Lukich Ostrovnov- a cunning two-faced man, wanted to help organize a riot in Gremyachen Log, dreams of a former rich life. Collaborates with the new government, very cunning and cruel, but a good owner.

Grandfather Shchukar- a comic character, a parody of the fanatics of the idea (Davydov and Nagulny), the hero is far from politics. The laughter of readers was supposed to defuse the heavy atmosphere of what is happening in the novel.

POWER PEOPLE OPPOSITORS OF CHANGE

(Davydov, Nagulnov,

Razmetnov) (Polovtsev, Lyatevsky, fists)

1. Why did Sholokhov turn to the topic of collectivization?

2. Why was the first title of the novel "With Sweat and Blood", why did it have to be changed?

3. What is the tragedy of collectivization? Did Sholokhov himself understand this? Prove it.

4. What is the difference between the display of collectivization by Sholokhov and Platonov (“The Pit”), who was more objective?

5. Your impression of what you read.

6. home composition on the topic "The theme of collectivization in the novel by M. Sholokhov "Virgin Soil Upturned""

Speaking about the historical period under the spring name "thaw", it is impossible to remain silent about the unusually romantic atmosphere of that time. It is not so much historians or newfangled serials that help to recreate it after fifty years and feel it, but the literature of the 60s, as if absorbing the humid air of the thaw into light lines. Spiritual upsurge, inspired by hopes for imminent changes, was embodied in the poetry of the sixties: Andrei Voznesensky, Robert Rozhdestvensky, Yevgeny Yevtushenko and others.

Sixties- these are young representatives of the creative intelligentsia of the USSR of the 60s. A galaxy of poets, formed during the "thaw". Voznesensky, Rozhdestvensky and Yevtushenko, the leaders of that poetic circle, developed a vigorous creative activity, gathering entire halls and stadiums (since such an opportunity arose due to the softening of the political regime). They were united by a sincere and strong emotional impulse aimed at cleansing the vices of the past, gaining the present and approaching a brighter future.

1. Evgeny Yevtushenko(years of life: 1933-2017) - one of the most famous authors. For his contribution to literature he was nominated for nobel prize but didn't receive it. His most famous work is the Bratskaya HPP, where he first mentioned the phrase that became the slogan of Soviet poetry: “A poet in Russia is more than a poet.” At home, he was active in public activities, supported perestroika, but in 1991 he emigrated to the United States with his family.
2. Andrei Voznesensky(years of life: 1933-2010) is not only a poet, but also an artist, architect and publicist. Known for writing the text of the legendary song "Million Red roses"and the libretto of the first rock opera in the country" Juno and Avos ". The composition "I will never forget you" belongs to his pen. The unique ability of Voznesensky is to create works of high artistic value, and at the same time popular among the people and understandable to him. He traveled abroad many times, but he lived, created and died in his homeland.
3. Robert Rozhdestvensky(years of life: 1932-1994) - a poet who also became famous as a translator. AT Soviet time he was persecuted for independence of judgment, so he was forced to flee to Kyrgyzstan and earn his living by translating texts of poets from other republics. He wrote many pop songs, for example, the soundtracks for the film "New Adventures of the Elusive". Of the poetic works, the most famous are “A Letter from a Woman”, “Everything Begins with Love”, “Please, be weaker”, etc.
4. Bulat Okudzhava(years of life: 1924-1997) - a popular bard, singer, composer and screenwriter. He was especially famous for his author's songs, for example, "On Tverskoy Boulevard", "Song about Lyonka Korolyov", "Song about the blue ball", etc. Often wrote musical compositions for films. Traveled abroad and won honor abroad. Actively engaged social activities advocating democratic values.
5. Yuri Vizbor(years of life: 1934-1984) - famous performer author's song and the creator of a new genre - "Song-reportage". He also became famous as an actor, journalist, prose writer and artist. He wrote over 300 poems set to music. Especially famous are “Let's fill our hearts with music”, “If I get sick”, “Lady”, etc. Many of his creations have been used in films.
6. Bella Akhmadulina(years of life: 1937-2010) - a poetess who became famous in the genre of a lyric poem. Her skill is very targeted in the cinema. For example, her work “On My Street Which Year” was featured in the “Irony of Fate”. Her work is characterized classic sound and a return to the origins. Her style of painting is often compared to impressionism.
7. Yunna Moritz(years of life: 1937 - present time) - in Soviet times, the author was practically unknown, since Moritz's poems were banned due to opposition. She was also excluded from literary institute. But her work found a reader in samizdat. She described it as "pure lyrics of resistance". Many of her poems have been set to music.
8. Alexander Galich(years of life: 1918-1977) - screenwriter, playwright, author and performer of his own songs. His creative views also did not coincide with those officially approved, so many of his works were distributed underground, but they gained genuine popular love. He was expelled from the country, died abroad from an accident. He always spoke negatively about the Soviet regime.
9. Novella Matveeva(years of life: 1934-2016) - poetess, translator, playwright and literary critic. She often performed at concerts and festivals, but most of her works were published after her death. She performed not only her works, but also songs based on her husband's poems.
10. Julius Kim- (years of life: 1936 - present) - dissident poet, bard, screenwriter and composer. Known for the oppositional and bold for its time songs “Gentlemen and Ladies”, “Lawyer Waltz”, etc. The play-composition "Moscow Kitchens" is of particular importance. Kim sarcastically criticized society and power in the USSR. After perestroika, he wrote many librettos for musicals, including Count Orlov, Notre Dame de Paris, Monte Cristo, Anna Karenina and others.

Short poems of poets of the sixties

Many poets of the thaw period have works that are not voluminous at all. For example, a lyrical poem about love by Andrei Voznesensky:

In the human body
Ninety percent water
As, probably, in Paganini,
Ninety percent love.
Even if - as an exception -
The crowd tramples you
In the human
Appointment -
Ninety percent good.
Ninety percent music
Even if she's in trouble
So in me
Despite the trash
Ninety percent of you.

Also brevity, as the sister of talent, can boast of Evgeny Yevtushenko:

Treat temporality humanely.
There is no need to cast a shadow on everything that is not eternal.
There is a temporality of the weekly deception
Potemkin hasty villages.
But they also put up makeshift dormitories,
until houses are built by others ...
You tell them after a quiet death
thanks to their honest temporality.

If you want to get to know one of the small poems of that period in more detail and feel its mood and message, then you should pay attention to.

Features of creativity

The emotional intensity of the civic lyrics of the sixties is the main feature of this cultural phenomenon. Direct, responsive and lively poems sounded like drops. The poets reacted sincerely and regardless of ideological expediency to the difficult fate of the country and the troubles of the whole world. They transformed the traditional stagnant Soviet pathos into the progressive and honest voice of a generation. If they sympathized, then hysterically and desperately, if they rejoiced, then simply and easily. Probably, Voznesensky said everything about the poets of the sixties in his poem "Goya":

I am the throat
A hanged woman whose body is like a bell
beat over the bare square ...

Creativity of the sixties is rightfully considered one of the brightest pages of Russian literary history.

Sixties as a cultural phenomenon

The poetry of the thaw period is a breath of fresh air in a country that is hard going through the moral consequences of the Stalinist terror. However, one era creative way is not limited, many of them are still written. The poets of the 60s did not lag behind the times, although they retained the proud name "sixties" or "60s foremen" - an abbreviation of the usual phrase that has become fashionable.

Of course, what creative movement can do without confrontation? The Sixties struggled with the "powers of the night" - dark and abstract centers of evil and injustice. They stood guard over the primordial ideals October revolution and communism, although they have lost direct contact with them due to time. However, characteristic symbols have been resurrected in poetry: Budyonovka, the red flag, the line of a revolutionary song, and so on. They are the ones that represent freedom. moral purity and dedication as pectoral cross in Orthodoxy, for example. Utopian ideology really replaced religion and permeated the poetry of the thaw period.

Main theme

People painfully perceived the “crime of the cult of personality”, which was made public in 1956, when Nikita Khrushchev came to power and condemned Stalinist repressions, rehabilitating and releasing many victims of an unjust sentence. The poets expressed not only the general confusion and indignation at the "distortion" of a wonderful idea, but also the socialist pathos of the people who had returned to the true path. Many believed that the thaw was a fundamentally new stage in the development of the USSR, and the promised freedom, equality and fraternity would soon come. These sentiments coincided with the worldview of the emerging creative intelligentsia, still very young people. Youthful enthusiasm, maximalism, romantic ideals and unshakable faith in them - these are the incentives for their honest and somewhere even naive creativity. Therefore, the poems of the poets of the sixties are still loved by readers.

The 1960s gave their idyllic pictures an openly rhetorical form, decorating them with transparent allegories. Thoughts and feelings, so close to the society of that time, were often expressed in direct recitation, but the most secret dreams and beliefs only subconsciously appeared between the lines. The thirst for fresh inspiration, novelty, change was felt in the poetics of the tropes.

What contributed to the extinction of the movement?

The work of the poets of the sixties falls on the 60s of the 20th century, and this is the era of internal contradictions. Communism somehow combined with individualism, artistic taste intertwined with kitsch philistinism, physicists were friends with lyricists, the city - with the countryside, democracy - with technocracy, etc. Even the sixties themselves and their fates were different, and this, paradoxically, united them. Such harmony garden of paradise on earth could not continue for a long time, so by the 70s the utopia of the thaw began to collapse. The unity of the public and the personal naturally turned into a confrontation, the personal came into conflict with the state, and romantic freethinkers lost their podium for speeches: the favor of the authorities was replaced by anger. The influence of poets on the mood in society was no longer considered beneficial, or at least permissible, if only because the creators sensitively perceived the "cooling" that replaced the thaw, and could not hide it in their poetry.

The poems of the sixties poets were aimed at a youth audience, and when their generation matured and realized how naive this revolutionary pathos was in the country of the victorious bureaucracy, it stopped both creating and perceiving enthusiastic hopes for the final victory of heat.

It was possible to talk about the poems of the sixties with enthusiasm during the thaw period, but after, when it was clearly "colder", people needed other poetry, reflecting the decline, not the rise. The “name” of the poets also points to the dependence on the era. A cultural phenomenon, as a reflection of historical changes, could not distort and retouch these same changes.

Interesting? Save it on your wall!