Exposed Lavretsky. This is a typical Russian person, not stupid and not evil, who has lived for a long time without benefit to his neighbors, dissatisfied with himself and life - one of those "superfluous" people whom Turgenev so willingly portrayed. Only in the second half of his life does he find a "business" for himself.
He received the wildest upbringing: an extravagant father, under the influence of on-the-fly grasped ideas about "equality", against the will of his father, married his serf. She soon bored him, and he moved abroad. The poor woman, torn from her native environment, languished in the mansions of the lord, without love and heartfelt participation. The child grew up in the arms of an old aunt, an extravagant old woman who brought him up with nothing but fear. The father returned from abroad already with different ideals - "Anglomans", and "ardently took up the re-education" of his son: a well-groomed, spoiled boy, accustomed to living in the secluded world of his childhood dreams, he suddenly began to train, temper, develop his body, leaving his soul behind. Spiritually alone in his aunt's house, he remained so with his father. No one was interested in his soul - everyone tried to subordinate him to his will.
Turgenev. Noble Nest. audiobook
Such an upbringing only "dislocated" him, and did not prepare him for life. A naive, trusting child, with the body of a man, he began independent life by entering the university. “A lot of disparate ideas wandered in his head - in some matters he was as knowledgeable as any specialist, but, along with this, he did not call, much that is known to every high school student.” However, smart by nature, he studied seriously at the university - he did not turn out such a "skygazer" as his parent. Lavretsky even managed to see "the discord between the words and deeds of his father, between his broad liberal theories and callous, petty despotism." Lavretsky withdrew into himself and, "dislocated", went into life "at random", without plans or purpose. He had a hard time getting along with his university comrades—one enthusiastic idealist, Mikhalevich, managed to get close to him—at least he managed to make him a listener to his enthusiastic speeches.
But idealism German philosophy little captured Lavretsky: the blood of a simple Russian woman flowed in him; he also reacted critically to the superficial "Europeanism" of his father and many of his contemporaries - and as a result, he developed peculiar nationalist, almost "Slavophile" views on the history of Russia; in a dispute with Panshin, he, generally taciturn and modest, with enthusiasm and strength developed his cherished thoughts about the dangers for Russia to blindly follow in its development on the "leads" of the West, about the need for independent national development. Having found himself in a quiet Russian village after the cycle of European life, he experienced a surge of “deep and strong feeling motherland." But this "calm" of Russian life did not seem to him " dead sleep"- he believed that the Russian village was strong and mighty, and the people living in it were full of secret powers, - he believed in "the youth and independence of Russia"; he argued "the impossibility of leaps and arrogant alterations, not justified by any knowledge native land, nor real faith in the ideal "... He cited as an example his own own upbringing, demanded, first of all, recognition folk truth and humility before her - that humility before her, "without which courage against lies is impossible." He preaches "reconciliation with life" and advises everyone to work modestly for the benefit of the motherland and neighbor, not asking for particularly broad and brilliant ideas. “To plow the land and try, as best as possible, to plow it better,” is what he recommends instead of chasing high-profile feats, for “the crackling glory of a hero” ... And he realized his thoughts: “really, he became a good master, - really , learned to plow the land, and worked not for himself alone - he, as far as he could, provided and strengthened the life of his peasants.
In his life great importance had Liza Kalitina. Exhausted, embittered, he returned to his "calm" ... If life in his homeland soon calmed him and helped him develop the theory of reconciliation and humility, which was mentioned above, then this theory did not grow into his soul - it was socially -historical point of view; he saw her as public figure; in the depths of his soul there was emptiness - he was indifferent to God, he did not yet know reconciliation with the reality (relation to his wife). Only Laza helped him establish the integrity of his worldview. She brought him to her "Russian" God; she spoke to him of pity and compassion, she managed to free his heart from malice. "You must forgive if you want to be forgiven!" she told him. “We must submit, we must humble ourselves before the will of God,” she repeated. And these words fell on ready-made soil—after all, Lavretsky himself praised the “Russian man” for this ability to endure, reconcile and love—after all, the bright image of his suffering mother flashed before him; before him stood the image of Liza herself ... And he himself is akin to them. That is why, although he did not go to the monastery, he became Liza's brother "in spirit." He forgave his wife, he abandoned personal happiness, recognizing that the meaning of life lies only in working for the common good. This clarification of a great moral duty took place in Lavretsky's soul after a series of mistakes, sufferings, hesitations... He, with the help of Lisa, threw off the husk of egoism, the dust of alien views, inspired from outside, and approached the ideals of his native people, as they seemed to the Slavophiles 40 -s. Among the people of his generation, Lavretsky himself had to conquer these worldviews, pave the way to them... At the price of personal happiness, he obtained the consciousness of this happiness—that’s why they sound so sad. final words novel, in which Lavretsky expressed his thoughts, referring to the coming generation:
“Play, have fun, grow young strength,” he thought, and there was no bitterness in his thoughts, life is ahead of you, and it will be easier for you to live; you will not have to, like us, find your way, fight, fall and rise in the midst of darkness; we were busy trying to survive, and how many of us did not survive! and you need to do business, work - and the blessing of our brother, the old man, will be with you.
He realizes that he got on the path late and lost his strength too much to be of any significant use.
“He,” says Turgenev, “calmed down and aged not only in face and body, but aged in soul.” “Hello, lonely old age! Burn down, useless life!" - last words Lavretsky.
He was brought up by a Frenchman, an admirer of the philosophy of the Encyclopedists, who tried “to pour all the wisdom of the 18th century into his pupil ... He (the father of the hero) walked like that, filled with it; she dwelt in him, without mixing with his blood, without penetrating into his soul, without expressing a strong conviction.
“He enters the university at the age of 25, and in the first happy years married life, he again takes up self-education and sits for half a day at books and notebooks. Turgenev, unfortunately, did not tell us what kind of books these were, and we cannot say under what influences Lavretsky's worldview was created, but some of its features are definitely noted by the author and are most characteristic of "superfluous people." He is all imbued with noble impulses, moods; he even went ahead, compared with Rudin, because he was constantly occupied with thoughts of living activity: in Paris, for example, attending lectures and translating one scholarly work, he kept thinking about how he would soon return to Russia and set to work. The same thoughts visit him upon returning to his homeland. But Turgenev not without reason remarks that Lavretsky was hardly aware of what the matter actually consisted of, thereby indicating the vagueness and indefiniteness of his views, if only it concerned practical application them to life. His soul, like that of Rudin, is full of noble impulses, but he does not have a strictly thought-out, developed on the basis of close acquaintance with native life plan of action - he has dreams, but no thoughts. (Aleksandrovsky).
“Russia,” said Panshin, “has lagged behind Europe; we need to adjust it ... We have no ingenuity. Consequently, we willy-nilly must borrow from others... We are sick because we have only become half European; what hurt us, that’s how we should be treated ... All peoples, in essence, are the same, enter only good institutions - and that’s the end of it.
Spiritually close to Turgenev and sympathetic to him. The author endowed the hero with an extraordinary mind and sensitive heart, put into his mouth his sincere thoughts about the motherland, about bygone youth, about moral duty, about the future of Russia ... The whole novel is unusually poetic. Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote that he sees in Turgenev's novel "bright poetry poured into every sound", that his images are "transparent, as if woven from air." Turgenev directed his talent and skill to sing all the best that he saw in the advanced part of the noble class, but he was forced to admit that in this environment even smart, honest, sincere and selfless people are not able to fight and win in the struggle of life . True, Lavretsky decided to "plow the land", took up farming, "strengthened the life of his peasants." Turgenev speaks with approval of this activity of his, but it is not the main result of the novel, but the words of Lavretsky: “Hello, lonely old age! Burn down, useless life!"
In the "Nest of Nobles" Turgenev raises important moral issues closely related to socio-political problems. Shown in the novel noble people from the best part of the liberal nobility, the author does not forget that the vast majority of the nobles are mired in debauchery, vulgarity, guilty of cruel crimes against the people. Under these conditions, Turgenev says in his novel, a person with a sensitive conscience and a highly developed sense of responsibility and duty cannot be happy. Such a person is in the novel Lisa Kalitina - the most poetic of all Turgenev's women. As D. I. Pisarev rightly noted in the article ““The Nest of Nobles”. A novel by I. S. Turgenev” (1859), Lisa went to the monastery not only to atone for her sin of love for married man; she wanted to offer herself a cleansing sacrifice for the sins of her relatives, for the sins of her class. But her sacrifice cannot change anything in a society where such vulgar people like Panshin and Lavretsky's wife Varvara Pavlovna. In the fate of Lisa lies Turgenev's sentence to a society that destroys everything pure and sublime that is born in it.
Turgenev compares two types of heroes that were important in the history of world literature. Turgenev refers to the type of Hamlet people of deep analytical mind and hot feelings, which painfully perceived the shortcomings of the surrounding life, but did not find determination for the real cause and ruined their lives in fruitless reasoning. A hero like Don Quixote is unshakably faithful to the ideal, "he values his own life as much as it can serve as a means ... to the establishment of truth, justice on earth." The writer had the deepest respect for these heroic people capable of selfless struggle: “... When such people are transferred, let the book of history be closed forever, there will be nothing to read in it.”
This article by Turgenev was a kind of commentary on the novel "On the Eve", written in 1859. Turgenev elects goodie not a nobleman, but a revolutionary raznochinets. Insarov, the hero of the novel, is not a Russian, but a Bulgarian^. Turgenev could not show the Russian revolutionary and his activities at that time due to censorship conditions, moreover, the writer did not know such people closely and believed that he was still only “on the eve” of the day when the Russian Insarovs would appear in it.
“The basis of my story,” wrote Turgenev to I. Aksakov, “is the idea of the need for consciously heroic natures ... in order for things to move forward.” The task set by Turgenev was very difficult. All Turgenev's heroes are an artistic generalization of the impressions that the people he met in life made on the writer, but Insarov was an exception: Turgenev never met a person like him. This was the reason for some sketchiness of the image of Insarov.
Need to download an essay? Press and save - "The hero of the novel" The Nest of Nobles "Fyodor Lavretsky. And the finished essay appeared in the bookmarks.The hero of the novel, Fyodor Ivanovich Lavretsky, is spiritually close to Turgenev and sympathetic to him. The author endowed the hero with an extraordinary mind and sensitive heart, put into his mouth his sincere thoughts about the motherland, about the bygone youth, about moral duty, about the future of Russia ... The whole novel is unusually poetic. Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote that he sees in Turgenev’s novel “bright poetry poured into every sound”, that his images are “transparent, as if woven from air”. Turgenev directed his talent and skill to sing all the best that he saw in the advanced part of the noble class, but he was forced to admit that in this environment even smart, honest, sincere and selfless people are not able to fight and win in the struggle of life . True, Lavretsky decided to "plow the land", took up farming, "strengthened the life of his peasants." Turgenev speaks with approval of this activity of his, but it is not the main result of the novel, but the words of Lavretsky: “Hello, lonely old age! Burn down, useless life!"
In The Nest of Nobles, Turgenev raises important moral issues that are closely related to social and political issues. Having shown noble people from the best part of the liberal nobility in the novel, the author does not forget that the vast majority of the nobles are mired in debauchery, vulgarity, guilty of cruel crimes against the people. Under these conditions, Turgenev says in his novel, a person with a sensitive conscience and a highly developed sense of responsibility and duty cannot be happy. Lisa Kalitina, the most poetic of all Turgenev's women, is such a person in the novel. As D. I. Pisarev rightly noted in the article “The Noble Nest”. A novel by I. S. Turgenev” (1859), Liza went to the monastery not only to atone for her sin of love for a married man; she wanted to offer herself a cleansing sacrifice for the sins of her relatives, for the sins of her class. But her sacrifice cannot change anything in a society where such vulgar people as Panshin and Lavretsky's wife, Varvara Pavlovna, quietly enjoy life. In the fate of Lisa lies Turgenev's sentence to a society that destroys everything pure and sublime that is born in it.
Turgenev compares two types of heroes that were important in the history of world literature. Turgenev refers to the type of Hamlet people of a deep analytical mind and ardent feelings, who painfully perceived the shortcomings of the life around them, but did not find determination for the real thing and ruined their lives in fruitless reasoning. A hero like Don Quixote is unshakably faithful to the ideal, "he values his very life as much as it can serve as a means ... to the establishment of truth, justice on earth." The writer had the deepest respect for these heroic people capable of selfless struggle: “... When such people are transferred, let the book of history be closed forever, there will be nothing to read in it.”
This article by Turgenev was a kind of commentary on the novel "On the Eve", written in 1859. Turgenev chooses as a positive hero not a nobleman, but a revolutionary raznochinets. Insarov, the hero of the novel, is not a Russian, but a Bulgarian^. Turgenev could not show the Russian revolutionary and his activities at that time due to censorship conditions, moreover, the writer did not know such people closely and believed that Russia was still only “on the eve” of the day when the Russian Insarovs would appear in it.
“The basis of my story,” wrote Turgenev to I. Aksakov, “is the idea of the need for consciously heroic natures ... in order for things to move forward.” The task set by Turgenev was very difficult. All Turgenev's heroes are an artistic generalization of the impressions that the people he met in life made on the writer, but Insarov was an exception: Turgenev never met a person like him. This was the reason for some sketchiness of the image of Insarov.
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- Lavretsky Characteristic literary hero LAVRETSKY is the hero of I. S. Turgenev’s novel “The Nest of Nobles” (1859). Fedor Ivanovich L. is a deep, intelligent and truly decent person, driven by the desire for self-improvement, the search for a useful business in which he could apply his mind and Read More ......
- Fedor Ivanovich Lavretsky is a deep, intelligent and truly decent person, driven by the desire for self-improvement, the search for a useful business in which he could apply his mind and talent. Passionately loving Russia and realizing the need for rapprochement with the people, he dreams of useful activities. Read More ......
- The whole atmosphere of the "Noble Nest" is imbued with the mood of withering, filled with the poetry of sunset. The landscape of the novel is predominantly evening, sunset or night, illuminated moonlight and twinkling stars. The picture of the road running away into the distance, along which Lavretsky rides, is in harmony with his sad memories about the painful past, Read More ......
- After the release of the novel "Rudin" in the January and February books of "Contemporary" for 1856, Turgenev conceives new novel. The writer thought over the plot of the story for a very long time, for a long time he did not take it up, he kept turning the plot in his head, as Turgenev himself would write Read More ......
- Particularly important in the novel are the episodes of the denouement and epilogue. These episodes are intended to connect Lavretsky's social "cause" with the idea of moral self-denial and surround this idea with an aura of tragedy. The sudden arrival of Lavretsky's wife breaks his true happiness. Liza goes to the monastery, while Lavretsky stays Read More ......
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"Nest of the Nobles" (1859). Fyodor Ivanovich Lavretsky is a deep, intelligent and truly decent person, driven by the desire for self-improvement, the search for a useful business in which he could apply his mind and talent. Passionately loving Russia and realizing the need for rapprochement with the people, he dreams of useful activities. But his activity is limited to only some reconstructions on the estate, and although Lavretsky is far from Rudin's phrase-mongering, he finds no use for his forces. Therefore, "school" literary criticism usually classifies him as a "superfluous person."
The son of a landowner and a peasant serf, Lavretsky was separated from his mother early, his upbringing depended on the whims of his father. Already at a conscious age, Lavretsky tries to fill in the gaps in his education, at the age of 23 he enters the university. In some ways, Turgenev's hero anticipates Pierre Bezukhov. Like Pierre, Lavretsky enters the world, where he falls in love with the windy beauty Varvara Pavlovna, marries her and soon discovers his wife's infidelity. The break with his wife gives the hero the opportunity to return to Russia.
The uniqueness of Lavretsky's nature is emphasized by comparison with other characters in the novel. His sincere love for Russia is contrasted with a condescending disdain that shows socialite Panshin. Lavretsky's friend, Mikhalevich, calls him a bobak, who lies all his life and is only going to work. Here a parallel arises with another classical type of Russian literature - Oblomov I.A. Goncharova .
critical role in revealing the image of Lavretsky, his relationship with the heroine of the novel, Liza Kalitina, plays. They feel the commonality of their views, they understand that "they both love and dislike the same thing." The feeling that arises between them is deeply poetic, the motifs of the charming starry night, extraordinary music composed by the old musician Lemm. Lavretsky's love for Lisa is the moment of his spiritual rebirth, which came upon his return to Russia.
The tragic denouement of Lavretsky's love - the wife whom he considered dead suddenly returns - does not turn out to be an accident. The hero sees in this retribution for his indifference to public duty, for the idle life of his grandfathers and great-grandfathers. Gradually, a moral turning point occurs in the hero: previously indifferent to religion, Lavretsky comes to the idea of Christian humility. In the epilogue of the novel, the hero appears aged. Our hero is not ashamed of the past, but he does not expect anything from the future either. “Hello, lonely old age! Burn down, useless life!" he says.
The image of Lavretsky, like the whole novel, was very warmly received by his contemporaries. Critics of the liberal camp (for example, Pavel Vasilyevich Annenkov, Alexander Vasilyevich Nikitenko) noted the artistic merits of the novel, the radicals analyzed it mainly social aspects. So, N.A. Dobrolyubov in the article "When the real one will come day?" (1860) attributed L. to the people of the “Rudin temper”, historical role which are already exhausted.
The image of Lavretsky appeared on stage several times. The most interesting productions were at the Alexandrinsky Theater in St. Petersburg (1894), at the Moscow Maly Theater (1895), at the Pushkin Leningrad Drama Theater (1941) with N.K. Simonov as Lavretsky.
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Lavretsky ("Nest of Nobles") is a very complex nature. In his character, the hereditary traits of his ancestors were strongly reflected. Turgenev, in order to more clearly describe the image of Lavretsky in the novel "The Noble Nest", talks in detail about his immediate ancestors. This family chronicle led the author to the idea of naming his novel that way. Lavretsky's great-grandfather was distinguished by cruelty: "he hung men by the ribs." The uncle of this hero also loved to shout and make noise. Lavretsky's father, Ivan Petrovich, was brought up in the capital under the guidance of an abbot, a student of Rousseau. This abbot introduced Ivan Petrovich to the views of the encyclopedists and brought discord into his soul. Arriving in the village, Ivan Petrovich fell in love with the maid Malanya and, to the horror of his father, married her. From this marriage Fyodor Ivanovich Lavretsky was born.
Lavretsky's upbringing was most abnormal. IN early childhood he was hardly allowed near his dearly beloved mother. It is clear that the child was sad and tormented. In the eighth year, Lavretsky ("The Noble Nest") lost his mother and fell under the supervision of a callous aunt, who aroused fear and disgust in him. When the hero was 12 years old, his father came from abroad, strongly imbued with Anglomania. Ivan Petrovich immediately set about raising his son and wanted to make him "a man and a Spartan." The boy was supposed to study international law, natural Sciences, carpentry, mathematics and heraldry. At the same time, his father began to develop in him contempt for women.
This system of education created confusion in Lavretsky's head. When this hero was 24 years old, Ivan Petrovich died, and Lavretsky hurried to enter the university. He diligently undertook to re-educate himself. Lavretsky ("The Nest of Nobles") was not afraid of the ridicule of his comrades; “He seemed to them some kind of sophisticated pedant, they did not need him and did not look for him.” Thanks to this, our hero avoided the influence of the "circles" that had influence on Rudin and Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky district. Neither vanity nor sentimentality were developed in Lavretsky.
He, however, did not have to graduate from university. He married Varvara Pavlovna and lived abroad for several years. After parting from his wife, Lavretsky suffered greatly, but these sufferings did not tear him to pieces. He managed to protect himself from apathy, into which people who are deceived by life often fall. However, life sometimes became heavy on his shoulders - heavy because it was empty. In this consciousness of the emptiness of life, Lavretsky essentially differs from Rudin, who for a long time was unaware of it. Misfortune was useful to our hero. It softened his soul, he became extremely kind. The honest plebeian blood that flowed in his veins made him fall in love with everything native. Turgenev himself calls him a Slavophile. Indeed, in a dispute with Panshin, Lavretsky expresses views that are reminiscent of Slavophile doctrine.
Rapprochement with Liza had a beneficial effect on our hero, he became more religious. Childhood beliefs lived in the soul of Lavretsky, but European enlightenment suppressed them, so that Lisa considered him an unbeliever. “Lisa secretly hoped to lead him to God,” Turgenev says. Lavretsky's unbelief was due to mental fatigue and was not the fruit of moral decay. Under favorable conditions of life, his religious feeling again awakened.
Lavretsky's love for Liza was pure, chaste. After parting with her, the hero did not stop loving her; the image of Lisa remained forever in his soul. Thus, in Lavretsky we find another feature that was characteristic of the generation of the 1840s, against which Bazarov subsequently armed himself in such a way - this is the cult love feeling, recognition behind him of paramount importance in life. Love plays a decisive role in his destiny. Lavretsky himself ("The Nest of Nobles") understands very well the fatal role of this feeling for himself when he says: "On woman's love gone are mine best years”, referring to his unhappy marriage with Varvara Pavlovna. New love when he gets close to Lisa, he revives his whole being, but as soon as he fails here, he considers his life broken and reads himself a waste at the end of the novel.
Towards the end of his life, Lavretsky finally found a job that gave him some peace of mind: he became a good farmer and provided for the life of his peasants. But this new activity did not revive his whole being. “Hello lonely old age! Burn down, useless life, ”- these are Lavretsky’s last words about the end of the novel; from them it is clear that he is conscious of himself unfit for the struggle of life and is giving way to the younger generation.
