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Biography, life story of Karenina Anna
Anna Karenina is the heroine of the novel Anna Karenina.Life story
Anna Karenina - noble lady Petersburg, wife of Minister Alexei Aleksandrovich Karenin. introduces us to Anna at the moment when she comes to her brother Stepan Oblonsky (Steve) in order to reconcile him with his wife. Stiva meets her sister at the train station. At the same time, a young officer Alexei Kirillovich Vronsky arrives at the station (he met his mother). Anna and Alexei pay attention to each other. However, the author does not allow the first emotions to completely overwhelm the characters. At the moment of the first meeting between Karenina and Vronsky, misfortune happens - the train car accidentally drives back and kills the watchman. Anna Karenina, married lady and caring mother Eight-year-old son Serezha, considered this turn of events a bad sign.
The next meeting between Anna and Alexei takes place at the ball. There, some inexplicable chemistry flares up between them again. When Karenina returns to her native Petersburg, Vronsky, beside himself from the passion that has seized his mind, goes after her. There, Alexei Kirillovich becomes the shadow of Anna Karenina - follows her every step, tries to constantly be near her. At the same time, the officer is not at all embarrassed by the fact that Anna is married, and her husband is a man of high social status. On the contrary, Vronsky's love was strengthened by the fact that his chosen one turned out to be a woman from high society.
Anna Karenina, who never had anything but deep respect for her husband, falls in love with Alexei Vronsky. Falls in love and is ashamed of his vicious feelings. At first, Anna tries to escape from herself, to return to habitual life and gain peace of mind, but all her attempts at resistance ended in failure. A year after they met, Karenina becomes Vronsky's mistress. Over time, the connection between Karenina and Vronsky becomes known throughout St. Petersburg. Alexey Karenin, having learned about his wife's infidelity, punishes her in the most cruel way - he forces her to continue to play the role of his loving wife.
CONTINUED BELOW
Soon Anna learns that she is pregnant by Vronsky. The officer invites her to leave her husband, but Karenina does not agree. Immediately after the birth of her daughter, she almost dies. The tragedy forces Alexei Alexandrovich to forgive his wife and her lover. He allows Anna to continue to live in his house and bear his last name. Yes, and Anna herself, in her dying state, begins to treat her husband warmer. But after recovery, everything returns to normal. Anna, whose conscience could not stand Karenin's generosity, leaves with Vronsky for Europe. Lovers take a newborn girl with them. Anna's son stays with his father.
After a short absence, Vronsky and Karenina return to St. Petersburg. There, Anna Karenina sadly realizes that now she is a real outcast for secular society. But Vronsky, on the contrary, is happy to see in any company. Separation from her son caused Anna additional suffering. But on Seryozha's birthday, Anna secretly sneaks into the boy's bedroom. The meeting was very touching - mother and son cried with happiness. They wanted to say so much to each other, but they failed to talk - a servant came into Serezha's room and said that Alexei Karenin would come here any minute. When the official entered the nursery, Anna fled, leaving Seryozha sobbing.
Relations between Karenina and Vronsky gradually began to deteriorate. Contributed to the extinction of their warm feelings and the attitude of society towards Anna. The high society pointed fingers at Anna, and some secular ladies did not hesitate to publicly insult her. Tired of constant pressure, Anna, Alexei and their little daughter Anya move to Vronsky's estate. Far from the bustle of the city, Anna hoped to establish relations with her lover, however, Alexei himself tried to create all the conditions for his beloved. However, it was difficult for them to get along with each other. The officer traveled regularly business meetings and social events in St. Petersburg, Anna, like a leper, had to stay at home. Because of Vronsky's constant absences, Karenin begins to suspect him of treason. Scenes of jealousy have become an indispensable addition to dinner in their house. In parallel, life is overshadowed by a protracted divorce process. In order to solve this problem, Anna and Alexey move to Moscow for a while. Earlier, Karenin promised that he would give Seryozha to Anna, but in last moment changed his mind. He did it solely to hurt the woman who betrayed him. Upon learning that the court left Seryozha with ex-husband, Anna almost went crazy with grief ...
Lost, unhappy Anna Karenina swears more and more with Vronsky. Once Anna Karenina suspected him that he intended to marry another. Tired of constant tantrums, Alexei leaves for his mother. As soon as Vronsky left, Anna clearly felt a burning need for reconciliation with her beloved. She rushes after Vronsky to the station.
Arriving at the place, Anna Karenina recalls her first meeting with Vronsky, their timid glances at each other, that incomprehensible feeling that swallowed her up. Anna also remembered the watchman who died under the carriage. At the same moment, Anna understands - this is it, the solution to all problems! This is how she can wash away the shame and get rid of the shame that constantly oppresses her for her deeds! This is how she, having exhausted herself and those around her, will be able to throw off the burden that has already become unbearable! A second of delay - and Anna throws herself under a moving train.
After Anna's death, Vronsky repented - late, senselessly, but repented. Deciding to follow Karenina's example, Alexey began to look at death as a deliverance. He volunteers for the war, hoping that he will never come back.
Prototype
Anna Karenina is an image created on the basis of three prototypes. The first is Maria Hartung, daughter
Prototype Anna Kareninawas the eldest daughter of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Maria Hartung. The extraordinary sophistication of manners, wit, charm and beauty distinguished Pushkin's eldest daughter from other women of that time. The husband of Maria Alexandrovna was Major General Leonid Gartung, the manager of the Imperial Horse Yard. True, Pushkin's daughter, who served as a prototype Tolstoy, didn’t throw herself under any train. She survived Tolstoy by almost a decade and died in Moscow on March 7, 1919 at the age of 86. She met Tolstoy in Tula in 1868, and immediately became the object of his harassment. However, after receiving gate turn, Tolstoy prepared an unfortunate fate for the heroine written off from her, and when in 1872, in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana, a certain Anna Pirogova threw herself under a train because of unhappy love, Tolstoy decided that the hour had struck.
Spouse Tolstoy Sofia Andreevna and his son Sergei Lvovich recalled that on that morning when Tolstoy started working on "Anna Karenina", he accidentally looked into Pushkin's volume and read an unfinished passage "Guests were coming to the dacha ...". "That's how to write!" exclaimed Tolstoy. On the evening of the same day, the writer brought his wife a handwritten piece of paper, on which was the now textbook phrase: "Everything is mixed up in the Oblonskys' house." Although in the final edition of the novel she became the second, not the first, giving way to "all happy families", as you know, like a friend on a friend...
By that time, the writer had long nurtured the idea of writing a novel about a sinner rejected by society. Tolstoy finished his work in April 1877. In the same year, it began to be published in the Russky Vestnik magazine in monthly portions - all reading Russia burned with impatience, waiting for the continuation.
Surname Karenin has literary source. Where does the name Karenin come from? - writes Sergei Lvovich Tolstoy. — Lev Nikolaevich began to study Greek in December 1870 and soon became so familiar with it that he could admire Homer in the original… Once he told me: “Karenon — Homer has a head. From this word I got the surname Karenin.
According to the plot of the novel Anna Karenina Realizing how hard, hopeless her life is, how senseless her cohabitation with her lover Count Vronsky, rushes after Vronsky, hoping to explain and prove something to him. At the station, where she was supposed to board the train to go to the Vronskys, Anna recalls her first meeting with him, also at the station, and how on that distant day some lineman was run over by a train and was crushed to death. Right Anna Karenina the thought comes to mind that there is a very simple way out of her situation, which will help her wash away the shame and untie everyone's hands. And at the same time it will be a great way to take revenge on Vronsky, Anna Karenin and throws himself under the train.
Could this happen tragic event in fact, in the very place that he describes in his novel Tolstoy? Zheleznodorozhnaya station (in 1877 a class IV station) small town With by the same name 23 kilometers from Moscow (until 1939 - Obiralovka). It was in this place that the terrible tragedy described in the novel took place. "Anna Karenina".
In Tolstoy's novel, this is how the suicide scene is described Anna Karenina: "... she did not take her eyes off the wheels of the passing second car. And exactly at the moment when the middle between the wheels caught up with her, she threw back her red bag and, shrugging her head into her shoulders, fell under the car on her hands and with a slight movement, like preparing to get up at once, she knelt down.
In fact, Karenina Not I could do it the way I told you about it Tolstoy. A person cannot be under a train by falling into full height. In accordance with the trajectory of the fall: when falling, the figure rests its head against the lining of the car. The only way left is to kneel in front of the rails and quickly stick your head under the train. But it is unlikely that such a woman would do this as Anna Karenina.
Despite the dubious (without touching, of course, the artistic side) scene of suicide, the writer nevertheless chose Obiralovka not by chance. The Nizhny Novgorod railway was one of the main industrial highways: heavily loaded freight trains often ran here. The station was one of the largest. In the 19th century, these lands belonged to one of the relatives of Count Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky. According to the reference book of the Moscow province for 1829, there were 6 households in Obiralovka with 23 peasant souls. In 1862, a railway line was laid here from the Nizhny Novgorod railway station that existed at that time, which stood at the intersection of Nizhegorodskaya street and Rogozhsky shaft. In Obiralovka itself, the length of sidings and sidings was 584.5 sazhens, there were 4 arrows, a passenger and a residential building. Every year, the station was used by 9,000 people, or an average of 25 people a day. The station settlement appeared in 1877, when the novel itself was published. "Anna Karenina". Now there is nothing left of the former Obiralovka on the current Zhelezka
137 years ago, Leo Tolstoy completed Anna Karenina, a novel that became a classic of world literature, but for which late XIX century, both critics and readers "pissed off" the author.
On April 17, 1877, Leo Tolstoy finished work on the novel Anna Karenina. The prototypes of many characters were real people- the classic “painted” some of the portraits and characters from the friends, relatives and just acquaintances around him, and the hero named Konstantin Levin is often called the alter ego of the author himself. AiF.ru tells what it is about great romance Tolstoy and why "Anna Karenina" has become a "mirror" of its era.
Two marriages
"All happy families similar to each other, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way,” this phrase opens the first volume of Anna Karenina and sets the mood for the whole novel. Over the course of eight parts, the author describes the joys and hardships of individual families: adultery, marriages and the birth of children, quarrels and experiences.
The work is based on two storylines: a) the relationship of the married Anna Karenina and the young and passionately in love with her Alexei Vronsky; b) the family life of the landowner Konstantin Levin and Kitty Shcherbatskaya. Moreover, against the background of the first couple, experiencing passion and jealousy, the second is a real idyll. By the way, in one of the early versions of the novel was called "Two Marriages".
On someone else's misfortune
The life of Anna Karenina, it would seem, can only be envied - a woman from high society, she is married to a noble official and raises a son with him. But her whole existence is turned upside down by a chance meeting at the train station. Leaving the carriage, she exchanges glances with the young count and officer Vronsky. Soon the couple collides again - now at the ball. Even Kitty Shcherbatskaya, who is in love with Vronsky, notices that he is drawn to Karenina, and she, in turn, is interested in her newfound admirer.
But Anna needs to return to her native Petersburg - to her husband and son. Persistent and stubborn Vronsky follows her - not at all embarrassed by her status, he begins to court the lady. Throughout the year, the heroes meet at balls and social events until they become lovers. Everyone is watching the development of their relationship. high society- including Alexei Karenin, Anna's husband.
Despite the fact that the heroine is expecting a child from Vronsky, her husband does not give her a divorce. During childbirth, Anna almost dies, but a month after her recovery, she goes abroad - along with Vronsky and their little daughter. She leaves her son in the care of his father.
But life with her lover does not bring her happiness. Anna begins to be jealous of Vronsky, and he, although he loves, is weary of her and yearns. Returning to St. Petersburg does not change anything - especially since former friends shun their company. Then the heroes go first to the village, and then to Moscow - however, their relationship does not become stronger from this. After a particularly violent quarrel, Vronsky leaves to visit his mother. Karenina follows him and at the station she comes up with a decision on how to resolve this situation and “untie” everyone’s hands. She throws herself under the train.
Vronsky takes the loss hard and leaves as a volunteer for the war. Their little daughter is taken in by Alexei Karenin.
Levin's Second Chance
In parallel, Tolstoy unfolds another storyline: he describes the story of Kitty Shcherbatskaya and Konstantin Levin. The 34-year-old landowner was in love with the 18-year-old Kitty and even decided to propose to her, but she was then carried away by Vronsky and refused. Soon the officer left for Anna, and Shcherbatskaya remained "at broken trough". On a nervous basis, the girl fell ill, and Levin drove off back to the village, to manage his estate and work together with the peasant peasants.
However, Tolstoy gave his heroes a second chance: the couple met again at a dinner party. Kitty understands that she loves Levin, and he realizes that his feelings for the girl have not faded at all. The hero for the second time offers Shcherbatskaya a hand and a heart - and this time she agrees. Immediately after the wedding, the couple leaves for the village. Despite the fact that at first living together it is not easy for them, they are happy - Kitty supports her husband when his brother has died, and gives birth to Levin's child. This is exactly what, according to Tolstoy, a family should look like, and between spouses there must certainly be spiritual closeness.
Mirror of the era
As Sergei Tolstoy, son of the classicist, wrote, “From realistic novel What "Anna Karenina" is requires above all truthfulness; therefore, not only large, but also small facts taken from real life served as material for him. But what could prompt the author to such a plot?
Divorce was rare in the 19th century. Society severely condemned and despised women who dared to leave their families for another man. However, there were precedents, including in the Tolstoy family. For example, his distant relative Alexei Tolstoy married Sofya Bakhmeteva - when the couple met, Bakhmeteva was already married to another and had a daughter. To some extent, Anna Karenina - collective image. Some features of her appearance are reminiscent of Maria Hartung - Pushkin's daughter, and the character of the heroine and the situation in which she found herself, the author "wove" from several different stories. The spectacular ending was also taken from life - the cohabitant of Tolstoy's neighbor died under the train. Yasnaya Polyana— Anna Pirogova. She was very jealous of her lover, but somehow she quarreled with him and left for Tula. Three days later, the woman handed over a letter to her cohabitant through the coachman, and she herself threw herself under the wheels.
Nevertheless, critics were outraged by Tolstoy's novel. Anna Karenina was called immoral and immoral - that is, “in reality”, readers treated her in exactly the same way as secular characters in the book. A number of attacks were also caused by the description by the author of the scene of intimacy between his heroine and Vronsky. Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin spoke of Anna Karenina as a "cow romance", where Vronsky is a "bull in love", and Nikolai Nekrasov wrote an epigram:
It is no secret that it was the eldest daughter of A.S. Pushkin's Maria Hartung and became the prototype of Anna Karenina. It is worth noting that Maria Alexandrovna was noticeably different from other women of that time with her extraordinary wit, beauty, charm and sophistication of manners. Major General L. Hartung became her husband.
Of course, unlike Anna Karenina, Maria Alexandrovna did not throw herself under the train and outlived Tolstoy himself by almost 10 years. Eldest daughter the great poet passed away at the age of 86 on March 7, 1919 in Moscow. Maria Hartung met Tolstoy in Tula (1869). famous writer could not pass by such a woman and began to show many signs of attention to her, to which the poet's daughter refused.
Perhaps that is why the main character, written off from Maria Alexandrovna, was destined for such a difficult fate. In 1872, not far from Yasnaya Polyana, because of unhappy love, a certain Anna Pirogova threw herself under a train. It is quite possible that it was this news that prompted Tolstoy to the idea of ending the life of Anna Karenina under the wheels of a train.
From the memoirs of Tolstoy's wife and their son, it follows that in the hands of the writer on the morning when he began to work on Anna Karenina, there was a volume of Pushkin. In it, Tolstoy ran his eyes over the passage of the poet "Guests gathered at the dacha ...". It was at this moment that the writer exclaimed: “This is how you should write!”.
On the same day, the writer’s wife already held a handwritten sheet in her hands, where everything was written famous phrase: "Everything is mixed up in the Oblonskys' house." True, later this very phrase became the second. In the final edition, the work began with the words: "all happy families ...".
At that time, Tolstoy had more than once visited the idea of writing a novel about a sinner who would be rejected by society. The work was completed by the writer in April 1877. In the same year, it began to be published in parts in the Russian Bulletin, which was published every month.
Many were interested in the question of the origin of the name Karenina. The history of this surname is quite interesting. Lev Nikolaevich at one time became interested in the study of the Greek language. He was so successful in this that he was soon reading Homer in the original. And one day he told his son that Homer's Karenon is his head. It was from this word that the surname of the main character with an unfortunate fate came about.
Based on the storyline of the novel, Anna Karenina was fully aware of how dark and difficult her life was. The very idea of cohabitation with her lover Vronsky weighed heavily on her. She rushes after the count in the hope of conveying something to him.
Already at the station, Anna Karenina is immersed in memories. She recalls her first meeting with the count, and the day when one lineman was crushed by a train. It was then that the thought arises in her head that the way out of her difficult situation yet there is.
Thus, according to the heroine, one can not only wash away shame from oneself, but also untie the hands of everyone else. Such a way out, according to Anna Karenina, is great opportunity also take revenge on Vronsky. With these thoughts, she throws herself under the train.
Some wonder if such a tragic event could actually happen in the place that the author himself describes? Railway station was located 23 km from the capital, which was located in the city of the same name. This is where it happened terrible tragedy which took place in Tolstoy's novel.
The writer describes in detail the suicide of Anna Karenina. The heroine, according to the author, "fell under the car on her hands ... knelt down." But in fact, it is simply impossible to be under the wheels of a train, falling to your full height.
The trajectory of the fall in this case would be quite different. When falling, the figure had to rest its head against the skin of one of the cars. The only way left is to kneel right in front of the rails and quickly lower your head under the oncoming train. Most likely, a woman like Anna Karenina would not do this.
As we can see, the details of the heroine's suicide scene are doubtful, which cannot be said about the artistic side of the description. But it should be noted that Obdiralovka (that was the name of the Railway Town until 1939) was not chosen by Tolstoy by chance. While railroad was considered one of the main industrial highways. It was here that heavy freight trains passed.
The described station was one of the largest in those days. In the 19th century these lands were in the possession of Count Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky. In 1862, a railway line was laid here from the Nizhny Novgorod railway station.
As for the Obdiralovka itself, the entire length of the sidings and sidings in it was a little over 584 sazhens. About 9 thousand people used this station every year (about 25 people daily). The village itself at the station began its existence in 1877, when the novel "Anna Karenina" was published. Today, in those places, nothing reminds of the old Rip-off of that time.
Additional material (on the prototypes of the novel)
The novel "Anna Karenina" Tolstoy wrote in Yasnaya Polyana. His relatives recognized familiar pictures, familiar people and even themselves in the book. The writer's son, Sergei Lvovich Tolstoy, recalled: “The father took the material for her (for Anna Karenina) from the life around him. I knew many faces and many episodes described there. But in Anna Karenina characters not quite the ones who actually lived. They just look like them. The episodes are combined differently than in real life.”
In each of Tolstoy's heroes there is something of his worldview. For example, Levin's lyrical mood, in which the living features of Tolstoy are guessed, is fanned by the landscape of Moscow (part one, chapter IX In the image of Levin, in general, a lot comes from the author: features of appearance, and life conflicts, and experiences, and reflections.
Levin's surname itself is formed on behalf of Tolstoy: “ Lev Nikolaevich” (as he was called in the home circle). The surname Levin was perceived precisely in this transcription. However, neither Tolstoy nor his relatives insisted on such a reading.
The story of Levin and Kitty embodies Tolstoy's memories of his family life. Levin writes on the card table initial letters the words that Kitty wanted to say, and she guesses their meaning. The explanation of Tolstoy with his fiancee, and then with his wife, took place approximately in the same way (Part Four, Chapter XIII). S. A. Tolstaya (nee Bers) writes about this in detail in her notes (“The Marriage of L. N. Tolstoy” in the book “L. N. Tolstoy in the Memoirs of Contemporaries”, M., 1955).
V. G. Korolenko noted the closeness of the way of thinking of Tolstoy’s heroes and the writer himself: “Pierre’s doubts and spiritual discord, Levin’s reflections, his falls, mistakes, more and more searches - this is his own, native, organically inherent in the soul of Tolstoy himself.”
Anna Karenina, according to T. A. Kuzminskaya, resembles Maria Alexandrovna Hartung (1832-1919), Pushkin's daughter, but "not in character, not in life, but in appearance." Tolstoy met M.A. Gartung on a visit to General Tulubyev in Tula. Kuzminskaya says: “Her light gait easily carried her rather full, but straight and graceful figure. I was introduced to her. Lev Nikolayevich was still sitting at the table. I saw him staring at her intently. "Who is this?" he asked, coming up to me. - M-me Hartung, daughter of the poet Pushkin. “Yes,” he drawled, “now I understand ... Look at her Arabic curls on the back of her head. Surprisingly thoroughbred.”
In the diary of S. A. Tolstoy there is a reference to another prototype of Tolstoy's heroine. S. A. Tolstaya talks about tragic fate Anna Stepanovna Pirogova, whose unhappy love led to death. She left home "with a bundle in her hand", "returned to the nearest station - Yasenki, where she threw herself onto the rails under a freight train." All this happened near Yasnaya Polyana in 1872. Tolstoy went to the railway barracks to see the unfortunate woman. In the novel, both the motivation for actions and the nature of events were changed.
The prototype of Karenin was the “reasonable” Mikhail Sergeevich Sukhotin, chamberlain, adviser to the Moscow palace office. In 1868, his wife, Maria Alekseevna, obtained a divorce and married S. A. Ladyzhensky. Tolstoy was friendly with Maria Alekseevna's brother and knew about this family history.
The surname Karenin has a literary source. Sergei Tolstoy recalled how his father told him: “Karenon - Homer has a head. From this word I got the surname Karenin. Apparently, Karenin is a “head” person, his mind prevails over feeling.
The prototype of Oblonsky is called Vasily Stepanovich Perfilyev, the district marshal of the nobility, and then the Moscow governor, married to the second cousin of Leo Tolstoy.
In the character of Nikolai Levin, Tolstoy reproduced many of the features of the nature of his own brother, Dmitry. “I think that it was not so much the bad, unhealthy life that he led for several months in Moscow, but the internal struggle of pangs of conscience that immediately ruined his powerful organism,” Tolstoy recalled.
Some features of the artist Mikhailov, whose studio Anna and Vronsky visit in Rome, resemble, according to S. L. Tolstoy, the artist I. N. Kramskoy. In the autumn of 1873, Kramskoy painted a portrait of Leo Tolstoy in Yasnaya Polyana. Their conversations about the worldview and creativity, about the old masters gave Tolstoy the idea to introduce into the novel scenes with the participation of the “new artist”, brought up “in the concepts of disbelief, denial and materialism”.
Real facts reality entered the novel transformed, obeying the creative concept of Tolstoy. Therefore, it is impossible to completely identify the heroes of Anna Karenina with their real prototypes. “You need to observe many homogeneous people in order to create one specific type,” says Tolstoy.
Homework.
1. Determine the features of the genre and composition of the novel;
2. Find arguments in favor of the fact that Tolstoy's novel, following Pushkin, can be called "free";
3. Find connections between the image of Anna Karenina and Tatyana Larina (leading).
Lesson 2
The purpose of the lesson: determine the features of the genre and compositions of the novel; reveal its main storylines.
Methodical methods: teacher's lecture; questions conversation.
Lesson equipment: portrait of L. N. Tolstoy by Kramskoy; edition of Anna Karenina.
During the classes
I. Teacher's word
Tolstoy called his novel "broad, free." This definition is based on Pushkin's term "free novel". Between Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" and Tolstoy's novel "Anna Karenina" there is an undoubted connection, which manifests itself in the genre, in the plot, and in the composition. Tolstoy continued Pushkin's traditions of updating the form of the novel, expanding its artistic possibilities.
The free novel genre has evolved overcoming literary schemes and conventions. In Tolstoy's novel, there is no absolute plot completeness of the provisions on which the traditional novel plot was built. The choice of material and the free development of storylines are determined only by the concept of the writer. Tolstoy himself wrote about this in the following way: “I can’t and I can’t put certain boundaries on my fictional faces - somehow marriage or death. It involuntarily seemed to me that the death of one person only aroused interest in other persons, and marriage was for the most part a tie, not a denouement of interest” (vol. 13, p. 55).
Tolstoy destroyed the traditional “known boundaries” of the novel genre, which involves the death of a hero or a wedding, by completing the plot, a point in the history of the characters.
Prove that Tolstoy's novel does not meet the traditional ideas about the novel for his time. Compare "Anna Karenina" with Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin".
(Tolstoy's novel continues after the wedding of Levin and Kitty, even after Anna's death. The author's creative concept - the embodiment of "family thought" - dictates the free development of the plot, makes it vital, truthful, reliable. In Pushkin's novel, too, it seems as if there is no beginning and end, no completion of storylines. The novel begins unconventionally - with Onegin's thoughts on the way to the village to his dying uncle, the novel continues after the death of one of the main characters - Lensky, and after the marriage of the main character - Tatiana. In "Eugene Onegin" there is no traditional ending. After the explanation Onegin and Tatyana, the author simply leaves the hero “in a moment that is bad for him.” Pushkin’s novel is like a piece of life, snatched by the author, allowing him to express his ideas, raise questions that are not only acute for his time, and show the material and spiritual life of society.)
Teacher. Contemporary critics Tolstoy was reproached for the dissonance of the plot, for the fact that the plot lines are independent of each other, that there is no unity in the novel. Tolstoy, on the other hand, emphasized that the unity of his novel is based not on external plot constructions, but on “ intercom”, defined by the general idea. For Tolstoy, the inner content, clarity and certainty of attitude to life, which permeate the entire work, is important.
IN free novel there is not only freedom, but also necessity, not only breadth, but also unity.
In many scenes, characters, positions of Tolstoy's novel, artistic unity and unity are strictly maintained. copyright. “There is a center in the field of knowledge,” writes Tolstoy, “and there are countless radii from it. The whole problem is to determine the length of these radii and their distance from each other. The concept of “one-centeredness” was the most important for Tolstoy in his philosophy of life, which was reflected in the novel “Anna Karenina”. It is built like this: it has two main circles - Levin's circle and Anna's circle. Moreover, Levin's circle is wider: Levin's story begins earlier than Anna's story and continues after her death. And the novel does not end in disaster on railway(part seven), but by Levin’s moral quest and his attempts to create a “positive program” for updating private and common life(part eight).
Anna's circle, which can be called the circle of life of "exceptions", is constantly shrinking, leading the heroine to despair, and then to death. Levin circle - circle “ real life". It expands and has no clear external boundaries, like life itself. There is an inevitable logic to this. historical development, which, as it were, predetermines the denouement and resolution of the conflict, and the ratio of all parts in which there is nothing superfluous. Such is the hallmark of classical clarity and simplicity in art.
II. Class work.
Exercise. Try to graphically depict the most general ideas O life path the main characters of Tolstoy's novel in accordance with the author's concept of "one-centeredness".
Let us recall Tolstoy's famous "formula": "And there is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth" ("War and Peace"). The novel "Anna Karenina" corresponds to this formula.
Another formula is found in Tolstoy's reasoning: “There are different degrees of knowledge. Complete knowledge is that which illuminates the whole subject from all sides. The clarification of consciousness is accomplished in concentric circles.” The composition of "Anna Karenina" can serve as ideal model for this formula of Tolstoy, which presupposes the presence of a homogeneous structure of characters and the regular development of a “beloved dream”.
The many circles of events in the novel, which have a common center, testify to the artistic unity of Tolstoy's epic concept.
What is the basis for the development of the plot of the novel? What do you think is the author's "favorite dream"?
(The internal basis of the developed plot in the novel “Anna Karenina” is the gradual liberation of a person from class prejudices, from confusion of concepts, from the “torturous lie” of separation and enmity. life quest Annas ended in disaster, but Levin, through doubt and despair, sets out on the road to goodness, to truth, to the people. He thinks not of economic or political revolution, but about a spiritual revolution, which, in his opinion, should reconcile interests and create "harmony and connection" between people. This is the "favorite dream" of the author, and Levin is its spokesman.)
Teacher. Let's try to slightly expand our understanding of the plot and composition of the novel. We will try to briefly define the content of the parts of the novel, to trace how the author's intention is gradually revealed.
Name the main events of the parts of the novel. Find key images.
(In the first part key image- an image of general discord, confusion. The novel opens with an insoluble conflict in the Oblonskys' house. One of the first phrases of the novel: "Everything is mixed up in the Oblonskys' house" is the key one. Levin is refused by Kitty. Anna loses her peace, foreseeing a future catastrophe. Vronsky leaves Moscow. The meeting of the heroes at the blizzard portends the tragedy of their relationship. Levin, just like his brother Nikolai, wants to "get away from all the abomination, confusion, and someone else's and his own." But there is nowhere to go.
In the second part, the characters seem to be scattered by the wind of events. Levin has closed himself in his estate alone, Kitty wanders around the resort towns of Germany. Vronsky and Anna were connected by "confusion" with each other. Vronsky triumphs that his "charming dream of happiness" has come true, and does not notice that Anna says: "It's all over." At the races in Krasnoye Selo, Vronsky unexpectedly suffers a “shameful, unforgivable” defeat, a harbinger of a life collapse. The crisis is experienced by Karenin: “He experienced a feeling similar to what a person would feel if he calmly passed over the abyss along the bridge and suddenly saw that this bridge had been dismantled and that there was an abyss. This abyss was life itself, the bridge was that artificial life that Alexey Alexandrovich lived.
The position of the heroes in the third part is characterized by uncertainty. Anna stays at Karenin's house. Vronsky serve in the regiment. Levin lives in Pokrovsky. They are forced to make decisions that do not coincide with their desires. And life turns out to be entangled in a “web of lies.” Anna feels this especially keenly. She says about Karenin: “I know him! I know that he, like a fish in water, swims and enjoys lying. But no, I will not give him this pleasure, I will break this web of lies of his, in which he wants to entangle me; let it be what will be. Everything is better than lies and deceit!
In the fourth part of the novel, relations are established between people who are already divided by dull enmity, tearing the "web of lies". It tells about the relationship between Anna and Karenin, Karenin and Vronsky, Levin and Kitty, who finally met in Moscow. Heroes are affected by two opposing forces: moral law kindness, compassion and forgiveness and the powerful law of public opinion. This law operates constantly and inevitably, and the law of compassion, goodness, manifests itself only occasionally, like an epiphany, when Anna suddenly felt sorry for Karenin, when Vronsky saw him "not evil, not false, not funny, but kind, simple and majestic."
The leading theme of the fifth part is the theme of choosing the path. Anna left with Vronsky for Italy. Levin married Kitty and took her to Pokrovskoye. There is a complete break with past life. Levin in confession draws attention to the words of the priest: "You are entering a time of life when you have to choose a path and stick to it." The choice of Anna and Vronsky is illuminated by the painting by the artist Mikhailov "Christ before the Judgment of Pilate", which was artistic expression problems of choice between the "power of evil" and the "law of good". Karenin, who was deprived of a choice, accepts his fate, "surrendering himself into the hands of those who took such pleasure in his affairs."
"Family Thought" is outlined with different parties in the sixth part. Levin's family lives in Pokrovsky. Vronsky's illegal family is in Vozdvizhensky. Oblonsky's house in Ergushov is being destroyed. Tolstoy depicts pictures of the life of a “correct” and “wrong” family, life “in the law” and “outside the law”. The social law is considered by Tolstoy in conjunction with the law of "good and truth".
In the seventh part, the heroes enter the last stage spiritual crisis. Happening here major events: the birth of a son with Levin, the death of Anna Karenina. Birth and death, as it were, complete one of the circles of life.
The eighth part of the novel is the search for a "positive program" that was supposed to help the transition from the personal to the general, to " people's truth". Let us recall that Tolstoy also comes to this idea in the novel War and Peace. The plot center of this part is the "law of good". Levin comes to the firm realization that "the achievement of the common good is possible only with the strict observance of that law of goodness, which is open to every person.")
Homework.
Select and analyze episodes that reveal the “family thought” of L. N. Tolstoy.
