The work of Saltykov-Shchedrin can rightly be called the highest achievement of social satire of the 1860s-1880s. The closest predecessor of Shchedrin, not without reason, is considered to be N.V. Gogol, who created a satirical and philosophical picture modern world. However, Saltykov-Shchedrin sets himself a fundamentally different creative task: expose and destroy as a phenomenon. V. G. Belinsky, speaking about Gogol's work, defined his humor as "calm in its indignation, good-natured in its cunning", comparing it with other "formidable and open, bilious, poisonous, merciless". This second characteristic deeply reveals the essence of Shchedrin's satire. He removed Gogol's lyricism from satire, made it more explicit and grotesque. But this work did not become simpler and more monotonous. On the contrary, they fully manifested the all-encompassing "bungling" of the Russian Society XIX V.
"Fairy tales for children fair age» created in last years life of the writer (1883-1886) and appear before us as a result of the work of Saltykov-Shchedrin in literature. And by the richness of artistic techniques, and by the ideological significance, and by the variety of recreated social types this book can be fully considered an artistic synthesis of the entire work of the writer. The form of a fairy tale gave Shchedrin the opportunity to speak openly on the problems that troubled him. Turning to folklore, the writer sought to preserve its genre and artistic features, with their help to draw the reader's attention to the main problem of their work. Tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin genre nature represent a kind of fusion of two different genres of folklore and author's literature: fairy tales and fables. When writing fairy tales, the author used the grotesque, hyperbole, and antithesis.
Grotesque and hyperbole are the main artistic techniques, with the help of which the author creates a fairy tale "The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals." The main characters are a peasant and two idler generals. Two completely helpless generals miraculously ended up on a desert island, and they got there straight out of bed in nightgowns and with orders around their necks. The generals almost eat each other, because they cannot not only catch fish or game, but also pluck the fruit from the tree. In order not to starve, they decide to look for a man. And he was immediately found: sitting under a tree and shirking from work. The "huge man" turns out to be a master of all trades. He got apples from the tree, and dug out potatoes from the ground, and prepared a snare for the hazel grouse from his own hair, and got the fire, and prepared provisions. And what? He gave ten apples to the generals, and took one for himself - sour. He even twisted a rope so that his generals would be tied to a tree with it. Moreover, he was ready "to please the generals for the fact that they favored him, a parasite, and did not disdain his peasant labor."
The peasant and swan fluff scored to deliver his generals in comfort. No matter how much they scold the peasant for parasitism, and the peasant "rows and rows, and feeds the generals with herrings."
Hyperbole and grotesque appear throughout the story. Both the dexterity of the peasant and the ignorance of the generals are extremely exaggerated. A skillful man cooks soup in a handful. Stupid generals don't know that they bake flour rolls. The hungry general swallows the order of his friend. It is also an unconditional hyperbole that the peasant built the ship and took the generals directly to Bolshaya Podyacheskaya.
The extreme exaggeration of individual situations allowed the writer to turn funny story about stupid and worthless generals in a furious denunciation of the existing order in Russia, which contribute to their emergence and carefree existence. In Shchedrin's fairy tales there are no random details and superfluous words, and the characters are revealed in actions and words. The writer draws attention to the funny side of the depicted. Suffice it to recall that the generals were in nightgowns, and around their necks hung an order.
The originality of Shchedrin's fairy tales also lies in the fact that in them the real is intertwined with the fantastic, thereby creating comic effect. On a fabulous island, the generals find the well-known reactionary newspaper Moskovskie Vedomosti. From an extraordinary island not far from St. Petersburg, to Bolshaya Podyacheskaya.
These stories are great artistic monument past era. Many images have become common nouns, denoting social phenomena Russian and world reality.
Target: familiarity with the features of the genre of satire.
Literary theory: allegory, hyperbole, fantasy, grotesque.
Preliminary task: find fabulous tricks in the text; repeat the meaning of allegory in the dictionary of literary terms (find in the text).
Draw illustrations for a fairy tale; prepare a play.
I. introduction teachers.
“The story of how one man fed two generals” Saltykov-Shchedrin opens his cycle of fairy tales.
How did the writer call the age for which they are intended?
II. Vocabulary work.
The meanings of incomprehensible words are clarified (some students receive this task in advance).
Opportunity -
1. Convenient occasion to send something with someone.
2. Rare unusual case (colloquial)
Registry - a department of an institution where someone or something is registered.
Calligraphy is the art of beautiful and clear writing.
rendezvous - date (French)
III. Dramatization of the beginning of the tale - p. 223 (to the end of the page).
IV. Conversation.
1. Find words in the text that resemble a Russian folk tale (compositional, event-fantastic, linguistic, lexical).
- Once upon a time there were two generals, and since both were frivolous, soon , at the behest of the pike, at my will, found themselves on a deserted island.
- No sooner said than done. One general went to the right and saw trees growing, and all sorts of fruit on the trees...
- How much fear the generals gained during the journey from storms and from different winds, how much they scolded the peasant for his parasitism - this neither describe with a pen, nor tell in a fairy tale.
- It turned out that the man even knows Podyachka, because he was there, I drank honey-beer, it flowed down my mustache, it didn’t get into my mouth!
- They went to the treasury, and how much money they raked in here - that neither in a fairy tale to tell, nor to describe with a pen!
2. What events do not fit into a fairy tale plot?
3. How did the generals live before they got to the island?
4. And how do the generals feel on the island? What feelings do they experience?
5. Let's read again the scene of "the frenzy of the generals" (p. 225). It is known that the author tried several versions of this scene. In one of them, the general bit off the finger of another, in the other, the ear. And finally, the order.
Why do you think the satirist stopped at the last option?
This approach is called grotesque - the image of people and phenomena in a fantastically exaggerated, ugly comic form.
Write down the definition of grotesque in your notebook.
6. The generals found a newspaper on the island. What is written in this newspaper? How does this affect hungry generals?
The carefree life of the generals suddenly ended. They had to seriously think about who this "villain" is, through whose fault they have to experience such hardships.
7. What way out of this situation did the generals come up with?
8. Find in the text the scene when the generals found the peasant - p. 228.
9. What feelings cover the generals when they find a peasant?
10. How could a peasant feed the generals?
11. Look at the pictures in the textbook. What episodes did the artists depict?
12. What episode is depicted in Yana's drawing? Is this how you imagined the episodes and characters that Shchedrin spoke about? What do artists draw our attention to?
13. Why did a peasant, with all the abundance of all that is good on the island, take one apple for himself, and even that sour?
14. Why didn’t he eat himself at least after he had prepared a lot of everything, but waited for the generals to think: “Shouldn’t we give the parasite a particle”?
Teacher: This is called a low level of self-consciousness, the inability to stand up for oneself.
15. Here the generals ate, got drunk ... With what words do the generals address the peasant? (Find in text)
16. It Nice words? Do the generals pronounce them sincerely? And why?
Did the man succumb? Why? What did he do?
He is filled with servile joy from the realization that he managed to please the generals, that these nonentities, who almost ate each other in the midst of an abundance of food, now allowed him, a craftsman and hard worker, to work for them, to please them. Such a psychology, the psychology of a slave, would later be condemned by Nekrasov in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”.
18. What human vices does the author make fun of?
19. Let's repeat the definition in the dictionary of literary terms allegories, hyperbole (write these terms on the board).
Allegory - (Greek Allegoria - allegory) - an allegorical image of an object, phenomenon, in order to most clearly show its essential features.
Hyperbole - (Greek Hyperbole - exaggeration) - an excessive exaggeration of the properties of the depicted object.
21. Find the use of these literary devices in the fairy tale. For example:
An allegory - the general cannot pick an apple from a tree himself, that is, he is not at all adapted to life, he cannot do anything himself.
Hyperbole - the generals were sure that food would be born in the same form in which it was served at the table.
22. For what purpose are these techniques used in the text?
21. How does the fairy tale end? Does the ending follow the tradition of a fairy tale?
V. Summary of the lesson.
Criticism of any phenomena in life by ridicule is called satire. And a fairy tale that serves this purpose is called a satirical fairy tale.
Grotesque, hyperbole, allegory are satirical methods.
Satire - (lat. Satira - literally “mixture, all sorts of things”) - merciless, destroying ridicule, criticism of reality, a person, a phenomenon.
Write down the definition of satire in your notebook.
The work of Saltykov-Shchedrin can rightfully be called the highest achievement of social satire of the 1860s-1880s. N. V. Gogol, who created a satirical-philosophical picture of the modern world, is not without reason considered to be the closest predecessor of Shchedrin. However, Saltykov-Shchedrin sets himself a fundamentally different creative task: to expose and destroy as a phenomenon. V. G. Belinsky, speaking about Gogol's work, defined his humor as "calm in its indignation, good-natured in its cunning", comparing it with other "formidable and open, bilious, poisonous, merciless". This second characteristic deeply reveals the essence of Shchedrin's satire. He removed Gogol's lyricism from satire, made it more explicit and grotesque. But this work did not become simpler and more monotonous. On the contrary, they fully manifested the all-encompassing "bungling" of Russian society in the 19th century.
Fairy Tales for Children of a Fair Age was created in the last years of the writer's life (1883-1886) and appears before us as a kind of result of Saltykov-Shchedrin's work in literature. And in terms of the richness of artistic techniques, and in terms of ideological significance, and in terms of the variety of social types recreated, this book can be fully considered an artistic synthesis of the entire work of the writer. The form of a fairy tale gave Shchedrin the opportunity to speak openly on the problems that troubled him. Turning to folklore, the writer sought to preserve its genre and artistic features, using them to draw the reader's attention to the main problem of his work. The tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin by their genre nature are a kind of fusion of two different genres of folklore and author's literature: fairy tales and fables. When writing fairy tales, the author used the grotesque, hyperbole, and antithesis.
Grotesque and hyperbole are the main artistic techniques with which the author creates the fairy tale "The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals." The main characters are a peasant and two idler generals. Two completely helpless generals miraculously ended up on a desert island, and they got there straight out of bed in nightgowns and with orders around their necks. The generals almost eat each other, because they cannot not only catch fish or game, but also pluck the fruit from the tree. In order not to starve, they decide to look for a man. And he was immediately found: sitting under a tree and shirking from work. The "huge man" turns out to be a master of all trades. He got apples from the tree, and dug out potatoes from the ground, and prepared a snare for the hazel grouse from his own hair, and got the fire, and prepared provisions. And what? He gave ten apples to the generals, and took one for himself - sour. He even twisted a rope so that his generals would be tied to a tree with it. Moreover, he was ready "to please the generals for the fact that they favored him, a parasite, and did not disdain his peasant labor."
The peasant and swan fluff scored to deliver his generals in comfort. No matter how much they scold the peasant for parasitism, and the peasant "rows and rows, and feeds the generals with herrings."
Hyperbole and grotesque appear throughout the story. Both the dexterity of the peasant and the ignorance of the generals are extremely exaggerated. A skillful man cooks soup in a handful. Stupid generals don't know that they bake flour rolls. The hungry general swallows the order of his friend. It is also an unconditional hyperbole that the peasant built the ship and took the generals directly to Bolshaya Podyacheskaya.
The extreme exaggeration of individual situations allowed the writer to turn a funny story about stupid and worthless generals into a furious denunciation of the existing order in Russia, which contribute to their emergence and carefree existence. In Shchedrin's fairy tales there are no random details and superfluous words, and the characters are revealed in actions and words. The writer draws attention to the funny side of the depicted. Suffice it to recall that the generals were in nightgowns, and around their necks hung an order.
The originality of Shchedrin's fairy tales also lies in the fact that in them the real is intertwined with the fantastic, thereby creating a comic effect. On a fabulous island, the generals find the well-known reactionary newspaper Moskovskie Vedomosti. From an extraordinary island not far from St. Petersburg, to Bolshaya Podyacheskaya.
These fairy tales are a magnificent artistic monument of a bygone era. Many images have become common nouns, denoting the social phenomena of Russian and world reality.
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This work is called a fairy tale, because it contains fantastic moments - it is not known how the men ended up on a desert island, unexpected appearance there is a peasant, the appearance of the newspaper Moskovskie Vedomosti.
1) the fabulous beginning "once upon a time";
2) set expressions: By pike command, according to my desire; long, short; a day passed, another passed; he was there, he drank beer honey, it flowed down his mustache, but it didn’t get into his mouth; neither describe with a pen, nor tell in a fairy tale; no sooner said than done;
3) fantastic events, which we have already spoken about.
Hyperbola - a strong exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted. For example:
“- Who would have thought, Your Excellency, that human food, in its original form, flies, swims and grows on trees? one general said.
Yes, - answered another general, - to confess, and I thought that the rolls would be born in the same form as they are served with coffee in the morning.
“Suddenly, both generals looked at each other: an ominous fire shone in their eyes, their teeth chattered, a dull growl flew out of their chests. They began to slowly crawl towards each other and in the blink of an eye went berserk. Shreds flew, there was a screech and groan; the general, who was a calligraphy teacher, bit off an order from his comrade and immediately swallowed it.
“The generals served all their lives in some kind of registry; there they were born, brought up and grew old, therefore, they did not understand anything. They didn’t even know any words, except: “Receive the assurance of my perfect respect and devotion.” The registry was abolished as unnecessary and the generals were released into the wild. Left behind the state, they settled in St. Petersburg, in Podyacheskaya street, on different apartments; each had his own cook, and received a pension.
“They began to look at each other and saw that they were in nightgowns, and they had an order hanging around their necks.”
This epithet emphasizes the uselessness and uselessness of this registry.
The generals talk about the change of day and night, about food.
1. “They began to look for where the east is and where the west is ... They began to look for the north, became this way and that, tried all the countries of the world, but since they served in the registry all their lives, they did not find anything.”
2. “- How, for example, do you think why the sun rises first and then sets, and not vice versa?
You are a strange man, Your Excellency; but you also get up first, go to the department, write there, and then go to bed?
But why not allow such a rearrangement: first I go to bed, I see various dreams and then I get up?
Um... yes... And I, to be honest, as I served in the department, I always thought so. “Now it’s morning, and then it will be day, and then dinner will be served - and it’s time to sleep!”.
Whatever article they read in this newspaper, they come across articles about food.
1. "Yesterday ... strawberries."
2. "They write from Tula ...".
3. "They write from Vyatka ...".
“... a man is everywhere, you just have to look for him! He must be hiding somewhere, shirking work!
Accustomed to live at the expense of the labor of the people, they and all high society They believe that a peasant should feed them, water and please them, and he lives only for this. Not wanting, but largely unable to work themselves, they accuse him of unwillingness to work, of laziness, calling him a "parasite".
In fact, the generals themselves can and should be classified as such, because they do nothing and do not want to do anything.
“First of all, he climbed a tree and picked the generals for ten of the most ripe apples, and took one, sour, for himself. Then he dug in the ground - and got potatoes from there; then he took two pieces of wood, rubbed them against each other - and took out the fire. Then he made a snare out of his own hair and caught a hazel grouse. Finally, he lit a fire and baked so many different provisions that the generals even thought: “Shouldn’t we give the parasite a piece?”.
The man is a master of all trades. Whatever job he takes on, he doesn’t care about anything, he succeeds in everything.
Laughter against the generals is accusatory. The author ridicules evil in them, the worthlessness of their existence, greed. Revealing their bestial essence (“... in an instant they went berserk ... Shreds flew ...”).
Ridiculing the muzhik's helpfulness, Shchedrin experiences a feeling of pain. Despite the fact that the man is powerful, he can find a way out of any situation, dexterous, resourceful, although the author exaggerates dexterity and resourcefulness (hyperbole), and meekly submissive, so the writer’s laughter is laughter through tears, mixed with real human pain. A peasant is not capable of protesting against slavery, which causes indignation among the author and reader.
Plan
Introduction
In the writer's fairy tales, the vices of contemporary society are ridiculed.
Main part
The satirical form has become an opportunity for the writer to speak freely about pressing issues.
satirical devices used in The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals.
Satirical techniques express the attitude of the author to the depicted.
Conclusion
Using various satirical devices, the author ridicules the inability of the generals to live and the stupid fulfillment of their whims by the peasant.
In the final period of his work, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin refers to the allegorical form of a fairy tale, where, describing everyday situations in "Aesopian language", he ridicules vices modern writer society.
The satirical form became for M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin the opportunity to speak freely about the pressing problems of society. In the fairy tale "The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals" various satirical devices are used: grotesque, irony, fantasy, allegory, sarcasm - to characterize the characters portrayed and describe the situation in which the main characters of the fairy tale found themselves: two generals. It is grotesque that the generals themselves landed on a desert island "according to pike command at my will." Fantastic is the assurance of the writer that “the generals served all their lives in some kind of registry, they were born there, brought up and grew old, therefore, they did not understand anything.” satirically portrayed by the writer and appearance heroes: "they are in nightgowns, and they have an order hanging around their necks." Saltykov-Shchedrin ridicules the elementary inability of the generals to find food for themselves: both thought that "rolls will be born in the same form as they are served with coffee in the morning." Depicting the behavior of the characters, the writer uses sarcasm: “they began to slowly crawl towards each other and in the blink of an eye they went berserk. Shreds flew, there was a screech and groan; the general, who was a calligraphy teacher, bit off an order from his comrade and immediately swallowed it. The heroes began to lose their human form, turning into hungry animals, and only the sight of real blood sobered them.
Satirical devices not only characterize artistic images, but also express the attitude of the author to the depicted. The writer treats the peasant with irony, who, frightened the mighty of the world of this, “first of all, he climbed a tree and picked the generals for ten of the most ripe apples, and took one sour apple for himself.” Makes fun of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin generals' attitude to life: "They began to say that here they are living on everything ready, and in St. Petersburg, meanwhile, their pensions are accumulating and accumulating."
Thus, using various satirical techniques, the allegorical form of the "Aesopian language", M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin expresses own attitude relationships between people in positions of power and common people. The writer ridicules both the inability of the generals to live, and the stupid fulfillment by the peasant of all the whims of the masters.
