Social and philosophical origins of Raskolnikov's crime. Social and philosophical origins of the Raskolnikov rebellion

The lesson can be started with the words of V. Shklovsky: "The main secret in the novel lies not in the crime, but in the motives of the crime." Therefore, the main question of the lesson will not be the question of the crime itself, but why it was committed, what pushed the hero onto this path.

Maybe Raskolnikov was a criminal in essence? To do this, we study Raskolnikov’s actions before the crime (helps the Marmeladovs, gives the last money for a funeral; sympathizes with a drunk girl, gives money to bring her home; worries about her mother and Dunya). Therefore, a humane, compassionate person decides to kill.

The reasons that prompted Raskolnikov to kill:

1.External: ideas in the air:
- views revolutionary democrats who criticize the injustice and cruelty of the surrounding world;
- the ideas of Bonapartism (in 1865 Napoleon III's book "The History of Julius Caesar" about the destiny of a great personality was translated into Russian);
- the heavy, stuffy atmosphere of the city, in which people suffocate, a cramped room that looks like a closet;
- the fate of disadvantaged people (Marmeladovs, Dunya, a girl on the boulevard, a drowned woman);

2. Internal:
- Raskolnikov's condition (he is humiliated, crushed by poverty, suffers for others, he has a desire to act);
- the character of the hero is gloomy, withdrawn, lonely, painfully proud and receptive.

Students should pay attention to:

• speaking surname hero;
• the frequently repeated word "painful" in relation to him;
• the moral origins of Raskolnikov's theory, which is generated by compassion, but strangely, "delusionally" understood by the hero (Napoleon - compassion);
• the fact that Raskolnikov's theory is fuzzy, contradictory, so the hero rushes between himself and the theory.
  Watch the development of Raskolnikov's idea depending on his condition.

Episode: Raskolnikov's conversation with Porfiry Petrovich.

Issues for discussion:

1. How to evaluate Raskolnikov's reasoning regarding "trembling creatures" and "having the right"?
2. Are his ideas convincing?
3. How is the idea of ​​a new Messiah, the Savior of mankind, transformed in theory?
4. Crime how to get over what?
5. What is the old pawnbroker a symbol of? Lizaveta?
6. If a crime is an attempt to prove something, first of all, to oneself, then what is the meaning of this crime?
7. How is the "humane" essence of his theory immediately debunked at the time of the murder?

Conclusion. Dostoevsky wrote that the novel embodies ideas that are in the air. In 1890, Paul Lafargue wrote an article "Darwinism on the French stage about Alphonse Daudet's play" The Struggle for Existence. explained their action in court with the theory of the struggle for existence.Dostoevsky was able to feel these ideas long before they grew into a cynical incarnation.

Here God lies defeated -

He fell, and fell low.

That's why we built

Higher pedestal.

Frank Herbert

The novel Crime and Punishment was written in 1866. The sixties of the nineteenth century were very turbulent not only politically, but also in the field of thinking: the centuries-old moral foundations of society were collapsing. The theory of Napoleonism was widely preached. Young people thought that everything was allowed to them. "For one life - thousands of lives saved from rotting and decay. One death and a hundred lives in return - but there's arithmetic here!". Of course, in real life no one killed anyone, but only thought about it - as a joke. Dostoevsky took this theory to its climax to see what happened. And this is what happened: an unfortunate, not understanding his mistake, a lonely person, tormented spiritually and physically. This is how Raskolnikov appears to us.

If we turn to Raskolnikov's memory of childhood (dream), then we see a kind, sensitive boy who is trying to save a dying horse. "Thank God, it's only a dream! But what is it? Is it possible that a fever is starting in me: such an ugly dream!" - says Raskolnikov, waking up. He can no longer imagine himself like this, for him this little boy is "a trembling creature, a louse." But what changed Raskolnikov so? There are many reasons, but they can be reduced to a few, more general ones.

The first, probably, is the time in which Raskolnikov lived. This time itself pushed for changes, protests, riots. Probably, every young person then (and even now!) considered himself the savior of the world. Time is the root cause of Raskolnikov's actions.

The second reason is the city of St. Petersburg. Here is what Pushkin writes about him:

The city is magnificent, the city is poor,

Spirit of bondage, slender appearance,

The vault of heaven is green-pale,

Boredom, cold and granite.

In Crime and Punishment, Petersburg is a vampire city. He drinks the vital juices from the people who come there. So it happened with Raskolnikov. When he first came to study, he was still that glorious boy from his childhood. But time passes, and the proudly raised head sinks lower and lower, the city begins to choke Raskolnikov, he wants to breathe deeply, but he cannot. Interestingly, in the entire novel, Petersburg only once appears before Raskolnikov with a piece of its beauty: "An inexplicable cold blew on him from this magnificent panorama; this magnificent picture was full of dumb and deaf spirit for him ..." But the majestic view of St. Isaac's Cathedral and Winter Palace German for Raskolnikov, for whom Petersburg is his closet - "closet", closet - "coffin". It is Petersburg that is largely to blame for the novel. In it, Raskolnikov becomes lonely and unhappy, in it he hears the conversation of officers, in him, finally, an old woman, guilty of her wealth, lives.

Digging into the main social causes rebellion, it is worth taking on the philosophical and psychological. Here, of course, Raskolnikov's character should be named first: proud, even conceited, independent, impatient, self-confident, categorical ... but how many definitions can you pick up? Because of his character, Raskolnikov fell into such a hole from which few people can get out ...

When Raskolnikov was just developing his theory, he, without suspecting it, already considered himself a People with capital letter. Further more. Being in constant loneliness, he only did what he thought. So, he deceived himself, convinced himself of what was not. It is interesting that in the beginning he justifies himself, like many young people, with the noble goal of helping others. But after committing the crime, Raskolnikov realizes that he killed not to help others, but for himself. “The old woman was only a disease ... I wanted to cross as soon as possible ... I didn’t kill a man, but I killed principles. I killed principles, but I didn’t cross, I stayed on this side”, “... I had to find out then and quickly find out if I'm a louse, like everyone else, or a man? .. Am I a trembling creature or have the right ... "It is also interesting that Raskolnikov considered himself the only right one to the very end. “Nothing, they won’t understand anything, Sonya, and they are not worthy to understand”, “... maybe I’m still a person, and not a louse and hastened to condemn myself. I’ll still fight.”

Those close to Raskolnikov understood him better than he understood himself. "After all, he does not love anyone; maybe he will never love!" Razumikhin says. “And a rogue, however, this Raskolnikov! He dragged a lot on himself. He can be a big rogue in time, when nonsense rises, but now he wants to live too much,” says Svidrigailov. “I consider you one of those who at least cut out the guts, and he will stand and look at the tormentors with a smile - if only he finds faith or God. Well, find it, and you will live, "says Porfiry Petrovich. "She [Sonya] also knew his vanity, arrogance, pride and disbelief."

Disbelief. It is with this word that Dostoevsky wants to justify Raskolnikov's act. This is evidenced by Sonya, "character number two", who truly believes and lives by this, having risen due to this much higher than Raskolnikov. This is also indicated by the name of the main character. This is evidenced by numerous hints and "unquoted" quotations from Holy Scripture, Hidden Gospel Images. After all, God means not just faith in something supernatural, but also the presence of minimal moral principles. And this is so necessary in an era of change and riots in order to keep a person afloat, not to lead astray from the "true path"!

"If a creature has already become someone, it will die, but will not turn into its own opposite", "there is no sharp line between people and gods: people become gods, and gods turn into people" - these lines were written much later, and this proves that no matter what time we live, the themes for novels remain the same: where is the line between fas and nefas (permitted and unlawful).

In preparing this work, materials from the site http://www.studentu.ru were used.

The hero of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" calls his crime a "rebellion", and our task is to figure out: what, in fact, is Rodion Raskolnikov rebelling against?

The novel begins with a picture of the terrible poverty of the hero himself and the majority of the population of St. Petersburg. The sixties of the nineteenth century are the time of the maturation of Russian capitalism, so to speak, "the period of primitive accumulation of capital." The economic situation of the country as a whole improved in connection with the reforms, but the situation of the lower strata of society became terrifying. Before Raskolnikov are pictures of life in poorest areas cities, dirt, prostitution, alcoholism... latest topic Dostoevsky even wanted to dedicate a separate novel, the drafts mention his name "Drunken". It was from this idea that the Marmeladov line grew. So, one of the reasons for Raskolnikov's rebellion, of course, is in his social position. Normal person without prejudice to himself, he is not able to endure such a life for a long time, especially if he is sensitive and sees the constant suffering of those around him.

There is another aspect to all this. During periods economic turmoil the interests of most people are focused on getting money to live. There is neither strength nor time left for the development of spirituality - to feed the family. As a result moral principles are gradually erased from consciousness, the line between good and evil is erased, crime is growing.

Here we come to the philosophical origins of Raskolnikov's rebellion. The justification for it was the theory that all people are divided into two categories. The first is the majority of people, "material", a herd that should not have own will, but only completely subordinate to the representatives of the second category. The latter, sovereigns, rulers, who have true freedom, can even allow themselves to shed blood "according to their conscience." They have the right to reshape laws, change the world, they are great and, shedding blood, are considered not criminals, but benefactors.

The theory is not new. All revolutions, all Act of terrorism built on it. The latter, which came into vogue just in the sixties of the nineteenth century, were an illustration of allowing oneself to bleed “for conscience”. Raskolnikov rebels against suffering - this can be understood and forgiven. But his theory is not only a rebellion of pity against pain, but also a rebellion of incredible pride against all divine and human laws, it is a rebellion against the existence of a line separating Good and Evil. As an example, Raskolnikov sets Napoleon, a man, no doubt, a great one, but whom you cannot call a special benefactor. Such theories spring from a great lust for power, but as Dostoevsky shows us, they are untenable. The author refutes Raskolnikov's theory both logically and morally. The logical refutation is the arguments of Porfiry Petrovich, and the moral one is Sonya Marmeladova.

Dostoevsky, in his novel Crime and Punishment, shows that a rebellion against evil, resulting in a crime, cannot lead to anything good, and before trying to fix the world, a person must correct himself.

In the novel by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" one of major topics addressed by the author are social and philosophical problems. Indeed, the time in which the main events of the novel take place was really a turning point for Russia - the sixties of the nineteenth century turned out to be difficult for the country in general, and for the lower strata of the population in particular.

It is impossible not to notice in what inhuman conditions he lives main character novel by Dostoevsky, Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov. His room, which can hardly be called a room, is very small and dusty, and the area in which the house is located cannot be called prosperous. Dusty streets, drinking establishments, devastation and dirt - it's hard to even imagine how much such an environment puts pressure on a person. And the worst thing is that all of Russia was like that, all of St. Petersburg was like that, excluding some central regions. Social status ordinary people non-nobles was truly disastrous, one gets the feeling that they had practically no chance of a normal life, although perhaps it all depends on specific person. In my opinion, this hopelessness became the main reason for Raskolnikov's rebellion, if we talk directly about its social origins.

In turn, the thoughts of the protagonist of the novel are no less depressing. Raskolnikov comes to the conclusion that all people in the world are divided into two categories - “having the right” and “trembling creatures”, according to the hero, there is no and cannot be a compromise or a golden mean. And it is this theory that will subsequently change the whole life of Rodion Romanovich - an attempt to move from one category to another by killing innocent people will entail grave consequences, both moral and physical, and a further realization that life is beautiful when there is harmony in it . Not that important social status or the amount of accumulated money, these are fixable things, but what needs to be protected most of all is inside, deep in the soul. Morality, the ability to compassion and help people around, the willingness to take responsibility for one's actions, the ability to love and give one's warmth - this is what the harmonious existence of any thinking person is impossible without.

I believe that in his novel Crime and Punishment, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky sought to show how strong the influence of society and the environment can be on each person individually. Falling under the influence of the environment, a person with a fragile nervous system can simply break down, and further consequences are very, very unpredictable, which the author shows us using the example of the protagonist of the novel, Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov. However, even in such a difficult work, one can see a certain light at the end of the tunnel - an epilogue in which Raskolnikov appears before the readers as a renewed person who has opened his soul to God, goodness and harmony. Everyone has a chance to save, you just need to use it.

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The novel "Crime and Punishment" was conceived by the author while still in hard labor. Then it was called "Drunk", but gradually the idea of ​​the novel changed. AND new novel Crime and Punishment became "a psychological account of a single crime". But we are talking not about an ordinary murder, but about an ideological one, carried out by a criminal thinker.

But is Rodion Raskolnikov, a poor student, a villain, a murderer? What led him to the crime? A plight on the verge of poverty, a disease, or a theory invented by him about "chosen" and "ordinary" people? What was before?

Smart, proud, full of consciousness dignity a young man, Rodion Raskolnikov, was expelled from the university because he had nothing to pay for his education. He lives in extreme poverty, suffers from hunger and deprivation, from the humiliation that he himself and his mother and sister Dunya experience. He sees around only dirt, poverty, vices. He tries to help Marmeladov, but in vain; wants to help Sonya, his sister Dunya - but they remain "humiliated and insulted." Raskolnikov is forced to pawn some of his belongings so as not to starve to death.

Raskolnikov feels himself useless, outcast among rich mansions and elegant public. Suppressed by poverty and injustice, he comes to the idea of ​​killing the pawnbroker Alena Ivanovna. This crime has, so to speak, a theoretical justification. The murder of an old woman is not just a banal murder, but a murder "in conscience."

Even before the crime, he writes and publishes an article in which he sets out the theory that all people are divided into "ordinary" and "extraordinary, like Napoleon." Extraordinary people have the right to break the law for the benefit of people. Raskolnikov thinks for a long time about his own role: whether he is an “ordinary” person - a “trembling creature”, or “he has the right”. And he decided to prove in practice that he "has the right to commit a crime in conscience", to become the ruler of the world. material from the site

Rodion Raskolnikov thought to kill the old pawnbroker, this "worthless creature", and save himself and his loved ones from poverty. But he forgot the main thing: no one gave him the right to take the life of another person. And yet, having committed a crime, Raskolnikov could not step over himself, through his conscience. “I didn’t kill the old woman… I killed myself,” he will say.

F. M. Dostoevsky refutes Raskolnikov’s theory: a logical refutation was presented by Porfiry Petrovich, and a moral one by the “eternal” Sonya Marmeladova.

Dostoevsky's attitude towards Raskolnikov is complex, but the writer's sentence is merciless - no one has the right to commit a crime! Demonstrating the inhumanity of bourgeois society, Dostoevsky still does not see in it the reasons for the crime of his hero. The reason is in Raskolnikov himself. And before you change society, you must change yourself.

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On this page, material on the topics:

• philosophical reasons for Raskolnikov's crime
• social and ideological origins of the Raskolnikov rebellion briefly
• social and philosophical origins riots of dissenters
• social and philosophical roots of Raskolnikov's theory
• Social origins of Raskolnikov's rebellion based on the novel Crime and Punishment