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- (Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov) (1868 1936) writer, literary critic and publicist Everything in a Man is everything for a Man! There are no pure white people or completely black people; people are all colorful. One, if it is great, is still small. Everything is relative to… Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms

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Gorky Maxim (Peshkov Alexey Maksimovich) - prose writer, playwright, publicist.

Years of life: 1868 - 1936.
Key biography facts:
Maxim Gorky (Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov) was born on March 16 (28), 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod.
Gorky's father, Maxim Savateevich Peshkov, was the manager of the Astrakhan office of the shipping company I. Kolchin.
Gorky's mother, Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina, was the daughter of a Nizhny Novgorod merchant.
Gorky's grandfather, Vasily Kashirin, was a wealthy merchant, foreman of the city dye shop; repeatedly elected to the Nizhny Novgorod Duma.
Summer 1871 - Maxim Savateevich dies of cholera. Varvara Vasilievna considered little Alexei to be the unwitting culprit of his death (his father became infected while nursing his son who fell ill with cholera). Mother gives Alexei to her father's family. Grandfather and grandmother, a great lover of folk tales. From the age of six, the boy begins to be taught Church Slavonic literacy.
1877 - 1879 - Alexey Peshkov studies at the Nizhny Novgorod Kunavinsky School.
1879 - Alexei Peshkov's mother dies of transient consumption. After that, conflicts begin in the Kashirin family, as a result of which the grandfather goes bankrupt and goes crazy. Due to lack of money, Alexey Peshkov is forced to leave his studies and go "to the people."
1879 - 1884 - Aleksey changes places of "training" one after another. First, he was an apprentice shoemaker (a relative of the Kashirins), then an apprentice in a drawing workshop, then in an icon painting workshop. Finally, he becomes a cook on a steamboat that sailed along the Volga. Many years later already famous writer Maxim Gorky recalls M.A., the cook of the Dobry steamer Smury, who was illiterate, but at the same time collected books. Thanks to the cook, young Gorky gets to know the most various works world literature, is engaged in self-education.
1884 - Peshkov moves to Kazan, he dreams of entering the university. The admission did not take place due to lack of funds, and for Peshkov the “school of the revolutionary underground” began. He attends gymnasium and student populist circles, is fond of relevant literature, and comes into conflict with the police. At the same time, he earns his living doing menial work.
December 1887 - a streak of life failures leads Peshkov to attempt suicide.
1888 - 1891 - Alexei Peshkov wanders around Russia in search of work and impressions. He passes the Volga region, the Don, Ukraine, Crimea, South Bessarabia, the Caucasus. Peshkov manages to be a farmhand in the village and a dishwasher, work in the fish and salt mines, watchman at railway and a worker in repair shops. At the same time, he manages to make contacts in creative environment, engage in clashes with the police and earn a reputation as "unreliable". Wandering, Peshkov collects prototypes of his future heroes - this is noticeable in early work writer, when the heroes of his works were the people of the “bottom”.
1890 - Peshkov meets the writer V.G. Korolenko.
September 12, 1892 - Peshkov's story "Makar Chudra" was first published in the Tiflis newspaper "Kavkaz". The work was signed "Maxim Gorky".
Gorky's formation as a writer takes place with the participation of Korolenko, who recommends a new author to publishers, corrects his manuscripts.
1893 - 1895 - Gorky's stories are often published in the Volga press. During these years, the following were written: "Chelkash", "Revenge", "Old Woman Izergil", "Emelyan Pilyai", "Conclusion", "Song of the Falcon".
Peshkov signs his stories with various pseudonyms, which in total there were about 30. The most famous of them: "A.P.", "M.G.", "Ah!", "One of the perplexed", "Yehudiel Khlamida", "Taras Oparin", etc.
1895 - with the assistance of Korolenko, Gorky becomes an employee of the Samara Newspaper, where he writes feuilletons daily under the heading "By the way", signing "Yehudiil Khlamida".
At the same time, in Samarskaya Gazeta, Gorky met Ekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina, who serves as a proofreader in the editorial office.
1896 - Gorky and Volzhina get married.
1896 - 1897 - Gorky works at home, in the newspaper "Nizhegorodsky Listok".
1897 - Gorky's tuberculosis worsens, and he and his wife move to the Crimea, and from there to the village of Maksatikha, Poltava province.
The same year - the writer's son Maxim is born.
Early 1898 - Gorky returns to Nizhny Novgorod, where he is working on compiling a collection of his own works.
1898 - the first collection of works by Maxim Gorky "Essays and Stories" is published in two volumes. The collection was recognized by critics as an event in Russian and European literature.
1899 - "Essays and Stories" was reprinted a year after the release in three volumes. Gorky quickly becomes one of the leading artists in Russia. He is familiar with A.P. Chekhov, I. E. Repin, L. N. Tolstoy, F. I. Chaliapin ... Neo-realist writers (I. A. Bunin, A. I. Kuprin, L. N. Andreev) rally around Gorky. The same year - Gorky writes the novel "Foma Gordeev".
1900 - Gorky meets an actress of the Moscow Art Theater, a convinced Marxist Maria Fedorovna Andreeva.
April 1901 - Gorky was arrested in Nizhny Novgorod and imprisoned for participating in student unrest in St. Petersburg. The writer stays under arrest for a month, after which he is released under house arrest, and then exiled to Arzamas. In the same year, the “Song of the Petrel” was published in the magazine “Life”, after which the magazine was closed by the authorities.
1902 - the plays "At the Bottom" and "Petty Bourgeois" were staged at the Moscow Art Theater. The premiere of "At the Bottom" is held with an unprecedented triumph.
The same year - Maxim Gorky was elected an honorary academician in the category of fine literature. By order of Nicholas II, the results of these elections were annulled. In response, Chekhov and Korolenko refuse their titles of honorary academicians.
1903 - the poem "Man" was written. Gorky would later call her his "creed". Breakup with wife.
1904 - Andreeva becomes civil wife Gorky.
1905 - Gorky actively participates in the revolution, he is closely associated with the Social Democrats, but at the same time, together with a group of intellectuals, on the eve of Bloody Sunday, he visits S.Yu. Witte and tries to prevent the tragedy. After the revolution, he is arrested (participation in the preparation of a coup d'état is incriminated), but both the Russian and European cultural environment speak out in defense of the writer. Gorky is released.
Early 1906 - Gorky emigrates from Russia. He travels to America to raise funds to support the revolution in Russia.
1907 - The novel "Mother" is published in America. In London, at the Fifth Congress of the RSDLP, Gorky met V.I. Ulyanov.
Late 1906 - 1913 - Maxim Gorky permanently lives on the island of Capri (Italy). Many works have been written here: the plays “The Last”, “Vassa Zheleznova”, the novels “Summer”, “The Town of Okurov”, the novel “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”.
1908 - 1913 - Gorky corresponded with Lenin. The correspondence is riddled with controversy, as the views of the writer and the politician diverge. Gorky, in particular, believes that revolutionary spirit should be combined with enlightenment and humanism. This contrasts him with the Bolsheviks.
1913 - Gorky returns to Russia. In the same year he writes "Childhood".
1915 - the novel "In People" was written. Gorky begins publishing the Chronicle magazine.
1917 - after the Revolution, Gorky finds himself in a dual position: on the one hand, he stands for the incoming power, on the other, he continues to adhere to his convictions, believing that it is necessary to deal not with the class struggle, but with the culture of the masses ... At the same time, the writer begins to work in a publishing house " world literature", founded the newspaper" New life».
The end of the 1910s - Gorky's relations with the new government are gradually aggravated.
1921 - Maxim Gorky leaves Russia, officially - to Germany, to be treated, but in fact - from the massacre of the Bolsheviks. Until 1924, the writer lives in Germany and Czechoslovakia.
1921 - 1922 - Gorky actively publishes his articles in German magazines ("The Vocation of the Writer and Russian Literature of Our Time", "Russian Cruelty", "Intelligentsia and Revolution"). They all say the same thing - Gorky cannot accept what happened in Russia; he still seeks to unite Russian artists abroad.
1923 - Gorky writes "My Universities".
1925 - work begins on the novel "The Life of Klim Samgin", which was never completed.
Mid-1920s - Maxim Gorky moves to Sorrento (Italy).
1928 - Gorky travels to the USSR. All summer he travels around the country. The writer's impressions were reflected in the book "On the Union of Soviets" (1929).
1931 - Gorky moves to Moscow. Having seen enough during the trip on the results of the influence of the Bolshevik authorities on absolutely everything, the writer sets himself the goal of contributing in every possible way to the new “cultural construction”. On his initiative, literary magazines and book publishing houses are created, book editions and series are published.
1934 - Maxim Gorky acts as the organizer and chairman of the First All-Union Congress Soviet writers.
May of the same year - Gorky's son Maxim was killed. According to one version, this was done on the initiative of the NKVD.
June 18, 1936 - Maxim Gorky dies in Gorki. Buried in Moscow. There is a version that the writer was poisoned; just at that time, on the orders of Stalin, Moscow show trials were being prepared, in which many of Gorky's friends acted as defendants.
Main works:
1899 - "Foma Gordeev"
1900-1901 - "Three"
1906 - "Mother" (second edition - 1907)
1925 - "The Artamonov Case"
1925-1936 - "The Life of Klim Samgin"
1892 - "The Girl and Death" (a fairy tale poem, published in July 1917 in the New Life newspaper)
1892 - "Makar Chudra"
1895 - "Chelkash", "Old Woman Izergil".
1897 - " former people"," Orlov's Spouses "," Malva "," Konovalov ".
1898 - Essays and Stories (collection)
1899 - "Song of the Falcon" (poem in prose), "Twenty-six and one"
1901 - "The Song of the Petrel" (poem in prose)
1903 - "Man" (poem in prose)
1906 - "Comrade!"
1911 - "Tales of Italy"
1912-1917 - "In Rus'" (a cycle of stories)
1924 - "Stories 1922-1924"
1924 - "Notes from a diary" (a cycle of stories)
1913 - The story of passion-muzzle
1900 - “Man. Essays" (remained unfinished, the third chapter was not published during the life of the author)
1908 - "The life of an unnecessary person."
1908 - "Confession"
1909 - "Summer"
1909 - "The Town of Okurov", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin".
1913-1914 - "Childhood"
1915-1916 - "In people"
1923 - "My Universities"
1901 - "Philistines"
1902 - "At the bottom"
1904 - "Summer Residents"
1905 - "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians"
1906 - "Enemies"
1910 - "Vassa Zheleznova" (revised in December 1935)
1915 - "The Old Man" (first published as a separate book by the publishing house of I.P. Ladyzhnikov in Berlin (no later than 1921; staged on January 1, 1919 on the stage of the State Academic Maly Theater).
1930-1931 - "Somov and others"
1932 - "Egor Bulychov and others"
1933 - "Dostigaev and others".

If you ask: "What do you think about the work of Alexei Gorky?", then few people will be able to answer this question. And not because these people do not read, but because not everyone knows and remembers that this is the well-known writer Maxim Gorky. And if you decide to complicate the task even more, then ask about the works of Alexei Peshkov. Here, only a few will remember exactly what it is real name Alexei Gorky. It was not just a writer, but also an active one. As you already understood, we will talk about a truly popular writer - Maxim Gorky.

Childhood and youth

The years of life of Gorky (Peshkov) Alexei Maksimovich - 1868-1936. They fell on an important historical era. The biography of Alexei Gorky is rich in events, starting from his very childhood. The native city of the writer is Nizhny Novgorod. His father, who worked as a manager of a steamship company, died when the boy was only 3 years old. After the death of her husband, Alyosha's mother remarried. She passed away when he was 11 years old. The grandfather was engaged in the further education of little Alexei.

As an 11 year old boy, future writer already "went among people" - he earned his own bread. Whoever he worked: he was a baker, worked as a delivery boy in a store, a dishwasher in a buffet. Unlike the stern grandfather, the grandmother was a kind and believing woman and an excellent storyteller. It was she who instilled in Maxim Gorky a love of reading.

In 1887, the writer will attempt to commit suicide, which he will associate with the difficult feelings caused by the news of his grandmother's death. Fortunately, he survived - the bullet did not hit the heart, but damaged the lungs, which caused problems with the respiratory system.

The life of the future writer was not easy, and he, unable to stand it, ran away from home. The boy wandered a lot around the country, saw the whole truth of life, but miraculously was able to maintain faith in the ideal Man. He will describe his childhood years, life in his grandfather's house in "Childhood" - the first part of his autobiographical trilogy.

In 1884, Alexei Gorky tried to enter Kazan University, but because of his financial position finds out it's impossible. During this period, the future writer begins to gravitate towards romantic philosophy, according to which, an ideal person doesn't look like a real person. Then he became acquainted with Marxist theory and became a supporter of new ideas.

The emergence of a pseudonym

In 1888, the writer was arrested for a short period of time for his connection with the Marxist circle of N. Fedoseev. In 1891, he decided to start traveling around Russia and eventually managed to reach the Caucasus. Alexei Maksimovich was constantly engaged in self-education, saving up and expanding his knowledge in various fields. He agreed to any job and carefully kept all his impressions, they later appeared in his very first stories. Subsequently, he called this period "My Universities".

In 1892, Gorky returned to his native places and took his first steps in the literary field as a writer in several provincial publications. For the first time his pseudonym "Gorky" appeared in the same year in the newspaper "Tiflis", in which his story "Makar Chudra" was published.

The pseudonym was not chosen by chance: he hinted at the "bitter" Russian life and that the writer would write only the truth, no matter how bitter it was. Maxim Gorky saw life common people and could not, with his temperament, fail to notice the injustice that was on the part of the rich estates.

Early creativity and success

Alexey Gorky was actively engaged in propaganda, for which he was under the constant control of the police. With the help of V. Korolenko in 1895, his story "Chelkash" was published in the largest Russian magazine. Following were printed "Old Woman Izergil", "The Song of the Falcon", They were not special from a literary point of view, but they successfully coincided with the new political views.

In 1898, his collection Essays and Stories was published, which was an extraordinary success, and Maxim Gorky received all-Russian recognition. Although his stories were not highly artistic, they depicted the life of the common people, starting from their very bottom, which brought Alexei Peshkov recognition as the only writer who writes about the lower class. At that time, he was no less popular than L. N. Tolstoy and A. P. Chekhov.

In the period from 1904 to 1907, the plays "Petty bourgeois", "At the Bottom", "Children of the Sun", "Summer Residents" were written. His most early works did not have any social orientation, but the characters had their own types and special treatment to life, which readers liked very much.

revolutionary activity

The writer Alexei Gorky was an ardent supporter of Marxist social democracy and in 1901 wrote "The Song of the Petrel", which called for revolution. For open propaganda of revolutionary actions, he was arrested and expelled from Nizhny Novgorod. In 1902, Gorky met Lenin, in the same year his election as a member Imperial Academy in the category of belles-lettres was cancelled.

The writer was also an excellent organizer: from 1901 he was the head of the Znanie publishing house, which published best writers of that period. He supported revolutionary movement not only spiritually, but also materially. The writer's apartment was used as a headquarters for revolutionaries before important events. Lenin even spoke at his apartment in St. Petersburg. After that, in 1905, Maxim Gorky, for fear of arrest, decided to leave Russia for a while.

Life abroad

Alexei Gorky went to Finland and from there - to Western Europe and the United States, where he raised funds for the struggle of the Bolsheviks. At the very beginning, he was met there friendly: the writer made acquaintance with Theodore Roosevelt and Mark Twain. Published in America famous novel"Mother". However, later the Americans began to resent his political actions.

In the period from 1906 to 1907, Gorky lived on the island of Capri, from where he continued to support the Bolsheviks. At the same time, he creates a special theory of "god-building". The point was that moral and cultural values far more important than political ones. This theory formed the basis of the novel "Confessions". Although Lenin rejected these beliefs, the writer continued to adhere to them.

Return to Russia

In 1913, Alexei Maksimovich returned to his homeland. During the First World War, he lost faith in the power of Man. In 1917, his relations with the revolutionaries worsened, he became disillusioned with the leaders of the revolution.

Gorky understands that all his attempts to save the intelligentsia do not meet with a response from the Bolsheviks. But later, in 1918, he recognizes his beliefs as erroneous and returns to the Bolsheviks. In 1921, despite a personal meeting with Lenin, he failed to save his friend, the poet Nikolai Gumilyov, from execution. After that, he leaves Bolshevik Russia.

Repeated emigration

In connection with the intensification of bouts of tuberculosis and according to Lenin, Alexei Maksimovich leaves Russia for Italy, in the city of Sorrento. There he completes his autobiographical trilogy. The author was in exile until 1928, but continues to maintain contacts with the Soviet Union.

He doesn't leave writing activity, but writes already in accordance with new literary trends. Far from the Motherland, he wrote the novel "The Artamonov Case", stories. An extensive work "The Life of Klim Samgin" was begun, which the writer did not have time to finish. In connection with the death of Lenin, Gorky writes a book of memoirs about the leader.

Return to the Motherland and the last years of life

Alexei Gorky visited several times Soviet Union but did not stay there. In 1928, during a trip around the country, he was shown the "front" side of life. The delighted writer wrote essays about the Soviet Union.

In 1931, at the personal invitation of Stalin, he returned to the USSR forever. Alexey Maksimovich continues to write, but in his works he praises the image of Stalin and the entire leadership, without mentioning the numerous repressions. Of course, this state of affairs did not suit the writer, but at that time statements that contradicted the authorities were not tolerated.

In 1934, Gorky's son dies, and on June 18, 1936, Maxim Gorky dies under unclear circumstances. AT last way folk writer accompanied by the entire leadership of the country. The urn with his ashes was buried in the Kremlin wall.

Features of the work of Maxim Gorky

His work is unique in that it was during the period of the collapse of capitalism that he was able to very clearly convey the state of society through the description ordinary people. After all, no one before him described with such detail the life of the lower strata of society. It was this undisguised truth of the life of the working class that won him the love of the people.

His faith in man can be traced in his early works, he believed that a person can make a revolution with the help of his spiritual life. Maxim Gorky managed to combine the bitter truth with faith in moral values. And it was this combination that made his works special, the characters memorable, and made Gorky himself a writer of workers.

Biography

Maksim Gorky Born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a cabinetmaker, after the death of his father he lived in the family of his grandfather V. Kashirin, the owner of a dyeing establishment.

Real name - Peshkov Alexey Maksimovich

At the age of eleven, having become an orphan, he began to work, replacing many "owners": a messenger at a shoe store, a cookware on steamboats, a draftsman, etc. Only reading books saved him from the despair of a hopeless life.

In 1884 he came to Kazan to fulfill his dream - to study at the university, but very soon realized the whole unreality of such a plan. Started to work. Later Bitter writes: "I did not expect help from outside and did not hope for Lucky case... I realized very early that a person is created by his resistance environment". At the age of 16, he already knew a lot about life, but the four years spent in Kazan shaped his personality, determined his path. He began to conduct propaganda work among the workers and peasants (with the populist M. Romas in the village of Krasnovidovo). From 1888 wanderings began Gorky in Russia in order to get to know it better and get to know the life of the people better.

Passed Bitter through the Don steppes, across Ukraine, to the Danube, from there - through the Crimea and North Caucasus- in Tiflis, where he spent a year working as a hammer, then as a clerk in railway workshops, communicating with revolutionary leaders and participating in illegal circles. At this time, he wrote his first story - "Makar Chudra", published in the Tiflis newspaper, and the poem "The Girl and Death" (published in 1917).

Since 1892, having returned to Nizhny Novgorod, he took up literary work, publishing in the Volga newspapers. From 1895 stories Gorky appeared in the capital's magazines, in the "Samarskaya Gazeta" he became known as a feuilletonist, speaking under the pseudonym Yehudiel Khlamida. In 1898, Essays and Stories were published. Gorky which made him widely known in Russia. Work hard, grow up fast great artist, an innovator who can lead. Him romantic stories called to fight, brought up heroic optimism ("Old Woman Izergil", "Song of the Falcon", "Song of the Petrel").

In 1899, the novel Foma Gordeev was published, which put forward Gorky into a number of world-class writers. In the autumn of this year, he arrived in St. Petersburg, where he met Mikhailovsky and Veresaev, with Repin; later in Moscow - S.L. Tolstoy, L. Andreev, A. Chekhov, I. Bunin, A. Kuprin and other writers. He agrees with revolutionary circles and was exiled to Arzamas for writing a proclamation calling for the overthrow of the tsarist government in connection with the dispersal of a student demonstration.

In 1901 - 1902 he wrote his first plays "Petty Bourgeois" and "At the Bottom", staged at the Moscow Art Theater. In 1904 - the plays "Summer Residents", "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians".

AT revolutionary events 1905 Bitter took an active part, was imprisoned in Peter and Paul Fortress for anti-tsarist proclamations. The protest of the Russian and world community forced the government to release the writer. For helping with money and weapons during the Moscow December armed uprising Gorky threatened with reprisal from the official authorities, so it was decided to send him abroad. At the beginning of 1906 he arrived in America, where he stayed until autumn. Pamphlets "My Interviews" and essays "In America" ​​were written here.

Upon his return to Russia, he created the play "Enemies" and the novel "Mother" (1906). This year Bitter went to Italy, to Capri, where he lived until 1913, giving all his strength literary creativity. During these years, the plays "The Last" (1908), "Vassa Zheleznova" (1910), the novels "Summer", "The Town of Okurov" (1909), the novel "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin" (1910 - 11) were written.

Using the amnesty, in 1913 the writer returned to St. Petersburg, collaborated in the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda. In 1915 he founded the journal Letopis, directed the literary department of the journal, uniting around him such writers as Shishkov, Prishvin, Trenev, Gladkoe, and others.

After February Revolution Maxim Gorky participated in the publication of the New Life newspaper, which was the organ of the Social Democrats, where he published articles under common name "Untimely Thoughts". Expressed fears in unpreparedness October revolution, was afraid that "the dictatorship of the proletariat would lead to the death of politically educated Bolshevik workers ...", reflected on the role of the intelligentsia in saving the nation: "The Russian intelligentsia must again take over great work spiritual healing of the people.

Soon Bitter became actively involved in the construction new culture: helped organize the First Workers 'and Peasants' University, Bolshoi drama theater Petersburg, created the publishing house "World Literature". In the years civil war, hunger and devastation, he took care of the Russian intelligentsia, and many scientists, writers and artists were saved by him from starvation.

In 1921 Bitter at the insistence of Lenin, he went abroad for treatment (tuberculosis resumed). First he lived in the resorts of Germany and Czechoslovakia, then moved to Italy in Sorrento. He continues to work hard: he finished the trilogy - "My Universities" ("Childhood" and "In People" came out in 1913 - 16), wrote the novel "The Artamonov Case" (1925). He began work on the book "The Life of Klim Samgin", which he continued to write until the end of his life. In 1931 Gorky returned to his homeland. In the 1930s he again turned to dramaturgy: Yegor Bulychev and Others (1932), Dostigaev and Others (1933).

Summing up the acquaintance and communication with the great people of his time. Bitter created literary portraits L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, V. Korolenko, essay "V. I. Lenin" ( new edition 1930). In 1934, through the efforts of M. Gorky, the 1st All-Union Congress Soviet writers. On June 18, 1936, M. Gorky died in Gorki and was buried in Red Square.

Novels

1899 - Foma Gordeev
1900-1901 - "Three
1906 - Mother (second edition - 1907)
1925 - The Artamonov Case
1925-1936- Life of Klim Samgin

Tale

1900 - Man. Essays
1908 - The life of an unnecessary person.
1908 - Confession
1909 - Summer
1909 - The town of Okurov,
1913-1914 - Childhood
1915-1916 - In people
1923 - My universities
1929 - At the edge of the Earth

Stories, essays

1892 - Girl and death
1892 - Makar Chudra
1892 - Emelyan Pilyai
1892 - Grandfather Arkhip and Lenka
1895 - Chelkash, Old Woman Izergil, Song of the Falcon
1897 - Former people, Spouses Orlovs, Malva, Konovalov.
1898 - Essays and stories "(collection)
1899 - Twenty-six and one
1901 - Song about the Petrel (poem in prose)
1903 - Man (poem in prose)
1906 - Comrade!
1908 - Soldiers
1911 - Tales of Italy
1912-1917 - In Rus' "(a cycle of stories)
1924 - Stories 1922-1924
1924 - Notes from a diary (a cycle of stories)

Plays

1901 - Philistines
1902 - At the bottom
1904 - Summer residents
1905 - Children of the Sun
1905 - Barbarians
1906 - Enemies
1908 - Last
1910 - Freaks
1910 - Children
1910 - Vassa Zheleznova
1913 - Zykovs
1913 - Fake coin
1915 - Old Man
1930-1931 - Somov and others
1931 - Yegor Bulychov and others
1932 - Dostigaev and others

Born on March 16 (28), 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod in a poor carpenter's family. The real name of Maxim Gorky is Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov. His parents died early, and little Alexei stayed with his grandfather. His grandmother became a mentor in literature, who led her grandson into the world. folk poetry. He wrote about her briefly, but with great tenderness: “In those years, I was filled with grandmother's poems, like a beehive with honey; I think I was thinking in the forms of her poems.

Gorky's childhood passed in harsh, difficult conditions. With early years the future writer was forced to do part-time jobs, earning a living with whatever he had to.

Education and the beginning of literary activity

In Gorky's life, only two years were devoted to studying at the Nizhny Novgorod School. Then, due to poverty, he went to work, but was constantly self-taught. 1887 was one of the most difficult years in Gorky's biography. Because of the troubles that had piled up, he tried to commit suicide, however, he survived.

Traveling around the country, Gorky promoted the revolution, for which he was taken under police surveillance, and then arrested for the first time in 1888.

Gorky's first printed story, Makar Chudra, was published in 1892. Then, published in 1898, the essays in two volumes "Essays and Stories" brought fame to the writer.

In 1900-1901 he wrote the novel "Three", met Anton Chekhov and Leo Tolstoy.

In 1902, he was awarded the title of member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, but by order of Nicholas II, he was soon declared invalid.

To famous works Gorky include: the story "Old Woman Izergil" (1895), the plays "Petty Bourgeois" (1901) and "At the Bottom" (1902), the stories "Childhood" (1913-1914) and "In People" (1915-1916), the novel " The life of Klim Samgin (1925-1936), which the author never finished, as well as many cycles of stories.

Gorky also wrote fairy tales for children. Among them: "The Tale of Ivanushka the Fool", "Sparrow", "Samovar", "Tales of Italy" and others. Remembering your difficult childhood, Gorky paid special attention to children, organized holidays for children from poor families, published a children's magazine.

Emigration, return home

In 1906, in the biography of Maxim Gorky, he moved to the USA, then to Italy, where he lived until 1913. Even there, Gorky's work defended the revolution. Returning to Russia, he stops in St. Petersburg. Here Gorky works in publishing houses, deals with social activities. In 1921, due to an aggravated illness, at the insistence of Vladimir Lenin, and disagreements with the authorities, he again went abroad. The writer finally returned to the USSR in October 1932.

Final years and death

At home, he continues to actively engage in writing, publishes newspapers and magazines.

Maxim Gorky died on June 18, 1936 in the village of Gorki (Moscow Region) mysterious circumstances. There were rumors that the cause of his death was poisoning, and many blamed Stalin for this. However, this version has not been confirmed.

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