Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko was born in 1853 in Ukraine into the family of a court official. His parents highly honored him and cultivated in their children a sense of duty and honor. The Father was invariably accompanied by the glory of "the righteous judge." Subsequently, Korolenko himself will face the law in the role of a defendant and will understand that in order to comply with the law, great courage and fortitude are needed.
Korolenko's student years fell on the beginning of the 70s. First he studied at the St. Petersburg Technological Institute, and then at the Moscow Petrovsky Agricultural Academy. The call to merge with the people and spread socialist ideas there attracted Korolenko.
His Analytical mind, which matched perfectly with his active and impulsive nature, urged him to tireless search truth, and as it seemed to him, this truth was among the people.
For the first time, Korolenko became close to the people during the years of his first exile in the Volgorod province, where he ended up for organizing and holding illegal gatherings at the Petrovsky Academy.
The first link was short. As a result of the efforts of many friends, he was allowed to move to Kronstadt, where his family lived, and soon he moved to St. Petersburg, where he was preparing, so to speak, to go to the people, for which he began to learn shoemaking. But his ideas to educate the peasants in the countryside were not crowned with success, since in 1879 repressions and acts of populists in the form of terror intensified. Korolenko was again arrested and from now on became “irrevocably suspicious.
With the label "politically unreliable" Korolenko was sent to the city of Glazov, Vyatka province. During the exile, Vladimir Galaktionovich gets rid of a naive book-romantic notion, of a peasant fighting for his life every day, without stopping. He understands that the peasant does not need what the aristocratic intelligentsia dreams of for him.
At the same time, Korolenko's personality is of interest to his neighbors: they come to him for advice, trust him with their problems, and simply love him. As a result of this restless exile, they are sent even further to the north of the Vyatka province to Berezovsky repairs (as he later found out - for trying to escape)
Then Korolenko ends up in Siberia for refusing to be sworn in. Alexander III and close encounters with the Yakuts. He is convinced that their way of life, their way of thinking and needs are far from what the Narodniks are looking for in peasant souls.
Korolenko considered terrorism to be an opposite phenomenon to human nature. It is not for nothing that one of his friends, while Korolenko was tormented: to swear or not to swear, joked that if he swore he would definitely become a terrorist, which contradicted himself, his nature, his train of thought and conscience.
While he was waiting for arrest after refusing to take the oath, he had the opportunity to escape, but he did not take advantage of it, just as before in Glazov, when he had the same opportunity to escape from all this.
However, Korolenko's loyalty to himself did not turn into a frenzy, strict obedience to some principles, etc.
It seems to me that in his story "Wonderful" (1880), he seems to present himself in the role of the woman who is being taken into exile. Where did her principles lead? what did they give her? Korolenko writes about her beliefs and her principles: “You can break it ... well, you can bend it yourself, tea, I saw it: you can’t bend like that”
Murder and shedding of blood - topics that worried many writers of the 19th century and considered by them in different aspects. Korolenko, on the other hand, thinks about "a harmonious order in the world", but the idea of interconnectedness, interdependence of nature, man, society was vague, but permeated all of Korolenko's work.
Struggle and dissatisfaction, constant movement, even if the goal is not fully realized - this is what Korolenko appreciates in people. Stopping is tantamount to death.
Almost all of Korolenko's stories are created on the basis of what he himself experienced or saw, and in their center is an unsubdued person.
With the words “Man is created for happiness, like a bird for flight in the story of the paradox, Vladimir Galaktionovich expresses the idea that man is a part of vast world and contains its infinity.
After the defeat of the revolution of 1905, which entailed mass arrests and executions, Korolenko tried with all his might to activate the civil temperament of society, a mass rebuff to murders and torture.
Korolenko's social activities distracted him from literature, and in last years In his lifetime, he took up the great work “The History of My Contemporary”, where, in general, he was engaged in analyzing his spiritual searches.
Korolenko died in 1921. Throughout his life, his unceasing nature demanded justice. The concepts of "literature" and "struggle" for Korolenko were the same as the concepts of "man" and "citizen". They were an organic and natural embodiment of himself.
korolenko writer publicism work
Literary career
Relation to the revolution
Aliases
Bibliography
Novels and stories
Publicism
Reviews
Publication of works
Screen versions of works
(July 15 (27), 1853, Zhitomir - December 25, 1921, Poltava) - Russian writer of Ukrainian-Polish origin, journalist, publicist, public figure, who deserved recognition for his human rights activities both during the years of the tsarist regime and during the civil war and Soviet power. For their critical views Korolenko was subjected to repression by the tsarist government. A significant part of the writer's literary works is inspired by impressions of childhood spent in Ukraine and exile to Siberia.
Honorary Academician Imperial Academy Sciences in the category of fine literature (1900-1902).
Childhood and youth
Korolenko was born in Zhytomyr (Ukraine) in the family of a county judge. The writer's father came from a Cossack family. Severe and withdrawn, but at the same time incorruptible and fair, Galaktion Afanasyevich Korolenko (1810-1868) had a huge influence on the formation of his son's worldview. Subsequently, the image of the father was captured by the writer in his famous story " In a bad society". The writer's mother was Polish and Korolenko knew the Polish language from childhood.
Korolenko began to study at the Zhytomyr gymnasium, and after the death of his father completed his secondary education at the Rivne real school. In 1871 he entered the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, but due to financial difficulties he was forced to leave it and in 1874 go on a scholarship to the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy in Moscow.
Revolutionary activity and exile
From an early age, Korolenko joined the revolutionary populist movement. In 1876, for participating in populist student circles, he was expelled from the academy and exiled to Kronstadt under police supervision.
In Kronstadt young man I had to earn my living by doing my own work. He was engaged in tutoring, was a proofreader in a printing house, tried a number of working professions.
At the end of his exile, Korolenko returned to St. Petersburg and in 1877 entered the Mining Institute. This period includes the beginning literary activity Korolenko. In July 1879, the first short story by the writer, Episodes from the Life of a Seeker, was published in the St. Petersburg magazine Slovo. This story Korolenko originally intended for the magazine " Domestic notes”, However, the first attempt at writing was unsuccessful - the editor of the journal M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin returned the manuscript to the young author with the words: “It would be nothing ... but green ... very green.” But back in the spring of 1879, on suspicion of revolutionary activity Korolenko was again expelled from the institute and exiled to Glazov in the Vyatka province.
On June 3, 1879, together with his brother Hilarion, the writer, accompanied by gendarmes, was taken to this county town. The writer remained in Glazov until October, when, as a result of two complaints from Korolenko about the actions of the Vyatka administration, his punishment was toughened. On October 25, 1879, Korolenko was sent as a police officer to the Biserovsky volost with the appointment of residence in Berezovsky repairs, where he stayed until the end of January 1880. From there, for unauthorized absence in the village of Afanasievskoye, the writer was sent first to the Vyatka prison, and then to the Vyshnevolotsk transit prison.
After refusing to sign a penitent, loyal petition to the new Tsar Alexander III in 1881, Korolenko was sent into exile in Siberia (he was serving deadline references in Yakutia in the Amginskaya Sloboda). However, the harsh living conditions did not break the will of the writer. The difficult six years of exile became a time of formation mature writer provided rich material for his future writings.
Literary career
In 1885, Korolenko was allowed to settle in Nizhny Novgorod. The Nizhny Novgorod decade (1885-1895) was the period of the most fruitful work of the writer Korolenko, a surge of his talent, after which the reading public of the whole Russian Empire. In 1886, his first book, Essays and short stories”, which included the Siberian short stories of the writer. In the same years, Korolenko published his "Pavlovsk Essays", which were the result of repeated visits to the village of Pavlova in the Gorbatovsky district. Nizhny Novgorod province. The work describes the plight of the metalworkers of the village, crushed by poverty.
The real triumph of Korolenko was the release in 1886-1887 of his the best works — « In a bad society" (1885) and " blind musician» (1886). In these stories Korolenko with profound knowledge human psychology takes a philosophical approach to solving the problem of the relationship between man and society. The material for the writer was memories of childhood spent in Ukraine, enriched with philosophical and social implications a mature master who has passed hard years exile and repression. According to the writer, the fullness and harmony of life, happiness can be felt only by overcoming one's own egoism, taking the path of serving the people.
In the 1890s, Korolenko traveled a lot. He visits various parts of the Russian Empire (Crimea, Caucasus). In 1893, the writer is present at world exhibition in Chicago (USA). The result of this trip was the philosophical and allegorical story " No tongue» (1895). Korolenko is recognized not only in Russia, but also abroad. His works are published in foreign languages.
In 1895-1900 Korolenko lived in St. Petersburg. He edits a magazine Russian wealth ". During this period, remarkable novels are published. Marusina Zaimka"(1899)," Instant» (1900).
In 1900, the writer settled in Poltava, where he lived until his death.
In the last years of his life (1906-1921) Korolenko worked on a large autobiographical novel « History of my contemporary”, which was supposed to summarize everything that he experienced, to systematize philosophical views writer. The novel was left unfinished. The writer died while working on the fourth volume of his work. Died of pneumonia.
Journalism and social activities
Korolenko's popularity was enormous, and the tsarist government was forced to reckon with his publicistic speeches. The writer drew public attention to the most acute, topical issues of our time. He exposed the famine of 1891-1892 (series of essays " In a hungry year”), drew attention to the “Multan case”, denounced the tsarist punishers who brutally cracked down on Ukrainian peasants fighting for their rights (“ Sorochinskaya tragedy”, 1906), the reactionary policy of the tsarist government after the suppression of the revolution of 1905 (“ household phenomenon", 1910). In 1911-1913, Korolenko actively opposed the reactionaries and chauvinists who fanned the falsified "Beilis case", he published more than ten articles in which he exposed the lies and falsifications of the Black Hundreds.
In 1900, Korolenko, along with Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov, Vladimir Solovyov, Pyotr Boborykin and Maxim Gorky, was elected an honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature, but in 1902 he left it in protest against the expulsion of Maxim Gorky from the ranks of academicians.
Relation to the revolution
In 1917, many asked who should be the first president Russian Republic, answered: Korolenko. After October revolution Korolenko openly condemned the methods by which the Bolsheviks carried out the construction of socialism. The position of Korolenko, a humanist, who condemned the atrocities of the civil war, who stood up to protect the individual from Bolshevik arbitrariness, is reflected in his " Letters to Lunacharsky" (1920) and " Letters from Poltava"(1921).
V. Lenin wrote to Maxim Gorky in 1919: “... The “intellectual forces” of the people were wrongly mixed with the “forces” of the bourgeois intellectuals. I'll take Korolenko as a model... After all, Korolenko is the best of the "near-Kadet" people, almost a Menshevik. ... A pathetic tradesman, captivated by bourgeois prejudices! .. No. It’s not a sin for such “talents” to spend three weeks in prison if this is to be done to prevent conspiracies (like Krasnaya Gorka) and the death of tens of thousands ... "
Aliases
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A family
- He was married to Evdokia Semyonovna Ivanovskaya.
- Two children: Natalia and Sophia.
- The wife's sister P. S. Ivanovskaya and the wife's brother V. S. Ivanovsky were revolutionary members of the People's Volunteers.
Bibliography
Novels and stories
Publicism
- 1884 - Adjutant of His Excellency (Commentary on a recent event)
- 1886 - Omollon
- 1890 - Pavlovsk essays
- 1890 - In desert places (From a trip to Vetluga and Kerzhents)
- 1891 - On the history of obsolete institutions
- 1894 - "God's town"
- 1895 - Echoes of political upheavals in the county town of the XVIII century
- 1895 - Multan sacrifice
- 1895 - To the report on the Multan sacrifice
- 1896 - Do the Votyaks make human sacrifices?
- 1896 - Rumors of the press about the Multan case
- 1896 - Death Factory (Sketch)
- 1896 - Ringlet (From archival files)
- 1898 - Celebrity of the end of the century
- 1901 — Pugachev legend in the Urals
- 1903 - House number 13 (Feature article)
- 1904 - Sonya Marmeladova at a lecture by Ms. Lukhmanova
- 1904 - New objectors
- 1905 - Naval headquarters "at peace"
- 1905 - Chronicle inner life (January 9 in St. Petersburg)
- 1906 - The unity of the cabinet or secrets of the Ministry of the Interior
- 1906 - Return of General Kuropatkin
- 1906 - Cares of the good shepherd for the sinful flock
- 1907 - General Dumbadze, Governor-General of Yalta
- 1907 - From the notes of Pavel Andreevich Tentetnikov
- 1907 - Sorochinskaya tragedy (According to judicial investigation)
- 1907 - In a hungry year (Observations and notes from the diary)
- 1908 - On Latin Confidence
- 1909 - "Declaration" by V.S. Solovyov (To the history Jewish question in Russian press)
- 1909 - Poltava festivities
- 1909 - Ours on the Danube
- 1910 - Features of military justice
- 1910 - Everyday phenomenon (Publicist's notes about death penalty)
- 1911 - Tormentor Orgy
- 1911 - About "Russia" and about the revolution
- 1911 - In a calm village (Pictures of true reality)
- 1912 - The process of the editor of "Russian wealth"
- 1913 - On the court, on the defense and on the press
- 1913 - "They judged the Multans..."
- 1913 - The Beilis Affair (Four articles written in 1913, during the Beilis trial)
- 1913 - The Third Element (In memory of Nikolai Fedorovich Annensky)
- 1913 - Nirvana. From a trip to the ashes of the Danube Sich (Excerpt)
- 1916 - Kotlyarevsky and Mazepa
Memoirs and literary notes
- 1887 - Two paintings (Reflections of a writer)
- 1889 - About Shchedrin
- 1890 - Memories of Chernyshevsky
- 1898 - In memory of Belinsky
- 1902 - About Gleb Ivanovich Uspensky
- 1904 - "Civil execution of Chernyshevsky" (According to an eyewitness)
- 1904 - Anton Pavlovich Chekhov
- 1908 - Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (Article One)
- 1908 - L. N. Tolstoy (Article two)
- 1908 - Angel Ivanovich Bogdanovich (Features from personal memories)
- 1909 - Stereotypical in the life of a Russian writer (To the obituary of Count E. A. Salias)
- 1909 - The tragedy of the great humorist (A few thoughts about Gogol)
- 1910 - The Great Pilgrim (Three meetings with Leo Tolstoy)
- 1910 - Died
- 1910 - Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin (Literary portrait)
- 1911 - In memory of a remarkable Russian man
- 1912 - My first encounter with Dickens
- 1912 - I. A. Goncharov and the "young generation" (To the 100th anniversary of birth)
- 1912 - Elder Fyodor Kuzmich (The hero of the story by L. N. Tolstoy)
- 1916 - Summist puzzles
- 1920 - On the tenth anniversary of the death of Leo Tolstoy
- 1922 - Conversation with Tolstoy (Maximalism and statehood)
Reviews
- 1896 - J. Kantorovich - Medieval witch trials
- 1897 - Everyday problem book for children - Mandryki
- 1901 - A. Serafimovich. - Essays and stories
- 1904 - V. P. Burenin - Theater (Volume one. St. Petersburg, 1904)
- 1904 - Stanislav Pshibyshevsky - Homo sapiens
- 1907 - Georgy Chulkov - "Taiga" (Drama. Publishing house "Ory". St. Petersburg. 1907)
- 1908 - Northern collections
Publication of works
- Collected works in 6 bindings. St. Petersburg, 1907-1912.
- complete collection works in 9 volumes. Petrograd, Ed. t-va A. F. Marx, 1914.
- Collected works in 10 volumes. M., 1953-1956.
- Collected works in 5 volumes. M., 1960-1961.
- Collected works in 6 volumes. M., 1971.
- Collected works in 5 volumes. M., 1989-1991.
- History of my contemporary in 4 volumes. L., 1976.
- Russia would be alive. Unknown journalism 1917-1921 - M., 2002.
Screen versions of works
- Blind Musician (USSR, 1960, director Tatyana Lukashevich).
- Among the Gray Stones (USSR, 1983, directed by Kira Muratova).
- Polissya legend (USSR).
Quotes
- « Man was created for happiness, like a bird for flight, only happiness is not always created for him."("Paradox").
- « Violence feeds on obedience like fire feeds on straw."("The Tale of Flora, Agrippa and Menahem, the son of Yehuda").
Museums
- The house-museum "Dacha Korolenko" is located in the village of Dzhankhot, 20 kilometers southeast of Gelendzhik. The main building was built in 1902 according to the drawings of the writer, and utility rooms and buildings were completed over several years. The writer lived in this residence in 1904, 1908, 1912 and 1915.
- In Nizhny Novgorod, on the basis of school No. 14, there is a museum that contains materials on the Nizhny Novgorod period of the writer's life.
- Museum in the city of Rivne on the site of the Rivne Men's Gymnasium.
- In the homeland of the writer, in the city of Zhytomyr, in 1973 the house-museum of the writer was opened.
- In the city of Poltava there is a Museum-estate of V. G. Korolenko - the house in which the writer lived for the last 18 years of his life.
Memory
- In 1977, the minor planet 3835 was named Korolenko.
- In 1973, a monument was erected in the homeland of the writer in Zhytomyr (sculptor V. Vinaykin, architect N. Ivanchuk).
- The name Korolenko was given to Poltava pedagogical institute, Kharkiv State scientific library, Chernihiv regional library, schools in Poltava and Zhitomir, Glazov State Pedagogical Institute.
- In 1990, the Union of Writers of Ukraine established literary prize named after Korolenko for the best Russian-speaking literary work Ukraine.
- Row of streets in many cities former USSR named after Korolenko. There is also Korolenko Street in Tel Aviv.
Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko (1853-1921) had a long literary fate covering cultural and historical epochs far from each other. In 1879, he took his first story, "Episodes from the Life of a 'Searcher'," to Domestic Notes. Approved by N.K. Mikhailovsky, the manuscript was rejected by Shchedrin: "It would be nothing ... Yes, green ... Green very much". Most of his main book, "The History of My Contemporary", begun in 1905, Korolenko wrote in 1918-1921. The autobiographical hero remained the same "seeker", but the scale and tone of the narrative changed: from the lyrically colored "episode The writer moved on to an epic canvas about his generation.
Korolenko grew up in a large and friendly family, where two nationalities coexisted peacefully (Ukrainian - father and Polish - mother), two faiths (Orthodox and Catholic) and three languages (Russian, Polish and Ukrainian). The family was noble, religious, with strict rules. They lived first in Zhytomyr, then in Rivne; father served as a county judge. When the future writer was 15 years old, his father died, leaving the family without funds. Passion for Russian literature, especially Turgenev and Nekrasov, gave rise to youthful dream about the profession of a lawyer, defender of the disadvantaged. But the Rovno real gymnasium did not give the right to enter the university, but Korolenko could not spend a year on passing the necessary exams as an external student - the family was in poverty. In 1871 he entered the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, although mathematical sciences seemed to him dry and distracted. At the beginning of 1874, Korolenko moved to Moscow and entered the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy, the forest department. At this time, Korolenko already dreamed of writing and made his first attempts. Livelihood had to be obtained by proofreading, drafting and cheap translations.
The Petrovsky student "rebellion" of 1876, fanned by the police, pushed Korolenko into the category of "harmful troublemakers" exiled "by the highest command" (that is, without trial or investigation). At the end of his life, he writes: “And until my very old age I was carried away by the same reputation as a dangerous agitator and revolutionary, although all my life I did nothing but appeal to the rule of law and the right for everyone”2. Korolenko attributed the rest to the genre of "autocratic insanity" and "gendarme fantasies", which cost him 7 years in prison, stages and exile.
In the second half of 1880, the “administrative order” softened somewhat, and Korolenko was returned from the Siberian stage and left in Perm, where he found service on railway. The writer's work was also successful (the third story appeared in the capital's magazine). But on March 1, 1881, Alexander II was killed, and an oath to the new emperor was required. Korolenko twice passed the general oath ceremony, but as an exile he was required to take an individual oath. Referring to two years of extrajudicial persecution, Korolenko gave a written refusal and thereby committed a “crime” that was not provided for by the code of Russian laws.
In the autumn of 1884, when the term of the Yakut exile ended, Korolenko made a decision: if they demand the oath again, do not give it. Fortunately, they didn't. After Siberia, Korolenko settled in Nizhny Novgorod, where the brightest decade of his life passed: the first book of Essays and Stories (M., 1886) was published, Vladimir Galaktionovich happily married, daughters were born. At first, I had to take any job: a cashier at the pier, an agent of the Society of Dramatic Writers, an employee of the Nizhny Novgorod Archival Commission. However, these services soon gave way to the work of the journalist and writer.
In November 1892, Korolenko participated in the transformation of the journal "Russian wealth", which passed to N.K. Mikhailovsky; in 1894 he became a shareholder and a member of the literary and editorial committee of this journal; in June 1895 - its official publisher; at the beginning of 1896 he moved to St. Petersburg to take a direct part in the work of the editorial board. After Mikhailovsky's death in 1904, he became the editor-in-chief and spiritual center of Russkoyebogatstvo ('Every magazine is a portrait of its editor,' A.G. Gornfeld wrote to Vladimir Galaktionovich on December 20, 1920).
Since 1893, all new collections of Korolenko's works have been published in the publication "Russian wealth". Before the revolution, the Narodnik Democracy magazine endured censorship storms, suspensions, terminations, forced renaming, lawsuits, and so on. In 1918, according to Korolenko, it was destroyed, along with all the free Russian press.
Since 1900, Korolenko lived in Poltava, which during the years of the civil war changed hands about ten times, and every time robberies, pogroms, mass searches, arrests, executions broke out. And every time I had to fuss about some side.
He signed the last mercy petition nine days before his death. He refused to go abroad for treatment. In 1918, during the celebration in Petrograd of the 65-year-old Korolenko (in his absence), Gornfeld - paradoxically and unexpectedly - called Vladimir Galaktionovich a superman, seeing the superhuman in the "moral inevitability" of Korolenko's actions, his readiness to do what "seems impossible timid mind and sluggish will.
Born July 15, 1853 in Zhytomyr in the family of a Ukrainian court official noble family(his image is captured in the story "In Bad Society" and "The History of My Contemporary") and mother, Polish, Catholic from the gentry class. He studied at the Zhytomyr and Rivne gymnasiums, whose students were Ukrainians, Russians, Poles, Jews. Multinational environment, various cultural traditions have left a special stamp on his work, artistic manner. The future writer subsequently repeatedly protested against national oppression and religious intolerance.
His outlook was formed under the influence of the works of I. S. Turgenev, N. A. Nekrasov, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, D. I. Pisarev, N. A. Dobrolyubov. After the death of his father in 1870, the Korolenko family was left without a livelihood (Korolenko had two more brothers and a sister). Having settled in Petersburg, future writer together with his brothers, he took up coloring atlases and proofreading work. At the end of 1870, the first literary experiments Korolenko, however, at that time the author was not noticed by the reading public. His debut story "Episodes from the Life of a Seeker" "The Word", 1879, written at a time when the writer was fascinated by the ideas of "truth-seeking", testified to the high moral upsurge that gripped Russian youth, called for living in the name of the public good. This mood largely determined the further personal and creative destiny writer.
In 1871 he entered the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, but did not graduate from it. In 1874 he successfully passed the entrance exams to the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy in Moscow, but he did not study here for long either, in 1876 he was expelled for participating in a collective protest directed at the administration of the academy.
In this regard, he was exiled to Vyatka (on the way to the place of exile, the story "Wonderful" was written, published a quarter of a century later, in 1905), then to Kronstadt - his exile lasted a year. The time spent in Vyatka, Korolenko considered the best. G. I. Uspensky becomes his new literary landmark, depicting “ living life living people." Having received a free residence permit in 1877, Korolenko entered the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg, which he also left, because he was carried away by the ideas of the populists and, dreaming of getting closer to the people, began to learn how to shoemaker.
In 1878, he tried himself as a journalist by publishing material in the Novosti newspaper. In 1879 he was arrested on suspicion of having connections with revolutionaries and illegal organizations. After he refused to swear allegiance to Emperor Alexander III, in 1881 he was exiled to Yakutia, where he served a three-year exile. Harsh but beautiful nature Eastern Siberia, the difficult life of the settlers, the peculiar psychology of the Siberians, whose life was full of the most incredible adventures, were reflected in the Siberian essays by Korolenko: "The Dream of Makar" (1885), "Notes of a Siberian Tourist", "Sokolinets" (1885), "In the Department under Investigation".
"The Dream of Makar" is the second major publication of the writer. In the image of the protagonist, who seemed to have long lost his human appearance, the author nevertheless saw a man. The source of Makar's deviations from the truth is that no one taught him to distinguish good from evil. The essay, written in poetic language, with a masterfully put together plot, brought the writer a real success. Following Makar's Dream, the story "In Bad Society" (1885) was published, plot basis which were Rovno memoirs. The motif of "outcastes" appeared in the writer's work. The story is better known in an abridged version for children's reading as "Children of the Underground".
In 1885 Korolenko settled in Nizhny Novgorod, remaining under police supervision. However, he was allowed to practice journalism, literary work. Upper Volga life, with all its hardships and small joys, organically entered the writer's books. The following stories were written here: “At the Eclipse” (1887), “Behind the Icon” (1887), “Birds of Heaven” (1889), “The River Plays” (1892), “On the Volga” ( 1889) as well as "Pavlovian Essays" (1890) and the essays that made up the book "In the year of famine" (1893).
"The river is playing" - one of the best stories not only of this period, but, perhaps, of the entire work of Korolenko. The writer created the image of, at first glance, a careless, but in fact charming, captivating sincerity carrier Tyulin, who put the soul of an artist into his simple craft.
Ten years spent in Nizhny Novgorod turned out to be very fruitful for the writer. He was engaged literary creativity, was active in public activities: he helped in organizing assistance to the starving, found personal happiness (he married Avdotya Semyonovna Ivanovskaya, in October they had eldest daughter). Here he received reader recognition; met A.P. Chekhov, L.N. Tolstoy, N.G. Chernyshevsky and others. modern language, a bestseller. "The Blind Musician" is a story about man's eternal desire for the unknown. Its main character experiences an irresistible craving for a light that he has never seen. In the work, the realism of the image of reality is harmoniously combined with the idealism of the worldview. The main theme that worries the writer is the triumph spirituality in man over the material aspects of life. The story has been translated into European languages and interested P. Verlaine, who saw in her an example of a new art.
In 1893 Korolenko crossed the ocean to visit the World Art and Industrial Exhibition in Chicago. The writer strongly disliked America. This trip strengthened his rejection of the bourgeois world. In 1902, the writer published the story "Without a Language", written in the wake of American impressions.
Korolenko's interest in the "psychology of universal longing for the unattainable" ("Letters to A. G. Gornfeld") can also be traced in the story "Night" (1888). A child who feels the "mystery" of birth and death is, in the author's opinion, wiser than a medical student. Rationalists saw in this story the author's bias towards metaphysics.
To the best journalistic works The writer owns the article “On the Complexity of Life” - a reminder of the successive connection between generations of the Russian intelligentsia, whose task is to protect the personal freedom of a person.
In 1896-1918. Korolenko was a member of the editorial board of the Russian Wealth magazine in St. Petersburg (since 1904 - editor-publisher). The writer believed that civil society was not sufficiently developed in Russia, the legal consciousness of the people was extremely weak, and there was almost no justice (he himself repeatedly acted as a human rights activist at trials).
In 1900, he moved from St. Petersburg to Poltava due to nervous exhaustion, where his life did not become more measured and calm: frequent trips to the capital on magazine business, difficulties with censorship. Here he completed a cycle of Siberian stories ("The sovereign's coachmen", "Frost", "Feudal lords", "The last ray"), wrote the story "Not terrible".
In 1902, together with Chekhov, he refused the title of honorary academician (he was among the first elected) in protest against the cancellation of the election of M. Gorky to the Academy of Sciences.
In journalism, he directly expressed his civic humanistic position, indignation at the Jewish pogroms (House No. 13, 1905). In 1905, when the censorship was somewhat weakened, he began to work on the artistic chronicle of his generation, writing it with long breaks until the end of his days. Completely "History of my contemporary", sustained in literary tradition"Past and Thoughts" by Herzen, appeared in 1922-29. - it is pronounced multifaceted talent writer, his attraction to lyrical, essay and journalistic genres.
He perceived the February Revolution of 1917 as an opportunity for the democratic renewal of Russia. On March 6, 1917, he spoke at a rally in Poltava about the overthrow of the autocracy. He reacted coolly to the October Revolution, and in the years civil war strongly opposed the bloody suppression peasant uprisings, branded revolutionary terror (six letters to A. V. Lunacharsky, 1922).
In 1921, being seriously ill, he refused to leave Russia and go abroad for treatment. In 1922, in a series of essays under the emotional title “Earths! Earth!" outlined his own ideas about the foundations on which Russia could be reborn. In the eyes of his contemporaries, he remained a "moral genius", a man of high moral principles, the righteous man of Russian literature.
Korolenko Orenburg region interested in the Pugachev uprising. The first time in the Orenburg region, in Buguruslan, Korolenko was in 1891 on his way to Ufa. In July 1900, Korolenko visited the village. Ilek. Korolenko's interest was due to the fact that Ilek was the first to recognize Pugachev as "king", here he was greeted with bread and salt. On August 25-26, 1900, he made another trip to the Orenburg Territory to the Talovaya River, since, according to the writer, there was an "umet", an inn, "where Pugachev started his business." “Korolenko described his trip in the essays “At the Cossacks” (1901). In the essay dedicated to the description of Ilek, there are pages where Korolenko reaches a special artistic power. This is a wonderful scene of a kind of song contest between old and young Cossacks in the Plevna tavern. The researchers compared this scene, according to the strength of artistic penetration, with the "Singers" by I. S. Turgenev. This scene and all the essays "At the Cossacks" were highly appreciated by L. N. Tolstoy and A. P. Chekhov.
The future writer was born in Zhitomir in the family of a judge. In 1871 he entered the Institute of Technology, but due to lack of money he was forced to come to the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy in Moscow for a scholarship. A sense of justice prompted him to join the ranks of the revolutionary populist movement. And for his active work he was expelled from the academy and was exiled to the Russian port city of Krondstadt.
After the end of the exile, he again enters the institute. During this period, Korolenko was actively engaged in social activities and literature. For the first time, his short story was published in the Slovo magazine. But soon he was again expelled from the institute and exiled to the northernmost city of Glazov. After that, he is transferred to another locality, to serve his sentence, but due to unauthorized absence, Korolenko is sent to prison. But soon after the consideration of his case by the higher commission, he was released. He didn’t run out of tests for this one more time, he was forced to visit Siberia. All this did not break, but rather helped to form a rich inner world writer. Often his works reflected the problems of that time. He boldly expressed his point of view and was not afraid to stand in defense of the oppressed.
Thanks to his work, his admirers were both in his homeland and abroad. "Makar's Dream", "In Bad Society", "The Blind Musician" - all these works of his brought unprecedented fame.
Seeing how successful Korolenko is enjoying, the authorities have become more tolerant of his public activities. Korolenko travels a lot Crimea, the Caucasus, Chicago.
In 1990, he fell in love with the city of Poltava in Ukraine, and settled here to live, but soon fell ill and died. So died great writer, a brave public figure, but his memory is not forgotten. Four of his novels have been made into films. Many libraries, schools and other buildings bearing his name, museums were created. Many cities have Korolenka street.
Biography of Vladimir Korolen about the main thing
V. G. Korolenko (1853 -1921) - a famous Russian writer. He devoted his entire conscious life to social activities.
At royal rule, during the Civil War, during the formation Soviet power engaged in human rights activities. Many works were written by him, based on personal memories of childhood and youth passed in Ukraine, about his hardships during the times of exile and repression.
Father, Galaktion Afanasyevich, served as a judge, was a stern and uncommunicative person. His mother, Evelina Iosifovna.
Little Volodya began his studies with a boarding house in Poland, then there were years of study in Zhytomyr. When his father, on duty, was transferred to Rovno, Volodya went to study here at the school. As a very young boy, he became interested in literature, dreamed of becoming a lawyer.
In 1871, A.G. Korolenko entered the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, but soon the training had to be abandoned due to the difficult financial situation. In 1874 he moved to Moscow. Here the future writer entered the academy. During his studies, he actively takes part in the student life of the academy, opposes the administration, and is fond of populist ideas. Soon, they were also expelled from the academy and sent under police supervision to Kronstadt.
After serving his sentence, the writer returns to St. Petersburg. In 1877, he again entered the same institute, from where, for revolutionary views, in the spring of 1879, the writer was expelled. The next six years (1878 - 1884) he spent on stages, in prisons or exile. In exile, the writer worked hard peasant labor got to know them way of life, made sketches for his future stories.
In 1879, the first story "Episodes from the Life of a Seeker" was published, it was published in a St. Petersburg magazine. The severe trials of life that befell VG Korolenko did not break his will and character. The years spent in exile and prisons only strengthened his consciousness, formed an adult writer from a young man, and became a source for future creations.
In 1885, VG Korolenko was allowed to live in Nizhny Novgorod. From 1885 to 1895, the flourishing of the writer's work begins, he is actively involved in public life: collects food for children, creates colonies and orphanages. This decade can rightly be called a surge of talent.
In 1886, VG Korolenko and Evdokia Semyonovna, after a long acquaintance, decide to get married, they had two children, she was with him until the end of her days.
"Essays and Stories" is the first published book of the writer, published in 1886. The book includes stories written in exile: "In Bad Society", "Makar's Dream", "The Blind Musician". Soon the "Pavlovian Essays" were published, where the author describes the beggarly, hungry life of handicraftsmen.
In the period from 1895 to 1900, the writer lives and works in St. Petersburg, edits. At the same time, the short stories "Marusina Zaimka" and "Instant" were published.
In 1900, for health reasons, the writer was forced to leave to live in Ukraine, where he spent the rest of his life.
Dreaming of creating an artistic chronicle of his generation, in the period from 1906 to 1921, the writer was working on the creation of a large novel, The History of My Contemporary, but the novel was not completed. A.G. Korolenko died while working on the next volume.
The popularity of A.G. Korolenko was huge not only in the country. With his talented and topical works, his vigorous activity aimed at the benefit of man attracted people's attention to the most acute, exciting aspects of reality.
Interesting Facts and dates from life
