"The Gentleman from San Francisco" is a philosophical story-parable about a person's place in the world, about the relationship between a person and the world around him. According to Bunin, a person cannot resist world upheavals, cannot resist the flow of life that carries him like a river - a chip. Such a worldview was expressed in the philosophical idea of the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco": man is mortal, and (according to Bulgakov Woland) is suddenly mortal, therefore human claims to dominance in nature, to understand the laws of nature are groundless. All the great scientific and technical achievements modern man do not save him from death. This is the eternal tragedy of life: a person is born to die.
The story contains symbolic details thanks to which the story of death individual person becomes a philosophical parable about the death of the entire society, in which gentlemen like the protagonist rule. Of course, the image of the protagonist is symbolic, although it can by no means be called a detail of Bunin's story. The backstory of the gentleman from San Francisco is set out in a few sentences in the very general view, in the story there is no detailed portrait of him, his name is never mentioned. Thus, main character is typical actor parable: he is not so much special person how much type is a symbol of a certain social class and moral behavior.
In the parable, the details of the narrative are of exceptional importance: a picture of nature or a thing is mentioned only out of necessity, the action takes place without scenery. Bunin breaks these rules of the parable genre and uses one bright detail after another, realizing his artistic principle subject representation. In the story, among the various details, recurring details appear that attract the reader's attention and turn into symbols ("Atlantis", its captain, the ocean, a couple of young people in love). These repetitive details are symbolic already because they embody the general in the individual.
The epigraph from the Bible: “Woe to you, Babylon, a strong city!”, as conceived by the author, set the tone for the story. Connecting a verse from the Apocalypse with an image modern heroes and circumstances modern life already sets the reader in a philosophical mood. Babylon in the Bible is not just Big city, this city is a symbol of vile sin, various vices (for example, tower of babel- a symbol of human pride), because of them, according to the Bible, the city died, conquered and destroyed by the Assyrians.
In the story, Bunin draws in detail the modern steamship Atlantis, which looks like a city. The ship in the waves of the Atlantic becomes a symbol for the writer modern society. In the underwater womb of the ship there are huge furnaces and an engine room. Here, in inhuman conditions - in a roar, in hellish heat and stuffiness - stokers and mechanics work, thanks to them the ship sails across the ocean. On the lower decks are various service premises: kitchens, pantries, wine cellars, laundries, etc. Sailors live here service staff and poor passengers. But on the upper deck there is a select society (a total of about fifty people), which enjoys luxurious life and unthinkable comfort, because these people are the "masters of life." The ship ("modern Babylon") is called symbolically - after the name of a rich, densely populated country, which in an instant was swept away by the waves of the ocean and disappeared without a trace. Thus, a logical connection is established between the biblical Babylon and the semi-legendary Atlantis: both powerful, flourishing states perish, and the ship, symbolizing an unjust society and named so significant, also risks perishing in the raging ocean every minute. Among the ocean, shaking waves, a huge ship looks like a fragile ship that cannot resist the elements. It is not for nothing that the Devil looks after the steamer leaving for the American shores from the rocks of Gibraltar (the author did not accidentally write this word with capital letter). So it appears in the story philosophical idea Bunin about the impotence of man before nature, incomprehensible to the human mind.
The ocean becomes symbolic at the end of the story. The storm is described as a global catastrophe: in the whistle of the wind, the author hears a “funeral mass” for the former “master of life” and all modern civilization; the mournful blackness of the waves is emphasized by white shreds of foam on the crests.
The image of the captain of the ship is symbolic, which the author compares with pagan god at the beginning and at the end of the story. By appearance this man really looks like an idol: red, of monstrous size and weight, in a naval uniform with wide gold stripes. He, as befits a god, lives in the captain's cabin - the highest point of the ship, where passengers are forbidden to enter, he is rarely shown in public, but passengers unconditionally believe in his power and knowledge. Asam the captain, being still a man, feels very insecure in the raging ocean and hopes for a telegraph machine, standing in the next cabin-radio room.
At the beginning and at the end of the story, a couple in love appears, which attracts the attention of the bored passengers of the Atlantis by not hiding their love, their feelings. But only the captain knows that the happy appearance of these young people is a hoax, because the couple "breaks a comedy": in fact, she is hired by the owners of the shipping company to entertain passengers. When these comedians appear among the brilliant society of the upper deck, the falseness of human relations, which they so importunately demonstrate, spreads to everyone around them. This “sinfully modest” girl and a tall young man “resembling a huge leech” become a symbol of high society, in which, according to Bunin, there is no place sincere feelings, and behind the ostentatious brilliance and prosperity hides depravity.
Summing up, it should be noted that "The Gentleman from San Francisco" is considered one of the the best stories Bunin both in theory and in her artistic expression. The story of the nameless American millionaire turns into a philosophical parable with broad symbolic generalizations.
Moreover, Bunin creates symbols in different ways. The gentleman from San Francisco becomes a sign-symbol of bourgeois society: the writer removes everything individual characteristics this character and emphasizes it social traits: lack of spirituality, passion for profit, boundless complacency. Bunin's other symbols are built on associative rapprochement (the Atlantic Ocean is a traditional comparison human life with the sea, but the man himself with a fragile boat; fireboxes in the engine room - hellfire of the underworld), on approach to the device (multi-deck ship - human society in miniature), on convergence in function (the captain is a pagan god).
The characters in the story become means of expression to disclose the author's position. Through them, the author showed the deceit and depravity of bourgeois society, which forgot about moral laws, the true meaning of human life and is approaching a universal catastrophe. It is clear that Bunin's premonition of a catastrophe was especially aggravated in connection with the world war, which, as it flared up more and more, turned into a huge human slaughter before the author's eyes.
Symbolism and existential meaning of the story
"Sir from San Francisco"
In the last lesson, we got acquainted with the work of Ivan Alekseevich Bunin and began to analyze one of his stories, “The Gentleman from San Francisco”. We talked about the composition of the story, discussed the system of images, talked about the poetics of Bunin's word.Today in the lesson we have to determine the role of details in the story, note the symbolic images, formulate the theme and idea of the work and come to Bunin's understanding of human existence.
Let's talk about the details in the story. What details did you see; which of them seemed symbolic to you.
Let's start with the notion of "detail".
Detail - especially significant highlighted element artistic image, an expressive detail in a work that carries a semantic and ideological and emotional load.
Already in the first phrase, there is some irony to Mr.: “no one remembered his name either in Naples or in Capri”, thus the author emphasizes that Mr. is just a man.
The gentleman from S-F is himself a symbol - this collective image all the bourgeois of that time.
The absence of a name is a symbol of facelessness, the inner lack of spirituality of the hero.
The image of the ship "Atlantis" is a symbol of society with its hierarchy:the idle aristocracy of which is opposed to the people who control the movement of the ship, working in the sweat of their brow at the "gigantic" firebox, which the author calls the ninth circle of hell.
The images of ordinary inhabitants of Capri are alive and real, and thus the writer emphasizes that the external well-being of the rich strata of society means nothing in the ocean of our life, that their wealth and luxury are not protection from the current of the real, real life that such people are initially doomed to moral baseness and a dead life.
The very image of the ship is a shell of idle life, and the ocean isthe rest of the world, raging, changing, but in no way touching our hero.
The name of the ship - "Atlantis" (What is associated with the word "Atlantis"? - a lost civilization), is a premonition of a disappearing civilization.
Does the description of the steamer cause you any other associations? The description is similar to "Titanic", which confirms the idea that a mechanized society is doomed to a sad outcome.
However, there is a bright beginning to the story. The beauty of the sky and mountains, which, as it were, merges with the images of the peasants, nevertheless claims that there is true, real life in life, which is not subject to money.
Siren and music is also a symbol skillfully used by the writer, in this case, the siren is world chaos, and music is harmony and peace.
The image of the captain of the ship, whom the author compares with a pagan god at the beginning and at the end of the story, is symbolic. In appearance, this man really looks like an idol: red, of monstrous size and weight, in a marine uniform with wide gold stripes. He, as befits a god, lives in the captain's cabin - the highest point of the ship, where passengers are forbidden to enter, he is rarely shown in public, but passengers unconditionally believe in his power and knowledge. And the captain himself, being still a man, feels very insecure in the raging ocean and hopes for a telegraph machine, standing in the next cabin-radio room.
The writer ends the story with a symbolic picture. The ship, in the hold of which lies in a coffin former millionaire, through the darkness and a blizzard floats in the ocean, and from the rocks of Gibraltar the Devil, "huge as a cliff," watches him. It was he who got the soul of the gentleman from San Francisco, he owns the souls of the rich (pp. 368-369).
San Francisco gentleman's gold fillings
his daughter - with "the most delicate pink pimples near her lips and between her shoulder blades", dressed with innocent frankness
Negro servants "with squirrels like peeled hard-boiled eggs"
color details: Mr. smoked up to crimson redness of the face, stokers - crimson from the flames, red jackets of musicians and a black crowd of lackeys.
crown prince all wooden
the beauty has a tiny bent shabby dog
a pair of dancing "lovers" - a handsome man who looks like a huge leech
20. Luigi's respectfulness is taken to the point of idiocy
21. gong in a hotel in Capri sounds "loud, like in a pagan temple"
22. The old woman in the corridor "stooped, but decollete", hurried forward "like a chicken."
23. Mr. lay on a cheap iron bed, a box of soda water became a coffin for him
24. From the very beginning of the journey, he is surrounded by a mass of details that portend or remind of death. First, he is going to go to Rome to listen to the Catholic prayer of repentance there (which is read before death), then the Atlantis steamboat, which is a dual symbol in the story: on the one hand, the steamboat symbolizes new civilization where power is determined by wealth and pride, so in the end the ship, and even with that name, must sink. On the other hand, "Atlantis" is the personification of hell and heaven.
What is the role of numerous details in the story?
How does Bunin draw a portrait of his hero? How does the reader feel and why?
(“Dry, short, oddly cut, but tightly sewn ... There was something Mongolian in his yellowish face with trimmed silver mustaches, his large teeth shone with gold fillings, his strong bald head was like an old bone ... " This portrait description lifeless; it causes a feeling of disgust, since we have some kind of physiological description. The tragedy has not yet arrived, but it is already felt in these lines).
Ironic, Bunin ridicules all the vices of the bourgeois imagelife through the collective image of the master, numerous details - the emotional characteristics of the characters.
You have probably noticed that time and space stand out in the work. Why do you think the story develops along the journey?
The road is a symbol of life's journey.
How does the hero relate to time? How did the master plan his trip?
when describing the world around from the point of view of a gentleman from San Francisco, time is indicated accurately and clearly; In a word, time is specific. Days on the ship and in the Neapolitan hotel are planned by the hour.
In which fragments of the text the action develops rapidly, and in which story time like it stops?
The count of time goes unnoticed when the author tells about a real, fulfilling life: a panorama of the Gulf of Naples, a sketch of a street market, colorful images of the boatman Lorenzo, two Abruzzo highlanders and, most importantly, a description of a “joyful, beautiful, sunny” country. And time seems to stop when the story begins about the measured, planned life of a gentleman from San Francisco.
When is the first time a writer calls a hero not a master?
(On the way to the island of Capri. When nature overcomes him, he feelsold man : “And the gentleman from San Francisco, feeling himself the way he should, - a very old man, - was already thinking with longing and malice about all these greedy, garlic-smelling little people called Italians ...” Right now, feelings are waking up in him: “longing and anger", "despair". And again there is a detail - "enjoyment of life"!)
What do they mean New World and the Old World (why not America and Europe)?
The phrase "Old World" appears already in the first paragraph, when it tells about the purpose of the gentleman's trip from San Francisco: "solely for fun." And, emphasizing the ring composition of the story, it also appears in the ending - in combination with the "New World". The New World, which gave rise to the type of people who consume culture "only for the sake of entertainment", the "Old World" are living people (Lorenzo, highlanders, etc.). The New World and the Old World are two facets of humanity, where there is a difference between isolation from historical roots and a lively sense of history, between civilization and culture.
Why do events take place in December (Christmas Eve)?
this is the ratio of birth and death, moreover, the birth of the Savior of the old world and the death of one of the representatives of the artificial new world, and the coexistence of two time lines - mechanical and genuine.
Why did death overtake a Mr. from San Francisco in Capri, Italy?
It is not for nothing that the author mentions the story of a man who once lived on the island of Capri, very similar to our master. Through this relationship, the author has shown us that such "masters of life" come and go without a trace.
All people, regardless of their financial situation are equal in the face of death. The rich man, who decided to get all the pleasures at once,“Just starting to live” at 58 (!) , suddenly dies.
How does the old man's death evoke feelings in those around him? How do others behave towards the wife and daughter of the master?
His death causes not sympathy, but a terrible commotion. The innkeeper apologizes and promises to settle everything quickly. Society is outraged that someone dared to ruin their vacation, to remind them of death. To a recent companion and his wife, they experience disgust and disgust. The corpse in a rough box is quickly sent to the hold of the steamer. The rich man, who considered himself important and significant, turned into dead body, no one needs.
So what's the idea behind the story? How does the author express main idea works? Where is the idea found?
The idea can be traced in the details, in the plot and composition, in the antithesis of false and genuine human existence. (fake rich people are contrasted - A couple on a steamboat, the strongest image-symbol of the world of consumption, plays love, these are hired lovers - and real residents of Capri, mostly poor people).
The idea is that human life is fragile, everyone is equal in the face of death. Expresses through a description of the attitude of others to the living Mr. and to him after death. The master thought that money gave him an advantage."He was sure he had full right for rest, for pleasure, for travel, excellent in all respects ... firstly, he was rich, and secondly, he had just begun to live.
Did our hero live a full life before this trip? What did he devote his whole life to?
Mr. until this moment did not live, but existed, i.e. his whole conscious life was devoted to "making equal to those whom Mr. took as his model." All the mister's beliefs proved to be erroneous.
Pay attention to the ending: it is the hired couple that is highlighted here - why?
After the death of the master, nothing has changed, all the rich also continue to live their mechanized lives, and the “couple in love” also continues to play love for money.
Can we call the story a parable? What is a parable?
Parable - a short edifying story in an allegorical form, containing moral teaching.
So, can we call the story a parable?
We can, because it tells about the insignificance of wealth and power in the face of death and the triumph of nature, love, sincerity (images of Lorenzo, the Abruzzo mountaineers).
Can man resist nature? Can he plan everything like a gentleman from S-F?
A person is mortal (“suddenly mortal” - Woland), therefore a person cannot resist nature. All technological advances do not save a person from death. In this isthe eternal philosophy and tragedy of life: man is born to die.
What does the story tell us?
"Mr. from..." teaches us to enjoy life, and not to be internally soulless, not to succumb to a mechanized society.
Bunin's story has an existential meaning. (Existential - associated with being, the existence of a person.) In the center of the story are questions of life and death.
What is capable of resisting non-existence?
Genuine human being, which is shown by the writer in the form of Lorenzo and the Abruzzo highlanders(fragment from the words "Only the market traded on a small area ... 367-368").
What conclusions can we draw from this episode? What 2 sides of the coin does the author show us?
Lorenzo is poor, the mountaineers of Abruzzo are poor, singing glory to the greatest poor in the history of mankind - the Mother of God and the Savior, who was born "inpoor shepherd's home." "Atlantis", the civilization of the rich, which is trying to overcome the darkness, the ocean, the blizzard - an existential delusion of mankind, a diabolical delusion.
Homework:
1) The title of the story
is itself symbolic. Master - a person who has reached great heights, rich, enjoying life, doing something for himself. The city of San Francisco is a "golden" place, a city in which immoral people live, accustomed to get their own way by any means and do not value others who are less wealthy or who do not occupy a worthy, honorable place in high society of people.
The symbol is
2) the steamer "Atlantis",
huge, luxurious, comfortable. Its fate must match that of the famous sunken Atlantis, whose inhabitants were as immoral as those of San Francisco.
3) couple in love,
hired by Captain Lloyd "to play love for good money", symbolizes the atmosphere of artificial life, where everything is bought and sold - there would be money.
4) Weather in December:
dull, deceptive, gray, rainy, damp and dirty - symbolizes internal state souls of the characters in the story, mostly the main character - the gentleman from San Francisco.
5) The behavior of the German in the reading room
is also a symbol. Instead of helping a dying man who became ill, the German "broke out of the reading room screaming, he stirred up the whole house, the whole dining room." He is the personification dead people morally, soulless, thinking only of themselves.
The same is symbolized
6) people who shunned the family of the deceased Master from San Francisco,
not sympathetic, in a sense even cruel towards his wife and daughter, as well as
7) the owner,
who "in impotent and decent irritation shrugged his shoulders, feeling guilty without guilt, assuring everyone that he perfectly understood "how unpleasant it is", and giving his word that he would take "every measure in his power" to eliminate the trouble.
8) Devil
symbolizes something mystical, terrible, most likely, in the future that befell all these immoral people, plunging them into the abyss of hell, the symbol of which was
9) black hold,
where the dead and useless Gentleman from San Francisco lay.
*In 1776, the Spaniards settled on the coast of the peninsula, building a fort at the Golden Gate and founding a mission named after St. Francis. A small town that arose nearby was called Yerba Yuuena. In 1848, thanks to the California gold rush, the city began to grow rapidly. In the same year it was renamed San Francisco.
San Francisco's history has been greatly influenced by its unique geographic location and made it an important center maritime trade and a very convenient defensive redoubt.
Reviews
Suddenly and unexpectedly. I love such topics, dear author) Let me help you in this matter with a couple of additions regarding the images of this notorious story)
Regarding the title of the work, as well as the figure of the main character himself:
No wonder Bunin called him Lord, and nothing more. Throughout the story, we do not see a single hint of the name, surname, or any other element of the personification of the hero. He is just a blur, a nondescript silhouette, nameless shadow. Well, it happened, because after his death, everyone immediately forgot about him. Thus, the author shows us what is the fate of people who burn (sic) all their lives for the sake of money, power and prestige. They are just wallets with legs. And surround them, as you noticed, dead people, corrupt and soulless. And they surround not the people themselves, but their money and their status. So the world remembered this man as a kind of gentleman. Really, do you remember? A moment ago, dust particles were blown off him - all at his expense, and now his body is being transported to the same "Atlantis" in a box. The box is also a symbolic detail. There was no reverence for this "Master" initially and in sight - only for money.
And you, dear author, should also remember, against the background of the above, a certain Lorenzo, a poor gouging boatman, whose name is known throughout Italy. This Lorenzo is adored Italian artists, which is expressed in the paintings with his direct participation. He never thought about material goods he didn't let go most life down the drain to enjoy the rest of it surrounded by those who want his money. He just enjoyed life the way it is. And his name Bunin indicates. His name is known and remembered with the help of the above pictures.
Name is here main symbol story. The main character has such an empty and worthless life that the author did not even endow him with a name. All the same, everyone will forget him after death. And no one needed to know this, the main thing for them was that he was the master.
A similar moment with a name can be found in the story "Ionych" by Anton Palych. There was Dmitry Startsev, a spiritually rich uncle. And he became at the end - just Ionych. Wallet man. So they called him without respect, carelessly.
I hope my verbiage didn’t tire you, I just like to discuss works)
It seems to me that the boatman Lorenzo was invented by Bunin himself as a contrast to the main character) Although, who knows, I'm not so thoroughly aware ...
Symbolism and existential meaning of the story
"Sir from San Francisco"
In the last lesson, we got acquainted with the work of Ivan Alekseevich Bunin and began to analyze one of his stories, “The Gentleman from San Francisco”. We talked about the composition of the story, discussed the system of images, talked about the poetics of Bunin's word. Today in the lesson we have to determine the role of details in the story, note the symbolic images, formulate the theme and idea of the work and come to Bunin's understanding of human existence.
· Let's talk about the details in the story. What details did you see; which of them seemed symbolic to you.
Let's start with the notion of "detail".
Detail - a particularly significant highlighted element of an artistic image, an expressive detail in a work that carries a semantic and ideological and emotional load.
1. Already in the first phrase, there is some irony to Mr.: “no one remembered his name either in Naples or in Capri”, thereby the author emphasizes that Mr. is just a man.
2. The gentleman from S-F is himself a symbol - this is a collective image of all the bourgeois of that time.
3. The absence of a name is a symbol of facelessness, the inner lack of spirituality of the hero.
4. The image of the steamer "Atlantis" is a symbol of society with its hierarchy: the idle aristocracy of which is opposed to the people who control the movement of the ship, working in the sweat of their brow at the "gigantic" firebox, which the author calls the ninth circle of hell.
5. The images of ordinary residents of Capri are alive and real, and thus the writer emphasizes that the external well-being of the rich strata of society means nothing in the ocean of our life, that their wealth and luxury are not protection from the current of real, real life, that such people are doomed from the very beginning on moral baseness and dead life.
6. The very image of the ship is a shell of idle life, and the ocean is the rest of the world, raging, changing, but in no way touching our hero.
7. The name of the ship - "Atlantis" (What is associated with the word "Atlantis"? - a lost civilization), is a premonition of a disappearing civilization.
8. Does the description of the steamer cause you any other associations? The description is similar to "Titanic", which confirms the idea that a mechanized society is doomed to a sad outcome.
9. Nevertheless, there is a bright beginning in the story. The beauty of the sky and mountains, which, as it were, merges with the images of the peasants, nevertheless claims that there is true, real life in life, which is not subject to money.
10. Siren and music is also a symbol skillfully used by the writer, in this case, the siren is world chaos, and music is harmony and peace.
11. The image of the captain of the ship, whom the author compares with a pagan god at the beginning and at the end of the story, is symbolic. In appearance, this man really looks like an idol: red, of monstrous size and weight, in a marine uniform with wide gold stripes. He, as befits a god, lives in the captain's cabin - the highest point of the ship, where passengers are forbidden to enter, he is rarely shown in public, but passengers unconditionally believe in his power and knowledge. And the captain himself, being still a man, feels very insecure in the raging ocean and hopes for a telegraph machine, standing in the next cabin-radio room.
12. The writer ends the story with a symbolic picture. The steamer, in the hold of which the former millionaire lies in a coffin, sails through the darkness and blizzard in the ocean, and from the rocks of Gibraltar the Devil, “huge as a cliff”, watches him. It was he who got the soul of the gentleman from San Francisco, he owns the souls of the rich (pp. 368-369).
13. San Francisco gentleman's gold fillings
14. his daughter - with "delicate pink pimples near the lips and between the shoulder blades", dressed with innocent frankness
15. Negro servants "with squirrels like peeled hard-boiled eggs"
16. color details: Mr. smoked up to crimson redness of the face, stokers - crimson from the flames, red jackets of musicians and a black crowd of lackeys.
17. crown prince all wooden
18. the beauty has a tiny bent shabby dog
19. a pair of dancing "lovers" - a handsome man who looks like a huge leech
20. Luigi's respectfulness is taken to the point of idiocy
21. gong in a hotel in Capri sounds "loud, like in a pagan temple"
22. The old woman in the corridor "stooped, but decollete", hurried forward "like a chicken."
23. Mr. lay on a cheap iron bed, a box of soda water became a coffin for him
24. From the very beginning of the journey, he is surrounded by a mass of details that portend or remind of death. First, he is going to go to Rome to listen to the Catholic prayer of repentance there (which is read before death), then the Atlantis steamboat, which is a dual symbol in the story: on the one hand, the steamboat symbolizes a new civilization, where power is determined by wealth and pride, therefore in the end, the ship, and even with that name, must sink. On the other hand, "Atlantis" is the personification of hell and heaven.
· What is the role of numerous details in the story?
· How does Bunin draw a portrait of his hero? How does the reader feel and why?
(“Dry, short, oddly tailored, but tightly sewn ... There was something Mongolian in his yellowish face with trimmed silver mustaches, his large teeth shone with gold fillings, his strong bald head was like an old bone ... " This portrait description is lifeless; it evokes a feeling disgust, since we have some kind of physiological description in front of us. The tragedy has not yet come, but it is already felt in these lines).
Ironic, Bunin ridicules all the vices of the bourgeois image life through the collective image of the master, numerous details - the emotional characteristics of the characters.
· You have probably noticed that time and space stand out in the work. Why do you think the story develops along the journey?
The road is a symbol of life's journey.
· How does the hero relate to time? How did the master plan his trip?
when describing the world around from the point of view of a gentleman from San Francisco, time is indicated accurately and clearly; In a word, time is specific. Days on the ship and in the Neapolitan hotel are planned by the hour.
· In which fragments of the text does the action develop rapidly, and in which plot time seems to stop?
The count of time goes unnoticed when the author tells about a real, fulfilling life: a panorama of the Gulf of Naples, a sketch of a street market, colorful images of the boatman Lorenzo, two Abruzzo highlanders and, most importantly, a description of a “joyful, beautiful, sunny” country. And time seems to stop when the story begins about the measured, planned life of a gentleman from San Francisco.
· When is the first time a writer calls a hero not a master?
(On the way to the island of Capri. When nature overcomes him, he feels old man: “And the gentleman from San Francisco, feeling himself the way he should, - a very old man, - was already thinking with longing and malice about all these greedy, garlic-smelling little people called Italians ...” Right now, feelings are waking up in him: “longing and anger", "despair". And again there is a detail - "enjoyment of life"!)
· What do the New World and the Old World mean (why not America and Europe)?
The phrase "Old World" appears already in the first paragraph, when it tells about the purpose of the gentleman's trip from San Francisco: "solely for fun." And, emphasizing the ring composition of the story, it also appears in the ending - in combination with the "New World". The New World, which gave rise to the type of people who consume culture "only for the sake of entertainment", the "Old World" are living people (Lorenzo, highlanders, etc.). The New World and the Old World are two facets of humanity, where there is a difference between isolation from historical roots and a lively sense of history, between civilization and culture.
· Why do events take place in December (Christmas Eve)?
this is the ratio of birth and death, moreover, the birth of the Savior of the old world and the death of one of the representatives of the artificial new world, and the coexistence of two time lines - mechanical and genuine.
· Why did death overtake a Mr. from San Francisco in Capri, Italy?
All people, regardless of their financial situation, are equal in the face of death. The rich man, who decided to get all the pleasures at once, “Just starting to live” at 58 (!), suddenly dies.
· How does the old man's death evoke feelings in those around him? How do others behave towards the wife and daughter of the master?
His death causes not sympathy, but a terrible commotion. The innkeeper apologizes and promises to settle everything quickly. Society is outraged that someone dared to ruin their vacation, to remind them of death. To a recent companion and his wife, they experience disgust and disgust. The corpse in a rough box is quickly sent to the hold of the steamer. The rich man, who considered himself important and significant, turned into a dead body, is not needed by anyone.
The idea can be traced in the details, in the plot and composition, in the antithesis of false and genuine human existence. (fake rich people are contrasted - A couple on a steamboat, the strongest image-symbol of the world of consumption, plays love, these are hired lovers - and real residents of Capri, mostly poor people).
The idea is that human life is fragile, everyone is equal in the face of death. Expresses through a description of the attitude of others to the living Mr. and to him after death. The master thought that money gave him an advantage. “He was sure that he had every right to rest, to pleasure, to travel in every way excellent ... firstly, he was rich, and secondly, he had just begun to live.”
· Did our hero live a full life before this trip? What did he devote his whole life to?
Mr. until that moment did not live, but existed, i.e., his entire conscious life was devoted to "making equal to those whom Mr. took for himself as a model." All the mister's beliefs proved to be erroneous.
· Pay attention to the ending: it is the hired couple that is highlighted here - why?
After the death of the master, nothing has changed, all the rich also continue to live their mechanized lives, and the “couple in love” also continues to play love for money.
· Can we call the story a parable? What is a parable?
Parable - a short edifying story in an allegorical form, containing moral teaching.
· So, can we call the story a parable?
We can, because it tells about the insignificance of wealth and power in the face of death and the triumph of nature, love, sincerity (images of Lorenzo, the Abruzzo mountaineers).
· Can man resist nature? Can he plan everything like a gentleman from S-F?
A person is mortal (“suddenly mortal” - Woland), therefore a person cannot resist nature. All technological advances do not save a person from death. This is the eternal philosophy and tragedy of life: a person is born to die.
· What does the story tell us?
"Mr. from..." teaches us to enjoy life, and not to be internally soulless, not to succumb to a mechanized society.
Bunin's story has an existential meaning. (Existential - associated with being, the existence of a person.) In the center of the story are questions of life and death.
· What is capable of resisting non-existence?
Genuine human existence, which is shown by the writer in the form of Lorenzo and the Abruzzo highlanders (fragment from the words "Only the market traded on a small area ... 367-368").
· What conclusions can we draw from this episode? What 2 sides of the coin does the author show us?
Lorenzo is poor, the mountaineers of Abruzzo are poor, singing glory to the greatest poor in the history of mankind - the Mother of God and the Savior, who was born "in poor shepherd's home." "Atlantis", the civilization of the rich, which is trying to overcome the darkness, the ocean, the blizzard - an existential delusion of mankind, a diabolical delusion.
Composition
The story of I. A. Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco" was written in 1915. At this time, I. A. Bunin was already living in exile. The writer observed life with his own eyes European society early 20th century, saw all its advantages and disadvantages.
It can be said that The Gentleman from San Francisco continues the tradition of Leo Tolstoy, who portrayed illness and death as major events in a person's life ("Death of Ivan Ilyich"). They, according to Bunin, reveal true price individual, and the importance of society.
Along with the philosophical questions that are solved in the story, it also develops social issues. It is connected with the critical attitude of the writer to the lack of spirituality of bourgeois society, to the development technical progress to the detriment of the spiritual, inner.
With hidden irony and sarcasm, Bunin describes the main character - a gentleman from San Francisco. The writer does not even honor him with a name. This hero becomes a symbol of the soulless bourgeois world. He is a dummy who does not have a soul and sees the purpose of his existence only in the pleasure of the body.
This gentleman is full of snobbery and complacency. All his life he strove for wealth, tried to achieve more and more prosperity. Finally, it seems to him that the goal is close, it's time to relax, to live for your own pleasure. Bunin ironically remarks: "Until this moment, he did not live, but existed." And the master is already fifty-eight years old ...
The hero considers himself the "master" of the situation. Money is a powerful force, but it is impossible to buy happiness, love, life with it. Going to travel around the Old World, a gentleman from San Francisco carefully develops a route. The people to whom he belonged had a habit of starting the enjoyment of life with a trip to Europe, to India, to Egypt...
The route developed by the gentleman from San Francisco looked very impressive. In December and January, he hoped to enjoy the sun in Southern Italy, the ancient monuments, the tarantella. Carnival he thought to hold in Nice. Then Monte Carlo, Rome, Venice, Paris and even Japan. It seems that everything was taken into account and verified by the hero. But the weather fails, beyond the control of a mere mortal.
Nature, its naturalness, is a force opposite to wealth. With this opposition, Bunin emphasizes the unnaturalness of the bourgeois world, the artificiality and far-fetchedness of its ideals.
For money, you can try not to notice the inconvenience of the elements, but the force is always on its side. Moving to the island of Capri becomes a terrible test for all passengers of the Atlantis. The flimsy steamboat barely coped with the storm that hit him.
The ship in the story is a symbol of bourgeois society. On it, as well as in life, there is a sharp stratification. On the upper deck, in comfort and coziness, the rich float. The attendants float on the lower deck. He, according to the gentlemen, is at the lowest stage of development.
The ship "Atlantis" also contained another tier - fireboxes, into which bodies salted from sweat threw tons of coal. These people were not paid any attention at all, they were not served, they were not thought about. The lower strata seem to fall out of life, they are called only to please the masters.
The doomed world of money and lack of spirituality is clearly symbolized by the name of the ship - "Atlantis". The mechanical run of the ship across the ocean with unexplored terrible depths speaks of lurking retribution. In the story, great attention is paid to the motive of spontaneous movement. The result of this movement is the inglorious return of the master in the hold of the ship.
The gentleman from San Francisco believed that everything around was created only to fulfill his desires, he firmly believed in the power of the “golden calf”: “He was quite generous on the way and therefore fully believed in the caring of all those who fed and watered him , from morning to evening served him, warning his slightest desire. ... So it was everywhere, so it was in navigation, so it should have been in Naples.
Yes, the wealth of the American tourist, like a magic key, opened many doors, but not all. It could not prolong the life of the hero, it did not protect him even after death. How much servility and admiration this man saw during his lifetime, the same amount of humiliation experienced his mortal body after death.
Bunin shows how illusory the power of money in this world. And pitiful is the man who stakes on them. Having created idols for himself, he strives to achieve the same well-being. It seems that the goal has been achieved, he is at the top, for which he has worked tirelessly for many years. And what did he do, what did he leave to posterity? Even the name of this person no one will remember. In the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco", Bunin showed the illusory nature and disastrous nature of such a path for a person.
