New Gulliver

The first large volume- cartoon

fantasy novel"Gulliver's Travels" famous English writer Jonathan Swift is one of the most beloved books of mankind. And Soviet cinematography, in search of a significant plot, stopped its attention precisely on Gulliver.

Borrowing the outer outline of the adventures of the Swift hero in Lilliput, screenwriters G. Roshal and A. Ptushko built a completely new, independent plot on it. Special interest the film is that it is not a game with the participation of actors, but is filmed using the method of volumetric animation.

A film of this kind is a rarity not only in the Soviet Union, but also abroad. Our viewers almost do not know the peculiar art of volumetric animation, where the characters are not drawn, but made in the form of dolls. In the "New Gulliver", along with dolls, living people - Soviet pioneers - also participate.

"New Gulliver" is now being filmed at the animation factory of the Moscow Film Factory.

Its action begins in the Crimea, in the pioneer camp "Artek". The young Osvodovite, pioneer Petya, while reading a novel by D. Swift, mentally experiences the adventures of Gulliver, putting himself in his place. Imperceptibly Petya falls asleep. He dreams of a storm at sea. On the pirate ship, Petya - Gulliver stands up for the cook and heroically fights with the pirates. The ship explodes, and the waves throw Petya ashore at Lilliputia. The king and parliament of this country are long considering what to do with the huge giant that the sea ​​wave: kill or use it as labor force? But what if this titan takes the side of the workers driven underground in Lilliput, into gloomy cave cities? Factories in Lilliput equipped with last word technology is deep underground. Petya is given a large portion of sleeping powder, tied up and transported to the capital. In Petit's dream, the Middle Ages and modern technology and Lilliput, which he observes, is endowed with caricature features of the modern capitalist state and bourgeois society.

But the peace in Lilliput is broken. The workers break out upstairs, onto the streets of the city, an uprising begins. Petya - Gulliver joins them and takes away the royal fleet, which was shelling the rebels from the sea. The workers are celebrating their victory, and Petya, announcing an open rally in the free country of Lilliput... wakes up among his comrades on the Black Sea coast. To the pioneer songs sung by Artek, he adds new verses from the songs of the workers he heard in his sleep.

The very work of staging The New Gulliver is extremely exciting, unusual and at the same time difficult. We will talk about some of the "secrets" of animation shooting, which are of undoubted interest.

In "New Gulliver" - a picture abounding crowd scenes(transportation of Petit - Gulliver from the shore to the capital of Lilliput, parade of troops, uprising, etc.) - about a thousand dolls participate. All these puppets are made on mechanical frames with ball joints, allowing the director to achieve any position, making the movements necessary in the course of the action. In addition, sculptural dolls made of plastic also participate in the film. During the shooting, all the movements of the puppets: the desired position of the head, arms, torso, etc., are made by the artists in between shots.

Almost all dolls, and especially the main characters: the king, the chief of police, ministers, courtiers, leaders of workers, etc., are endowed with individual traits, have their own characteristic appearance and have expressive facial expressions.

Director A. Ptushko has a whole series of "masks - emotions" in reserve, which he uses to express various experiences of the characters and ordinary participants in his film. Significantly prepared for the main characters more choice"masks - emotions" than for secondary ones, for example, the king of Lilliput has up to 10 emotions. This includes enthusiasm, joy, love, tenderness, anger, hatred, anger, indignation, pretense, etc.

Filming the main characters close-up, the director varies "masks - emotions" and achieves the desired effect. Participants in extras, filmed in a long shot from afar, are devoid of "emotions" and have a standard, unchangeable mask.

So, in the "New Gulliver" dolls walk, run, jump, march, talk, sing, play various instruments, sit in parliament, work in factories, in the mountains, etc.

How is it all filmed? How does the screen get the full impression of the “realness” of everything that happens?

The technical possibilities of Soviet cinematography last years have grown and fully allow the director, artist and cameraman to put on a large three-dimensional animated film with the participation of almost a thousand puppets. Shooting a film requires painstaking and careful work of the director and cameraman. It is easiest to shoot scenes with one or two faces. The operator turns the handle once - and the device records one specific movement of the doll. After that, the director's assistant rearranges the puppet to the position of the next movement - and the cameraman shoots it again. In this way, one frame, capturing each one movement, and an animated film is shot. This, in fact, is the principle of animated filming. When projected onto the screen, the viewer in the continuous movement of the tape sees successive, continuing one another movements of the doll.

Often, to shoot any gesture or movement of a puppet, the operator must make, depending on their complexity, from 50 to 100 turns of the cine camera handle.

Shooting episodes with a large number of dolls is done in exactly the same way: by changing the pose of each doll. It is much more difficult to combine the painstaking shooting of puppets with the shooting of a living person, in this case Petit - Gulliver. Here, the method of combined shooting comes to the rescue, when a living person is replaced in front of the apparatus by a large doll - an exact copy of him. Filmed first general plans with the participation of a large doll, then it is removed and the already living character is photographed in a large scale. In necessary cases, they also use the method of transport photography, filming the necessary background in advance. Then on the same film in a special way the necessary details, scenery, characters, etc. are filmed.

Stunt photography is also very widely used in New Gulliver: puppets jump out of the window, the king throws himself from the tower, etc. The puppets are obedient to the director's hand, pulling them by invisible strings, like puppets.

In general, when shooting the New Gulliver, all latest achievements world cinematography.

The sound for "New Gulliver" is filmed simultaneously with the image talking person(synchronous shooting). The director and cameraman, simultaneously with the movements of the mouth of the speaking person, "make" the movements of the mouth of the puppets and the gestures accompanying them. The phonogram of the previously recorded sound is then imprinted onto the film in the corresponding frames.

The team of great masters of this Case, headed by the director - artist A. Ptushko. Shoot the picture operator N. Renkov and sound engineer Korobov.

Composer L. Schwartz writes special music for the film. Of particular interest will be the music depicting Lilliput. For her, the composer had to look for new ironic - grotesque colors and sounds. So, combining science fiction with satire on modern reality, Soviet filmmakers create a great Feature Film"New Gulliver". The appearance of this picture is awaited with the same impatience by both Soviet and foreign viewers, which can be judged from the information of the foreign press.

"New Gulliver" will be released by the Moscow Film Factory on the 17th anniversary of October.

Mikhail Dolgopolov

Smena magazine, September 1934

Name: Gulliver (Lemuel Gulliver)

A country: Great Britain

Creator:

Activity: sailor, traveler

Family status: married

Gulliver: character story

Jonathan Swift wrote a novel about the fantastic adventures of a hero who opened unexplored worlds to his compatriots. Gulliver's Adventures is a utopia that satirically depicts Britain with sharp social problems, characteristic of the era. Gulliver sets off from the shores of cities that exist in reality, and arrives in fictional countries, the traditions and customs of which seem unthinkable. Talking about the inhabitants of exotic states, the author hints at human failings and ridicule negative qualities of people.

Jonathan Swift, who served as rector at St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin, had the title of Doctor of Divinity and was not known as a person capable of ridicule. At the same time, he felt the need to speak out about society and denounce its negative features in order to eradicate them. Swift's fantasy novel didn't fit the bill classical literature 18th century. Satirical descriptions of generally accepted foundations produced the effect of an exploding bomb.

The plot, invented by Jonathan Swift, has been used more than once for the film adaptation, and leading role performed famous actors XX and XXI centuries.

History of creation

The full title of the novel is: "Journeys to some remote countries of the world in four parts: the work of Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, and then the captain of several ships." The idea of ​​writing a book came to the author in 1720. The work was published in 1725-26.

The main character's name is Lamuel Gulliver. The protagonist of the story - popular character in the prose of the eighteenth century, traditionally describing adventure and travel. The era of the great geographical discoveries generated ideas for stories on a given topic. The story of Gulliver has become a famous embodiment of the literary trends of the century.

Jonathan Swift described features and moods modern society. The main characters in the work are contemporaries in the guise of residents distant countries. The writer hoped to draw the attention of representatives of the nobility to the vicious lifestyle that they led. When the novel was published, Swift abandoned the idea, as he realized that the world is incorrigible. This idea is heard in a letter that Gulliver wrote to Richard Simpson.

Gulliver's Travels became Swift's original manifesto. Dividing the narrative into four parts, the author allows you to look at the character under different angles. Being in the land of Lilliputians, main character draws attention to the overly exaggerated conceit of the natives. In the country of giants, the hero questions the logic of the usual civilization. In the third and fourth parts of the novel, pride and lack of spirituality in the individual became a topic for discussion. Swift does not impose an opinion on readers, but offers to draw an independent conclusion, weighing the pros and cons.

Biography

Gulliver - the main thing actor novel. A traveler who talks about adventures has a lot attractive features. His characterization is positive. He is purposeful and thirsty for knowledge, ready to learn and get acquainted with new things. The money that his father sent during his studies, young Gulliver spent on studying mathematics and the rules of navigation, dreaming of long trips. The hero decided to learn the profession of a sailor and visited Western and Eastern India. The young man drew knowledge from books and in each new geographic point wanted to know the traditions local people.

The Lilliputians greeted Gulliver with an attack, but the diplomatic character turned out to be so charming and friendly that he quickly won the favor of the inhabitants of the state. He did not interfere in the feuds between high heels and low heels, but he was ready to stand up for his friends. At the same time, enslavement free people seemed wild to him. The concepts of honor and duty are important to the hero.

Jonathan Swift divided the story into four parts, allowing the reader to see the four characters in the image of Gulliver. In Lilliput, he is formidable and great, a giant, carrying strength and virtue among defenseless kids. In Brobdingnag, the country of giants, Gulliver becomes a court jester, as he is inferior in height to everyone around him. At the same time, his mind and knowledge were evaluated by a representative blue blood. In the flying Laputa, the character appears as a passive observer, capable of description, but not of action. In a state inhabited by intelligent horses, the character experiences great antipathy towards himself.

The character is revealed with different parties, but is a single image. Gulliver is presented by the author as a man of ideas, who is characterized by normal thoughts and beliefs. The trials that fall to his lot help to know the essence and nature of his personality. The hero of the novel is the personification of society.

From everywhere, Gulliver returns to his native England, as he cannot find a place for himself in other countries. In the country of the Houyhnhnms, Gulliver remains a stranger, because he thinks rationally in the territory of horses, but is a representative of an insane world. In the finale, Gulliver realizes that changes in the world are impossible or will not be carried out under the influence of the word.

Swift himself, after the publication of the book, lamented that he hears discussions of the work, but does not see actions that would lead to reformation in society and modernize it.

• The adventure novel is full of curious nuances and details. For example, the work mentions two satellites of the planet Mars, which remained unknown until the 19th century.
• The novel describes non-existent countries. The author suggested a specific geolocation for them: Pacific Ocean. The location was chosen due to the fact that the territories were not studied and even scientists and experienced sailors did not have reliable facts.

• The plot of Gulliver is popular in cinema, as it offers interesting material for film adaptations. The first film based on the novel was filmed in 1902, starring Georges Méliès. In Russia, the most successful motion picture based on the story of a traveler was The House That Swift Built, starring.
• As planned by Swift, Gulliver visited Japan. This is the only real existing country. Her description was not believable. So, the story that Gulliver introduced himself to the emperor as a Dutchman falls into doubt. The Europeans couldn't get to imperial court Japan. At the same time, a Japanese officer accompanies the hero on the way back. In reality, representatives of the Japanese army were forbidden to cross the borders of the state until the 19th century.

• "Gulliver's Travels" is considered a classic British literature and included in the list school curriculum recommended for study. This a prime example travel novel, characteristic of the 18th century. He made Jonathan Swift famous all over the world and gave the world unique hero. There are no prototypes and analogues of Gulliver in classical and contemporary literature. Critics compare it with, but do not always find logical parallels between the characters.

100 Great Literary Heroes [with illustrations] Eremin Viktor Nikolaevich

Lemuel Gulliver

Lemuel Gulliver

Lemuel Gulliver is often denied the right to be a literary hero. It is defined as a literary mannequin, on which the author each time pulled on newly composed clothes-characters. Hence the theory arose that in Swift's novel there are four Gullivers at once - each part has its own.

It is hardly possible to agree with such a statement of the question. Gulliver is Swift himself, who invented various incredible situations, put himself at the center of them and acted in accordance with his ideals and aspirations. This must be why in the end it turned out to be such a sad, disappointed in people and in life hero, whole and inseparable neither from his age, nor from a long series of human generations.

In any case, Gulliver is the most striking type. literary hero, normal person who finds himself in an abnormal society and is forced to survive in it. In world literature, the closest to him, strange as it sounds, is the good soldier Josef Schweik.

The peculiarity of the novel "Journey to some distant countries of the world by Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, and then the captain of several ships" is primarily that it is relatively rarely published in full. Usually publishers prefer the first part - "Journey to Lilliput"; less published is the second part - "Journey to Brobdingnag", that is, to the giants; and almost never the third and fourth parts were published as separate books - respectively “Journey to Laputa, Balnibarbi, Luggnegg, Glubbdobdrib and Japan” (to the Flying Island) and “Journey to the country of the Houyhnhnms” (to noble rational horses).

The third and fourth parts are called boring and evil, on the basis of which Swift was known for all time as a misanthrope and even crazy.

However, this did not prevent the Yahoo - disgusting, vicious and stupid people from the country of the noble horses of the Guingngnms - to quickly turn the creation of a tragic satirist into entertainment for small children, and in our time even turn it into a dirty perverted farce. So the score is even: if Swift is a misanthrope, then with the same success one can define humanity as a bunch of Swift-haters. This is also confirmed by the shameful exhumation of the remains of the writer in 1835, when the skulls of Swift and his secret wife Stella were passed from house to house by the curious, and someone especially diligent stole the writer's larynx. Phrenologists, who examined the skull, noted the "mental inferiority" of the creator Gulliver.

It cannot be said about the fate of the writer that it was tragic, there have been worse fates, but you cannot call it especially bright and happy either.

Jonathan Swift was born in 1667 in Dublin in the family of an English hired estate agent. His father died a few months before the birth of his son, leaving his pregnant wife in very straitened circumstances. The father's brother Godwin Swift took care of the orphan, whom the writer remembered with dislike until the end of his days.

The boy's life immediately began with adventure. Jonathan was a little over a year old when the nanny, who loved the baby very much, secretly left for England and took the pet with her. The son was returned to his mother only three years later, and the boy, who was brought up by a woman who loved him passionately, already knew how to read the Bible.

At the age of six, Swift was sent to Kilkenny School, one of the best in Ireland, and in the fourteenth year he entered Trinity College, Dublin University, where he did not so much study as misbehave in the company of youngsters like him. At this time, Swift began to write caustic satires on teachers, and once he was even forced to publicly beg forgiveness from Dean Alain on his knees. Be that as it may, in 1686 Swift was awarded the degree of Bachelor of Arts.

And in 1688 the young man moved to England, to Leicestershire. There, at the request of his mother, Jonathan took William Temple as his secretary.

Hard work under the supervision of an experienced politician quickly undermined Swift's health, he began to develop indigestion, accompanied by seizures of dizziness and deafness. He never recovered from this disease. Ultimately, convinced that the work of the Temple was futile for him, Jonathan quit his job in 1693 and returned to Ireland to enter the rank of Anglican priest there. We must pay tribute to Temple, he did not leave young man his patronage, and at his request, Swift immediately after the dedication received one of the richest parishes in the country. However, he soon met a poor priest who had nothing to support eight children. Deadly bored in Ireland, Swift gave him his parish and returned to the Temple.

The first publication of the writer dates back to this time - he published his "Pindaric Odes". At the same time, "The Tale of the Barrel" and "The Battle of the Books" were presumably written. There were changes in Swift's personal life - he became especially close to the illegitimate daughter of his patron Esther Johnson (1681-1728), now better known as Stella.

Unfortunately, Temple died in 1699, leaving his secretary a fairly large capital. Swift was forced to return to Ireland, where he received a poor parish in County Meath. The priest settled in Larakore and immediately wrote Esther to him. Now it is assumed that young people secretly got married, but for unknown reasons they hid this marriage for a long time.

For nine years Swift lived peacefully in Ireland, whiling away his time writing. He published his works under pseudonyms. In 1704, The Tale of the Barrel was published, followed by The Battle of the Books, a series of religious works, pamphlets, and satirical poems.

In 1710, on behalf of the Primate of Ireland, Swift went to Queen Anne. And then finally luck came to him. The fact is that in the first years of Anna's reign, the Whig party was strong in the country, which was facilitated by close girlfriend Queen, the Duchess of Marlborough, wife of the talented commander and commander-in-chief of the British army, the Duke of Marlborough. The Whigs treated Swift with disdain.

Around 1709 there was a quarrel between Queen Anne and the Duchess of Marlborough. A year later, all prominent Whigs were removed from the palace, and supporters of the Tory party intensified. Swift in 1710 came under the patronage of a prominent representative of the Tories, Robert Harley, he became the main party pamphleteer. They even wanted to elevate the writer to the episcopal rank, but the clergy and the aristocrats ridiculed in Swift's satires, supported by Queen Anne, were against it. The only thing that his patrons could do for Swift was to appoint him dean (rector) of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin. In 1713, the writer took office, but did not leave London.

For Swift, this was the zenith of his success. “Admitted as an equal into the midst of the aristocracy and the greats of this world, surrounded by the flattery of all thirsty places and distinctions, enjoying the company of the most brilliant representatives of mind and talent, thanks to whom the reign of Queen Anne was called the August century English Literature…”, the writer was unaware of the short duration of his political victories.

In August 1714 Queen Anne died. King George I was a staunch supporter of the Whig party. Political persecution of the Tories began. The writer was forced to leave for Dublin, which became the place of his lifelong exile, although the exile occasionally visited London.

Around 1716, Swift conceived the idea of ​​writing Gulliver's Travels, the book was supposed to be a simple satire on travelers' stories about their unprecedented adventures. The main character was initially seen by the writer as a sophisticated philosopher. But under the influence of the then incredibly popular Robinson Crusoe, Swift made Gulliver a rude sailor who became related in character to an inhabitant of a desert island. The book was written for a long time and appeared only in 1726.

By publishing the novel, Swift tried to keep his incognito. The manuscript was planted on the doorstep of the typographer Benjamin Mott. She had a cover letter from a certain Richard Simpson, who said that he was related to Captain Gulliver and vouched for the veracity of everything that he wrote ...

The anonymity of the book is understandable - "Gulliver's Travels" is replete with attacks on the king, the cabinet of ministers, both chambers and the British in general. Suffice it to say that the country of the Lilliputians is an exact cast from the English royal court of the times of George I.

The success of Gulliver's Travels was incredible. A month later, the author was considered a classic of world literature and became one of the the greatest writers in the history of mankind. Moreover, many contemporaries believed in the existence of the countries and peoples described in the book. Particularly admired was Gulliver, a typical English sailor early XVIII V. Some sea dogs even said that they knew him a little and that now he lives in such and such a place.

But Swift's triumph did not last long. In January 1728 Stella died. The writer was shocked: since that time he never left Ireland, attacks of dizziness and deafness began to become more frequent with age. In 1736, Swift had such a violent fit that he was forced to give up forever. literary work. In 1741, the writer was already a crazy old man, and a guardian was appointed for him.

Swift bequeathed his entire fortune, while still in his right mind, "to build a house for fools and lunatics," since "no nation needs such a house more than the English." They say that the last lines he wrote sound like this: “Perish the day on which I was born, and the night on which it is said: a man was conceived!”

So who is Lemuel Gulliver? At the beginning of the novel, he appears to the reader as a forty-year-old father of two children, a businesslike doctor, a man with great life experience and practical acumen. At the same time, Gulliver is not without romantic look on the world. It is the gradual disappointment of the hero in romance, in the ideas of goodness and justice, primarily in good beginnings in man, that is the central theme of the entire novel. In the end, Gulliver favors the animal world with its naturalness in acts of kindness and cruelty and the rejection of intellectual sophistication and perversity.

The most important feature of Gulliver should be considered that he "with hatred refers to the very idea of ​​knowing nature." He stubbornly proves the futility of any scientific research unless they have a practical purpose. Here we have before us a typical mercenary bourgeois, for whom only practical use. “So, for example, medicine is a fruitless science, because, adhering to a more natural way of life, we would not suffer from various diseases.”

Terrible is the end of this man. “As soon as I crossed the threshold of my house, my wife embraced me and began to kiss. This affected me in the most depressing way, because for five years I had not touched a single Yahoo and completely lost the habit of communicating with these vile animals: I fainted, and for about an hour they could not bring me to my senses. Gulliver went mad, falling into megalomania, because he renounced his kind and imagined himself to be the noble horse Guygnhnm.

Lurie Samuil Aronovich

GULLIVER AND THE SWALLOW PART ONE: THE COFFEE NOVEL Jonathan Swift thought - and was thought of - that he spoke and wrote the best English. , with a caveat, or even with