Lesson summary of the world of Byzantine culture. Lesson MHK "world of Byzantine culture"

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Throughout the history of Byzantium, Constantinople artists and icon painters have repeatedly revived the traditions of antiquity. Each time this was followed by an unprecedented flourishing of art, called by historians the next renaissance. However, unlike Italian Renaissance, the basis of Byzantine art has always remained medieval. One of the trends in Byzantine art is architecture. Byzantine architecture still amazes humanity.

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The scene of the Transfiguration is presented in the conch of the apse. Below the mandorla with a cross is the Garden of Eden with evergreen trees and flowers. In the center of the Garden of Eden is depicted St. Apollinaris, raising his hands in prayer, on his sides are twelve white sheep. According to some researchers, these are the apostles, according to others, Apollinaris is depicted as a good shepherd among his flock.

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The basilica was built during the reign of Bishop Ursicin (536), consecrated by Bishop Maximian, appointed to the chair of Ravenna by Justinian in 549. The facades of the basilica are decorated with traditional Lombard arcades - flat pilasters, between which are placed double flat arches. Semicircular windows are inscribed in the arcature. Rectangular pastephoria adjoin the pentagonal apse from the outside.

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The basilicas of Ravenna are small, always three-aisled, with wide central and narrow side naves. Since the basilicas are short, there is a clear tendency to form a hall space, in which the well-lit areas of the side aisles practically merge with the central one. This also contributes to the wide step of the columns. Mandatory imposts between the capitals of the columns and the arch, low height, bright illumination (there are many large windows in the lower tier of the side aisles) give the Ravenna basilicas a charm of lightness and rhythmic transparency.

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The scene of the Transfiguration is presented in the conch of the apse. Christ is personified by the cross, towering in a blue sky strewn with stars, the apostles Peter, John and James are the lambs coming to the cross. On the sides of the cross are half-figures of the prophets Moses and Elijah in cloudy spheres. Below the mandorla with a cross is the Garden of Eden with evergreen trees and flowers. In the center of the Garden of Eden is depicted St. Apollinaris, raising his hands in prayer, on his sides are twelve white sheep. The scene of the Transfiguration is presented in the conch of the apse. Below the mandorla with a cross is the Garden of Eden with evergreen trees and flowers. In the center of the Garden of Eden is depicted St. Apollinaris, raising his hands in prayer, on his sides are twelve white sheep. According to some researchers, these are the apostles, according to others, Apollinaris is depicted as a good shepherd among his flock.

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David was a simple shepherd from Bethlehem. King Saul took him into his service, because. David knew how to play the harp well. At that time, the Philistines went to war against the people of Israel. From the Philistine camp stepped out a mighty fighter - Goliath - of enormous growth, on his head a copper helmet, he himself is dressed in scaly armor and copper knee pads, in his hands is a copper shield. Goliath shouted for a fighter to come out of the Israeli army against him, and let this duel decide the outcome of the war. But the Israelites were frightened at the sight of the strong man Goliath. Only David was not afraid. He took some stones and a sling and went out against Goliath. Approaching the enemy, he launched a stone from a sling and killed Goliath. Then he took his sword and cut off his head. After that, Saul made David the head of all his army. (First Kings, ch. 17).

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In the Macedonian era, arts and crafts flourished. Caskets and caskets of the 10th-11th centuries have come down to us, decorated with reliefs of carved ivory, the best of which is the Veroli casket, stored in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. On its lid and on the sides are depicted mythological scenes imbued with the spirit of antiquity.

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In the Macedonian era, arts and crafts flourished. Caskets and caskets of the 10th-11th centuries, decorated with reliefs of carved ivory, have come down to us. When decorating these products, antique motifs were often used.

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According to legend, it was built as a burial place for the daughter of Emperor Theodosius. In fact, this is the chapel of St. Lawrence, patron of the imperial family, adjoining the church of Santa Croce. The building is of the centric type. Like many other Ravenna buildings, this martyrium was built using the Lombard brickwork technique from thick bricks. Outwardly, it is very similar to a fortified structure: a closed volume, deliberately fenced off from the outside world, is emphasized by thick walls, narrow windows like embrasures. In plan, the martyria is a Greek cross, at the intersection of the arms of the cross a cube is placed, inside of which is placed a dome on sails. This is a characteristic feature of early domed buildings, where the dome is never visible from the outside. The sleeves of the cross are covered with cylindrical vaults, enveloping a small central space. The vault is without window openings, it is heavy, overhanging, without clear boundaries. The light from the narrow windows in the walls is dim, flickering. The walls are smooth and luminous with gleaming polished marble cladding and mosaics.

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After the restoration of the Byzantine Empire in 1261, the court settled in the Blachernae Palace, because. Big imperial palace came to a standstill. Blachernae Palace stood on the highest point of the city, near the Golden Horn. For summer imperial meals, a vast three-story building was built in it, now known under the Turkish name Tekfur-serai. The lower floor was surrounded by an arcade; the upper one, where the refectory was located, was open to all winds. The palace façade, made of alternating strips of burnt brick and smoothly hewn golden stone, was distinguished by dapper elegance. Brick and stone alternated in the flat decorative arcades that lined the upper floors: the window frames were retinues of bright bundles of straw and red. In some places, from pieces of the same materials, various patterns are laid out, resembling either a honeycomb, or a rhombic lattice, or a colorful fabric.

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The Church of Panagia Halkeon is a temple on four columns with a complex two-tiered structure. If in the early Byzantine architecture the main attention was paid to the internal space of the temples and the appearance of the buildings was extremely simple and devoid of any decor, then in the 11th century. Byzantine architects began to decorate the outer walls of temples. The Church of Panagia Halkeon is distinguished by the decorativeness of its facades: multi-stage flat blades protrude from the wall, windows surround deep niches, bricks laid at an angle to the surface “bristle” under the cornices - a curb. The masonry itself is also elegant: the alternation of rows of brick and light stone looks like an ornament, similar to that which adorned the robes of the Basils on the Sofia mosaics. Later, they began to lay out a real ornament from brick - circles, crosses, meanders. The masters of Greece, which was one of the provinces of Byzantium, especially fell in love with this technique, they even introduced glazed tiles, dishes and relief crosses into the masonry.

Spitsina Svetlana Mikhailovna

Place of work, position:

MOU secondary school No. 81 of Voronezh, teacher of history and social studies

Voronezh region

Resource characteristics

Levels of education:

Secondary (complete) general education

Class(es):

Item(s):

World Art

The target audience:

Learner (student)

Resource type:

Methodical development

Brief description of the resource:

This development will help the teacher prepare and conduct an interesting and informative MHC lesson in grade 10. At the end of the development is a presentation for the lesson.

World of Byzantine culture

Target: generalize, supplement and systematize students' knowledge on the topic, establish a connection between Russian and Byzantine cultures;

develop sensory perception of the world, attention, memory, aesthetic taste, a sense of beauty;

to cultivate interest in the works of world artistic culture, a tolerant attitude towards various artistic styles, genres and types of art.

Internal connections: 395 - division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern; 988 - the baptism of Rus'; 1054. - the split of the church into Catholic and Orthodox.

Basic concepts: Romans, basilica, apse, nave, altar, icon painting, mosaic, hymnographs, canon, neumes, osmosis, troparion.

Equipment: textbook by G. I. Danilova “World Artistic Culture”, video fragment “Baptism of Rus'” from the cycle “History of the Russian State” (TVC channel project), video fragment “St. illustrations of mosaics of Byzantine churches, the scheme "Early Christian basilica".

Lesson plan.

1. Introduction. Baptism of Rus'.

2. Mysterious country (geographical position, emperors, the creation of the church of St. Sophia)

3.Science - schools, development of mathematics.

4.Architecture.

5. Painting.

q Icons and icon painters

q Mosaics

q The image of the icon of the Mother of God of Vladimir

6. Music of Byzantium.

7. Summing up. Homework.

During the classes.

1. Organizing time. Check readiness for the lesson.

Grandson: Grandfather, have you really seen the prince?

Grandfather: The real truth, granddaughter. I saw, that's how you are. In fact, I couldn't talk to him.

IN.: Grandfather, is it true that before beautiful pillars stood in the villages, and people all worshiped them?

D.: And it's true, granddaughter. When Vladimir began to reign alone in Kiev, he set up idols on a hill: a wooden Perun with a silver head and a golden mustache, and Khors, Dazhbog, and Stribog, and Simargal, and Mokosh.

They made sacrifices to them, calling them gods. And they brought their sons and daughters to them.

- Video fragment "Baptism of Rus'"

Teacher: What are these magical words that changed the prince so much? Where is this mysterious country located and what is it famous for?

Today we will learn a lot of interesting things at the lesson, the theme of which is “The World of Byzantine Culture”. Your task is to listen carefully and look, remember and write down. During the lesson, you will have to fill in the sheets with test tasks. (Appendix 1) All this will allow us to better know the features of the Roma culture. Roman, because the Byzantines called themselves that, and their country Roman, that is, the Roman Empire.

2. A trained student reads a poem by O. Mandelstam "Hagia Sophia".

Without a doubt, the temple of Hagia Sophia, built by Anthimius and Isidore, is the pearl of world architecture.

Video clip (10 min). While watching, students write down in notebooks the main dates, events and names of Byzantium.

Initially, Byzantine architecture included elements of ancient and oriental architecture. Its early period is characterized by a basilica (Greek “royal house”) - a temple specially designed for crowded worship. (Figure 1) This building is elongated in plan, divided by longitudinal rows of columns into odd number aisles - naves (ship). The middle nave was always higher than the rest. Basilicas are characterized by truss gable roofs (Figure 2). But later, Byzantine architects began to use vaulted and domed ceilings.

During construction, Byzantine churches were always oriented to the east. The gaze of a person coming here certainly rushed to the altar - the sacred part of the temple, the location of which was emphasized by the apse (semicircular niche). The altar part was separated from the nave by a triumphal arch, symbolizing the transition from death to eternal life.

Starting from the 6th century, the longitudinal naves began to be crossed by a transverse nave, forming the shape of a cross - the main symbol of Christianity. This design is ideal for Christian churches, allowing you to place a dome in the center - a symbol of heaven (Figure 3).

3. The appearance of basilicas is emphatically stingy and strict. It is striking in the absence of decorative details in the design of facades. But the interiors of the basilica are decorated with marble cladding, mosaics and fresco paintings on the walls.

Mosaic - a picture made of colored stones - smalt. (Students write down the definition and move on to reading a fragment of a textbook about mosaics, p. 115) A prepared student's report about Justinian. Working with illustrations - figures 4, 5).

IN Christian churches not only mosaic and fresco compositions were obligatory, but also icons (from the Greek “image”). For a long time, disputes between supporters and opponents of icons - iconoclasts - did not subside. The philosopher, poet, and author of many theological writings, John of Damascus, spoke out in defense of the icons. He was born in Damascus to a wealthy and distinguished Christian family. Received a good education. At first he served at the court of the Umayyads - the dynasty of Arab caliphs, then went to the monastery of St. Savva, where he lived until his death. From the point of view of artistic culture, John of Damascus is interesting as the creator of the theory of the Sacred Image, who laid the foundation for the canonization of icon painting. According to his theory:

1. You can depict saints, but in a symbolic and allegorical form.

2. It is possible and necessary to depict what was in reality (scenes from Holy Scripture, Lives of the Saints).

3. You can write Christ in the form in which he was on earth, but you can not write the image of God the Father.

4. Images of saints are necessary - they decorate temples, replace books for the illiterate, constantly remind of exploits in the name of faith. However, the icon is not a picture, but a sacred image, worshiping the icon, we worship what is depicted on it (“the prototype”), and not the skill of the artist - the icons should be anonymous.

5. Icons are miraculous, as they carry a part of the divine power of the one depicted on them.

He supported the last argument with an example from his own life.

Caliph suspected John Mansur of spying for Byzantium and ordered to cut off his brush right hand which was done immediately.

John put the severed brush back in place, fervently praying all night for healing to the icon of the Mother of God, according to legend, written by the Evangelist Luke himself. The next morning the brush has grown. In commemoration of this miracle, Damaskin attached a hand cast of pure silver to the silver setting of the miraculous icon as a token of eternal gratitude. This icon is shown on the left. Now she is in the monastery of Hilardar (Athos, Greece). This is how one of the canonical images of the Mother of God arose - the Mother of God with Three Hands.

In Rus', the most important and revered icon is the icon of Our Lady of Vladimir. According to legend, it was written by the Evangelist Luke and brought to him Virgin during her earthly life. The Mother of God, seeing the image of her face on the icon, repeated her prophetic saying “From now on, give birth to all Me” and added: “The grace of the One born of Me and Mine will be with this icon.” (Figure 6)

A trained student reads a poem by M. Voloshin "Vladimir Mother of God", p. 119.

In the second half of the 5th century, the icon was transferred from Jerusalem to Constantinople, from where in 1155 Yuri Dolgoruky brought it to Kyiv and handed it over to his son Andrei Bogolyubsky. S. 118 - about moving to Vladimir.

4. “Nothing elevates the soul so much, nothing inspires it like that, removes it from the earth, frees it from bodily bonds, instructs in philosophy and helps to achieve complete contempt for worldly objects, like a coordinated melody and divine singing controlled by rhythm” - John Chrysostom .

According to Biblical tradition, the Jewish king David "heard the singing of heaven" and conveyed heavenly praises to people. The texts of Byzantine hymns, in addition to the psalms of David, included new works created by Christian hymnographers. Early samples of such works are presented in the works of Roman the Melodist (VI century). Before the emergence of musical writing, chants were transmitted in the oral tradition, then they began to be recorded using special signs - neumes, the system itself was called - osmosis.

Among genres church music preference was given to the canon and troparion. Canon (sample, rule) is a musical and poetic composition, including the themes of repentance and glorification. A troparion is a laudatory hymn composed for a holiday or solemn event. Being the basis of Orthodox worship, it was not an independent work, but included in a larger one.

Listening to the musical fragment "Troparion to the Feodorovskaya Icon Mother of God". Exchange of impressions.

5. Conclusion. The Turkish troops that captured Constantinople in 1453 put an end to the history of the Byzantine Empire. But this was not the end of her artistic and cultural development. She received a further continuation in the vast expanses Old Russian state. But this is the topic of our next lessons.

You now have a few minutes to complete the test papers and write down your homework.

Homework: chapter 12, task 2 from the "Creative Workshop" section.

At the end of the lesson, the teacher checks the performance of test papers and assigns grades. Thus, all students receive marks in their diaries.

On the banks of the Bosphorus by the Roman emperor Constantine in 324-330. was erectedConstantinople - new rome”, the capital of the future Byzantine state. The city seemed fabulously beautiful to newcomers from the West, East and North.

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The term "Middle Ages" appeared in the Renaissance. They denoted the period from the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century. until the fifteenth century. The era of the Renaissance, which revived ancient traditions, the Middle Ages seemed gloomy, ignorant, far from beautiful examples. ancient culture. That is why the humanist writers of the XV-XVI centuries. called the Middle Ages "dark night", "the era of mental stagnation." But was it really so? How and why did the artistic ideal of Antiquity change?

Indeed, in the Middle Ages, he was destined to undergo profound changes, undergo a complex evolution. main reason This was the spread of Christianity, which largely determined the general character and main directions in the development of art. The ideas about the picture of the world, the understanding of man and the definition of his place in the Universe have become different. Now, in works of art, the spiritual essence of man, his severe appearance, so alien and incomprehensible to the humanists of the Renaissance, were more emphasized.

Medieval culture, created by the peoples of Western Europe and the East over ten centuries, is unique and unrepeatable. She made a significant contribution to the history of world artistic culture and took pride of place in it. Today she appears before us as milestone artistic development mankind, which laid the foundation of modern civilization.

World Byzantine culture.

On the banks of the Bosphorus by the Roman emperor Constantine in 324-330. Constantinople was erected - the "new Rome", the capital of the future Byzantine state. The city seemed fabulously beautiful to newcomers from the West, East and North.

The Byzantine Empire became a powerful state, the empire of the "Romans", as the inhabitants called themselves, who considered themselves the heirs of the Romans. On the one hand, it was a continuation of the richest ancient culture, and on the other, it was the beginning of medieval culture. Byzantium, the heiress of antiquity, also experienced the influence of the culture of the peoples of the East, having managed to creatively rework them artistic traditions. From Egypt, she inherited artistic paintings of fabrics, wood and bone carvings, from Asia Minor - a type of domed basilica, she learned court ceremonial from the Persians, brought holy relics from Palestine Christian faith. Nevertheless, Byzantium was destined to leave its own mark in the history of world art. Its culture has a completely independent meaning.

A cross-domed church was brought to life here, ideally meeting the requirements of Christian worship. Byzantine masters achieved a synthesis of mosaic and fresco paintings. Iconography was born here, subject to strictly justified laws (canons), which were followed by the painters of Western Europe and Ancient Rus'. Significant successes were in literature, book miniatures, music and arts and crafts.

achievements of Byzantine architecture.

Byzantine architecture developed gradually, it organically combined elements of ancient and oriental architecture. chief architectural structure there was a temple, the so-called basilica (Greek “royal house”), the purpose of which differed significantly from the architectural buildings known to us. If the Egyptian temple was intended for priests to conduct solemn ceremonies and did not allow a person to enter the sanctuary, and the Greek and Roman temples served as the seat of a deity, then the Byzantine temples became the center where believers gathered for worship, that is, they were designed for a person to stay in them.

The basilica is notable for its simplicity of plan: it is an elongated building, longitudinally divided inside by rows of columns into parts, the so-called naves , the number of which reaches 3 or 5. All the temples are oriented to the east, since there, according to the Christians, was Jerusalem - the center of the earth.

Later, it becomes more and more important new type temple -cross-domed, which has the shape of a cross with a dome in the center.

The highest achievement of Byzantine architecture - Hagia Sophia V Constantinople, connecting the basilica with the domed ceiling. The temple of the "wisdom of God" was erected relatively quickly by two architects - Anfimy and Isidore. They were required to express the "incomprehensibility and ineffability" of the Christian perception of the universe, to embody the idea of ​​the power of the Byzantine Empire. The architects brilliantly coped with this task. From now on, imperial ceremonies and solemn services began to be held here. The temple, located in the center of the city, on the highest hill, is far visible from the Bosphorus. According to eyewitnesses, “it rises as if to the sky and, like a ship on the high waves of the sea, stands out among other buildings.”

In plan, the temple is a rectangle, in the center of which four massive pillars represent a huge square. The central dome of Sofia is the most remarkable achievement of Byzantine architects, which embodies the idea of ​​the cosmic likeness of the world. From below, the dome seems to be floating in the air, since the thin parts of the wall between the windows are not visible. The optical effect gave rise to the legend that the dome was suspended from the sky on a golden chain. Two lower domes adjoin the central dome. From the outside, the temple does not seem too big, its appearance is calmIts interior is another matter. Everyone is amazed by the green and pinkish marble cladding of the walls and the golden mosaic of the vaults. It seems that the main space of the temple has no boundaries, dissolves in the light rays that penetrate through the forty windows carved at the base of the dome. The columns are united by wavy arcades, which creates the impression of rhythmic movement. One of his contemporaries wrote: “... nothing stops the eye in the cathedral, but everything attracts to itself, constantly changing so that it is difficult for the viewer to say what he liked best.” and rigor.

Shimmering light of Byzantine mosaics.

The mosaics of Byzantium gained worldwide fame. Using the ancient technology of making mosaics, Byzantine masters found their own, original ways their creations. Pieces of matte or transparent smalt, and sometimes stone cubes various shapes and the values ​​were fixed in the binding base at different slopes. It caused the rays of the sun or the light of a lit candle to flare, reflect and sparkle with gold, purple and blue. The masters of Byzantium used all the richness of the colorful palette. They were well aware of the various shades and intensities of colors: from pale and delicate, muted and dull, to bright and saturated.

Pictures on the walls told about the main events Christian history, they transferred the thoughts of believers to a special world. Numerous images of Christ, prophets and angels, scenes from the Holy Scriptures and the glorification of the power of the emperor became favorite themes and plots of Byzantine mosaics .. their golden background also had a special meaning. Firstly, it was perceived as a symbol of wealth and luxury, and secondly, as one of the most bright colors he created the effect of sacred radiance around the depicted figures.

If the light background of the antique mosaics made it possible to convey space, created the illusion of reality, then the golden background of the Byzantine mosaics transformed this in a fantastic way. real space. The fact is that the golden background in combination with a concave or spherical surface caused a peculiar effect of presence, gave the audience a sense of belonging to the depicted.

The uneven shimmering surfaces of the mosaics were included in the play of chiaroscuro, filling the interior with even greater mystery. Deep saturated tones evoked in the viewer the feeling of a miracle happening before his eyes. Like a colored carpet, repeating the masonry, the mosaic covered the walls, vaults and ceilings of temples. It merged with rich carvings and marble wall cladding.

On the first of them, the emperor is depicted in the center. Justinian offering to a gift to the church a heavy golden cup. His head is crowned with a diadem and nymphs - a symbol of holiness. He wears rich colored garments adorned with gold. To the right of Justinian are two courtiers and bodyguards, whose figures are covered by a ceremonial shield with the monogram of Christ. Behind the left shoulder of the emperor is an elderly man in the clothes of a senator, as well as Bishop Maximian with a cross in his hand and two deacons, one of whom holds the Gospel, and the other a censer. The mirror symmetry of the right and left sides of the composition creates a sense of balance and peace. It seems that the figures do not step, but, as it were, hover above the ground.

The mosaic on the opposite side depictsEmpress Theodora. She enters the temple, carrying a chalice with gold coins in her hands. Luxurious necklaces around the neck and on the shoulders. On the head is a crown with long pearl pendants, around the head is a large halo. To the left of Theodora are the court ladies in decorated precious stones tunics. On the right is a deacon and a eunuch opening the veil of the temple. The artist places the characters on a golden background. Everything in this scene is filled with solemnity and grandeur.

Both mosaic paintings inspire the viewer with the idea of ​​the inviolability of power Byzantine emperor. How not to submit to this sovereign power, surrounded by such luxury, wealth and beauty! After many centuries, the poet A.A. Blok visited Ravenna. inspired by the mosaics, he wrote these verses:

Everything that is momentary, everything that is perishable,

You buried for centuries.

You sleep like a baby, Ravenna,

Sleepy eternity in the hands.

Slaves through Roman gates

They no longer import mosaics.

And the gilding burns

In the walls of cool basalques

Remarkable and mosaicsChurch of the Assumption in Nicaea(VII century, destroyed in 1922) the angels depicted here amaze with the refined nobility of their appearance, their gaze, as if hypnotizing. In some ways, they resemble the ancient ideal of beauty. Dressed in luxurious attire of court bodyguards, they stand against the dark gold background of the altar vault. Like guards, they stand in pairs at the throne with banners in their hands. Their calm poses are natural, and subtle combinations of colors, smooth transitions, complex foreshortenings of hands, through the palms of which light shines through, make these figures especially vital and attractive.

Let's look at the image of one of the most famous angels - Dunamis , which is a perfect example of spirituality and nobility. The face of an angel fascinates with wealth inner peace depth of feelings and emotions. Unfortunately, we do not know the name of the artist who created this masterpiece, as well as other names of Byzantine masters.

The mosaics of Ravenna, a city in northern Italy, in the 6th century BC, are best preserved. The center of the Byzantine province. Gained particular famemosaic murals of the Church of San Vitale. Ceilings of light pouring from the dome and the arched openings of the galleries make the mosaics light up with an unearthly brilliance. On both sides of the windows are mosaics depicting Emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora with their retinue.

From the book Another History of Wars. From sticks to bombards author Kalyuzhny Dmitry Vitalievich

Byzantine style The study of Greek buildings, as a rule, begins with Mycenae.