THE PROBLEM OF RESISTANCE AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS

1. In the novel by L.N. Tostoy's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army that wants to defeat the enemy at all costs, and does not have a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that behind him is ancient capital, heart of Russia, Moscow.

2. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet..." Five young girls who opposed German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. Anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and endurance, showed themselves to be true patriots.

THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS

1. example sacrificial love serves Jan Eyre, the heroine novel of the same name Charlotte Bronte. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person she loved most when he went blind.

2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures the severity of her father. She treats the old prince with love, despite his difficult character. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often unnecessarily demanding of her. Mary's love is sincere, pure, bright.

THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING HONOR

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter"for Petr Grinev the most important life principle was an honor. Even in the face of danger death penalty Peter, who swore allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize the sovereign in Pugachev. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Aleksey Shvabrin, on the contrary, committed a betrayal and lost dignity when he moved into the camp of an impostor.

2. The problem of preserving honor is raised in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the protagonist are completely different. Ostap - honest and brave man. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic nature. For the love of a Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. His personal interests come first. Andriy dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, one should always remain honest, first of all, with oneself.

THE PROBLEM OF LOYAL LOVE

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinev from exile when she "asks for mercy" from the Empress. Thus, at the heart of the relationship between Masha and Peter is mutual assistance.

2. selfless love- one of the themes of M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own, helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites white-washed chapters, trying to keep the master calm and happy. In this, a woman sees her destiny.

THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" long haul to the repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of "permission of blood in conscience", main character despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity of the crime committed. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.

THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD

1. In the story of I.A. Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco", the American millionaire served the "golden calf". The main character believed that the meaning of life lies in the accumulation of wealth. When the Master died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.

2. In Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of life in the family, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character refuses secular life dedicates himself entirely to his family. Natasha Rostova found her destiny in this world and became truly happy.

THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY IllITERACY AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUTH

1. In "Letters about the good and the beautiful" D.S. Likhachev claims that a book educates a person better than any work. A well-known scientist admires the ability of a book to educate a person, to form her inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach to think, make a person intelligent.

2. Ray Bradbury in Fahrenheit 451 shows what happened to mankind after all books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there is no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply soulless, since there is no literature that can make people analyze, think, make decisions.

CHILD EDUCATION PROBLEM

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from parents and educators. As a child, the protagonist was inquisitive and active child, but excessive concern led to Oblomov's apathy and lack of will during adult life.

2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" in the Rostov family reigns the spirit of mutual understanding, fidelity, love. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness, nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM

1. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ..." Smolensk doctor Janson is working tirelessly. The protagonist in any weather hurries to help the sick. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to win the love and respect of all the inhabitants of the city.

2.

THE PROBLEM OF SOLDIER'S FATE IN WAR

1. The fate of the main characters of the story by B.L. Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet ...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls died. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls became an example of perseverance and courage.

2. The story "Sotnikov" by V. Bykov tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. Further fate The soldier has developed in different ways. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to give up and chose death.

THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A MAN IN LOVE

1. In the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for a Pole, went over to the camp of the enemy, betrayed his brother, father, homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to go out with weapons against his yesterday's comrades. For Andrii, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his youngest son.

2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, as in the case of the protagonist P. Syuskind's "Perfumer. The Story of a Murderer". Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is not capable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, the creation of a fragrance that inspires people to love. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who commits the most serious crimes to carry out his meta.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL

1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka eavesdropped and informed the head of everything that was said about him. Later, Romashov went so far as to collect information proving Nikolai Antonovich's guilt in the death of Captain Tatarinov's expedition. All the actions of Chamomile are low, destroying not only his life but also the fate of other people.

2. Even deeper consequences are entailed by the act of the hero of the story V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember". Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but also causes the suicide of his wife Nastya.

THE PROBLEM OF DECEPTIONAL APPEARANCE

1. In Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Helen Kuragina, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, is not rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual decline.

2. In Victor Hugo's The Cathedral Notre Dame of Paris"Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The appearance of the protagonist is completely unattractive, but behind it lies a noble and beautiful soul, capable of sincere love.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL IN WAR

1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrey Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went to reconnaissance, never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after a while, Guskov thought about why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness took over, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and caused the suicide of his wife Nastya. Pangs of conscience tormented the hero, but he was no longer able to change anything.

2. In V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve "great Germany". His comrade Sotnikov, on the other hand, is an example of resilience. Despite the unbearable pain he experiences during the torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his act, wants to run away, but understands that there is no turning back.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE HOMELAND ON CREATIVITY

1. Yu.Ya. Yakovlev in the story "Awakened by Nightingales" writes about the difficult boy Selyuzhenka, whom those around him did not like. One night, the protagonist heard the trill of a nightingale. Beautiful sounds struck the child, aroused interest in creativity. Selyuzhenok enrolled in art school, and since then the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens in the human soul best qualities helps to unleash creativity.

2. Love to native land - main motive creativity of the painter A.G. Venetsianov. His brush belongs to a number of paintings dedicated to life simple peasants. "Reapers", "Zakharka", "Sleeping Shepherd" - these are my favorite canvases of the artist. Life ordinary people, the beauty of Russia's nature prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have attracted the attention of viewers for more than two centuries with their freshness and sincerity.

THE PROBLEM OF INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood the most happy times. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from his parents and educators. Excessive care caused Oblomov's apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to wake up Ilya Ilyich. However, his way of life remained unchanged, because the way of his native Oblomovka forever left a mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced life path Ilya Ilyich.

2. In the poem "My Way" S.A. Yesenin admitted that childhood played important role in his work. Once at the age of nine, inspired by the nature of his native village, the boy wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined the life path of S.A. Yesenin.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A LIFE PATH

1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. The lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize their potential.

2. From M. Mirsky's book "Healing with a scalpel. Academician N.N. Burdenko" I learned that the outstanding doctor first studied at the seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Entering the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev, in "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful," argues that "one must live life with dignity, so as not to be ashamed to remember." With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a generous, honest and not indifferent person.

THE PROBLEM OF DOG DEFOY

1. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky "White Bim black ear"told tragic fate Scottish Setter. Beam the dog is desperately trying to find his owner, who is having a heart attack. Along the way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog was killed. Bim can certainly be called a true friend, devoted to the owner until the end of his days.

2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family has to give up their collie to other people due to financial hardship. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when new owner takes her away from her home. Collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog is reunited with the former owners.

THE PROBLEM OF SKILLS IN ART

1. In the story of V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Pyotr Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, with his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder at heart.

2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that young pianist amazingly talented and hardworking. The boy's talent does not go unnoticed. His playing amazed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.

THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE FOR WRITERS

1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the protagonist is fond of poetry. Yuri Zhivago - witness of the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. So life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.

2. The theme of the writer's vocation is raised in Jack London's novel "Martin Eden". The protagonist is a sailor who has been involved in heavy lifting for many years. physical labor. Martin Eden visited different countries, saw the life of ordinary people. All this has become main theme his creativity. So life experience allowed a simple sailor to become a famous writer.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MENTAL STATE OF A HUMAN

1. In the story of A.I. Kuprin " Garnet bracelet" Vera Sheina experiences spiritual purification to the sounds of Beethoven's sonata. Listening classical music, the heroine calms down after the trials she has experienced. The magical sounds of the sonata helped Vera find inner balance, find the meaning of her future life.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" evoke feelings in his soul that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel "such vivacity, such strength, which seemed to rise from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat."

THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE

1. In the story of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Pyotr Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilyevna was depressed when she learned that her son had to leave for a long time to work. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because for her nothing could be harder than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna's love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WAR ART WORKS ON HUMANS

1. In Lev Kassil's story "The Great Confrontation", Sima Krupitsyna listened every morning to news reports from the front on the radio. Once the girl heard the song "Holy War". Sima was so excited by the words of this anthem for the defense of the Fatherland that she decided to go to the front. So the work of art inspired the main character to a feat.

THE PROBLEM OF PSEUSIC SCIENCE

1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "White Clothes", Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine approved by the party. For the sake of personal gain, the academician launches a struggle against genetic scientists. A number of vehemently defends pseudoscientific views and goes to the most dishonest deeds to achieve fame. The fanaticism of an academician leads to the death of talented scientists, the cessation of important research.

2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story "Candidate of Sciences" opposes those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science, and consequently, of society as a whole. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky emphasizes the need to combat pseudoscientists.

THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE

1. In the story of A.S. Pushkin " Stationmaster» Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter ran away with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. From anguish and hopelessness, the caretaker died. Only a few years later Dunya came to her father's grave. The girl felt guilty for the caretaker's death, but repentance came too late.

2. In the story of K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna had a presentiment quick death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at the grave of Katerina Petrovna. So K.G. Paustovsky claims that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.

THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY

1. V.G. Rasputin in the essay "Eternal Field" writes about his impressions of the trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time much has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Rus'.

2. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev “The dawns here are quiet…” five girls fell fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their comrade-in-arms Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina's son Albert returned to the site of the death of anti-aircraft gunners to install a gravestone and perpetuate their feat.

THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE WAY OF A GIFTED PERSON

1. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying..." Smolensk doctor Janson is an example of disinterestedness combined with high professionalism. The most talented doctor hurried to help the sick every day in any weather, without demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor won the love and respect of all the inhabitants of the city.

2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin "Mozart and Salieri" tells the story of the life of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart selflessly serves art. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite the death of Mozart, his works live and excite the hearts of people.

THE PROBLEM OF THE DESTRUCTIVE CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

1. In A. Solzhenitsyn's story " Matrenin yard” depicts the life of the Russian village after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to the loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy, became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.

2. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" shows the life path of a soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family died during the bombardment. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable thing they have.

THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTION OF THE INTERNAL WORLD OF HUMAN

1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" Yevgeny Bazarov is distinguished by his intelligence, diligence, determination, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who succumb to feelings, but is convinced of the wrongness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsova. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are inherently contradictory.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive traits character. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and dependent. Oblomov is not interested real life, it makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by sincerity, sincerity, and the ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov's character.

THE PROBLEM OF FAIR ATTITUDE TO PEOPLE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich investigates the murder of an old pawnbroker. Investigator is a connoisseur human psychology. He understands the motives for the crime of Rodion Raskolnikov and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives young man a chance to turn himself in. This will later serve as a mitigating circumstance in the Raskolnikov case.

2. A.P. Chekhov in the story "Chameleon" introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out because of a dog bite. Police warden Ochumelov tries to decide if she deserves to be punished. Ochumelov's verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The overseer does not seek justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.

THE PROBLEM OF INTERRELATION OF MAN AND NATURE

1. In the story of V.P. Astafieva "Tsar-fish" Ignatich has been poaching for many years. Once a fisherman caught a giant sturgeon on a hook. Ignatich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself was overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: "The king of the rivers and the king of all nature are in the same trap." So the author emphasizes inseparable bond man and nature.

2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels herself an integral part of the world around her, knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. I.A Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel "such vivacity, such strength, which, it seemed, all rose from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat." Thus, music can awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.

2. In the novel by M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don» songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing in military campaigns, in the field, at weddings. The Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, love for the Don, the steppes.

THE PROBLEM OF BOOKS SUPPOSED BY TV

1. The novel Fahrenheit 451 by R. Bradbury depicts a society that relies on popular culture. In this world, people who can think critically are outlawed, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was supplanted by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are unspiritual, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.

2. In the book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful”, D.S. Likhachev thinks about the question: why is television replacing literature. The academician believes that this happens because the TV distracts from worries, makes you slowly watch some program. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to humans, because television “dictates how to watch and what to watch”, makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE

1. The story of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor" depicts the life of the Russian village after the war. People not only became poorer, but also became callous, unspiritual. Only Matryona retained a sense of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. tragic death the main character is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian village.

2. In the story of V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which should be flooded. It is hard for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they have spent their entire lives, where their ancestors are buried. The end of the story is tragic. Along with the village, its customs and traditions disappear, which for centuries have been passed down from generation to generation and formed the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY

1. A.S. Pushkin in the poem "The Poet and the Crowd" calls that part Russian society who did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity. According to the crowd, the poems are in the public interest. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that a poet will cease to be a creator if he submits to the will of the crowd. Thus, main goal poet is not popular recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.

2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem "Out loud" sees the poet's mission in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon capable of inspiring people to great achievements. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that personal creative freedom should be abandoned for the sake of a common great goal.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF A TEACHER ON STUDENTS

1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" classroom teacher Lidia Mikhailovna is a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a rural boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lidia Mikhailovna had to go against the generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. In addition to studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and compassion.

2. In the fairy tale-parable of Antoine de Saint-Exupery " The little Prince"The old Fox became a teacher for the main character, telling about love, friendship, responsibility, loyalty. He revealed to the prince main secret of the universe: "the main thing you cannot see with your eyes - only the heart is vigilant." So Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO ORPHAN CHILDREN

1. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all the remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite life difficulties, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with the orphans.

2. In the story of G. Belykh and L. Panteleev "Republic of ShKID" the life of students of the school of social and labor education for homeless children and juvenile delinquents is depicted. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and went on the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should treat orphans with attention, create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF A WOMAN IN WWII

1. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev “The dawns here are quiet…” five young anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for their Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to oppose the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, on a par with men, are capable of military feats and heroic deeds.

2. In the story of V.A. Zakrutkina "The Mother of Man" shows the fate of a woman during the war. main character Maria lost her entire family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left completely alone, her heart did not harden. Maria left seven Leningrad orphans, replaced their mother. The story of V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and troubles during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.

THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

1. A. Knyshev in the article “O great and mighty new Russian language!” ironically writes about lovers of borrowing. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes ridiculous when it is overloaded foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings clogs the Russian language.

2. V. Astafiev in the story "Lyudochka" connects changes in the language with a drop in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is littered with criminal jargon, which reflects the troubles of society, its degradation.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION

1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. Lyrical hero thinks about how to find the right way of life and occupation. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and equally necessary for people.

2. In E. Grishkovets's story "Darwin", the protagonist, after graduating from school, chooses a business that he wants to do all his life. He realizes the "uselessness of what is happening" and refuses to study at the Institute of Culture when he watches a play played by students. A young man lives with a firm conviction that the profession should be useful, bring pleasure.

What is the meaning of life? Can a person accomplish anything important in his life? How to find a goal, get satisfaction from life and achieve everything you want? These and many other questions arise before each individual when, growing up, he passes from the reflex stage of development to the human, where in the definition general behavior and lifestyle begins to dominate his intellect.

The theme of the meaning of life, being, was of interest to many Russian writers. They sought to answer the most difficult questions life: about the Motherland, about love, about happiness, about the laws of the eternal Universe and God.

For example, A. Blok believed that one who understands what the meaning of life is, will comprehend a lot. If a person reveals that the meaning of life is in anxiety, also in anxiety, then he will no longer be a simple layman.

A. S. Griboyedov also reflects eternal problem search for the meaning of life, the problem of children and fathers in numerous of his works, the most striking of which is "Woe from Wit". Its main character A. Chatsky protests against all the old orders that have long been rooted in society. He fights actively for freedom, new life, patriotism and culture.

Other no less famous writer of the last century, I.S. Turgenev, also affects eternal question search for the meaning of life. Him famous novel"Fathers and Sons" solves the age-old problem of relationships in a slightly different way different generations. Using the example of his main character, Turgenev shows that if, without the desire to build something new, to do it under oppression, nothing will work. We must strive for the continuity of generations, the value of the culture of our ancestors. Turgenev once again proves in his works that one must live in complete harmony, responsibility and gradualness.

And what about A.S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin?" It also touches on eternal themes. These are themes of love, the meaning of life, relationships, freedom of choice, the role of morality in our lives.

The desire for complete harmony with the world and with oneself distinguishes another famous hero Literature of the 19th century - Raskolnikov. This person, in search of such harmony, conducts an experiment on himself. He breaks the law and kills the old woman. What was Raskolnikov looking for? Harmony, freedom, happiness and independence? Aren't these values ​​the meaning of life for many of us? However, it should be remembered that if you go the wrong way to achieve your goals, then the retribution will be too severe.

The heroes of Tolstoy's epic "War and Peace" are also in constant search for themselves, harmony, their way. For example, Pierre Bezukhov, after overcoming numerous painful mistakes and disappointments, finally finds the meaning of his life. He strives for truth, dignity and light. Isn't that the meaning of our existence?

In conclusion, I would like to say that all the literature of the 19th century and not only can be called the literature of an active search for the meaning of life, the search for a Hero. Many writers aspired to see in the heroes people who are able to serve the Motherland, respect others, benefit the Fatherland with their actions and thoughts, and simply be happy, develop, be in harmony with themselves and move forward.

Each of the Russian writers solves the problem of the meaning of life in his own way, but the constant desire to move forward remains unchanged for Russian classics.

The question related to the search for the meaning of human life has been raised in the literature more than once, and it is this question that can be called initially rhetorical. Heroes of many eminent literary works tried to understand what is the meaning of our existence, each of them did it different ways and chose completely opposite paths in life.

But despite the ideals created over and over again in their lives, they faced almost the same reality. Is it possible to find an unambiguous answer to the question of the meaning of life? And how did his search end? literary heroes, whose images have become so close to many readers? ..

Does life have meaning?

An exemplary example of such a hero can be called Eugene Onegin - the main character of the story of the same name by Pushkin A.S. In the first part of the work, the image of Onegin is revealed to us, which is a nobleman, a secular dandy, whose life is full of entertainment, fun and love affairs. Despite the fact that his life seems eventful, over time he gets bored with it, and wanting to stop boredom, he goes to the village. Onegin begins to take an interest in the life of the village, tries to alleviate the situation of the peasants and take up farming. But this activity also bothers him, and gradually his taste for life cools down, human feelings and emotions disappear from his soul, and he completely cools down inside and out.

The main plot of the story can be called the moment when the main character, having already turned into a soulless and cold egoist, mercilessly rejects the feelings of a young and sincere girl Tatyana. And in the future, he does not spare her wounded feelings, Eugene openly cares for Olga, which makes his own suffer as well. close friend- Lensky. Thus, Onegin loses all the people close to him, people who needed him, and most importantly, whom he himself unconsciously needed.

This loss means for him the loss of himself, and only such sad changes make him change his outlook on life and its meaning. Onegin tries to improve, he finds Tatyana to tell her about his feelings - but it's too late, she has changed and got married. He did fatal errors, which can no longer be corrected, and understanding this allowed him to realize that until the moment of the destruction of his life, his own existence had no meaning.

Ideal and reality in literature

Similar tragedies haunted and continued to haunt the heroes even after Eugene Onegin. The eternal search for the meaning of life is one of the fundamental themes in Russian and foreign literature. In their literary works, writers highlight the burden of such a search for any person, reveal their ideals and show the bitter reality that they eventually have to face.

This is the fatal tragedy of the heroes who are in search of the meaning of life - relying on their ideals, they have to deal with sometimes cruel and unfair reality. Sometimes their life becomes unbearable precisely because of incorrectly chosen life guidelines, sometimes they have to suffer from continuous contradictions and struggle with the discord between their ideals and what really is. In this way they go through a long and thorny path, during which they try to find the meaning of a difficult and sometimes completely unfair human life.

The problem of life values

arguments for writing

What is the meaning of life? Why is a person born, lives and dies? Is it just to eat, sleep, just go to work, have children. Almost all world literature seeks to answer two interrelated philosophical questions "What is the meaning of life?" and “What values ​​should a person be guided by in order to live a worthy life?”
life values name those ideas and ideas that become the main, determining in the life of a person. It is customary to single out material and spiritual values. Based on them, a person builds his life, his relationships with people.

So,

life values ​​of the representatives Famus Society”became money, connections with superiors in rank, power and everything connected with these concepts. In pursuit of them, these people stop at nothing: meanness, hypocrisy, deceit, subservience to the authorities - all these are the favorite tricks of Famusov and others like him to achieve their goal. Therefore, they hate the freedom-loving and independent ideals of Chatsky so much. His desire to be useful to society, his desire to bring enlightenment to the masses, his desire to achieve success in life only thanks to his knowledge and skills cause them misunderstanding and irritation. Misunderstanding to such an extent that it is easier for them to declare him crazy than to even try to delve into his thoughts.
Natasha Rostova

the meaning of life is seen in the family, love for relatives and friends. After the wedding with Pierre, she almost never happens in the world, giving herself all to her husband and children. But Natasha's love and mercy extend not only to her family. Yes, she definitely chooses. helping wounded soldiers temporarily in Moscow after the Battle of Borodino. She understands that they do not have enough strength to get out of the city, where the Napoleonic troops are about to enter. Therefore, the girl, without regret, makes her parents give the wagons designed to transport numerous things from their home to the wounded. The son-in-law of the Rostov family, Berg, makes a completely different choice. For him, the main thing now is to cash in, to profitably buy things that the owners are happy to sell for next to nothing. He comes to the Rostovs with a single request - to give him men and a cart to load the locker and chiffonier that he liked.

before us is a certain rich man, whose purpose of life is similar to the purposes of a great many people: to earn capital, marry, have children and die at a respectable age. His existence is monotonous, without emotional outbursts, without doubts and mental anguish. Death overtakes him unexpectedly, but it, like a litmus test, shows the whole value of the Lord's life. It is symbolic that if at the beginning of its sea ​​travel the hero travels first class in luxurious cabins, then back, forgotten by everyone, he floats in a dirty hold, next to shellfish and shrimp. Bunin thus, as it were, equates the value of this person with creatures who have been only engaged in eating plankton all their lives. Thus, according to Bunin, the fate of the Lord from San Francisco and others like him symbolizes the meaninglessness of human life, its emptiness. A life lived without spiritual upheavals, doubts, ups and downs, lived with the sole purpose of satisfying personal interests and material needs, is insignificant. Quick oblivion is the logical conclusion of such a life.

USE composition:

Probably, each of us will someday think about why he was born, try to determine his destiny. For example, your neighbor sees the meaning of his life in a vacation abroad, a car of a certain brand, his wife - a model ... Does it mean that your priorities should be set in this way? How to live, in the words of the author of the text proposed for discussion, “the time allotted by nature”? The answer to this question is sought by the famous writer B.L. Vasiliev, raising the problem of the meaning of life.

Analyzing this issue, the author compares the life of an animal and a person and finds out that if the “sum of the stored energy” is correlated with the life span of the animal, then the time allotted to a person “does not fit into the dates on the tombstone”. It is important for B.Vasiliev to show that a person, unlike an animal, lives not only “the time allotted by nature” - absolute time, but also relative time, when seconds can stretch like hours, and days can fly by like moments. In the central part of the text, the writer deduces the dependence of the time allotted to a person on his spiritual culture. Indeed, the higher the culture, the more opportunities. This, from the author's point of view, explains why everyone has a different relative time. The key, from my point of view, is the final part of the text, in which the hero-narrator refers to his childhood memories: it was then that he heard from his father important words about the role of labor, which “became the main commandment, alpha and omega” of the worldview.

I would like to substantiate my point of view by referring to the work of F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”. Before us is the main character - a former student Rodion Raskolnikov. Analyzing the article, which outlines his idea of ​​​​dividing people into two groups, you understand that the meaning of life for Rodion was the desire to make sure that he could cross the blood for the sake of a great goal. Dostoevsky convincingly shows that the main character's goals turn out to be disastrous not only for himself. Alienated from the people Raskolnikov, the unfortunate mother and sister, who went after him to hard labor Sonya Marmeladova - these heroes became hostages of the immoral idea that Raskolnikov took for the meaning of life.

I would like to substantiate my position by referring to the work of Khaled Hosseini "The Wind Runner". One of the main characters is the son of an influential aristocrat, Amir. Using his example, the author shows that the path to a correct understanding of the meaning of life can go through mistakes. Measured family life, successful career The main character sacrifices peace and glory in order to fulfill his duty as a brother and friend, to wash away the stain of shame from himself - this is what Amir sees the meaning of his life. The story of the protagonist leaves no doubt: it is important that moral values ​​take the main place in life.

By making a search query “what is the meaning of life?” in a search engine, you will receive thousands of different answers. Appeal to the texts of B.L. Vasilyeva, F.M. Dostoevsky, H. Hosseini helped me to understand: no matter how we define the purpose of our life, it is important to remember the laws of morality and not cross them.

Text by F. M. Dostoevsky

(1) Man was created for centuries, judging by the huge, incomparable expenditure of strength. (2) The lion, having killed the antelope, rests in a well-fed slumber for a day. (3) The mighty elk, after an hour-long battle with an opponent, settles for half a day in the thicket, convulsively moving its failed sides. (4) Aitmatovsky Karanar saved up strength for a year to rage, rage and triumph for half a month. (5) For a person, such feats are the brilliance of the moment, for which he pays with such a small fraction of his reserves that he does not need to rest at all.

(6) The purpose of the beast is to live the time allotted by nature. (7) The amount of energy embedded in it is correlated with this period, and a living being spends not as much as he wants, but as much as he needs, as if some kind of dosing device is provided in it: the beast does not know desire, it exists according to the law of necessity. (8) Isn't that why animals don't suspect that life is finite?

(9) The life of animals is the time from birth to death: animals live in absolute time, not knowing that there is also relative time, only a person can exist in this relative time. (10) His life never fits into the dates on the tombstone. (11) It is larger, it contains seconds known only to him, which dragged on like hours, and a day that flew by like moments. (12) And the higher the spiritual structure of a person, the more opportunities he has to live not only in absolute, but also in relative time. (13) For me, the global super-task of art is its ability to prolong human life, saturate it with meaning, teach people to actively exist in relative time, that is, to doubt, feel and suffer.

(14) This is about spirituality, but also in the ordinary, physical life man is given more "fuel" than is necessary in order to live according to the laws of nature. (15) Why? (16) For what purpose? (17) After all, in nature everything is reasonable, everything is verified, tested for millions of years, and even an appendix, as it turned out, is still needed for something. (18) And why is a huge supply of energy many times greater than the needs for which a person is given?

(19) I asked this question in the fifth or sixth grade, when I got to elementary physics, and decided that it explained everything. (20) And she really explained everything to me then. (21) Except human. (22) But I couldn’t explain it. (23) It was here that the straightforward logic of knowledge ended and the frighteningly multivariate logic of understanding began.
(24) Of course, I didn’t imagine this then, but the energy balance did not converge, and I asked my father why a person was given so much.

− (25) For work.

- (26) I see, - I said, not understanding anything, but did not ask.

(27) This property - to agree with the interlocutor not when I understood everything, but when I did not understand anything - apparently, is inherent in me by nature. (28) In everyday life, it always bothered me, because I didn’t get out of triples, writing my theories, hypotheses, and often laws. (29) But there was still one beneficial side to this oddity: I memorized, not understanding, and I myself got to the bottom of the answers, now it’s not so important that most often the answer was wrong. (30) Life requires from a person not answers, but desires
look for them.

(31) I am writing about this only for the sake of my father’s two words, which determined for me the whole meaning of existence. (32) This has become the main commandment, the alpha and omega of my worldview. (33) And I became a writer, probably not at all because I was born with such a brilliance in my eyes, but only because I firmly believed in the need for hard, daily, frantic work.

(According to B.L. Vasiliev*)