The nineteenth century is the golden age of Russian literature. During this period, a whole galaxy of geniuses of the art of the word, poets and prose writers was born, whose unsurpassed creative skill determined further development not only Russian literature, but also foreign.
fine weave social realism and classicism in literature absolutely exactly corresponded to the national ideas and canons of that time. In the 19th century, for the first time, such acute social problems began to be raised, such as the need to change priorities, the rejection of outdated principles, and the confrontation between society and the individual.
The most significant representatives of Russian classics of the 19th century
Word geniuses like A.A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky and A.S. Griboyedov, in their writings openly demonstrated contempt for upper strata society for their selfishness, vanity, hypocrisy and immorality. V.A. Zhukovsky, on the contrary, introduced dreaminess and sincere romance into Russian literature with his works. In his poems, he tried to get away from the gray and boring routine in order to show in all colors the sublime world that surrounds a person. Speaking of Russian literary classics, it is impossible not to mention the great genius A.S. Pushkin - poet and father of the Russian literary language. The works of this writer made a real revolution in the world literary art. Pushkin's poetry, story " Queen of Spades"and the novel" Eugene Onegin "became a stylistic presentation, which was repeatedly used by many domestic and world writers.
Among other things, the literature of the nineteenth century was also characterized by philosophical concepts. They are most clearly revealed in the works of M.Yu. Lermontov. All my creative activity the author admired the Decembrist movements and defended freedoms and human rights. His poems are saturated with criticism of the imperial power and opposition calls. In the field of dramaturgy, A.P. Chekhov. Using subtle but "prickly" satire, the playwright and writer ridiculed human vices and expressed contempt for the vices of representatives of the nobility. His plays from the moment of his birth to the present day do not lose their relevance and continue to be staged on the stage of theaters all over the world. It is also impossible not to mention the great L.N. Tolstoy, A.I. Kuprin, N.V. Gogol, etc.
Group portrait of Russian writers - members of the editorial board of the journal Sovremennik».
Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Goncharov, Leo Tolstoy, Dmitry Grigorovich, Alexander Druzhinin, Alexander Ostrovsky.
Features of Russian literature
In the nineteenth century, Russian realistic literature acquired an unprecedented high artistic perfection. Its main distinguishing feature was originality. The second half of the 19th century in Russian literature passed with the idea of decisive democratization artistic creation and under the sign of tense ideological struggle. Among other things, pathos changed in these time frames. artistic creativity, as a result of which the Russian writer was faced with the need for artistic understanding of the unusually mobile and impetuous elements of being. In such an environment, literary synthesis originated in much narrower temporal and spatial periods of life: the need for a certain localization and specialization was dictated by the special state of the world, characteristic of the era of the second half of the nineteenth century.
The 19th century is called the "Golden Age" of Russian poetry and the century of Russian literature on a global scale. It should not be forgotten that the literary leap that took place in the 19th century was prepared by the entire course of the literary process of the 17th and 18th centuries. The 19th century is the time of the formation of the Russian literary language, which took shape largely thanks to A.S. Pushkin.
A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol identified the main artistic types that would be developed by writers throughout the 19th century. This artistic type « extra person”, an example of which is Eugene Onegin in the novel by A.S. Pushkin, and the so-called type of "little man", which is shown by N.V. Gogol in his story "The Overcoat", as well as A.S. Pushkin in the story "The Stationmaster".
Literature inherited its publicism and satirical character from the 18th century. In the prose poem N.V. Gogol " Dead Souls"The writer in a sharp satirical manner shows a swindler who buys up dead souls, various types of landowners who are the embodiment of various human vices (the influence of classicism affects). In the same plan, the comedy "The Inspector General" is sustained. are full satirical images and works by A. S. Pushkin. Literature continues to satirically depict Russian reality. The trend of depicting vices and shortcomings Russian society – characteristic all Russian classical literature. It can be traced in the works of almost all writers of the 19th century. At the same time, many writers implement the satirical trend in a grotesque form. Examples of grotesque satire are the works of N.V. Gogol "The Nose", M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "Gentlemen Golovlevs", "History of one city".
http://jordencook.com/maps341 Since the middle of the 19th century, Russian realistic literature has been developing, which is created against the background of the tense socio-political situation that prevailed in Russia during the reign of Nicholas I. A crisis of the serf system is brewing, contradictions between the authorities and common people. There is a need to create a realistic literature that sharply reacts to the socio-political situation in the country. Literary critic V.G. Belinsky means new realistic direction in literature. His position is being developed by N.A. Dobrolyubov, N.G. Chernyshevsky. A dispute arises between Westerners and Slavophiles about the ways historical development Russia.
Writers turn to the socio-political problems of Russian reality. Genre develops realistic novel. Their works are created by I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, I.A. Goncharov. The socio-political prevails philosophical problems. Literature is distinguished by a special psychologism.
The development of poetry somewhat subsides. It is worth noting poetic works Nekrasov, who was the first to introduce into poetry social issues. Known for his poem “Who in Rus' to live well? ”, as well as many poems, where the hard and hopeless life of the people is comprehended.
visit web page literary process At the end of the 19th century, he discovered the names of N.S. Leskov, A.N. Ostrovsky A.P. Chekhov. The latter proved to be a master of the small literary genre- a story, and also an excellent playwright. Competitor A.P. Chekhov was Maxim Gorky.
The end of the 19th century was marked by the formation of pre-revolutionary sentiments. The realist tradition was beginning to fade. It was replaced by the so-called decadent literature, the hallmarks of which were mysticism, religiosity, as well as a premonition of changes in the socio-political life of the country. Subsequently, decadence grew into symbolism. From this opens new page in the history of Russian literature.
"Verily, that was the golden age of our literature,
the period of her innocence and bliss! .. "
M. A. Antonovich
M. Antonovich in his article called the "golden age of literature" early XIX century - the period of creativity of A. S. Pushkin and N. V. Gogol. Subsequently, this definition began to characterize the literature of all 19th century- up to the works of A.P. Chekhov and L.N. Tolstoy.
What are the main features of Russian classical literature of this period?
Fashionable at the beginning of the century, sentimentalism gradually fades into the background - the formation of romanticism begins, and from the middle of the century realism rules the ball.
New types of heroes appear in literature: " small man", which most often dies under the pressure of the foundations accepted in society and the "extra person" is a string of images, starting with Onegin and Pechorin.
Continuing the traditions of the satirical image, proposed by M. Fonvizin, in the literature of the 19th century satirical image vices modern society becomes one of the central motifs. Often satire takes on grotesque forms. Vivid examples- Gogol's "Nose" or "The History of a City" by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin.
Another one distinguishing feature The literature of this period has an acute social orientation. Writers and poets are increasingly turning to socio-political topics, often plunging into the field of psychology. This leitmotif permeates the works of I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy. Appears new form- Russian realistic novel, with its deep psychologism, harshest criticism reality, irreconcilable enmity with the existing foundations and loud calls for renewal.
Well main reason, which prompted many critics to call the 19th century the golden age of Russian culture: the literature of this period, despite a number of unfavorable factors, had a powerful influence on the development of world culture as a whole. Soaking up all the best that offered world literature, Russian literature was able to remain original and unique.
Russian writers of the 19th century
V.A. Zhukovsky- Pushkin's mentor and his Teacher. It is Vasily Andreevich who is considered the founder of Russian romanticism. It can be said that Zhukovsky "prepared" the ground for Pushkin's bold experiments, since he was the first to expand the scope poetic word. After Zhukovsky, the era of the democratization of the Russian language began, which was so brilliantly continued by Pushkin.
Selected Poems:
A.S. Griboyedov went down in history as the author of one work. But what! Masterpiece! Phrases and quotes from the comedy "Woe from Wit" have long become winged, and the work itself is considered the first realistic comedy in the history of Russian literature.
Analysis of the work:
A.S. Pushkin. He was called differently: A. Grigoriev claimed that "Pushkin is our everything!", F. Dostoevsky "the great and incomprehensible Forerunner", and Emperor Nicholas I admitted that, in his opinion, Pushkin is "the most clever man in Russia". Simply put, this is Genius.
Pushkin's greatest merit is that he radically changed Russian literary language, saving him from pretentious abbreviations, like "young, breg, sweet", from the ridiculous "marshmallows", "Psyche", "Cupids", so revered in grandiloquent elegies, from borrowings, which were then so abundant in Russian poetry. Pushkin brought colloquial vocabulary, craft slang, elements of Russian folklore to the pages of printed publications.
A. N. Ostrovsky also pointed out another important achievement of this brilliant poet. Before Pushkin, Russian literature was imitative, stubbornly imposing traditions and ideals alien to our people. Pushkin, on the other hand, "gave courage to the Russian writer to be Russian", "revealed the Russian soul". In his stories and novels, for the first time, the theme of the morality of the social ideals of that time is so vividly raised. And the main character light hand Pushkin is now becoming an ordinary "little man" - with his thoughts and hopes, desires and character.
Analysis of works:
M.Yu. Lermontov- bright, mysterious, with a touch of mysticism and an incredible thirst for will. All his work is a unique fusion of romanticism and realism. Moreover, both directions do not oppose at all, but, as it were, complement each other. This man went down in history as a poet, writer, playwright and artist. He wrote 5 plays: the most famous is the drama "Masquerade".
And among prose works the real diamond of creativity was the novel "A Hero of Our Time" - the first realistic novel in prose in the history of Russian literature, where for the first time the writer tries to trace the "dialectics of the soul" of his hero, mercilessly exposing him psychological analysis. This pioneering creative method Lermontov in the future will be used by many Russian and foreign writers.
Selected works:
N.V. Gogol known as a writer and playwright, but it is no coincidence that one of his most famous works - "Dead Souls" is considered a poem. There is no other such Master of the word in world literature. Gogol's language is melodious, incredibly bright and figurative. This was most clearly manifested in his collection Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka.
On the other hand, N.V. Gogol is considered the ancestor " natural school", with its satire bordering on the grotesque, accusatory motifs and ridicule of human vices.
Selected works:
I.S. Turgenev- the greatest Russian novelist who established the canons classic novel. He continues the traditions established by Pushkin and Gogol. He often refers to the theme of "an extra person", trying to convey the relevance and significance of social ideas through the fate of his hero.
Turgenev's merit also lies in the fact that he became the first propagandist of Russian culture in Europe. This is a prose writer who opened the world of the Russian peasantry, intelligentsia and revolutionaries to foreign countries. A string female images in his novels became the pinnacle of the writer's skill.
Selected works:
A.N. Ostrovsky- an outstanding Russian playwright. Ostrovsky's merits were most precisely expressed by I. Goncharov, recognizing him as the creator of the Russian folk theater. The plays of this writer became a "school of life" for the playwrights of the next generation. And the Moscow Maly Theater, where most of the plays of this talented writer were staged, proudly calls itself the "Ostrovsky House".
Selected works:
I.A. Goncharov continued to develop the traditions of the Russian realistic novel. The author of the famous trilogy, who, like no one else, managed to describe major vice Russian people are lazy. With the light hand of the writer, the term "Oblomovism" also appeared.
Selected works:
L.N. Tolstoy- a real block of Russian literature. His novels are recognized as the pinnacle of the art of novel writing. The style of presentation and the creative method of L. Tolstoy are still considered the standard of the writer's skill. And his ideas of humanism had a huge impact on the development of humanistic ideas throughout the world.
Selected works:
N.S. Leskov- a talented successor to the traditions of N. Gogol. Made a huge contribution to the development of new genre forms in literature, such as pictures from life, rhapsodies, incredible events.
Selected works:
N.G. Chernyshevsky — eminent writer And literary critic, who proposed his theory of the aesthetics of the relationship of art to reality. This theory became the reference for the literature of the next few generations.
Selected works:
F.M. Dostoevsky — brilliant writer, whose psychological novels known all over the world. Dostoevsky is often called the forerunner of such trends in culture as existentialism and surrealism.
Selected works:
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin- the greatest satirist, who brought the art of denunciation, ridicule and parody to the heights of skill.
Selected works:
A.P. Chekhov. With this name, historians traditionally complete the era of the golden age of Russian literature. Chekhov was recognized throughout the world during his lifetime. His short stories have become a benchmark for short story writers. A Chekhov's plays had a huge impact on the development of world drama.
Selected works:
TO late XIX centuries of tradition critical realism began to gradually fade away. In a society permeated through and through with pre-revolutionary moods, mystical moods, partly even decadent ones, have come into fashion. They were the forerunner of a new literary direction- symbolism and marked the beginning of a new period in the history of Russian literature - silver age poetry.
The nineteenth century is the heyday of Russian literature. It was prepared by the rapid cultural growth of Russia after the reforms of Peter the Great. The brilliant reign of Catherine posed before the new, great-power Russia the question of creating national art. Among the galaxy of Catherine's court piites, the majestic figure of the "singer Felitsa" - Derzhavin rises. Development artistic language And literary forms happening at an unusually fast pace. In 1815, at the lyceum exam, Pushkin read poetry in the presence of Derzhavin. In Eugene Onegin, he recalls this:
Old man Derzhavin noticed us
And in the coffin he blessed.
The evening dawn of the glorious Catherine's era meets the morning dawn of Pushkin's time. "The sun of Russian poetry", Pushkin is still at its zenith when Tolstoy is born. Thus, over the course of one century, Russian literature is born, rises to the top artistic development and wins world fame. In one century, Russia, awakened from long sleep"the mighty genius of Peter", strains the forces hidden in it and not only catches up with Europe, but on the verge of the 20th century becomes the ruler of its thoughts.
Dunaev M.M. Russian literature XIX century
The nineteenth century lives in a hectic rhythm; directions, currents, schools and fashions are changing with dizzying speed. The sentimentalism of the tenth years gives way to the romanticism of the twenties and thirties; the forties see the birth of Russian idealistic "love of wisdom" and the Slavophile doctrine; the fifties - the appearance of the first novels by Turgenev, Goncharov, Tolstoy; the nihilism of the sixties is replaced by the populism of the seventies; the eighties are filled with the glory of Tolstoy, artist and preacher; begins in the nineties new bloom poetry: the era of Russian symbolism.
The preparatory period is over. The luminary of Pushkin rises, surrounded by a galaxy of satellites. Delvig, Venevitinov, Baratynsky , Languages , Odoevsky, Vyazemsky, Denis Davydov - all these stars shine with their pure and even light; they seem less vivid to us only because they are overshadowed by the brilliance of Pushkin. The appearance of this genius cannot be explained by any continuity of literary forms. Pushkin is a miracle of Russian literature, a miracle of Russian history. At the height to which he elevates the Russian verbal art, all lines of development are interrupted. One cannot continue Pushkin, one can only be inspired by him in search of other ways. Pushkin does not create schools.
The magic verbal art of Gogol brings to life a whole generation of storytellers, writers of everyday life and novelists. All the great writers of the 1850s and 1880s come from Gogol's "natural school". “We all came out of Gogol's Overcoat,” says Dostoevsky. From " dead souls”is the line of development of the novel, the victorious march of which fills the second half of the century. In 1846, Dostoevsky's first story "Poor People" appears; in 1847 - Turgenev's first story "Khor and Kalinich", Goncharov's first novel "An Ordinary Story", the first piece of art Aksakov "Notes on angling fish", the first big story
The nineteenth century in Russian literature is the most significant for Russia. In this century, A.S. began to show their creativity. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, A.N. Ostrovsky. All their works are not like anything and carry great sense in itself. Even to this day, their works are held in schools.
All works are usually divided into two periods: the first half of the nineteenth century and the second. This is noticeable in the problems of the work and the visual means used.
What are the features of Russian literature in the nineteenth century?
The first is that A.N. Ostrovsky is considered to be a reformer who brought a lot of innovations to dramatic works. He was the first to touch on the most exciting topics of that time. Not afraid to write about the problems of the lower class. Also, A.N. Ostrovsky was the first to be able to show the moral state of the souls of the heroes.
Secondly, and I.S. Turgenev is known for his novel Fathers and Sons. He touched eternal themes love, compassion, friendship and the theme of the relationship between the old generation and the new.
And, of course, this is F.M. Dostoevsky. His themes in his works are extensive. Faith in God, the problem of small people in the world, the humanity of people - he touches on all this in his works.
Thanks to the writers of the nineteenth century, today's youth can learn kindness and the most sincere feelings through the works of great people. The world is lucky that in the nineteenth century these talented people which gave all mankind new food for thought, opened up new problematic topics, taught sympathy for the neighbor and pointed out the mistakes of people: their callousness, deceit, envy, renunciation of God, humiliation of another person and their selfish motives.
Some interesting essays
- Analysis of Platonov's work Love for the Motherland or Journey of the Sparrow
By genre, the work refers to a parable, an allegorical story that has the author's moralizing, the main theme of which is reflections on the true moral human principles.
- The image and characteristics of Pavlusha from the story Bezhin Meadow by Turgenev
Pavlusha stood out from the rest of the boys, both in appearance and character. The guys had blond hair, and he had black and disheveled. Strong and squat, with a large head, he attracted attention.
- The image and characteristics of the Devils in the story The Night Before Christmas by Gogol essay
One of the characters in Gogol's work The Night Before Christmas is Osip Nikiforovich, a rural clergyman. The author describes the appearance of Osip Nikiforovich as rather unsightly and not particularly outstanding.
- Analysis of the story Nosov's Living Hat
Soviet creativity children's writer N. N. Nosova is imbued with sincere love for children. The story "The Living Hat" was written in 1938, when the writer's career was just beginning.
- Analysis of the story Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky district of Turgenev
By genre, the work refers to a story that has autobiographical features, which is part of the prose collection of the writer "Notes of a Hunter", considering as the main theme
