On the one hand, when working on a drama, the means that are in the writer's arsenal are used, but, on the other hand, the work should not be literary. The author describes the events in such a way that the person who will read the test can see everything that happens in his imagination. For example, instead of "they sat at the bar for a very long time" you can write "they drank six beers each", etc.
In drama, what is happening is shown not through inner reflections, but through an external action. Moreover, all events take place in the present time.
Also, certain restrictions are imposed on the volume of the work, because. it must be presented on stage within the allotted time (up to a maximum of 3-4 hours).
The requirements of drama, as a stage art, leave their mark on the behavior, gestures, words of the characters, which are often exaggerated. What cannot happen in life in a few hours, in drama it can very well. At the same time, the audience will not be surprised by the conventionality, implausibility, because this genre initially allows them to a certain extent.
In the days of books that were expensive and inaccessible to many, drama (as a public performance) was the leading form of artistic reproduction of life. However, with the development of printing technology, it lost its primacy epic genres. Nevertheless, even today, dramatic works remain in demand among society. The main audience of the drama is, of course, theatergoers and moviegoers. Moreover, the number of the latter exceeds the number of readers.
Depending on the method of staging, dramatic works can be in the form of plays and scripts. All dramatic works intended to be performed with theater stage, are called plays (French pi èce). Dramatic works on which films are made - scripts. Both plays and scripts contain author's notes to indicate the time and place of action, indicate age, appearance heroes, etc.
The structure of the play or script follows the structure of the story. Usually, parts of a play are designated as an act (action), a phenomenon, an episode, a picture.
The main genres of dramatic works:
- drama,
- tragedy
- comedy
- tragicomedy
- farce
- vaudeville
- sketch.
Drama
Drama is literary work, depicting serious conflict between actors or between actors and society. The relationship between characters (heroes and society) in works of this genre is always full of drama. In the course of the development of the plot, there is an intense struggle both within the individual characters and between them.
Although the conflict is very serious in the drama, it can nevertheless be resolved. This circumstance explains the intrigue, the tense expectation of the audience: whether the hero (heroes) will be able to get out of the situation or not.
Drama is characterized by a description of the real Everyday life, the formulation of "mortal" questions of human existence, a deep disclosure of characters, the inner world of characters.
There are such types of drama as historical, social, philosophical. Drama is a melodrama. In it, the characters are clearly divided into positive and negative.
Wide famous dramas: "Othello" by W. Shakespeare, "At the Bottom" by M. Gorky, "Cat on a Hot Roof" by T. Williams.
Tragedy
Tragedy (from the Greek tragos ode - “goat song”) is a literary dramatic work based on an irreconcilable life conflict. Tragedy is characterized by an intense struggle of strong characters and passions, which ends in a catastrophic outcome for the characters (usually death).
The conflict of a tragedy is usually very deep, has a universal meaning and can be symbolic. The protagonist, as a rule, suffers deeply (including from hopelessness), his fate is unhappy.
The text of the tragedy often sounds pathetic. Many tragedies are written in verse.
Wide famous tragedies: "Chained Prometheus" by Aeschylus, "Romeo and Juliet" by W. Shakespeare, "Thunderstorm" by A. Ostrovsky.
Comedy
Comedy (from the Greek komos ode - "merry song") is a literary dramatic work in which characters, situations and actions are presented comically, using humor and satire. At the same time, the characters can be quite sad or sad.
Usually comedy presents everything ugly and ridiculous, funny and awkward, ridicules social or domestic vices.
Comedy is subdivided into the comedy of masks, positions, characters. Also this genre includes farce, vaudeville, sideshow, sketch.
sitcom ( situation comedy, situational comedy) is a dramatic comedy work in which events and circumstances are the source of the funny.
A comedy of characters (comedy of manners) is a dramatic comedy work in which the source of humor is the inner essence of characters (morals), funny and ugly one-sidedness, an exaggerated trait or passion (vice, defect).
farce is light comedy using simple comic tricks and designed for a rough taste. Usually a farce is used in a circus lunade.
Vaudeville is a light comedy with entertaining intrigue, which has a large number of dance numbers and songs. In the US, vaudeville is called a musical. IN modern Russia it is also commonly said "musical", implying vaudeville.
An interlude is a small comic scene that is played between the actions of the main performance or performance.
Sketch (English sketch - “sketch, sketch, sketch”) is a short comedy work with two or three characters. Usually, the presentation of sketches is resorted to on the stage and television.
Wide famous comedies: "Frogs" by Aristophanes, "Inspector General" by N. Gogol, "Woe from Wit" by A. Griboyedov.
Famous TV sketch shows: "Our Russia", "Town", "Monty Python's Flying Circus".
Tragicomedy
Tragicomedy is a literary dramatic work in which a tragic plot is depicted in a comic form or is a random jumble of tragic and comical elements. In tragicomedy, serious episodes are combined with funny ones, sublime characters are set off by comic characters. The main method of tragicomedy is the grotesque.
We can say that "tragicomedy is the funny in the tragic" or vice versa, "the tragic in the funny."
Widely known tragicomedies: "Alcestis" by Euripides, "The Tempest" by W. Shakespeare, " The Cherry Orchard» A. Chekhov, the films "Forrest Gump", "The Great Dictator", "The Same Munchazen".
More detailed information on this topic can be found in the books of A. Nazaikin
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11.09.15 16:09
Most of the "solid" novels included in all sorts of lists of the "most-most" are drama books. We are proud that among them there are a lot of Russian classics (here you have Dostoevsky and Leo Tolstoy), but, to be honest, the general reader in the glorified wilds of the plot of the same “War and Peace” sometimes gets bored, and even with our “relatives” we somehow know each other from school. Therefore, today we will look for best drama books in foreign literature.
For the sake of the child
Despite the fact that Stephen King has long and deservedly worn the crown of the "king of horrors", he is like no other contemporary writers knows how to dramatically "twist" the plot. Dropping into everyday life ordinary people elements of mysticism and thriller, he writes with pain about their problems: about domestic violence, alcoholism and racial strife. Such is the novel "Dolores Claiborne", which tells about the sacrifice that a mother made for the sake of her daughter's happiness. She did not appreciate (and, to tell the truth, did not understand) the act of the native person- after all, she deprived the girl of another most dear person, her father. Fortunately for Dolores, her guilt in the death of her husband was not proven, and she closed herself in her little world, still working hard on the capricious rich woman. But when the woman was accused of the death of a despotic hostess (by that time stricken with paralysis), her daughter was forced to return to the city of her childhood. This is where the terrible truth is revealed.
Guilty without guilt
Another book is a drama (albeit with a mystical flavor, but we are watching the endless “Battles of Psychics”, so people like Coffey live next to us) - “The Green Mile”. Two little girls are killed, evidence points to a black day laborer. Well, who will understand when the thug has written on his forehead: "Maniac!". Semi-literate John could not justify himself, and there was no money for a lawyer. Therefore, he landed on death row, past which passes the same "Green Mile" - a piece of the corridor leading to the electric chair. And here the “ordinary miracles” began.
Hope and perseverance
"Rita Hayworth, or The Shawshank Redemption" is perhaps the most strong drama King, although in terms of volume it is only a small story. Yet another man, unjustly accused of a cruel crime, draws a full spoonful of the horrors of imprisonment. But this man has a huge willpower that will not let him break. He won't let him in inner world no one (except for the prison friend Ryzhy) and will not reveal his main secret. The book has a very life-affirming ending, so we recommend: if your heart is heavy, reread it. It won't take long, but it will give you hope! Of course, this one, like the two previous King books, was filmed, and very successfully. No wonder Stephen is considered one of the most beloved authors of filmmakers, there are countless adaptations of his works!
good man drama
"Godfather" Mario Puzo - what do you think? The basis for another Hollywood hit? A beautiful mafia saga in style and language? Yes, this is a drama, a real drama, clearly showing how good man can descend to baseness and murder. Of course, you say, Michael had to stand up for his family! But there is degradation. It is interesting that after the release of the bestseller, everyone immediately dragged the author into connections with the mafia. And he honestly admitted that he drew knowledge from books, newspapers and other sources, but not personal experience.
And who in our world is normal?
Another bestseller on our list (and its adaptation garnered a bunch of Oscars) has been at the top of the list for more than half a century: Ken Kesey wrote his dramatic book Over the Cuckoo's Nest in the early 1960s. Unlike Puzo, he just relied on his own impressions (obtained by the writer while working in a psychiatric hospital). Even then, being a nurse, Ken realized that not all people in the hospital are not mentally normal, they are just somehow different from you and me. Others are brought to the state of a “vegetable” by various pills, electric shock (and once a now banned lobotomy).
Guilt and Forgiveness
Even those who never got around to Bernhard Schlink's novel The Reader watched the film based on this drama book (or at least heard about it). In a story that covers big period the lives of heroes, raised many moral problems- from the "forbidden" love of a minor boy and an adult woman to the Holocaust and the issue of forgiveness and guilt.
"little man" protest
Behind all the surrealism of Chuck Palahniuk's novel "Fight Club" also lies its own drama, recognizable features flicker " little man"(Brought out by Gogol in the immortal "Overcoat"). The author himself claims that the film adaptation of the book, thought out with great care by Fincher, is even better than its original text. Well, thanks for that not only to the director, but also to the gorgeous Pitt, Norton and of course Helena Bonham Carter who played the sociopath Marla with great brilliance.
The dream comes true... And it doesn't come true!
We couldn't make it on our list of the best drama books without the classics (albeit foreign ones). Written by Francis Scott Fitzgerald in the Jazz Age, The Great Gatsby is still one of the most poignant novels about love, about unfulfilled (and realized) dreams, about that turbulent time when a beggar could become a prince (and vice versa). No wonder this novel is one of the leaders in the number of adaptations: the directors were very interested in understanding the characters' characters. Once upon a time, Robert Redford appeared in the image of Gatsby, so the Briton Toby Stevens came to replace him. "Modern" Gatsby - Leonardo DiCaprio. Who did better - you decide.
When the house is not a fortress, but a prison
Even a bit embarrassing British classic Archibald Joseph Cronin - his most famous work received a second life in the cinema only once - in the distant forties. Brody's Castle was the Scot's debut and is considered his most powerful novel. The writer's father was a hatter, so in "Castle Brody" main character is making hats. John is a rare selfish and petty tyrant, he, without hesitation, cripple the lives of loved ones. Will any of the relatives manage to leave “their home is their fortress”?
Having reached all the peaks ...
For some reason, the novel "Martin Eden" is very fond of theater directors. Who just did not play the title character! They say that the traits of the author himself appeared in this young man. Jack London became famous for his writings about courageous people, conquerors of the Wild North. "Martin Eden" is a story about strong man who built his life "according to the rules" and tried to break through from the bottom. When he seemed to have everything already, the bourgeois swamp became disgusting to him, and he made an unexpected decision ...
Many of us book lovers have been to the theater at least once. Actually, have you noticed how the theater begins? As a prominent theatrical figure said, that the theater begins with a hanger. This time we will allow ourselves to disagree with him. Theater begins with writing a script for a play.
In other words, theater begins with dramaturgy. This word is translated from Greek as composing or staging dramatic works. Dramaturgy is one of the main genres of literature. Theatrical performances They have always been popular and are still in demand today.
What is the nature of dramaturgy?
Picking up a play, you will immediately notice a number of features that distinguish dramaturgy from fiction . Let's consider just a few of them:
1.Text theatrical production consists of two parts - the dialogue of the characters and the author's explanations (remarks).
2. The work is based on conflict.
3. The audience likes fast paced events, so the plot usually develops dynamically.
4. Quantity acting characters unlike book epics is limited.
5. In addition to the main storyline, there is a secondary one, on which the author focuses more attention.
What are the genres of dramaturgy?
- Drama;
- Tragedy;
- Comedy;
- Melodrama;
- Mystery;
- Vaudeville;
- Farce.
How did drama develop?
Theatrical productions were loved by the ancient Egyptians. The Egyptian mystery about Osiris has survived to this day. Dramaturgy reached its peak in Ancient Greece . Its prominent representatives: Aeschylus, Euripides, Aristophanes, Sophocles. IN Ancient Rome the productions of Seneca, Terence, Plautus shone. In eastern countries such as India, Japan, China, drama was also developed.
The ancient Greeks and Romans, so the origin of the genre of dramaturgy can be considered ancient times. After the decline of antiquity European culture“took a break for several centuries. Dramaturgy began to “wake up” during the Renaissance at the beginning of the 14th century. . Her the brightest representatives Shakespeare, Lope de Vega.
The Age of Enlightenment (XVII century) again pushed dramaturgy into the background. Drama flourished at the turn of the 18th century. In Russia in the 19th century, such famous writers and playwrights as Pushkin, Griboedov, Gogol and others gave the drama a "second wind". In the heyday of the dominance of realism, Henrik Ibsen, Gregart Hauptmann, Victorien Sardou and other playwrights are working on scripts.
What is drama?
This is one of the main genres of literature, a kind of dramaturgy. Such books reflect the dramatic life and actions of people, their difficult relationships with society and difficult experiences.
Dramatic works are intended both for performance on the stage and those not designed for stage performance. Dramatic works do not always end tragically, it is possible successful outcome events. In our electronic library online for free you can read such works of modern playwrights.
14 rules to help you be yourself Rules to help you be your best version of yourself, not on other people's terms, but on your own. Be yourself. When you try to be someone else, you simply lose yourself. Keep your individuality - your ideas, beliefs, beauty. No one else has it, so why lose them? Be the way you know yourself - the best version of yourself possible, and not on other people's terms, but on your own. Above all, be true to yourself. Start today…1. Get your priorities right. In fact, twenty years from now, you won't care what shoes you wore, what your hair looked like, or what brand of jeans you bought. What will really matter is how you loved what you learned and how you applied that knowledge.2. Take responsibility for your goals. If you want good things to happen in your life, you must contribute to their accomplishment yourself. You can not sit still and hope for someone's help. Do not think that your destiny depends on the activities of other people. Undoubtedly, there is a connection, but only we ourselves decide our future.3. Know your worth. Some people may treat others as a tool to solve their problems. Behind the request for help lies the desire to relieve oneself of tasks or obligations. That is why you need to look closely at people in order to understand whether you mean as much to a person as he means to you. Don't let anyone take advantage of you. Do not be afraid to refuse - this is not pride, but self-respect. If you surround yourself with selfish, negative people, don't expect positive changes in your life. Know the value of yourself and what you offer people. Never settle for less than you deserve.4. Choose the right perspective. Perspective is in everything. A good example: we often encounter long queues and long traffic jams. Waiting all this time, a person can go two ways. The first option is to get upset, disappointed, or even furious. The second option is to perceive this situation as an occasion to think about your life, dream, or simply concentrate on contemplating the world around you, because in the daily bustle it is not so often possible to admire the same clouds. As a result, in the first case, a person's blood pressure will rise from negative emotions, and in the second - the mood, at the same time the consciousness will expand.5. Don't let old problems get in the way of your dreams. Learn to let go of what you can't control. Avoid outbursts of anger - reckless spontaneous actions can cross out dreams forever. Every time you feel like thinking about an unfair situation, try to redirect your thoughts in a different direction. Don't let problems overwhelm you and you will be on a straight path to a brighter future.6. Focus on what's really important. Some things don't really have the value we can attribute to them. For example, the contents of the car we drive. Does it play any role in your life plan? Not at all. What about the contents of your heart? Plays. And so it is with everything. The problem with most people is that they, realizing what is really important in life, do not attach any importance to it. Instead, they focus on the little things, distracted from real life.7. Love yourself. Let you be loved the way you are. People often mistakenly consider themselves unattractive, feel that they are not worthy of anyone's attention. Whatever flaws you have, remember that you are worthy of love. Let someone give it to you. At first, this someone will be you yourself, then the circle of admirers will expand 8. Accept your strengths and weak sides as it is. Don't be afraid to be yourself. We often spend time analyzing other people and comparing ourselves to them, wanting to become something we are not. Each person has both advantages and disadvantages, so there is no need to look for an ideal in someone. You yourself must become an ideal, but this will only succeed after you accept yourself as you are.9. Rise for yourself. You were born to be real, not perfect. Each of us is here to be ourselves, not what others want us to be. Do not let others change this setting. Don't be afraid to stand up and fight back. Boldly look into the eyes of your enemies and say: “Do not judge me until you know me. Don't underestimate me until you challenge me. Don't talk about me until you talk to me.”10. Learn from others and move on when needed. Never expect people to change. You either accept them as they are, or start your life without them. Don't be afraid to end a relationship. If something in life ends, then it must be so. Do not be sad because of this - it is better to perceive it as a valuable experience. Any event that is both good and not very enriches you with experience and makes you wiser. It is the same with people: someone comes into your life to bless, and someone to teach a lesson.11. Be honest in your dealings. Don't cheat. When you are truly in love, loyalty is not a sacrifice, but a pleasure. If you are dissatisfied, have the courage to say so directly - this is the only sure way.12. Learn to find a way out of uncomfortable situations. Everyone knows that life is an unpredictable thing and can change dramatically at the most unexpected moment. Communication that does not foreshadow warm relations, may develop into strong friendship, a career ranked most important place in life, may be lost along with the hope of rehabilitation. Some situations can make you feel uncomfortable, frustrated and devastated, but remember, this is temporary. You won't always feel out of sorts, but it takes effort to get rid of it. Do not be afraid of change, get rid of what causes you discomfort and your life will change.13. Be who you were born to be. It is important to understand as early as possible that life path has not only length but also width. No matter how many years we live long life will not make sense if it is empty. In order not to regret later on wasted years, do not deny yourself your desires. Live the way you want. It's better to live short life according to their own rules, rather than long according to someone else's. Follow your heart, but don't forget your mind.14. Never give up. This is your life and you can only live it once. So why let someone decide for you? Be strong and stand up for your interests. Strength lies not only in holding on to your dreams and goals. Strength is also in the ability to start all over again if previous attempts have failed. It is very important to find strength in ourselves and take revenge, because everything we dream about is achievable. Realization of a dream is only a matter of time, so do not try to give up, referring to failures, bad luck or "middle-aged" age. Remember: it's never too late to become who you could be. Keep learning, working, fighting every day, every minute. Maybe you will not immediately find yourself at the goal, but you will be closer to it than you were yesterday.
which allows for short story show the conflicts of society, the feelings and relationships of the characters, reveal moral questions. Tragedy, comedy and even modern sketches are all varieties of this art that originated in ancient Greece.
Drama: a book with a complex character
Translated from Greek word"drama" means "act". Drama (definition in literature) is a work that exposes the conflict between characters. The character of the characters is revealed through actions, and the soul - through dialogues. The works of this genre have a dynamic plot, composed through dialogues. actors, less often - monologues or polylogues.
In the 1960s, chronicles appeared as a drama. Examples of Ostrovsky's works "Minin-Sukhoruk", "Voevoda", "Vasilisa Melentievna" are brightest examples this rare genre. The trilogy of Count A. K. Tolstoy: "The Death of Ivan the Terrible", "Tsar Feodor Ioannovich" and "Tsar Boris", as well as Chaev's chronicles ("Tsar Vasily Shuisky") are distinguished by the same merits. Crackling drama is inherent in the works of Averkin: " Mamaevo massacre"," A comedy about the Russian nobleman Frol Skobeev "," Kashirskaya antiquity ".
Modern dramaturgy
Today, dramaturgy continues to develop, but at the same time it is built according to all the classical laws of the genre.
In today's Russia, drama in literature is such names as Nikolai Erdman, Mikhail Chusov. As boundaries and conventions are erased, lyrical and conflict themes come to the fore, which affect Wystan Auden, Thomas Bernhard and Martin McDonagh.
