What is the work of the summer of the Lord. The spiritual development of the protagonist of the book by Ivan Shmelev "Summer of the Lord

Homework for the lesson:

I block - theory of literature

1. What is an upbringing novel?
2. Skaz, a feature of skaz by I. Shmelev.

II block - creative task

1. Lunch "for different".
2. "Poor" pancakes.
3. “Remove happiness”?

(prepare a message - analysis, essence, moral aspect)

The topic of the lesson: is written on the board after the students formulate it themselves (after the words of the teacher).

The purpose of the lesson: to understand the philosophical meaning of the work, to find out what the “Summer of the Lord” is about, what you need to go through in order to find happiness.

• Tutorial: independently identify the problems of the novel, work on understanding the philosophical and aesthetic problems of the work.
• Developing: development of the sensory sphere of students, mental activity.
• Nurturing: actualize the personal life experience of students, help to see the moral aspect in the education of Russian culture and traditions.

Lesson type: combined lesson using a communicative-activity approach (lesson-research).

Methods:

• heuristic(partially search) - this method activates the mental activity of the student;
• research- self-discovery of the work by the student;
• specific(method of creative reading and creative task) - allows for co-creation, aimed at deepening perception, activating the emotional sphere.

Receptions: working with text, posing problem questions for discussion, analyzing episodes, analytical conversation, commented reading, listening to expressive reading by heart, using subject connections with music.

Equipment: audio recording of the bell ringing, a portrait of I. Shmelev, reproductions for the work (Moscow at the beginning of the century, Christian holidays, icons).

Board writing:

1. Genre originality of the work.

2. Main idea.

3. Spatio-temporal singularity.

4. Christian holidays (their essence, moral aspect).

Writing on the central part of the board:

“Two feelings are wonderfully close to us -
In them the heart finds food -
Love for native land
Love for father's coffins. (A. Pushkin)

Problem question:

1. What is the “Summer of the Lord” about? (the essence of the work).

1. 1. What do you have to go through to find happiness?

happiness

At the end of the lesson, the diagram will look like this:

During the classes

I. Listening to an audio recording(before the lesson at recess) for the emotional mood of students.

II. Teacher's word. Guys, today at the lesson we continue our acquaintance with the work of I. Shmelev “Summer of the Lord”. In previous lessons, we have already considered the image of beauty, pictures of life and everyday life in Moscow, but what have you not talked about yet, in your opinion? Look at the questions that we need to analyze, as well as the material for the task, think and say.

(moral issues are stated by Shmelev immediately - the epigraph of A. Pushkin)

The topic of the lesson is announced (written on the board) and the goal.

III. Analytical conversation(on teacher questions).

So, the first question (it was a home / task), to determine the genre originality of the work. What, according to Bakhtin, is the novel-education? (a novel centered on the process of personality formation / autobiography)

Shmelev's novel-education is written in the form of a tale. What is a tale, and what is the peculiarity of Shmelev's tale? (the narration is conducted simultaneously in the “voice of a child” and “the voice of an adult”) - examples from the text:

Ch. "Clean Monday".

Ch. "Lenten Market".

Ch. Easter, etc.

By genre, this is a novel-education, and the genre originality of any work is associated with its main idea. What is the main idea of ​​the novel? (show how a personality is formed, under the influence of which people, which environment)

Having defined the idea of ​​the novel, we approached the moral principle in education. What is this environment like? What/who is raising the boy?

(The role of the educator is played by the father; the image of the father takes on not only a concrete, but also a religious meaning. The boy is brought up by the image of his father, his experience. The hero is formed in the Russian ideal environment - Moscow (Zamoskvorechye), she actively educates Vanechka both in everyday life and in life. He incorporates customs, traits of the Russian character - father, Gorkin, Vasil Vasilyich.) - examples from the text.

IV. Analysis of episodes, excerpts from the text. Analytical conversation.

Analysis of the excerpt "Moscow River" from the chapter "Petrovka".

Analysis of the excerpt "Puddle" from the chapter "March drops".

Analysis of the excerpt "Curve" from the chapter "Lenten Market".

After analyzing these episodes, we can say that in addition to the one who brings up the child, another very important aspect of education is the education of culture and traditions. And now let's look at the essence and moral aspect of some Christian holidays.

Analysis of the holiday "Radunitsa" - the essence, the moral aspect.

V. Expressive recitation by heart of a passage from the chapter "Christmas".

Analysis of the holiday "Christmas" - the essence, the moral aspect.

VI. Analytical conversation (on teacher's questions). Text analysis:

Shmelev has a special space - "Summer of the Lord". What's this? Even with its title, the author wanted to tell us something very important.

Let's take a look at the spatio-temporal feature of the novel.

(The Year of the Lord is cyclical: from Pascha to Pascha, and therefore is endless. The Orthodox calendar is close to nature, has a circular composition, and the composition of the novel coincides with Orthodox symbolism.)

3rd private:

• holidays
• joy
• grief

Holiday; why does the novel begin with a holiday? (a child has a holiday all his life, in childhood he gets acquainted with the world, the child rejoices in everything, these are the brightest and warmest memories)

In childhood, the soul of a person is formed, and it is Orthodox culture that is an important aspect of education. This is what the nation is based on.

But on what does the nation rest, how does Orthodox culture educate? We will learn this from your home / task.

VII. Episode analysis.

1. Lunch "for different". (ch. “Dinner for different people”)
2. "Bad" pancakes. (chapter “Shrovetide”)

What do these two episodes have in common? (mercy, compassion, a sensitive attitude towards a person, caring for one's neighbor)

Let's think with you, try to find out the essence of Orthodox culture, Christian holidays, that is, answer the problematic question:

What is the “Summer of the Lord” about, what must one go through, how one must live in order to find happiness?

Let's try to plunge into the essence of the work, and for this we will analyze two episodes:

• "standing"
• "repentance"

What do the 2 episodes have in common? (prayer - both here and there; prayer is a conversation with God, this is repentance, awareness of one's sins)

(the child does not fully understand that through prayer a person repents of his sins, is cleansed; the child behaves naturally, which means honestly; that is, happiness is given to us for our labors, for the way we live)

In Rus' there is a holy holiday with a beautiful, poetic custom - “to remove happiness”. Is it really not everyone who “removes” happiness, it must be earned.

What is it - "to remove happiness"? In this episode, we will summarize everything that has been said.

Final word from the teacher.

Indeed, a happy person is one who knows how, having overcome pride in himself, to realize his sin, his wrong. And if at the beginning of the XX century. still there was a question: what is God, but now, in our turbulent time, the question is relevant: what is a man?

And I. Shmelev answered him with his work - happiness is achieved by a righteous way of life, that is, a person in any situation must remain a person with a capital letter, carry a high moral principle, be merciful, not become embittered, not bear resentment, learn to forgive other people's sins. This is happiness.

"Summer of the Lord"

The problem of the novel.
main topic novel "Summer of the Lord" - the theme of historical and tribal memory. Shmelev believed that the world would be unshakable as long as people remember the past and build the present according to its laws. This makes the world spiritualized, "deified", and therefore meaningful. Observance of the ancient order helps a person to be moral. With this understanding, daily activities turn into a rite full of meaning. Through the everyday manifestation of life, the child’s soul comprehends God: “I feel in this great mystery- God "(" Pure Monday ").

The narrative is built according to the laws of grateful memory, which not only preserves memories of the lost material world, but also the spiritual component of life. In "The Summer of the Lord" the theme is religious, the theme of the aspiration of the soul of a Russian person to the Kingdom of Heaven is connected with the family way of the Zamoskvoretsky court of the "middle hand" of the Shmelev merchants, the life of Moscow in the eighties of the XIX century. If in the "Sun of the Dead" it was about the destruction of the world created by God, then in the "Summer of the Lord" - about its emergence and eternal development. The boy Vanya and his mentor Gorkin do not just live their earthly life with its Annunciation, Easter, the feast of the icon of the Iberian Mother of God, the Trinity, the Transfiguration of the Lord, the Nativity of Christ, Christmas time, Epiphany, Shrovetide, but they believe in the Lord and the infinity of life. This, according to Shmelev, is the spiritual essence of being.

It can be said that the world of the "Leta of the Lord" - the world of Gorkin, Martyn and Kinga, the ram-keeper Fedya and the pious Domna Pan-ferovna, the old coachman Antipushka and the clerk Vasil Vasilyich - simultaneously existed and never existed. Returning in his memories to the past, Shmelev transforms what he saw. Yes, and the hero himself, Shmelev the child, appears before the readers with all the experience of the path traversed by Shmelev the writer. The perception of the world in this book is the perception of both a child and an adult who evaluates what is happening through the prism of time. The writer creates his own special world, a small universe, from which the light of higher morality emanates.

It seems that all of Rus' is shown in this work, although it is only about the Moscow childhood of the boy Vanya Shmelev. For Shmelyov, an emigrant, this is a "lost paradise." The book "Summer of the Lord" is a memory book and a reminder book. It serves a deep knowledge of Russia, the awakening of love for its ancient way of life. It is necessary to turn back to the past in order to discover the origins of the tragedy of Russia and ways to overcome it, connected, according to Shmelev, only with Christianity.

The novel begins on Clean Monday - the first day of Lent following Forgiveness Sunday. The central motif of the book is the motif of paternity, both earthly and heavenly. The name "Year of the Lord" comes from the Gospel of Luke, where it is mentioned that Jesus came "to proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord." Summer here denotes a year of life in God.

Genre and composition of the novel "Summer of the Lord".
The book "Summer of the Lord" implements the principle of ring composition: it consists of forty-one chapters-essays. I.A. Ilyin said that “each essay is closed in itself - these are, as it were, religious and everyday stanzas of Russian life, of which each within its own limits, like an island, is stable and independent. And all are bound together by a kind of continuous circumstance - the life of Russian national religiosity ... ". The ring composition is inherent both in the whole novel as a whole and in individual chapters. In the center of this closed universe is the boy Vanya, on whose behalf the story is being told.

The composition of each chapter (except for the third, "Sorrow") reflects the annual cycle of Orthodox religious holidays and rituals. Here are descriptions of the twelve holidays - the Annunciation, Trinity, Transfiguration, Baptism, Christmas, Palm Sunday - and great holidays, and holidays associated with the veneration of icons and saints, and the "feast of holidays" - Easter.

The first two parts of The Year of the Lord tell about a joyful life with faith in God, about the closeness of God to the life of every person. The third part is a story about death in faith, about the transition of the soul to another world (“Blessing of the Children”, “Unction”, “Death”, “Funeral”, etc.). However, the motive of death does not make the novel gloomy, since the soul is immortal.

Shmelev's book was given a variety of genre definitions: a fairy tale novel, a myth novel, a legend novel, a free epic, etc. This emphasized the power of transforming reality in the work, genre definition which the writer himself did not give. But there is no doubt that "The Summer of the Lord" is a spiritual book, since its inner plot is the formation of the soul of the boy Vanya under the influence of the surrounding reality.

The action in the novel moves in a circle, following the annual cycle of Russian Orthodoxy. The space is also organized in a circular manner. The center of the universe of little Vanya is his house, which rests on his father - an example of life "in good conscience." This is the first round of the novel. The second circle consists of the "courtyard", the world of Kaluga Street, inhabited by ordinary Russian people. The third cool is Moscow, which Shmelev loved very much and considered the soul of Russia. Moscow in the "Summer of the Lord" is a living, animated being. And the main, fourth circle is Russia. All these circles are placed in the inner space of the hero-narrator's memory.

Each chapter can be considered as a separate work, connected ideologically and thematically with the work as a whole. The composition of the chapter repeats the composition of the novel. In most cases, the narrative is built on a single principle: first, the events in the house or in the yard are described, then Gorkin explains to Vanya the essence of what is happening, after that - a story about how the holiday is celebrated at home, in the temple and throughout Moscow. Each described day is a model of being.

Style I.S. Shmelev.
A distinctive feature of Shmelev's style is materiality, "thingness", the visibility of the depicted, which creates in the reader a sense of presence and participation in what is happening. In the "Summer of the Lord" everything is immersed in everyday life. Each event is described in detail: on Maslenitsa - generous pancakes, Easter tables are striking in abundance, the Lenten market is buzzing and trading. I.A. Bunin saw in "The Summer of the Lord" "molasses" "drowned in pancakes and pies of Russia." But an artistic idea grows out of everyday life, which is close to the forms of folklore, legends, according to the literary critic O.N. Mikhailov: “So, the mournful and touching death of the father in the “Leta of the Lord” is preceded by a number of formidable omens: the prophetic words of Palageya Ivanovna, who foretold death for herself; meaningful dreams that Gorkin and his father had dreamed of; a rare flowering of “snake color”, foreshadowing trouble; “dark fire in the eye” of the rabid horse Stalnaya, the “Kyrgyz”, who threw off his father at full gallop. In the aggregate, all the details ... are united by Shmelev's inner artistic worldview ... "

When the world in which all the things described by Shmelev existed disappeared, they ceased to be just signs of everyday life, turning into the life of Russia. The abundance of "material" details is explained by the fact that "God has a lot of everything." The summer of the Lord is graceful, and the tables bursting with food symbolize the well-being of the world lost forever. The hyperbolic, redundant nature of the "material" world reflects the popular ideal of a happy life, where rivers of milk flow in jelly banks.

Usually in books about childhood, the world of toys is in the first place. In the book "Summer of the Lord" - this is the world of the word. The boy is included in adult life through Mikhail Pankratych Gorkin, who leads him through all the events, educating, explaining the features of each holiday, custom. Epic is given in the novel a stream of images, through characters: carpenters, painters, diggers, etc.

The magnificent Russian language in which “Summer of the Lord” is written was noted by everyone who wrote about this novel. “And language, language ... Without exaggeration, there was no such language before Shmelev in Russian literature. In his autobiographical books, the writer spreads huge carpets embroidered with rough patterns of strongly and boldly placed words, buzzwords, buzzwords, as if the old Shmelev court on Bolshaya Kaluzhskaya spoke again ... Now on every word there is, as it were, gilding, now Shmelev does not remember, but restores the words . From afar, from the outside, he restores them in a new, already magical splendor. The reflection of the never-before, almost fabulous (as on the legendary “royal gold”, which was presented to the carpenter Martyn) falls on the words,” writes O.N. Mikhailov. From the words of the writer, “the fabric of Russian life” is born:

"Christmas...
It seems in this word strong, frosty air, icy purity and snowiness. The very word seems bluish to me. Even in church song -

Christ is born - praise!
Christ from heaven - hide! -

a frosty crunch is heard "(" Christmas time. Birds of God "),

Shmelev passionately dreamed of returning to Russia, at least posthumously. This happened on May 30, 2000, when the ashes of Ivan Sergeevich and Olga Alexandrovna Shmelev were transferred from France to the necropolis of the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow on the initiative of the Russian public and with the assistance of the Russian Government.

L. Suvorova

"Summer of the Lord"

The artist, in search of spiritual support, returns to Christian Rus', to the Moscow of his childhood. The hero-narrator boy Vanya is an autobiographical character. In his father's house, the boy gets to know many people, he learns to distinguish between good and evil people, the righteous and the "sneakers". The author's style is emphatically lyrical, the story is imbued with moods of thanksgiving and tenderness.

The title of the book, "The Year of the Lord," is taken from the Gospel of Luke, which says that Christ came "to proclaim the acceptable Year of the Lord." The hero of the work feels his kinship with everyone, the unity of people, the spiritual and natural world. In a sense of belonging to the whole world, unity with it, according to Shmelev, - the most important feature Russian national character.

The book is in three parts, each of which spans about a year. First part is called "Holidays". Second“Holidays are joys.” Third- "Sorrow." In this part, the story, which began in May, ends on November 7 - the day of the "papa's" angel. The next day, Father Ivan Shmelev passed away.
However, the chronology in the book is not conducted according to the astronomical calendar, but according to the folk calendar, in which church holidays act as milestones. This calendar especially clearly shows the inseparable connection between the life of a Russian person and the life of nature: Orthodox holidays very often become holidays of labor: on the second Savior it is customary to pick apples, after the Assumption - to pickle cucumbers ... Awareness of the beauty and wisdom of the world order, faith in Sunday help the boy endure the sorrowful loss - the loss of his beloved father.

In the work, the talent of Shmelev, the artist of the word, was fully manifested: the descriptions of Moscow life, natural phenomena, and people are wonderful. The characters in Shmelev's books sprinkle proverbs, sayings, jokes, sing songs, observe Orthodox rites. The culture of Russian Orthodoxy organically enters the figurative fabric of the writer's book.

"Summer of the Lord"
The country we have lost. People

The image of Ivan Shmelev's father is a sample of practically perfect man . It is always young, handsome, knows how to wear secular clothes. He is extremely hardworking, flexible. He is smart. He has a kind, understanding heart. Here is one of his portraits.

After a terrible injury, the Lord gave Sergei Ivanovich another chance to live. They took him to the baths. “Gavrila gave the cab famously: he flew out of the carriage house and stood, as if rooted to the spot, at the entrance. Father cheerfully runs down the stairs, in everything new ... The stupid dressmaker, who is called "muzzle", even threw up her hands, gasped: "Ah-ah, that's a good fellow ... just a young man, the groom!" Everyone is hustling around the cab, looking at us ... Everyone is happy, wishing his father good health, marveling at how dexterous he is.

The attendants, who had a day off, all came, conjured over the body of Sergei Ivanov for a long time. The Shmelevs left the other - recovered.

“We go out to the cab, go home, and here the women are waiting for us. And such and such a din rose, as if a flock of geese had flocked. Everyone is so smart, dressed up, in new chintz ... Can you get away from them! Father joked with everyone, gave everyone a kind word.

Let's go next time to relax, to see Moscow. They go to the restaurateur Krynkin. It turns out that Shmelev the father once helped this Krynkin. “Yes, when can Krynkin forget how you raised and strengthened him from low ashes ?!” It was given to the father to see the deep in people. Could help with money out of human pity. He always ate everyone. On holidays, special tables were set for the poor. And if he helped talented people to open up, they were grateful to him to the end and sincerely. Krynkin called Shmelev's father " the right person":" Why, nonetheless, the right people ... you can’t find it with fire during the day! Russia has always needed people like Sergei Ivanovich Shmelev. Yes, but they are rare.

Mikhail Pankratovich Gorkin was always next to his father. The hero of the story - little Vanya - could not know the details of Gorkin's life. And we do not know if he had a family, children. He is always next to the owner - with Shmelev. His father called him Gorka. We can say that Gorkin was not just the right hand of Shmelev the father, but his second "I". Already dying, the father said to his wife: “My affairs are not arranged. It will be difficult for you. Pankratych listen. His grandfather listened to him, and I, always. He's all right." God for everyone to have such a comrade in life. Yes, but they are rare. The boy himself said this about him: “What does Gorkin not know! An old man, reserved.

It is unlikely that you will meet at least people similar to the characters in the book "The Summer of the Lord" in your life. Ivan Sergeevich Shmelev gives the ideal the business owner and the beautiful soul of a Man.

About holidays

The state appoints the day to be a holiday, but nothing comes out except drinking. Celebrate Teacher's Day, Medical Worker's Day, Builder's Day or Geologist's Day. And respect, real, deep, sincere, the government has no one. What can I say, they celebrate Victory Day. And only for these days, former soldiers are given 500 rubles each. And the fact that they gave their health to their homeland and until now most of them live in terrible material conditions, on extremely miserable wages, is not a word about that. Only they can pay off with vodka in the store. They wanted to replace the Orthodox holidays with the holidays of May 1 and November 7, but there was no euphoria in society. Many went to hard labor. Now many understand that portraits, flowers, and so on were carried in front of the "idols".
And why didn't Soviet holidays become a part of our life?
Because they were “appointed” by people who, as it turned out later, did not have a completely normal relationship with their conscience. And nobody can appoint holidays.

How was it in Rus'? Russia lived on Orthodox holidays that coincided with milestones peasant life. Here are the titles of some of the chapters: great post. Clean Monday", "Efimons", "Annunciation", "Easter", "Conversations", "Trinity Day", "Apple Spas", "Christmas", "Christmas Time", "Shrovetide", "Baptism", "Petrovka", "Pokrov", "Radunitsa", "Mikhailov's Day", "Palm Sunday", "Egoriev's Day". A lot has been written about each holiday, in detail, richly. They were not appointed, but evolved over the centuries according to the needs of the people's life. And they were celebrated by everyone without exception. Because before God we are all one.

There is a lot of people's truth in these holidays.

More on this topic:

1. I.S. Shmelev "Summer of the Lord", part 1 "Holidays" questions and answers

2.I.S. Shmelev "Summer of the Lord", part 2 "Holidays - Joy" questions and answers

We will consider the implementation of Shmelev's compositional model using the example of the Lenten Market chapter.

The time of the story, as always with Shmelev, is limited to one day. This day is the only, unique (like every day human life), and at the same time traditionally repetitive. “The curve ... every year goes to the Lenten market, got used to it and knows how to get along with the people,” Gorkin persuades the coachman Antipa.

Finally, after a long preparation, Vanya and Gorkin set off.

What is the purpose of describing the horse and its equipment in such detail?

This time, the spatial framework opens up immediately - Moscow appears before the eyes of the author-narrator, and with it the reader. The bizarre route of the Curve, with numerous stops, is explained to Vanya by the same Gorkin: “I’m so used to it.” Habit in this context is a symbol of tradition. The horse drove great-grandmother Ustinya: "How many years, but Krivaya remembers everything." The curve (“older than the Moscow River,” as the guard jokes) is the keeper of ancestral memory. Gorkin, who “understands” the behavior of the horse, which is strange and even funny for the uninitiated, makes Vanya a part of this memory, and therefore tradition. "... Your great-grandmother Ustinya kept ordering to land here, she looked at the Kremlin. We'll have a look." History of any kind is inextricably linked with the fate of the country and its people: the Kremlin introduces the theme of historical memory. The boy Vanya is the heir to the family and historical memory, the future keeper of traditions. When he looks at the Kremlin, a feeling of national, Russian wakes up in him:

“This is mine, I know. And walls, and towers, and cathedrals ...> have always been in me. And the smoke of fires, and screams, and the alarm ... - I remember everything! everything seems to be a reality, my reality ... - as if in a forgotten dream. (So ​​sometimes there is a Feeling that we saw, knew people whom we just met, were in this place or in a similar situation - although we know for sure that everything is for the first time.)

The panorama of the Kremlin is shown by Shmelev from the bridge. “What a height, you can see all of Moscow from there.” The spatial perspective passes into the temporal and, merging with it, turns into a “distance of years”. The narrative acquires an additional semantic connotation, given where and when these lines were written by Shmelev. The haze of time has already enveloped not only “riots, and axes, and chopping blocks, and prayers,” but also that distant day when the domes of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, still uncrossed, gilded through the rafters of the scaffolding (determine approximately this date if it is known that the temple " soon... Will reveal").

This is how the most important, fundamental motif in Shmelev's poetics arises - mythological, fabulous, folklore. Martyn the carpenter, who “proved himself to the sovereign”, and Curve (remember the Russian folk tales, where the hero achieves wealth and fame with the help of a horse), and the Kremlin, which “both the Tatars burned, and the Poles burned, and the Frenchman burned, but our Kremlin is still standing. And forever will be. The Kremlin appears to the reader in a radiant golden-pink scale (as on the canvases of Kustodiev), everything is flooded with "sacred, smoky-bluish light: as if they are censing with incense."

The description of the Lenten Market is also sustained in the folklore and fairy tale traditions. The picture of the “great bargaining” is given with the help of the “moving camera” technique: the general panorama (“I am now above bargaining, the people are circling under me”) is replaced by individual frames showing one or another product. The general tone of the entire description is "How much!". “Russia is wide, without weights, by eye,” says the chapter “Christmas”. The same here: cranberries - in buckets, peas - in bags, cabbage, salted watermelons, honey - in tubs, cucumbers are caught in ladles, carrots - in heaps, jelly - in baking sheets, bagel - in carts, sugar - in piles, butter - in barrels, "mushroom" dried - mountains, salty - trough (“we will fill up the whole world with mushrooms”), and there is no end to gingerbread at all. "Eat, Moscow, do not feel sorry! .."

There is not only a scattering of goods on the market - the eyes run wide (with a refrain through the entire description: a Here, a there ...), But also a scattering of a strong, sharp Russian catchphrase.

“Ah, ours to yours ... behind the bun?” - “Lent, it’s necessary to amuse the robs ... How much will you put a seryachok?” - “How much do I do, then you descend!” - “What is painfully intractable, are you getting rich?”

“- Sinners-skulls of grief-chi. Gor-rya-chi sinners! .. "

“- But our forest beef, the mushroom has gone! - Lopasninsky, whiter than snow, cleaner than crystal! Mushroom elarash, vinaigrette ... Chopped mushroom mushroom, there is a cathedral archpriest! Salted-tarred mushrooms, monastic, snack bars ... Mozhaisky boletus! Hierarchal milk mushrooms, no snot! .. Lopasninsky selected, in honey vinegar, ladies' whim, with a fly's head, embarrassingly on the tooth, smaller than small ones! .. "

Think about what traditional folklore technique is used to describe the "great bargain"? Give examples of "olfactory", "gustatory", color and sound images in Shmelev's essay.

The market under the walls of the Kremlin, where the whole country traditionally gathered ("I hear all sorts of names, all sorts of cities of Russia"), opens up the Moscow space, and the story is not only about Moscow, but about the whole country and its people.

Among the long syntactic periods with rows of homogeneous members, there are three short sentences in the essay - one and two words. “Be baptized,” Gorkin says to Vanya, pointing to the Kremlin. Another sentence completes the description of the Lenten Market. Together with Vanya, we have already seen so much, we have tried and smelled so many things, we have heard enough of this - “the head is spinning from the hum”. It seems that the "great bargaining" is in full swing, and suddenly: "It's time to go home."

“The curve is moving forward. The sun is sinking towards sunset, the snow on the river is bluer and colder.

They are evangelizing, it is necessary to hurry up to stand, ”this is how the final part of the essay begins.

Literary critic O. Mikhailov rightly noted that "in ... Shmelev's books everything is immersed in everyday life, but the artistic idea that grows out of it flies over everyday life, already approaching the forms of folklore, legends."

The description of the Lenten market is, as it were, framed - a story about the way (there and back). The episode with Kriva, who fell asleep on the bridge on the way to the market, is symbolic. "Okay, laugh... she's smarter than you..." Gorkin says to the staring people. The same story is repeated on the way back: “We are standing on the bridge. The curve is stuck again. I look back at the Kremlin: Ivan the Great is golden, it’s darker below, and the deaf - isn’t it - the bell languidly calls - remember! that is in a hurry, fussing below. Therefore, according to Shmelev, in “holy Rus'” even “fasting is fun”, and an ordinary trip to the market turns into a real holiday.

Think about the meaning of the name old horse- Curve. In this regard, let us recall the popular expressions: “Whoever goes straight does not spend the night at home”, “On a detour - so by dinner, but straight - so God forbid by night”, “Where the curve will lead”. Let us also pay attention to the fact that the death of Vanya's father is connected with a frantic ride on Stalnaya.

“The curve runs smoothly, reliably, and the chimes float above us. I remember." This word-sentence completes the essay, returning us to the beginning of the story.

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One of the challenges facing modern society, - the task of spiritual rebirth. It is necessary to destroy the cult of pleasure and profit, self-sufficiency and self-satisfaction, to return to the minds of people the desire for goodness and love, sacrifice and truth, to make sure that society itself encourages chastity, honesty, modesty, patience, good intentions, generosity.

Russian classical literature, which we read, as soon as we have mastered the alphabet, we analyze with primary school and we comprehend, probably, all our lives - this is spiritual literature. The gospel, the Bible and the Orthodox faith are the main foundation and essence of Russian culture, which cannot be deeply and fully perceived by the unbeliever. The works of Russian writers - A. S. Pushkin, F. M. Dostoevsky, N. S. Leskov and others - are perceived superficially and ordinary by unbelievers and those who do not know the Bible. At the same time, the hero of the story by A. S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter» Grinev is depicted as an internally deeply Orthodox person who does not outwardly emphasize his faith. But his actions and deeds are consistent with God's commandments and are explained from the position Orthodox image life. Likewise, the great works of artists Alexander Ivanov "The Appearance of Christ to the People" and Vasily Polenov "Christ and the Sinner" are incomprehensible without knowledge of the understanding of the Gospel. Russian classical music and folk songs have much in common with church spiritual singing. Orthodox person sees more meaning in church architecture, icons, folk art of embroidery, lace making, woodcarving, casting, etc.

And acquaintance with the novel by M. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" will be superficial.

In domestic criticism and literary criticism, the question of the spiritual development of a person has been little studied. This topic is not deeply considered when studying literature at school.

But I was interested in whether there is in the Russian classical literature a work that reveals the process of spiritual maturation? Unexpectedly for myself, I opened the book by I. S. Shmelev "The Summer of the Lord."

At first I was struck by the language, then I became interested in the biography of the writer. And then I discovered for myself that Shmelev I. S. is the only Russian writer of the early 20th century who tried to answer the question that interests me.

If we assume that Orthodox culture helps the spiritual and moral education of a person, then how does the spiritual maturation of a child occur in I. Shmelev's novel "The Summer of the Lord"?

The purpose of my work: to determine the conditions necessary for the spiritual and moral maturation of a child, in the process of analyzing the novel by I. Shmelev "The Summer of the Lord" from the standpoint of Orthodox culture.

The book “Summer of the Lord” became a stage of the spiritual path of I.S. Shmelev. In order to somehow console the pain of contemplating a desecrated, devastated Russia, to get rid of the painful pictures of the experienced bloody nightmare, I. Shmelev turns to the years of distant childhood. And there, discarding all the baggage of youthful rationalistic ideas and later theories and ideas, he rediscovers what once filled and nourished his soul. He peers into himself, who once accepted the truth in a childishly trusting way, and captures the worldview of a believing child.

Book Iv. Shmelev "Summer of the Lord" raises one of actual problems modernity: the revival of the Russian spiritual beginning. Right now, when people are trying to restore the lost spiritual values, to return to the glorious past of the Russian people, now, at the turn of two centuries, the book of Iv. Shmelev acquires unprecedented significance. It helps to feel spiritual closeness with their ancestors, to touch the origins of faith, to cultivate a sense of love for their native land. The meaning of life, according to Shmelev, lies, first of all, in serving the native land, in maintaining its traditions, rituals, beliefs, in worshiping its shrines. (66)

Some elements of Orthodox culture

What is a person? Man (anthropos), translated from Greek, means a person striving upwards, towards Heaven.

A person consists of three parts: the body, which provides the necessary movements and is the temple of the soul; soul that has all sorts of useful knowledge and has the will to use them; a spirit that connects a person with God and is the bearer of his highest properties: faith, love, conscience, fear, contemplative creativity, beauty.

When improving the parents themselves and raising children, it is necessary to take care of the harmonious development of all three parts of a person, but at the same time remember and take into account that they are not different and care for them must correspond to their value: the spirit is incommensurably more valuable than the soul, which is much more valuable than the body. One holy father gave the following figurative comparison of the importance of the three parts. The human spirit is like the sun, the soul is like the planet Earth, and the body is like a pea.

Light Ether Substance

Spirit Soul Body

Love. Heart (feelings) Systems:

Consciousness Mind Reason Thought Flesh

Free Will Movement

Mind Sense Organs

Faith Word

Man is the focus of three components: body, soul, spirit

Man is a being formed by the unity of body and soul (spirit).

Spirit is a philosophical concept, meaning an immaterial beginning, in contrast to the material, material.

The extremes of dehumanization of man have now acquired a universal character that threatens our lives.

Unfortunately, in our time, most families come back common sense and Orthodox teaching: they care most about the body of the child, less about the soul, and do not show concern at all for the main part - spiritual development and strengthening in faith.

The Orthodox way of life gave greater development of the soul and spirit. People of the past knew and performed the beautiful rites of christening, name day, wedding, commemoration, church holidays, they knew how to tell and interpret fairy tales and the lives of saints. Gospel and Bible, etc.

The outstanding Russian thinker I. A. Ilyin proposed a comprehensive system of national education in his work “The Path of Spiritual Renewal”. “It is necessary to do so,” he suggested, “so that all wonderful objects that awaken a child for the first time, evoke tenderness, admiration, admiration, a sense of beauty, a sense of honor, curiosity, generosity, a thirst for achievement, a will for quality, are national, we have in Russia - nationally Russian; thought in Russian words; so that they feel in themselves the blood and spirit of their Russian ancestors and accept with love and will - the whole history, fate, path and recognition of their people.

The first "ignition of the heart", according to Ilyin, occurs in the family.

Shmelev shows the life of a person not in the change of seasons, but in the church liturgical circle - The man is walking according to the time marked by the events of church life. It is not for nothing that the chapters of the “Summer of the Lord” are called according to this: “Great Lent”, “Efimons”, “Annunciation”, “Easter”, “Trinity Day”. And a person goes through everything: “Holidays”, “Joys”, “Sorrows” - this is how the main parts of the “Summer of the Lord” are indicated.

Trinity of spiritual maturation of a person: holidays, joys, sorrows

“Summer of the Lord” is a “round world”, which makes up the trinity of a person’s spiritual maturation: holidays, joys, sorrows.

Part 1. "Holidays". The life of the Vanya family is subject to the Orthodox annual cycle. Every day has its own name. Special meaning have twelve feasts: from Great Lent to Maslenitsa, and after it again Great Lent. The circle is closed: the world existed before, and will be after.

Part 2. "Joys" in the order of movement from holiday to holiday. This is the second round: procession, name day, fasting, household work (preparation of ice, pickling cucumbers, cabbage), merchant affairs of Father Vanya (hiring workers), boating on the Trinity, sleigh rides from the slides to Maslenitsa, preparing an ice hole for Epiphany .

So everything is adjusted - just understand and rejoice.

Part 3. "Sorrow" is the third circle in the Orthodox calendar. A terrible tragedy - the death of his father. The time of sorrow is opposed to the happy, festive. All events are deprived of their deepest meaning: "Nonce and the holiday is not a holiday for us."

But the hero went through 3 life cycles, which make up one big cycle, which includes holidays, joys and sorrows.

The small universe that feeds the soul of the hero includes nature as spiritual teacher. She, native nature, reveals the beautiful, makes it possible to feel like a part of you.

Christians in life are usually joyful and funny people. The New Testament says, in all circumstances, "rejoice and be glad" (Matthew 5:12). Christians of the first century of terrible persecution and executions were every day "in gladness and simplicity of heart."

Shmelev's book "Summer of the Lord" was published with the subtitle "Holidays. Joy. Sorrow." Remembering his childhood, which ended for him at the age of seven with the tragic death of his father, Shmelev, in accordance with the church calendar, recreated the unchanging circle of life of "Holy Rus'": the daily life of a large merchant's house and workers who honor this house as their own, religious and family holidays , religious processions, Maslenitsa and Great Lent, illness and misfortune, pilgrimage to the Holy Trinity. The thirst for righteousness is, according to Shmelev, the fundamental feature of all Russian everyday life. (65)

church calendar

The author, apparently, thought about the composition for a long time and decided to arrange the stories so that they resembled the church orthodox calendar read through the eyes of a child. This alone shows the originality of the writer's creative intention. After all, in fact, we join the secrets of the immaculate child's soul. Everyone knows that the whole church calendar consists of holidays and dates of religious rites. But to build one human life in the movement of flesh and spirit from a host of religious symbols - only a brilliant artist could have guessed before,

Shmelev I. S. begins the novel with Lent, or rather, with "Clean Monday". For Vanya, this "Monday" - fairy tale, opening a new world. Each person remembers his childhood both bright and clouded. And I understand the state of Vanya's soul when, on such a fabulous day, events that are by no means fabulous take place. Here the father rudely shouts at Vasil Vasilich: "Drunk muzzle!"; And he can’t answer, so he cut himself. The father changes his anger to mercy when it turns out that Vasil Vasilich did bring the proceeds, and even "with horseback", and in his pocket he only has a piece of black bread and a stub of pickled cucumber. Very, I think, in Russian nature there is such unselfishness and fearlessness - to expose oneself to ridicule, like this Vasil Vasilich.

On the way to the church, where there will be standing, a drunk guy gets in and swears with terrible words. Unfortunately, there are plenty of these now. In the soul of a child, of course, anxious: on the one hand - the expectation happy holiday, on the other - the fear of the fact that there are people who do not care about it.

In the interweaving of delight, fear and shame, Vanya grows into so long ago existing world adult people. But he conceals in the depths of his soul the confidence that he personally will avoid such a life and actions that frighten him in adults.

His soul is maturing, pushing the limits of a child's life. Here he stands near the Cathedral of Christ the Savior - the future golden-headed sacrifice of the Russian people. The temple, not yet destroyed by the Bolsheviks, seems to be dreaming of a new revival, in a new Russia. But these are my thoughts, and the hero of Shmelev takes off in spirit higher and purer, because he looks at the living primordial temple and nothing darkens his soul. And now his thoughts and feelings are: “This is mine, I know. And walls, and towers, and cathedrals. And smoky clouds behind them, and this is my river, and black polynyas, in crows, and horses, and beyond the river - were always in me. And I know everything. And the cracks in the walls - I know. I looked from behind the walls. when?. And the smoke of fires, and screams, and the tocsin. - I remember everything! Riots, and axes, and blocks , and prayers. - everything seems to be a reality. - as if in a forgotten dream.

This is no longer a fabulous childhood feeling, but an ancestral memory, an awakening feeling national pride and involvement in Russian history and folk shrines. And I, as a reader and compatriot Ivan Shmelev, is embraced by just such a feeling that purifies and heals the soul, as if I am many years old, and I managed to experience a lot. And I, along with the author of this wonderful novel, I always believed, I believe and will forever believe that the soul of the Motherland is bright!

But it must be borne in mind that I. S. Shmelev shows the life of a child's soul. In the perception of the child the world appears enlightened, burnt, where “nothing is scary” and “everyone is fine”. In the spiritual reality, recreated by I. Shmelev, there are no horrors and malice of “this world”, there are no demonic misfortunes and heavy falls. The hero, childishly “worrying” about sins, does not know the cruel “spiritual warfare”, overcoming the terrible temptations that fill the world around him. The main thing that Shmelev discovers in the soul of a child is the feeling of the presence of God, trusting love for Him and hope for Him in everything.

A child lives in his soul feeling and awareness of personal communication with God, with the world of holiness, he perceives all the events of church life as a real interaction between a person and those who come to earth from THAT life. Shmelev I. S. shows how for the first time consciousness penetrates into the human soul terrible secret- the existence of God. “I'm getting scared. I'm looking at the Crucifixion. The Son of God is suffering! But how did God allow it? I feel a great mystery in this - God.

The hero of the book lives, as it were, outside of a specific time, everything relies only on church time, which flows according to some special, unearthly laws. The movement is made from joys to sorrows. From entering the conscious adolescence to death. To death, not yet one's own physical, but to the experience of death - in farewell to the dying father. Here, we see, a truly Christian death is revealed: through the Church's preparation for death in the sacraments - for departure. Christian death is both grief and joy. Not without reason, at the very moment of his father's death, the boy plunges into a kind of heavenly vision in which he meets a healthy and joyful father. The sorrow of parting and the joy of waiting for a new meeting are there. (8) Church calendar - plot basis books by I. Shmelev "Summer of the Lord"

3. Pure (Great) Monday - the beginning of Holy Week before Easter

6. Ascension of the Lord - 40 days after Easter - 5. 06. 08

8. Apple Spas (2)

Three life cycles lived by a person in the order of movement from holiday to holiday (according to Shmelev)

▪ First circle (from Great Lent to Great Lent) –

"Holidays": the human soul is formed, in contact with the shrines, with spiritual traditions coming from antiquity. The end of the first book - peace in life, a sense of calm in everything: night, silence, drops The same was the beginning of the book (Clean Monday): morning, silence of the first day of fasting, drops

During the days of Great Lent, which begins seven weeks before Easter, the Church especially invites us to be spiritually cleansed and renewed. On the first four days of Great Lent, all Orthodox people try to go to church to listen to the Great Penitential Canon of St. Andrew of Crete. In reverent silence, in the mysterious twilight of the temple, people stand with lit candles in their hands, listening to the inspired words of the Great Canon and lamenting their sins. We need to have time to repent before all whom we offended. We will beware of committing sins and try to do good, remember God.

Repentance and repentance - these two most important Christian concepts, basic in the formation of a spiritual personality, will become key during the coming Great Lent. We ponder the words of the penitential prayer of St. Ephraim the Syrian.

Lord and Master of my life, the spirit of idleness, despondency, arrogance and idle talk do not wait for me.

(Earth bow.)

Grant the spirit of chastity, humility, patience and love to me, Thy servant.

(Earth bow.)

Yes, Lord the King, grant me to see my sins and not condemn my brother, for you are blessed forever and ever. Amen.

(Earth bow.)

Our great Pushkin will help us understand this wonderful prayer. He translated it into poetry. Compare the texts of the prayer with Pushkin's poem: everything is word for word, but a miracle happened - the prayer became the confession of the poet himself. He gives it to us as a reward for the work of the soul and thought.

"The Desert Fathers"

(fragment)

Lord of my days! the spirit of idleness is dull,

Love of command, this hidden serpent,

And do not give idle talk to my soul.

But let me see my, oh God, sins,

Yes, my brother will not accept condemnation from me,

And the spirit of humility, patience, love

And revive chastity in my heart.

▪ Second round (in order from holiday to holiday) –

"Joys": the human soul is drawn in joy, in vivid manifestations of happiness. The little things that are so dear to the human heart are picturesquely revealed.

“So everything is fine - just understand and rejoice”

▪ The third circle (the time of sorrow is opposed to the happy, festive) - "Sorrow": a mournful, touching story about loss of life, which are on life path overtake each of us, purifying and strengthening our soul.

But the hero of Shmelev passed three life cycles, which make up one big cycle, including holidays, joys, sorrows. It is the trinity that constitutes experiences human soul, and there is a process of spiritual (spiritual) formation of a person.

The ring composition of the book reveals a single whole, an inextricable link between the past, present and future. Who creates such comfort in nature, in life for spiritual maturation? Great-grandmother Ustinya “bequeathed to everyone to keep the holy vessel - a symbol of Memory.

The words sound like a refrain: "weeping and calling good news is heard - by - remember, by - remember."

“If you don’t understand what, the heart will tell”

Spiritual maturity is the state of a perfect Human

And what is a child?

In the theological literature, an idea is given of the spiritual gifts of childhood, the virtues inherent in childhood to an exceptional degree. Their composition and description significantly clarify childhood itself in the eyes of many adults. What allows the child to preserve and multiply these first virtues?

Gift. No one, like children, feels such a need to live according to the selfless law of the gift. This implies a readiness to wait, to tune in dialogically in life, when the whole world is full of appeals to you personally, and, at the same time, a readiness to be responsive (responsible).

Face. It is rare to find such sincere interest in another person as in a child.

Path. Real pedagogy is inconceivable dissolute, not caring about the problem of the meaning of life. The loss of the path by adults is called fuss, and the child, as you know, is always busy with only the most important. A child does not understand his life otherwise than as a journey. He lovingly preserves memories, constantly ready to change his mind if adults talk about reaching a greater degree of adulthood.

House. The proper state of mind is the state of "home" when found happy performance its purpose. The atmosphere of the house, which for the first time in the soul of a child reveals the concrete content of eternity - for the house will not cease to be it.

In the literature of the 19th century, cases of addressing the theme of childhood are frequent. Writers tested life with the fresh eyes of children.

According to B. B. Shklovsky, Lev Nikolayevich conceived not a description of childhood, but 4 epochs of human development in a trilogy.

“The tool of Tolstoy's analysis is the microscope, which he points at the secrets of the human soul. Discovering the smallest particles of human existence, he comprehends the world anew, looking for new ways to measure it. »

M. Sverdlov writes about the “strange talent of A. N. Tolstoy in his story “Nikita’s Childhood” in the article of the same name: “Its novelty lies in the equality of the author and the character. In the coincidence of points of view - the author's and children's. Every little thing is seen in a childish way - as significant event and "excellent thing". For A. N. Tolstoy, childhood and happiness are almost synonymous: the world is a miracle.”

It is impossible to form a true picture of children without knowing how they perceive Orthodoxy. And therefore, both in the courses of introduction to Orthodox Theology, and in the courses of child psychology, I would recommend including a bright and spiritual book: “The Summer of the Lord” by I. Shmelev.

Limited space without restriction of freedom, cyclical time in accordance with the change of seasons - this is the formula of children's "paradise".

I. S. Shmelev - researcher of the process of spiritual formation of Man in Russian literature

We cannot change the whole world. But we can change ourselves for the better, and then the world around us will become brighter and kinder. Only then does Faith help us to live. You cannot prove faith with the mind, it is a firm knowledge of the heart that a person is called to eternity.

Shmelev I. S. is one of those writers who ended up in a foreign land: B. Zaitsev, I. Bunin, A. Remizov, M. Osorgin and others. “But it was not they who managed to preserve not only a good feeling for the Motherland that had torn them away, but also the gold of Russian speech that had not faded and wasted!”

Someone lived, loved, suffered and enjoyed; watched, thought, wished - hoped and despaired. And he wanted to tell us about something that is important for all of us, that we need to spiritually see, feel, think over and assimilate. It means something significant about something important and precious. And so he began to look for the right images, clear-deep thoughts and precise words.

The philosopher who said - we do not see the sun, because we sigh a cloud of dust was right. Through this cloud modern world and our own passions we must come to victory - it needs to subside. Then we will open wide and deep the inner eye of our heart and look up to God and in His creation of the world. Then we will be surprised to see that every flower opens for us, every sunbeam brings us its revelation, every human heart reveals its secrets to us.

We will understand that the world is full of dormant love, and we only need to awaken this love with our own love. Then not a single sufferer will seem to us a stranger; no thing can hide its spiritual secret from us. The more often the look, the sincere heart - the deeper the world.

What conditions are necessary, according to Shmelev, for the spiritual development of a person? Analyzing the "Summer of the Lord", three conditions can be distinguished.

The first condition: the cultural environment of Orthodox holidays

The symbolic meaning of the looped composition of the novel lies in the fact that the life of the Vanya family is subject to the Orthodox annual cycle. Every day has its own name. The Twelve Feasts are of particular importance. The first part of the novel is called "Holidays". The story begins with Lent and ends with Maslenitsa. Shrovetide is again followed by Great Lent. The circle closes. There is a feeling of a world that will exist forever in such a cycle. This "round world" contains, according to the author, the meaning of human life on earth.

Holiday! One of the links of the cultural environment in which the heroes of I. Shmelev live. culture Russian citizen 19th century - Orthodox culture.

The word "holiday" is understandable and sympathetic to a Russian person who has been brought up in a pious tradition since childhood, who has known the church with its holidays since childhood. A Russian person is accustomed to measuring all his life, all his working time on church holidays. The Russian soul rests and rejoices in religious holiday, and the benefit of those whom parents taught from childhood to honor the holiday, to wait for it with a joyful feeling and enjoy its refreshing and uplifting power. Our Church so solemnly arranged not only the great feasts, but also the mysterious expectation of them, that the feast gradually itself enters into the soul, illuminating it with the quiet light of grace. All year this light shines on those who are accustomed to feel it.

▪ Lent

The most important and oldest of the multi-day fasts. It is observed in memory of the Savior's forty-day fast in the wilderness; he also introduces us to Holy Week, and then to the joys of Christ's Bright Resurrection.

Great Lent is a time of prayer and repentance, when every Christian must ask the Lord for forgiveness of his sins and worthily partake of the holy Mysteries of Christ in accordance with the commandment of Christ. During Great Lent, one must especially resolutely give up all bad habits and passions: anger, hatred, enmity.

Lent lasts 7 weeks (or rather, 48 days) - until Easter. Lent is divided into Lent (the first 40 days) and Holy Week (the week before Easter). The days from the Nativity of Christ to Great Lent are called Christmas or winter meat-eaters, and there are regulations about the gradual preparation for fasting. It is customary to observe the first and last (Holy Week) weeks of the fast itself with particular rigor.

“I wake up from a harsh light in the room: some kind of bare light, cold, boring. Yes, today is Lent. Today we have Clean Monday and everything in our house is cleaned. I look at the torn paper flowers, at the gilded Shrovetide gingerbread - toys brought yesterday from the baths: there are no bears, no slides - joy has disappeared. And something joyful swarms in the heart: everything is new now, different. Now “the soul will begin,” Gorkin said yesterday, “the soul must be prepared.” to eat, to fast, to bright day get ready. And I promise myself not to be modest throughout the post. And I see the Bright Resurrection, in the lights, as a string of days of fasting. Joyful prayer! She shines with a gentle light on the sad days of Lent. I'm starting to feel like now former life ends and we must prepare for the life that will be. where? Somewhere in heaven. It is necessary to cleanse the soul of all sins, and therefore everything around is different. And something special around us, invisible and terrible. »

". In the hall there are bowls of yellow pickles, with dill umbels stuck in them, and with chopped cabbage, sour, thickly sprinkled with anise - such a delight! I grab pinches - so crunchy! And I promise myself not to be dishonored during the whole post. Why modest, which destroys the soul, if everything is already delicious? They will cook compote, make potato cutlets with prunes and sear, peas, poppy seed bread with beautiful curls from sugar poppy seeds, pink bagels, “crosses” from the Holy Cross. frozen cranberries with sugar, bagels and saiki, jug raisins, rowan marshmallow, lean sugar - lemon, raspberry, with oranges inside, halva. And fried buckwheat porridge with onions, drink kvass. And lean pies with milk mushrooms, and buckwheat pancakes on Saturdays. And kutya with marmalade on the first Saturday, some kind of “kolivo”! Is it possible that there, where everyone goes from this life, everything will be so lean and why is everyone so boring? After all, everything is different, and much, so much joyful "

“Meat shops in the square are closed. But no one buys anything until Saturday. I want a warm crust, but it's a sin to think. »

“What a great deal! Wide whips on a sleigh - all cranberries, cranberries, all red. And here is the cabbage. Wide cadys on sledges, sour and stinky spirit. Golden from the sun, juicy. And here it was pulled with cucumbers, strong and fresh spirit, dill, horseradish. Playing golden cucumbers in brine, dancing. But a heap of carrots - for onion pies, and onions, and turnips, and beets, blood-sugar, like a watermelon. And here is the pickle: antonovka, cloudberries, gooseberries, ruddy lingonberries with linen, plums in tubs. Any kvass. bread lemon, poppy, with saffron, sieve weight with raisins. And here is the honey row. And here is the jam. And there - stacks of ice plates - Lenten sugar, like green ice, and pink, and red, and lemon. And there are soaked prunes, placers of whispers, raisins. and gingerbread, gingerbread - there is no end. And here is the oil. In the sun, golden bottles: poppy, mustard, hazel, sunflower. Dried mushroom mushrooms, all varieties. »

The color palette of the writer is close to ancient Russian painting in terms of clarity and purity of colors: red Easter, blue-white-blue Christmas, fresh greenery of the Trinity and - gold, gold - everything is filled with gold: “and the sky is golden, and the whole earth, and the unceasing ringing seems golden too like everything around."

▪ Annunciation

“I have light in my soul, calmly. Tomorrow is such a great holiday that no one should do anything, but only rejoice, because if there were no Annunciation, there would be no feasts of Christ. Twilight sky, melting fine snow, calling for the blessing. How long ago was that! Warm like a spring breeze. I still hear it in my heart. The evening is golden and quiet. The sky is so clear, greenish-blue - the most Bogorodichka sky. The Bright Annunciation departs. »

▪ Easter (Holy Sunday of Christ)

Easter is also historically the very first Christian holiday. In honor of the Easter holiday, the most solemn divine service is performed: the Easter midnight service, the procession with lit candles around the temple, the joyful bright morning and Divine Liturgy.

The penitential days of Great Lent are behind us. The meat-eater begins. On the first day of Easter, modest food is consecrated - products from milk, cottage cheese, eggs, meat. The most ancient of the special foods are Easter cake and Easter. The third attribute of the Easter table are colored eggs.

“Lent is running out, spring is coming. The starlings rustled over the garden, the coachman heard them, and the larks also flew to the Forty Martyrs. Every morning I see them in the dining room: sharp-nosed heads with raisins in their eyes look out of the biscuit ruddy wings braided at the back. It's a pity to eat them, they are so good, and I start with the tail. Poppy "crosses" were baked on the Cross. Easter is coming soon! They brought a "spider" from the barn, a round brush on a six, to sweep the ceilings for Easter. In Egorov's store, boxes were removed from the window and a carousel with testicles was placed. I admire them for a long time: they circle quietly, one after another, like a dream. On gold rings, on scarlet ribbons. Sugar, satin. In the bakeries - white caps on the windows with letters - X. B. Father is pleased: Easter will be calm. Last year we celebrated matins on the river.”

“In front of the Kazan crowd, they look at the dome. The Shroud is carried out in the church. I am sad: the Savior is dead. But joy is already beating: it will rise, tomorrow! Golden coffin, saint. Death is the only way: everyone will be resurrected. Today I read in the Gospel that the tombs were opened and many bodies of the saints who had fallen asleep were resurrected. And I want to become a saint - even tears well up. With hidden joy, which is mixed with sadness, I leave the church. »

“We smell like mastic, Easter and ham. The floors are scrubbed, but the carpets haven't been laid yet. They let me dye eggs.”

“Great Saturday evening. The house is quiet, everyone lay down before matins. I sneak into the hall to see what's outside. There are few people, they bring Easter and Easter cakes in cardboard boxes. In the hall, the wallpaper is pink - from the sun, it is setting. In the rooms there are crimson lamps, Easter: were they blue at Christmas? They laid an Easter carpet in the living room, with crimson bouquets. They removed the gray covers from the burgundy armchairs. On the images of wreaths of roses. There are new red "paths" in the hall and in the corridors. In the dining room on the windows - colored eggs in baskets, crimson: tomorrow the father will be christened with the people. I like to walk in silence through the rooms and look and listen - everything is different! - so unusual, sacred. My heart is joyful and quiet, and for some reason I want to cry.

Gorkin takes my hand. He takes me to church. Gorkin is in a new undercoat, with a pink handkerchief around his neck, under his beard. His candle is red, entwined with gold. - Procession now, let's go to dispose.

“In the sun and ringing morning. Easter red. Father, dressed up, whistles. He is standing in the hall, by the baskets with red eggs, christening. Meals in the yard. Vasil-Vasilich is operating, in a flaming shirt, his vest is wide open, - he is about to dance. Harmonicas chime. Christening with each other. Easter red! Red and day, and ringing. »

“I look at the testicles given to me. This is crystal gold. Here - with a stretching fat worm. With soldiers, with ducks, carved bone. And now, porcelain - father. Wonderful panorama in it. »

“I look through a golden crystal testicle. Gorkin gave it to me at matins. »

▪ Palm Sunday

During the vigil on the feast of the Lord's Entry into Jerusalem, people stand with branches in their hands. In the East, these branches are palm trees, we have willows, messengers of the coming spring. Hence the name, Palm Sunday.

“Everything is wisely created. Gorkin rejoices at the willow, stroking the golden willows. - You can’t find a flower anywhere now, but the willow has sorted out and it’s always like this on St. Lazarus, at the Entrance of the Lord. the willow is even more alive, you see - it blooms. How can you not rejoice, little dove! He hugs the willow, pokes his head into it. And I sniff the willow: it smells bitterly fragrant, living loess bitterness, a dense, dense spirit, it tickles my face with cannons, so pleasant. »

▪ Trinity

“It smells like hot cheesecakes, it conveys in the breeze. I am sitting on the boards by the garden. A truly summer day. I sit high, birch branches wind around my face. The leaves are so juicy that my white jacket turned green, and on my hands - like paint. Smells like greenery. I wash my face with leaves, rub my face, and through their fresh greenery I see a new yard, I see a new summer. The garden is already shaded, the apple trees are white with color; in the juicy dense grass, a dandelion turns yellow large. I walk along the boards to the lilac. She tends from the weight of the brushes, I take them in an armful, plunge into the fragrant coolness and feel the dew drops. Tomorrow they will break everything into images. Trinity day tomorrow.

“We all go with flowers. I have lilies of the valley, and in the middle there is a large peony. The fence at Kazanskaya is green, in birches. The steps are littered with grass so densely that it gets in the way. It smells like a green meadow, mashed damp grass. You can't see anything from the birch trees at the door, they hit everyone with their heads and move them apart. We enter as if into a grove. There is a greenish twilight and silence in the church. No footsteps can be heard, everything is covered with grass. And the smell is very special, some kind of thick, green, even a little stuffy.

▪ Christmas

Snow falls flat on the ground. Frosty starry night.

It seems that the sky has become closer. All nature falls into a dream, and a spark of hope lights up in the heart that the world around us will become better.

Every time we cross the threshold of the New Year, the soul becomes especially warm, because in a few days the Christmas Holiday will come!

Christmas is an amazing time when the heart is filled with the expectation of a miracle. And this miracle happens!.

"Christ is born, praise!" - rushes over the Universe, - "Christ from heaven, meet!" - the whole world sings the glory of the Creator. The angelic powers and the human race together glorify the One whose love knows no bounds. And, perhaps, that is why Christmas is called "Winter Easter".

Each of us tries to spend this day differently than any other: to give kindness and love to a loved one, to become better, and most importantly, closer to God.

And here is the description of the starry sky: “And there are more and more stars. And what stars! Not Easter, there is no chime, but it spreads with a ringing, covers with silver, like singing, without end or beginning. - hum and hum. The image of the stars as a plan of eternity.

“Our Christmas is approaching from afar, quietly. Fasted for six weeks. » .

“Before Christmas, about three days, in the markets, in the squares, there is a forest of Christmas trees. And what trees! This goodness in Russia as much as you want. Not like here - stamens. At our tree. as it warms up, straightens its paws, - a thicket. In the snow, in the forest. Nice! You sip a little, and the steam - in clubs, like from a steam locomotive. And the frost is stronger. The sky - in smoke - purple, on fire. There is frost on the Christmas trees, a frozen crow gets caught, you step on it - it crunches like glass. Frosty Russia, a. warm!. On Christmas Eve, around Christmas, it used to be that they didn’t eat until the star. Kutya was boiled, from wheat, with honey; broth - from prunes, pear, whispered. They put it under the image, for hay. Why?. It's like a gift to Christ. He is in the hay, in the manger. It used to be that you wait for a star, you wipe all the windows. There is ice on the windows, from frost. That's a beauty, brother! Christmas trees on them, stains, like lace. Rub your fingernail - you can't see the stars? It is seen! The first star, and then another. The glasses were blue. Behind the frozen glass, the familiar Angel with a golden flower is freezing. Sprinkled with glitter. I held it recently, touched it with my finger. Paper Angel. Well, card. showered with glitter, as if with snow. Poor, cold. You are leaving the Church. Everything else. Snow is holy. And the stars are holy, new, Christmas stars. Christmas!. In the kitchen. the oven is blazing. And in the house - Christmas. It smells of rubbed floors, mastic, Christmas tree. The lamps do not burn, but all the lamps. The stoves crackle and burn. Quiet light, saint. » .

“People come and go with red faces, in white collars. Now the day has passed. So the tree is on fire - and burns out. Frost shines through the black windows. I doze. Somewhere the harmonica is playing, stomping. - should be in the kitchen. The lamp is on in the nursery. Red tongues from the stove jump on the frozen windows. Behind them are the stars. shines big star over the Barminikha garden, but this is completely different. And that Holy One is gone. Until next year. »

▪ Christmas time

The days after the feast of the Nativity of Christ are called Holy Days. In the people they received the name "Christmas". Fasting these days is canceled, even on Wednesday and Friday you can eat fast food.

Since ancient times, these days have been loved by the Russian people. Slavers walked around the villages and cities with a star, went into houses, praised the owners of the house, congratulated them on the holiday, sang carols. No one wanted to show their stinginess in these joyful days, and the praisers were generously presented with pies, gingerbread, and even a ringing coin. caroling - folk custom. Although it has undergone changes, it is still associated with the ancient pre-Christian beliefs of our ancestors.

These days, fasting, kneeling, and the sacrament of marriage are forbidden.

"Christmas. Wondering in this word. The word appears blue. » Can it be so?

The purity and blueness of the snow before dawn. A pure soul born - this is the symbolic meaning of the color blue in the description of Christmas:

A day is born, a Christmas holiday, the Sun is born, extraordinary feelings are born in the soul of a child.

We pay attention to the verbs: brightens, turned pink, splashed with pinkish dust.

Thus, the feeling of celebration and light grows. Shmelev's Sun pours joy into everything.

“They cover it in a cold room. they spread a blue tablecloth, a Christmas tablecloth, and put the dishes, too, front, with blue borders. Snacks are served on the couch. thick sausage. , herring with onions, salted smelt. pies are long, with cabbage and eggs. »

“- Here I have an Oracle, guess something. - says Gavrila, - the clerk brought to show. He says he knows everything! Oracle. He climbs onto the floor and takes off a plump, tattered book with twisted leaves. Everyone is looking. Gorkin lays down the pages, and on them wheels are drawn, only wheels. And how to guess - no one knows. Written between the pages - "Pisces", "Cancer", "Sagittarius". »

". And we, the baptized, would rather throw it at the circle of King Solomon, a sacred matter. He smoothes a grayish sheet on the table. Everyone is looking at him. On a sheet infested with flies, a circle is drawn, with a face like a moon, and from the circle there are white and gray rays to the edges; there are numbers at the end of each ray. Gorkin takes the loaf and rolls it into a ball. “Well, what will the holy King Solomon himself say to the fortuneteller?” guess who what?. The spool jumps over the face of King Solomon and rolls down the ray. Everyone piles on the table.

Fell to five. Hundred-oh. Let's look at the back of what is written.

I see how the splinter-wrinkles glow near Gorkin's eye. I feel his hand tugging at my leg. What for?

Well, under the fifth number. huh?. - Gorkin moves his finger, and I, a literate one, see how he reads. only for some reason not under 5: "Let the scoundrel not carry you away with her eyelashes!" Yeah. here's what you. about eyelashes, you scoundrel. King Solomon himself laid out about you. Not-ho-ro-sho-oh.

A well-known case, an eastern girl! Grishka says.

Matrona is displeased, brushes her off, almost crying. And everyone says: it’s true, King Solomon himself, no mistake.

And you correct yourself, here you will have a real fate! ”Gorkin says affectionately. - Give me a vow. Here I'll throw it back to you. well?

And it reads: "A good wife gains glory!" See? You will marry, and glory will be yours. Well, who else? Grisha wishes. Matryosha is baptized and all shines. She must be happy, the roses are burning on her cheeks.

Well, tell the servant of God Gregory, King Solomon the Wise.

Everyone yelps, even with impatience. Grishka chuckles, and it seems to me that he is afraid.

The seven is shown, one hundred. - says Gorkin and runs his finger along the lines. Only I see that it is not printed under the seven: "Take care of yourself from the wife of another, for her paths. To the dead!" - Did you understand the wisdom of Solomon? To the dead!

It rolled out to the very point, ”says Gavrila. - So, you will die soon, for someone else's wife!

Everyone looks at Grishka thoughtfully: Tsar Solomon himself rolled out fate! Grishka has quieted down and is no longer cackling. Asks quietly:

Throw some more, Michal Pankratych. Maybe something else will be more fun.

Is King Solomon joking with you? Well, I'll throw some more. Thinkin' a king

Solomon to deceive? This is not your quarter or the owner there. Well, take it. 23! Here: "The tongue of a fool is ruin for him!" What did I tell you? Again you are all doom.

You make fun of me. Why do I have to die again? Grishka asks in a voice that is no longer his own. - Let me throw it myself?

Do you believe King Solomon? Gorkin laughs. - Throw, throw. How much rolled out. 13? You can't read. read: "Don't forget this!" What?! Thought you were outwitting? And he told you - "do not forget etogo!".

Grishka spits on the floor, and Gorkni says sternly:

On the holy word spit?! Look brother. Yeah, with grief! Well, God is with you, for the last time I’ll tell you what will happen to you if you correct yourself. Well, a dozen rolled out: "Do not deviate either to the right or to the left!" Here's a duck. King Solomon the Wise!

Everyone rolls around with laughter, even Grishka. And I begin to understand: this is about Grishkin's drunkenness.

So learn wisdom, and it will be good! - instructs Gorkin and everyone laughs.

Everyone is happy. Then he rolls out to Gavrila that "the whip is on the horse, and the stick is on the fool." Then the nanny. She gets angry and goes upstairs, and Gorkin shouts after him: "A grumpy wife, like a sewer!" You can't fool King Solomon. And Gorkin threw out a ball to me, kissing the dome: "do not let your eyes slumber." Everyone is laughing and poking at my eyes that are sticking together: that's how the king is Solomon the Wise! Gavrila seizes: ten hit! They take me down from the bread box, and Gorkin himself carries me upstairs. Dear Christmas. I fall asleep in a heated nursery. Dreams come, light, pink. Pieces of them still linger in my soul. Light dreams, from pink childhood. Wake up call. Fast, strong steps, smells of familiar orange blossom, snow, frost. (64, 133).

▪ Maslenitsa

Maslenitsa is, first of all, plentiful and satisfying food. At this time, you need to eat as many times as the crow croaks. Each day of Shrovetide week has its own special names.

Monday was called "meeting". We met a carnival.

Tuesday - "tricks", from this day various kinds of entertainment began: sleigh rides, folk festivals.

Wednesday - "gourmet", opened treats in all houses with pancakes and other dishes.

Thursday - "revelry", this day was the middle of games and fun.

Friday - "mother-in-law's evening." If on Wednesday the sons-in-law visited their mother-in-laws, then on Friday the sons-in-law arranged “mother-in-law evenings”.

Saturday - "sister-in-law gatherings." On this day, it is customary for young daughters-in-law to host their husband's relatives.

Forgiveness Sunday is the culmination of the preparatory period for Lent. On this day, it is customary to forgive each other's offenses, so that the next day with a clear conscience, Great Lent can begin.

The circle is closed: the world existed before, and will be after.

Each holiday has its own name, behind which the pages of Holy Scripture

Each holiday has rules of conduct and action.

"Pancake week. Even now I still feel this word, as I felt it in childhood: bright spots, ringing - it evokes in me; flaming stoves, bluish waves of fumes in the contented rumble of the gathered people, a bumpy snowy road, already oiled in the sun, with merry sleighs diving along it, with merry horses in roses, in bells and bells, with playful picking of an accordion.

Or from childhood, something wonderful remained in me, unlike anything else, in bright colors and gilding, which was cheerfully called "Shrovetide"?

“The thaws are getting more frequent, the snow is getting oily. On the sunny side, icicles hang like a glass fringe, melting and clinking on ice. You jump on one skate, and you feel how gently it cuts, as if on thick skin. Farewell winter!"

"Shrovetide is in ruins. Such a sun that warmed up the puddles. The barns are gleaming with icicles. Guys are walking with cheerful bundles of balls, hurdy-gurdies are buzzing. Factory workers, in bulk, ride in cabbies with an accordion. The boys "play pancake": hands back, pancake in the teeth, they try to pull out each other's teeth - not to drop it, they beat their muzzles merrily. »

“On Saturday, after pancakes, we go skiing from the mountains. The zoological garden where our mountains are built - they are made of wood and filled with ice - is littered with deep snow, only paths in snowdrifts. I admire, admire the "Shrovetide", I'm afraid to touch it - it's so good. Everything is alive! And Christmas trees, and bears. and mountains. and a golden game over everything. I look and think: Shrovetide is alive. and flowers, and gingerbread - everything is alive. Something seems to be in it, but - what? I can not say"

“Having prayed to God, I crawl under the cotton curtain at the window and open the window. Listen how quiet it is. Black night, deaf. Sipping damp wind. You can hear how it drips, gurgles boring, boring. Bells, like?. A scream breaks out somewhere, it is not clear. And again silence, deaf. Here it is, the silence of Lent. His sad days come in silence, under the dull gurgling of a drop. »

The second condition: communication with spiritually rich people

The system of images of the book is a circle, in the center of which is the main character of the work of I. Shmelev, the boy Vanya. For Vanya, everything is new in this world. He learns it under the influence of adults in everyday communication. This is the core of the novel, on which everything else is strung. In my opinion, the compositions of the novel and the spiritual movements of the little hero correspond. On the way to the temple, a drunk guy comes across who scolds with dirty words, but adults do not pay attention to him, and this calms the boy and reconciles with the world, where holiness and ugliness are.

The outstanding Russian thinker I. A. Ilyin proposed a comprehensive system of national education in his work “The Path of Spiritual Renewal”. “It is necessary to do so,” he suggested, “so that all wonderful objects that awaken a child for the first time, evoke tenderness, admiration, admiration, a sense of beauty, a sense of honor, curiosity, generosity, a thirst for achievement, a will for quality, are national, we have in Russia - nationally Russian; thought in Russian words; so that they feel the blood and spirit of their Russian ancestors in themselves and accept with love and will - the whole history, fate, path and recognition of their people.

The first "ignition of the heart", according to I. Ilyin, occurs in the family.

The family is one of the highest human values, the highest factor in the formation of a person. Most often it happens like this: the family will either reveal all the abilities inherent in it, or disfigure it, making it unsuitable for anything. A society that neglects the family suffers irreparable damage, and if this happens for a long time, then sooner or later such a society will cease to exist, as it happened more than once with many ancient civilizations. The whole atmosphere of spiritual harmony, calmness, goodwill that reigned in the family.

The beauty of spiritual communication is what matters most. "Everyone was connected to me, and I was connected to everyone."

Among the many characters in The Summer of the Lord, two heroes stand out: Vanya's father, Sergei Ivanovich, and the old carpenter Mikhail Pankratych Gorkin.

Gorkin is meaningful surname, since Easter is popularly called Krasnaya Gorka, it’s not for nothing that Sergey Ivanovich affectionately calls the old “filler” Gorka. Gorkin actually carries out daily service to the laity for the sake of preserving the patristic tradition, but he does this with a consciousness of benevolence, inviting his pupil to comprehend the meaning of Orthodox rituals himself.

Gorkin appears literally from the first pages of the story. “The door opens, Gorkin enters. there are such people." Or here's more about him: “Gorkin took communion today. it seems to me that he will certainly be a reverend, like St. Sergius the Monk: they are very similar. “The keys to the candle box are in his pocket, and he always jingles with them: he must be pleased. » .

“He says it is not known. But what about in the picture, where Last Judgment?. This picture hangs on Gorkin's wall with icons. “Perhaps the whole creature will be resurrected.” Gorkin says thoughtfully. - And what a judge! She is an unreasonable creature, bribes are smooth from her. And you do not think about stupid things, not such a time, do not think. »

If the meaning of the image of Gorkin as Vanya's spiritual mentor is sufficiently clarified in the context of I. Shmelev's story, then with the image of Sergei Ivanovich everything is somewhat more complicated: he is an entrepreneur, a business man.

The whole story is like a filial bow and a monument to the father, created in the word. Boiling in business, in worries, the father always finds time for his son, for the house, for people. It is no coincidence that a huge ruddy pretzel, “so wonderful”, unprecedented, tasty, delicious, presented to Sergei Ivanovich on his name day as a sign of great love and respect for those around him. But with all the scope of his affairs, he cannot be attributed to the rich people of Moscow. The explanation here is simple: in the family of Sergei Ivanovich, it is customary to conduct business honestly, without deceit and dark speculation, to respect hired workers, pay them in full for their work, and reward them for talent and skill.

But we spoke about the mournful notes that are heard more and more in the story. The father who fell from the horse dies. “On a small desk. I closed my purse without seeing. left the office, on tiptoe. and entered no more.

There is barely contained pain here. Everything reminds of a living, healthy father, of a happy time, and therefore “it is both joyful and painful”, more, of course, it hurts.

People who had a special influence on Ivan's spiritual maturation

Other people move around the main character, as in a kaleidoscope, and everyone gives a particle of their soul to this child:

▪ Father (kind, generous, loving, sincere believer),

“In the office, my father is screaming, banging his fist and stomping. On such a day! This is him on Vasil-Vasilich. And just yesterday I forgave. I'm afraid to enter the office, he will certainly kick me out, "in the heat of the moment." - Drunken face! - shouts the father, banging his fist on the table, on which heaps of money bounce with a jingle. - Are you drunk now? on such a great day! The audience was almost killed on the boat?! Lost the bag of proceeds. for three hundred rubles! Thank you, old cab driver, he still remembers God, he brought him. at his feet forgot?! Out to the village, calculation!. - Count. all in full. I have the master's good. For a thousand earnings, sir, count. Tickets will prove. - Get up. Father says in a low voice. - Disappointed for a day like this. Fraudsters!. Yesterday he asked for forgiveness, but he did not report a word about the scandal! Get out of sight. I feel sorry for him and ashamed of my father: on such and such a great day, sin! Father is still upset. Vasil-Vasilich also walks dejectedly, upset. - Vasil-Vasilich. Come in for a minute, bro. - Gorkin says to me, excitedly, his voice trembles: - So do it, take an example from daddy. never offend people. And especially when the soul is needed. caves. Vasil-Vasilich gave out the fourth ticket for fasting. So that's how you deal with people. Our robots are good, they value. »

“I look at my father. His face lit up, his eyes twinkled. He quickly goes to Vasil-Vasilich, takes him by the shoulders and shakes him hard, very hard. And Vasil-Vasilich, releasing his shovel, stands with his back and is silent. » (63, 23)

“Have you heard, chizhik? says my father, stroking my cheek. - The nightingale is not a wonder, but the lark is forced to sing, and even at night. Father loves to play with birds and light lamps when he is at home. Father is not yet dressed, in a shirt - so I like him even more. Rolling up the sleeves on his white hands with bluish veins, he takes the nightingale in his palm, pinches the nightingale's nose and dips it three times in a bucket of water. Then he gently shakes it and deftly lets it into the cage. The nightingale bristles very funny, sits on its wings and looks as if taken aback. We laugh. Then the father puts his hand in glass jar from the jam, where black cockroaches run quickly and break down from the walls onto their backs, catches them - they are not afraid - and sticks them into the bars of the cage. The nightingale does not seem to see, the cockroach leads with antennae, and. bale! - no cockroach. » .

“Father enters, smartly dressed, he smells of perfume. On the finger is a diamond ring. Quite young and cheerful. he says affably - I'll forgive you to eat, make yourself at home. Gives me a taste of the shot and everyone laughs as I start to cough and wince. ".

“What are you, siskin, not sleeping? - my father grabs me and throws me on wet knees, on cold boots in the mud. - Caught barochki! Denis the young man threw on all the anchors and unfolded them. Do you know Denis the robber, the soldier? And our Hill, old man, and Vasil-Kosoy. all! Bow down to them, no way! Pleased, damn. good fellows! How much, you say, come on guys, huh? And slows down, slows me down. - Not a word about myself. like a sheep. Gorkin laughs. - Denis already said: “he screams - you won’t catch it, goblin, I’ll whip everyone around the neck!” How can you not get caught. The night, well, it was clear, monthly. »

“I cling to my father, to the leg. He strokes my cheek. From his fingers smells of fragrant, Athos oil.

Would you go to bed, brother?

Whether from restrained joy, from the fatigue of these days, or from sadness that has crept up from something, I start to cry, cuddle up to him, I want to say something, I don’t know. He lifts me up to the very ceiling, where a starling is sitting in a cage, laughing with his teeth from under his mustache. gets out of the table. golden egg on a chain!

Take it for matins, just don't lose it. Well, open it up.

I can hardly open it with my fingernail. I kiss the gentle hand that smells like wood oil. He takes me on his knees and strokes me. »

“Father grabs me by the cheek, puts me on his knees on the sofa. He smells of horses and hay. And, rocking me, he cheerfully begins to sing. »

". Father tickles with his cold wet mustache, whispers: "Are you sleeping, captain?" And I feel on my cheek a delicate and sweet smell of a wonderful pear, and grapes, and cork sawdust. » .

▪ Old man Mikhail Pankratych Gorkin (keeper and successor of traditions, bearer of the ideals of holiness, kindness, beauty)

“Get up, my dear, do not bask. - Gorkin says to me affectionately, sticking the basin under the canopy. - Where do you have it here, Shrovetide - fat woman. we will kick her out. Post came - I will bite off the tail of the wolf. We will go to the lenten market with you. »

“At the window, Gorkin is reading the Gospel, shouting at the whole workshop, like a sexton. Reads in warehouses. They listen in silence and do not smoke: forbidden for the whole post, from Gorkin; can go to the yard. »

“Gorkin walks importantly, carefully: he has a medal around his neck, from the Synod! Today I came with a paper, and the priest presented it, with all the parish, - "for kindness in the presence of a ktitor." Gorkin was touched, kissed both hands of the father, and kissed his father warmly, and with many. He stood on the candle box and poked his eyes with a handkerchief. Silver medal, "three pounds". The third is already a medal, and two - "sent for the banners." Shopkeepers are jealous, looking at the medal. Gorkin shows willingly, cautiously, and kisses everything, how to show. »

“On the step of the shed, in the sun, Gorkin sits in a short fur coat, his sleeves are shriveled by an accordion. They call him a "filler" for his clean work. He no longer works, and so, at home. Father loves to talk to him and always sits him with him” (63, 60)

“And the master is crying, and Piskun, and the soldier. says that no one has such a song, only we have. He takes me on his knees, strokes my head and tries to learn how to sing: “Lu-uchi-i-i-nushka. "- and I see how round bright tears are already rolling out of his bluish senile eyes."

". dreams come. Both dear Gorkin and Tsar Solomon merge. A golden crown, in brilliance, and Gorkin's pink shirt, and senile rosy cheeks, and a pink scarf around his neck. place they go somewhere, as if flying through the air. » .

▪ Bailiff Vasil Vasilyich Kosoy

“I see Vasil Vasilich’s wide back, his red neck and the back of his head through the crack. Wrinkles play on the neck, like hormones, the back staggers, and huge fists are thrown back.

“Everything upset him so much that he didn’t pinch his cheek. »

". I hear my father's cry, and I see how my father, in a jacket and hat, quickly goes to the barn. - How are you, according to the ticket books, the proceeds go up to a thousand, but the money is three hundred rubles more? What are miracles? - What is - all yours, but there are no miracles here. Me your money. I still have a cross around my neck!”

“Vasil-Vasilich Kosoy - special grubs. But today, Svyatki, Vasil-Vasilich in the Zoological Garden, rolls the audience from the mountains. »

▪ Poultry farm Solodovkin (sold his father a lark, but sold nightingales and canaries)

“I know starlings, in a cage in our dining room, from Solodovkin, such a famous poultry house. The famous Solodovkin, who puts us both starlings and nightingales. »

". Ah, rogue Solovodkin, he did not deceive! At Solodovkin's without deceit, it thunders all over Moscow. » .

“And in the yard Solodovkin sits on the porch with a bundle of cages under a black calico. He is in a tattered coat, it seems - very poor. But he says how important he is, and shakes hands with his father. Solodovkin puts his hand under the calico, there the fluttering begins, and in Solodovkin's hand I see a bird. -Take it in your hand. Hold on, don't. he says sternly. I'm so glad I don't see the bird. I unclench my fingers and hear - pyrkhkh. - but I don't see anything. I already see the second one, it looks like a sparrow. I even kiss her and hear the smell of chicken. flitted away. They give me more and more! It's such a joy! »

▪ Soldier Denis (drunkard thief)

“Will father forgive Denis, who drank all the proceeds? Denis lives on the river, at the port, collects pennies in a bag - and he drank those pennies away. How many days he sits at the gate on a bench and is silent. When the father passes, he jumps up and shouts like a soldier - I wish you good health! But my father does not answer, and I am ashamed of him. Denis is a soldier, some kind of "guardsman", with a silver earring in his ear. Today I was whispering something to Gorkin and blinking. Gorkin said, “Try, okay. Don't forget the live fish! Denis is a famous fisherman, he always brings bream, burbot, but now how to get it?

“And now, I see - Denis is going up the stairs, their kitchens. - I have the honor to congratulate you on the holiday! - he shouts like a soldier bravely. Denis's face is swollen, his eyes are red, - apparently, he has been catching all night. - Okay, take it down. the father says. - I'm glad to try, if only not. overstrain! - Denis screams and seems to fall into the kitchen. And I pull Gorkin and whisper: “You said it, I heard about the fish!” And the father laughs. » .

“At the side, Denis smokes a pipe and spits into a puddle. Father calls: "Go, garden head!" Denis jumps up, takes the bird like a pebble, and launches it into the sky, quite unusually. »

". Cries. soldier. And the soldier strokes me, draws me to him, and his crosses rub my cheek. I feel so good with him, unusually. » .

▪ Old coachman Antipushka

“The coachman Antipushka, who is also respected and who is now “only for bread.” Antip knows everything. »

"The old coachman Antip comes up, and he is allowed to let the bird out."

“And then, oh, how long, long ago! - in that room with a couch, did I think that they would all return to me after many years, from far away. completely alive, to the voices, to the sighs, to the tears, - and I will lean on them and mourn them! » .

So in the story "The Summer of the Lord" I. S. Shmeleva restores a deep, integral system of family education, based on the patristic Orthodox tradition. The authority of the father, who affirms the principles of Orthodox morality in the family, the most important role of the priest, the spiritual mentor of the laity, in addition to the service of the priesthood; the concept of society as an artel, a single family, sacredly professing Orthodoxy - these are the principles that must be followed for education moral people, patriots, defenders of the Motherland.

The third indispensable condition for spiritual maturation: communication with nature as a spiritual teacher

What does it mean to communicate with nature? See the beautiful! The image of Beauty as a teacher, educator in the story is many-sided, and I think that, first of all, we saw beauty in the pictures of nature painted by amazing artist the words.

“I open the window. Ah, spring! Such warmth and freshness! It smells of warmth and snow, fragrant spring snow. A sharp chill blows from the icy mountains. I hear - it smells like a river, a living river! Sparrows sit on branches, all wet, from drops, sway. - and want to swing with them. The poplar buds are swollen. A puddle begins to accumulate - a sure beginning of spring. They are waiting for her - the ducks that have gone free will not wait: they stand and peel with their noses a snowball that is liquid from the water, they stand on their paws for hours. And invisible streams ooze. Ducks also quack, joyful, - so-so. well well. And the droplets from the sheds happily chatter with each other - drip-drip-drip. And in everything that I see, that looks at me lovingly, I hear - so-so. And serenely beats the heart - so-so. »

“I wake up early and the sun is already in the room. Annunciation today! In the hall, nearby, a pail rattles and a splash of water is heard. spring has come, and the nightingales are bathed, otherwise they will not sing.

“The road flows, we drive, as if on thick tops. The bright sun, the grooves are murmuring, the transition boards are being laid. »

“Puddles and dormer windows let bunnies in: it seems that the sun plays with them, cheerful, like at Easter. And Easter will be like that!”

Christmas landscape. "Do you know snow? Here he - rarely, will fall out - and melted. And we will knock down - it happened to the world, not to be seen, for three days! Everything will fail. On the streets - snowdrifts, everything is white. On the roofs, on the fences, on the lanterns - that's how much snow! Hanging from rooftops. Hangs - and collapses softly, like flour. And the frost is so cold that the air freezes. Frost stands; foggy, smoky.

The theme of Heaven, its beauty, timid craving for heaven, the unity of man and heaven is constantly heard in the story. "The sky is clear, blue, deeply beautiful."

“It begins to seem to me that now the former life is ending, and we must prepare for the life that will be. where? Somewhere in heaven"

Feel the state of nature! When you read pages about the beauty spilled in nature, you not only see it, but also hear sounds, smells - it is so amazingly written. Light, joy - this motive sounds constantly in the perception of nature. The landscape is like a realm of light.

"Cap. cap. Falling asleep, I hear everything, how it rustles on a piece of iron outside the window. Spring, spring! Yes, what a post now, if spring has come. Look like drops plays. -tra-ta-ta-ta!

“I can’t sleep, I keep thinking. Outside the black window, snow is lashing the glass, winter is coming. and everywhere you look, everything is white. In this description of winter, real examples of the beauty of winter nature are surprisingly combined, which spiritualizes the life of a child, connects it with invisible threads with the eternal and beautiful. The stove shoots from the frost, shadows jump. And there are more and more stars. And what stars! You open the window - it cuts, it burns with frost. And the stars! In the black sky it boils with light, trembles, flickers. And what stars! Mustachioed, alive, fighting, pricking the eye. There is something frozen in the air, through it the stars are bigger, they shine with different lights - blue crystal, and blue, and green - in the arrows. And you will hear the call. And if these are stars - a ringing! Frosty, booming - just silver. You won't hear that, no. And then - tight silver, like ringing velvet. And everything sang, a thousand churches are playing. You won't hear that, no. Not Easter, there is no chime, but it spreads with a ringing, covers with silver, like singing, without end or beginning. - hum and hum. You will put on felt boots, a sheepskin coat made of sheep, a hat, a cap - the frost does not sting. You will go out - a melodious ringing. And the stars. You touch the gate - and it will shower with a crack. Freezing! The snow is blue, strong, squeaks thinly, thinly. On the street - snowdrifts, mountains. And the air. - blue, silvered with dust, smoky, starry. The gardens are smoking. Star ringing melodious. - Christmas"

Feel like a part of nature! A small universe that feeds the hero's soul She, native nature, reveals the beautiful, makes it possible to feel like a part of it.

The life of nature invades the relationship of the characters, helps to understand their state of mind, character, conveys the feelings of the characters.

Conclusion

The problem of the spiritual development of man is forever modern problem spiritual and moral education of a Russian. To the question: “When does the time of spiritual maturation begin?” - L. N. Tolstoy answers: “Happy, happy, irrevocable time of childhood! How not to love, not to cherish the memories of her! These memories refresh, elevate my soul and serve as a source of the best pleasures for me! An exalted soul is a source of spiritual energy necessary for life as a creation. The spiritual life of the protagonist is a celebration of piercing love for native land, a holiday of serving the native land, maintaining its traditions, rituals, beliefs, touching worship of its shrines (this is the meaning of the life of a Russian person), overcoming grief that tests the soul of growing up.

To better understand the role of Shmelev's book "The Summer of the Lord" in revealing the psychology of a child's spiritual maturation, it is worth referring to the story - the parable of G. Yudin "Heart". One wise old woman was asked how she, having lived such a hard life, “remained younger than all of us in her soul.” Her secret was simple: “I write everything good that they did to me in my heart, and everything bad is on the water.”

The Summer of the Lord remains for me a book about the precious spiritual abilities of a child to preserve the youth of the soul. It is impossible for a person to live without love, because the most important and precious thing in his life comes off precisely to the heart.

Orthodox culture, nature and communication with spiritually rich people are the sources of spiritual and moral culture. A spiritually perfect Man is a man of Duty, Conscience, Love. Only contemplative love opens up someone else's soul to us for faithful, penetrating communication, for mutual understanding, for friendship, for marriage, for raising children. All this is inaccessible to heartless people. Only contemplative love reveals to a person his homeland, that is, his spiritual connection with his native people, his national identity, his spiritual and spiritual bosom in the green. To have a homeland is happiness, and one can only have it with love. We cannot live without love. Without it, we are doomed with our entire culture. It is our hope and our salvation.