Project leader: Koltsova T.S.
Serafima Markovna Lyulyakina- Erzya storyteller, writer. She was born on July 29, 1922 in the village of Yagodnoye, Buguruslan district (now Pokhvistnevsky district), Samara province of the RSFSR.
Serafima Markovna was born in a large peasant family in which they knew how to appreciate the apt vernacular, fairy tales, songs. In addition to Sima, three brothers grew up in the family. The girl grew up inquisitive, mischievous. Everyone knew her as an inventor and an entertainer. She differed from her peers in her extraordinary sensitivity and impressionability, she easily adopted the well-aimed folk word, a sharp joke, a sincere melody. But most of all, Seraphim loved songs, since there were no number of them in her native Erzya village. Songs sounded everywhere - their village and strangers, flown in from neighboring villages and regions.
Erzyan kel
Mon Chachtymim Erzyan Ava, Erzyan Mastorso Kasyn, Erzyaks Kortamo Baslavaz Wese Pingem, Wese Chim. Erzyan kel, Erzyan kel, Asho kiley, chudi lei, Cholderdity of gornipov, Gaise morytsya of tsyoks. Erva keles es koisenze. Mazy, eraviks, pitney. Ilyado stuvto eisenze, Putodo tenze gray. Tirin mastor, vechken vele, Sedeem ketsni ton kitty. Mon pek vechksa esen kelem, And stuvtsa meeltse number!
Saygin, Mikhail Lukyanovich (Lukic)- Moksha-Mordovian writer, prose writer. Born November 21, 1913 in the village of Ezhovka, Kovylkinsky district of the Republic of Mordovia, in a peasant family.
The literary activity of Mikhail Saygin began in the 1930s. Since 1937, he has been publishing poetry in the newspaper Komsomolon Vaygyal (Voice of the Komsomol).
Mikhail Saigin found his true calling in fiction. After returning from the Great Patriotic War, he devotes his stories and stories to the artistic comprehension of a number of social and domestic problems and issues of post-war construction (“Mouthpiece” 1959, “Fiery Heart”, 1961, “Daddy's Son”, 1962, “ Mother's heart", 1980, and others). Mikhail Saygin's works have been translated from Mordovian into Russian, Chuvash, Karelian, Udmurt, Mari and other languages.
Mikhail Lukyanovich Saigin died on April 27, 2007 in his apartment in Saransk, at the age of 93.
Devin Ilya Maksimovich(07/20/1922-11/13/1998) - Moksha writer (poet and prose writer). Born in the village of Staraya Terizmorga, now part of the Staroshaigovsky district of Mordovia. Member of the Great Patriotic War. IN post-war years worked in the Mordovian Radio Committee, in the editorial office of the Mokshen Pravda newspaper, as an editor of the Moksha magazine. From 1971 to 1984 Ilya Maksimovich Devin headed the Union of Writers of the MASSR. One after another, his poetry collections are published: “Shobdavan Dawn” (“ morning dawn”) (1945), “To my comrades in happiness” (1953). The pinnacle of Ilya Devin's work is the novel "Nardishe" ("Grass-Ant") (1975), published by Moscow publishing houses. The novel reflects the life of the Mordovian village during the Great Patriotic War. Devin, as a publicist, appeared on the pages of newspapers and magazines, was elected a deputy of the Supreme Council of the MASSR (1975-1980), for many years of work he was awarded the Orders of the Red Banner of Labor, Friendship of Peoples.
Krivosheeva Efimiya Petrovna - Mordovian folk storyteller, one of the founders of the Mordovian storytelling art
She was born on June 1, 1867 in the village of Tarasovka, now part of the Kameshkirsky district of the Penza region, in a large peasant family. Nationality - Erzya.
The discovery of the creative talent of Efimiya Petrovna belongs to her son, Ilya Petrovich Krivosheev, who since 1922 has been recording the works performed by her. The name of Krivosheeva became widely known after the publication in 1936 in the Pravda newspaper of the work “Laishema Kirovdo” (erz. “Lament for Kirov”).
In total, E. P. Krivosheeva recorded more than 50 works of various genres. The first collection of her works "Laishemat dy Morot" (erz. "Cry and songs") was published in 1937.
Mariz Kemal (Kemaykina Raisa Stepanovna) was born on August 13, 1950 in the village of Maloye Maresevo, Chamzinsky District, now the Republic of Mordovia, into a peasant family. In 1965, after finishing eight classes in his rural school studied at the Bolshemaresevskaya secondary school for two years. Graduated from the Faculty of Philology of the Mordovian University. From 1972 to 1975 she worked as a teacher in the school of her native village. In the summer of 1975 she moved to Saransk and for two years was a correspondent for the Erzyan Pravda newspaper. Then, for seven and a half years, she worked at the Mordovian Republican Library. A.S. Pushkin. From 1985 to 1988 - head. department of poetry in the magazine "Syatko", since 1989 he has been the executive secretary of the Erzya children's magazine "Chilisema". Mariz Kemal devotes a lot of time and energy to social activities. In 1989, she was one of the initiators of the creation of the cultural and educational society "Mastorava" and its first secretary, from December 1993 to 1997 - the organizer of the women's movement "Erzyava", the creator and leader of the amateur folklore and ethnographic ensemble "Lamzur". Member of the Writers' Union of Russia since 1996.
Chislav Grigoryevich Zhuravlev(real name - Vyacheslav, born on April 27, 1935 in the Erzya village of Bolshoy Tolkai, Podbelsky district (now Pokhvistnevsky district) of the Kuibyshev (now Samara) region) - Erzya poet, writer, prose writer. He graduated from the Malo-Tolkai Pedagogical School, worked as a physical education teacher at the Chesnokovskaya secondary school in the Koshkinsky district of the Kuibyshev region. From 1954 to 1957 he served in the army. Then for more than 12 years he worked in various positions in Siberia. In 1967 he returned to Kuibyshev. In 1975 he graduated from the Volgograd Institute of Physical Culture.
In the 60s. - Weightlifting coach, prospector at gold mines, flight radio operator (Magadan region).
Since 1967 - a physical education teacher, coach, sports referee. Currently lives in Samara.
He started writing poetry at school. His first teacher and mentor was V. K. Radaev, who at that time taught the Erzya language and literature. He also led a literary circle. The outlook and moral experience of the future writer were formed under the direct influence of difficult life experiences.
Vasily Kuzmich Radaev- Erzya folk poet and writer, creator of the folk epic "Siyazhar". Vasily Kuzmich Radaev was born on March 13, 1907 in the village of Bolshoy Tolkay, Podbelsky district, now Pokhvistnevsky district
Samara region, in a peasant family. He began his career as an assistant librarian (1920). In 1925-28. - Executive secretary of the volost committee of the Komsomol in the village of Maly and Bolshoi Tolkai. In 1929-30 - Chairman of the village council and the collective farm "May" (Big Push). After graduating from the workers' faculty at the Komsomol University, he entered the philological faculty of Leningrad State University, from which he graduated in 1934. 1934-35 - editor of the Ardatovskaya (“For collective farms”) and Dubyonskaya (“Ombotse five-year-old kis” - “For the second five-year plan”) regional newspapers of the Republic of Mordovia, literary editor of the Syatko magazine;
In 1935-37 he was a scientific secretary, scientific, senior researcher at the Mordovian Research Institute of National Culture.
He worked as a teacher in a school in the village of Bolshoi Tolkai), a teacher at the Ichalkovsky Pedagogical College in Mordovia. The result of his pedagogical activity was the education of the next generation of Erzya poets and cultural figures of Mordovia ( Chislav Zhuravlev , Michael Vtulkin and others). Date of death December 6, 1991.
Fedor Semenovich Atyanin was born on June 19, 1910 in the village of Mordovskaya Muromka, Golitsynsky District (now Mokshansky District), Penza Region, in a peasant family. From an early age, he learned hard work. Early left without parents, was brought up in an orphanage. Started at the age of fourteen work biography writer. He had to experience a lot: both hunger and cold. He was a shoemaker's apprentice, a port worker, a miner in the Donbass, where he left in 1927. From 1939 to 1944 he served in the Red Army. After demobilization, he worked as a teacher of the Mordovian language at the Institute theatrical art them. A. Lunacharsky. In 1948 he moved to Saransk and began working in the republican newspapers Mokshen Pravda and Molodoy Leninets. His first poems were published in 1939. Atyanin's literary activity is multifaceted. He enriched Mordovian literature with poems and songs, poems, short stories, stories, fairy tales, and plays. The first collection of his poems Mazy Pinge (Beautiful Time) was published in 1954. In 1956, collections of his stories and novels for children "Selved the hero" ("Tear the hero") and "Pusma panchf" ("Bouquet of flowers") were published in Saransk. Died July 10, 1975. Buried in Saransk.
DORONIN Alexander Makarovich
Alexander Makarovich Doronin was born on January 7, 1947 in the village of Petrovka, Bolsheignatovsky district. Poet, prose writer, translator. Honored Writer of the Republic of Mordovia (1996), laureate of the Lenin Komsomol Prize (1991), laureate State Prize Republic of Mordovia (1998), laureate of the M.A. Kastrena (Finland, 2000). Since 1985 he has been a member of the Writers' Union of the USSR.
The well-known Erzya prose writer, poet and essayist Alexander Makarovich Doronin was born in the village of Petrovka, Bolsheignatovsky district of the Republic of Mordovia. Graduated from the Ichalkovsky Pedagogical College and Literary Institute named after A.M. Gorky. He worked as secretary of the district committee of the Komsomol, staff correspondent of the republican newspaper Erzyan Pravda, for 16 years he was the editor-in-chief of the Syatko magazine.
Viktor Leonidovich Altyshkin was born on September 27, 1934 in the village of Malye Remezenki, Chamzinsky District, Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, into a peasant family. In 1942 he entered the first grade of the Maloremizenskaya elementary school, then studied at the Malomaresevskaya seven-year school, in 1952 he graduated from the Bolshemaresevskaya secondary school. In 1952-53 he worked in the city of Kuibyshev at a military aviation plant as a revolver turner, distribution master. In 1953 he entered the Nizhny Tagil Mining and Metallurgical College to study. In 1954 he was drafted into the army and served in the navy. In 1958 he was demobilized and returned to Mordovia, to the village of Komsomolsky, Chamzinsky district. He worked on the construction of the Alekseevsky slate plant, and after the start-up of the plant, he worked as a foreman at the Alekseevskaya thermal power station. After graduating from courses for electric locomotive drivers, he worked as a driver until 1989.
Nikolai Borisovich Golenkov (published under pseudonyms: N. Grozov, N. Buldygin, N. Borisov, N. Lundanov, N. Kuzhin) was born on August 17, 1958 in the village of Buldygin, Zubovo-Polyansky district of the Mordovian ASSR. In 1965 he entered the Buldygin secondary school in the Zubovo-Polyansky district. Since 1973, he continued his studies at the Zubovo-Polyanskaya secondary school, from which he graduated in 1975. In 1976 he entered to study at the Faculty of Philology of the Mordovian State University. N.P. Ogaryov. From the student's bench he attended literary associations at the faculty, at the newspaper "Young Leninist". His first publications (poems, stories) were published on the pages of newspapers " Mordovia University”, “Mokshen Pravda”, “Young Leninist”, in the magazine “Moksha”
N.B. Golenkov is a member of the Union of Journalists of the USSR (1984), a member of the Writers' Union of Russia (1993).
Timofei Fedorovich Yakushkin was born on February 21, 1916 in the village of Karsaevka, now the Belinsky district of the Penza region. His father died in the Civil War, he was left without a mother early. He spent his childhood in an orphanage. He graduated from the Mordovian Pedagogical College (1933), the Penza Newspaper School (1936), the Leningrad Institute of Journalism. Vorovsky (1940). Labor activity is connected with journalism, literary creativity. He worked in the newspaper "Red Mordovia", the radio committee, the Mordovian book publishing house, the editorial office of the almanac "Literary Mordovia". He was a literary consultant to the Board of the Writers' Union of Mordovia. Since 1963 - a member of the Writers' Union of the USSR. Honored Writer of the MASSR (1980).
Kirill Timofeevich Samorodov was born on April 15, 1910 in the village of Novaya Tolkovka, now in the Kovylkinsky district of the Republic of Mordovia, into a peasant family. Graduated from the Mamolaev School of Peasant Youth (1929), Saransk Pedagogical College (1931), Moscow state institute history, philosophy and literature. N.G. Chernyshevsky (1939). In 1988 he defended his thesis for the degree of doctor philological sciences. Member of the Union of Writers of the USSR (1964), Honored Worker of Culture of the Mordovian ASSR (1985), laureate of the State Prize of the MASSR (1989).
K. Samorodov was also engaged in translation activities. They translated into the Moksha language "The Night Before Christmas" by N.V. Gogol, from Erzya to Moksha drama by P. Kirillov "Litova", the story "Tatya" by T. Raptanov, the poem "Gale" by A. Rogozhin and others. Died December 7, 1991, buried in Saransk.
He is known to the reader as a poet, prose writer and playwright. Laborer, was a shoemaker's apprentice, a loader. He went through all the hard times of the war years, returned from the war in 1944, began working as a teacher of the Moksha language and literature in Moscow, at the Institute of Theater Arts.
Then he returned to Saransk, began to write. The writer wrote a significant part of his works for children. The first collection "Mazi pinge" ("Beautiful time") was published in 1954. Then, in Russian and Mordovian (Moksha) languages, the books “Selved the Bogatyr”, “Tunda” (“Spring”), “The Miracle over Moksha”, “Swallow”, “Silver Lake”, “Nadya’s Deed”, “Gymnasist” and other. Many of his works have been staged on the stage of the Music and Drama Theatre.
"Silver Lake" - this is how the writer called his most famous book in one of her stories. It contains stories, fairy tales, legends, novels. Of particular interest are the fairy tales "The Shepherd's Daughter and the Tear-Bogatyr". Their heroes are endowed with extraordinary qualities: beauty, courage, heroic strength. They often come to the rescue magical powers and reward heroes for courage and high moral character.
F. Atyanin loved works created by the people themselves, collected the best of them. Heard legends, fairy tales, legends, stories the writer passed through his heart, absorbed them, altered them and brought them to his young readers and listeners through his works.
The main character in the writer's works is the people themselves. He is also the strongest, cunning, smartest, who is not afraid of difficulties, he has no insoluble cases; who, with their work and mind, decorates today's life and builds tomorrow's.
"Broken plate" - senior group,
"Swallow" - preparatory group.
You can include the book "On New Year's Eve." Poems and fairy tales, - S, 1973. The book includes seven poems - "Cranes", "Fishermen", "Garden", "New Year's Eve", "Peaceful childhood", as well as fairy tales - "Wind", "Pancakes", "Spring on the stove", "Brave Bunny" . All of them introduce children to the world of animals, the beauty of nature.
Yuri Nikitovich Azrapkin
was born on October 15, 1939 in the village of Kolopino, Krasnoslobodsky district. After graduating from high school, he went to study at Moscow State University. to the Faculty of Philology. At the same time, he began to write poetry. Y. Azrapkin wrote the first poems about children and dedicated them to children. His poems are filled with words and images that are understandable and memorable for children. The rhymes of his poems resemble a canvas, which is woven from the threads of an understandable child's life.
Azrapkina are small, but very informative, humorous. Reading them, no one can help laughing and want to read them again. Even the titles of the books speak for themselves: “Chuck-chak-chak!”, “Shumbrat, swear!” (“Hello, forest!”).
A very interesting and moralizing tale is written in the poetic form "Shis i Kshis" ("Sun and Bread"). The sun wanted to bake bread from the snow, but it did not work out. Bread was baked by a man from new grain, and the sun and water only helped to grow a new crop.
Y. Azrapkin also drew attention to space themes, popular both in his youth and now. He wrote a fairy tale about how the dog Bobik flew to Mars. The book is called "Marsa Bobikt marhta Marssa" ("Together with Bobik on Mars").
The poet feels very well the soul of children, their mood, dreams and thoughts, so his characters "fly" to school in a balloon, with Caucasus mountains"Ride" on a sled right up to the tundra.
Y. Azrapkin remained a "child" all his life. He devoted his poetry to children and, like a child, he himself enjoyed life, what he wrote.
Vladimir Nikolaevich Korcheganov
(Born in 1941)
Born in the village of Sadovka, Kovylkinsky District, on March 9, 1941. After graduating from grade 10, he came to Saransk and began working at the Elektrovypryamitel plant, and studied in absentia at Kazan University at the Faculty of Law. I had to leave school due to illness.
Korcheganova is often found on the pages of newspapers and magazines. He prints poetry, short stories for children. The collections "Luganyase-laimonyase" (Meadow-meadow), "Ozhuk, monts" ("Wait, I myself") were released. The book “My Friend the Sun” was published in Russian, and in 1986 in Moscow, the publishing house “Children's Literature” published children's collection"Spring".
In his works, the poet sings of the beauty of his beloved antiquity, the care of children for their small homeland, their deeds, thoughts. He showed well how children study, work together with adults, play on the street, communicate among friends and how they behave when they are alone.
- Member of the Writers' Union of Russia.
The Valdonya program includes:
"Cornflower" - middle group, for additional reading,
"Fish like a bast shoe" - preparatory group.
Andrey Matveevich Kudashkin
(1927 - 1963)
was born on August 8, 1927 in the village of Mordovskoye Maskino, Elnikovsky district. In 1940, he became seriously ill and was bedridden. Despite this, he read and wrote a lot. Favorite writers were A. S. Pushkin,.
His first poems appeared in 1940 in the magazine Yaxter Tie. In 1952, his first collection "Panzhikht sattne" ("Gardens are blooming") was published, which included poems for adult readers about the party, his native land, Russia and other poems in patriotic theme. After that, the poster works only in children's themes.
After the first book came the second "Pavaz" ("Happiness", 1958), the third - "The Bold Tseroksh" ("The Bold Boy", 1962), the fourth - "Nurdonyasa" "On the Sled", 1963).
Fedor Nikolaevich Bobylev
The children's poet was born on June 20, 1912 in the city of Temnikovo. During the Great Patriotic War, he defended his homeland, and after returning from the front, he began working as a teacher in the village of Tretyakovo, in the village of Babaevo. Before retiring, he worked as a teacher at the Tyuveevskaya eight-year school in the Temnikovsky district.
In 199959, a collection of his poems "Merry ABC" was published in the Mordovian book publishing house. Then, one after another, books appear: “I don’t sit around doing nothing”, “Rainbow-arc”, “I don’t want to be a white hand”, “Gingerbread Man”, “Christmas trees-girlfriends” and others.
Poems give children joy, he writes about nature, animals and birds native land, O school life which is also interesting for preschool children. They tell in an original, interesting, new way about what in life seems ordinary to us.
Artwork for children preschool age: “Funny pictures, “Kolobok”, “Christmas trees”, “Cunning mushrooms”, “Why a lemon from slices?”, “Eyes-charcoal”, “Mushroom addresses”, “S Good morning, kids! and others.
Anatoly Fedorovich Yezhov
Born in 1941
was born in the village of Podlyasovo, Zubovo-Polyansky district. His childhood years were spent among the dense green forests of his native land, where the Vad and Parkhtsa rivers flow and converge.
In the Mordovian village of Poldyaz, he was born on October 10, 1941, the future famous children's writer Mordovia. Here he spent his hungry barefoot childhood. Here he finished school, here he wrote his first poems.
Graduated from the Faculty of Philology of the Mordovian State University. , and then went to work for the Mokshen Pravda newspaper. He worked as an editor in the Lyambirskaya regional newspaper, deputy chairman of the committee on television and radio broadcasting.
From 199 ... to 199 ... he was the Minister of Press and at the same time the editor of the children's magazine "Yakster Tyashtenya".
Yezhov released several children's collections. His collections “Tyashtenyat - Siyan Pyashtenyat” (“Golden Stars”), “Azbukas stihsa” (“ABC in verse”), “Kasy velenyaze” (“My village is growing”), “Ultsyat kaznenza” (“Gifts of the street”) are good known to young readers.
In Moscow, the books “Why Spring Came” were published in Russian, in Saransk - “Forest Bazaar”, “My Garden”, “Who is smarter?”.
The writer's works are written in simple poetic language, so they are well remembered, deposited in the hearts of little listeners, make them think, do the right thing, love and protect nature.
Valdonya includes:
2 junior group– Master (poem);
Middle group - Cat and sparrow;
Senior group - Swan gift;
Preparatory group - Wind. Cheat-emptyhead.
Tatiana Dementievna Timokhina
Born in 1930
The famous children's writer was born on February 2, 1930 in the village of Kanakleyka, Atyashevsky District. She studied at the Kozlovsky Pedagogical School. In 1947 he moved to Saransk. Since 1949 he has been living in Chelyabinsk.
She began writing in 1958. Her first stories and fairy tales in the Erzya language were published in the journal "Suran Tolt" ("Surskiye Ogni"), as well as in the newspaper "Erzyan Pravda", in collective collections.
In 1962, the first collection of stories for children "Pismaron varshtavks" ("Skvorushkin's look") was published. Since then, Tatyana Dementievna has published 13 collections for children, several of them in Russian: “Lizina Star”, “My Good Friends”, “Ant Giant”, “Pies with patches”, “How Vasil was looking for need” and others.
The writer often spoke to children, read her works, which the children really liked.
She has been a member of the Writers' Union since 1968.
What is included in the Valdonya program:
The middle group - "Andryushka" - storytelling,
“This is how enemies are” - reading;
Senior group - "Conscience" - storytelling,
“How winter treated Styopka” - reading;
Preparatory group - “Why Vova had no friends” - storytelling,
"Salted Honey" "Pilot" - reading,
"Patch Patties" - additional reading.
On March 9, the Mordovian writer, member of the Union of Writers of the USSR and Russia, author of many books, Vladimir Nikolayevich Korcheganov, celebrated his 75th birthday. Comrades in writing about Vladimir Nikolaevich write that there are poets whose work seems to be not very noticeable, does not pretend to speak of him as an exceptional artistic and aesthetic phenomenon, however, without them it is difficult to imagine the poetic skyliterature. In modern Mordovian literature sucha person who has established his name in it for a long time, isMordovian writer Vladimir Korcheganov.
Vladimir Nikolayevich was born in 1941 in the village of Sadovka, Kovylkinsky District, Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. After graduating from the Yezhovskaya secondary school in 1969, he worked as a foundry worker, gasman, and operator at the Saransk Elektrovypryamitel plant. Absentee studied at law faculty Kazan State University, graduated from the All-Union Correspondence Higher Lecture Hall of Journalism in Moscow. Since 1968 - an employee of the All-Russian Research Institute of Light Sources. A. I. Lodygina. literary activity began studying in the 50s, the first poem was published in the Kovylkinsky district newspaper "Leninsky Way" in 1959. After that, he published a lot in republican newspapers and magazines. The first literary mentors of the young poet were famous Mordovian writers and poets - Yakov Pinyasov, Maxim Beban, Fedor Atyanin, Alexander Malkin. They noticed the outstanding artistic gift of the young author and blessed him. The poet published in the Moksha language the books “Sudban tyashte” (“Star of happiness”), “Luganyase-laimonyase” (“Meadow-meadow”, 1977), “Ozhuka, monts” (“Wait, I myself”, 1980), translated A. Gromykhina and A. Terentyev published the books My Friend the Sun (1984), Penalty Kick (1988), Spring (Moscow: Children's Literature, 1986), Magic Bag (1995), "Unquenchable Light" (1998), "Warmth of the Soul" (2000), "Sunny Kitten" (2001). In 2006, a book of selected works “The Fates of Humans” was published, which included poetry and prose in the Moksha language, poems translated into Russian by A. Gromykhin, S. Makarov, I. Deordiev, S. Skachenkov, into Erzya by I. Ishutkin , A. Arapova, I. Kalinkina, M. Vtulkina.
The poet actively participates in competitions of artistic creativity of his people. He was awarded the title "Honored Worker of Culture of the Republic of Mordovia", he is a laureate All-Russian festival folk art. Vladimir Korcheganov was awarded for his great contribution to the development of literature Honorary diploma board of the Writers' Union of Russia.
In 2005 he was elected a full member of the Academy of Russian Literature and Fine Arts. G. R. Derzhavin.
Many songs have been written to his poems. Songs for children on the words of the poet wrote famous composer Mordovia Nina Kosheleva.
Vladimir Nikolaevich Korcheganov is a labor veteran, professor, member of the Writers' Union of Russia.
In turn, from the editors of the Finno-Ugric Newspaper, we congratulate the hero of the day on a significant date. We wish Vladimir Nikolaev good health and creative success.
Inna Astaikina, Finno-Ugric newspaper.
Introduction
Traditional ethnology has been dealing with the problem of describing material culture from a literary source for a long time. There is also a strong interest of philologists in studying the role of national elements of everyday life in work of art. Literary source makes it possible to study the functioning of the elements of culture in the everyday life of the studied ethnic group. In this regard, the problem must be solved in a complex way: ethnological analysis must be combined with literary criticism.
Mordovia is characterized by the presence of rich song material, fairy tales, proverbs, riddles, etc. However, Mordovian folklore has not only not been studied, but is still far from being collected. Before the revolution, there was the only collection of M.E. Evsevyev's "Moksha Songs" (Issue I, Kazan, 1897). In 1928 they were published in the publication of the Moksha section of Tsentrizdat, ed. B. Korsaevsky "Mokshet Moronza" (Song of the Mordvin) and the collection "Erzyan Evkst" (Tales of Erzi, TsIZ, 1928), "Erzyan Morat" (Songs of Erzi, TsIZ, 1928) - in ed. Erzya section. The themes of Mordovian songs are as follows: harsh life the peasantry, due to the colonial policy of tsarism; uprisings by S. Razin and E. Pugachev, exploitation by the fist of the poor, family life, unequal marriage, the plight of a woman (overwork, lack of rights), tears of recruits and soldiers; the tsar is a bloodthirsty despot, boasting that he let out whole rivers of soldiers' blood, built bridges from the "people's bones". Mordovian folklore is dominated by social motives.
Literary production in the Mordovian language of the pre-revolutionary period is limited to the "Gospel" (Kazan, 1910) and "Acts of the Apostles" translated into the Mordovian language<#"justify">Erzya literature
The beginning of the development of literature refers to the period civil war. In 1920, in the homeland of Lenin, in the mountains. Ulyanovsk, the Erzya newspaper "Chin Stamo" (Sunrise) begins to be published. In Moscow, the central Mordovian newspaper Yakstere Teshte was published, which significantly contributed to the development of Mordovian literature. The first Erzya primer "Tundon chi" (Spring Day) was published. This primer, despite a number of shortcomings (methodological and ideological), was a whole event in the Erzya school and people's lives.
It should be noted the first collective collection "Erzyan playat" (Erzyan plays) Chesnokov (M., TsIZ, 1924), a number of collections and individual works Chesnokov, who becomes a prominent representative Erzya literature. His main works: "Liya-kiyava" (collection of stories, TsIZ, 1926), "Yavovs veles", "Vasen tolt" (collection of stories, GIHL, 1932). Chesnokov's Peru also owns a well-done translation of Neverov's play<#"justify">Images of the Mordovians in the Literary and Journalistic Works of Mordovian and Russian Writers
mordovia bitter literature yesenin
You can consider the aspects of the material culture of the peoples of Russia, based on the works of M. Gorky "Ice Drift" and Melnikov - the novels "In the Forests", "On the Mountains", V. G. Korolenko's story "In the Hungry Year" and poems by S. A. Yesenin.
Each work bears clear signs of the time of creation. So, the most important qualities of the Mordovians are pride, willpower and a certain swiftness. This is impregnated with a huge book “MORDVA. Erzya. Moksha” (991 pages), published in Saransk in 2004. Talking about their history, the authors emphasize the self-sufficiency of the Erzya and Moksha. In particular, in the chapter on joining Russia, it is noted that there was no subjugation. Saransk scientists also write that it is wrong to assume that the Mordvins were part of the Volga Bulgaria (modern Tatarstan). The desire of the Mordovians to correspond to a certain level is clearly visible. It wants to be not an object, but a subject of the historical process.
Or another example. In V. G. Korolenko’s story “In the year of hunger”, the writer “... brought colorful images of representatives of the Mordovian people”. He visited the territory of present-day Mordovia several times, which was reflected in his essays and stories. So, in June 1890, V. G. Korolenko went to Arzamas (now the Nizhny Novgorod region), of course, knowing that “... the first settlers of Erzemaz were Mordva-Erzya. "Maz" meant red, beautiful, that is, a good, noble city where the Erzyans lived. Also VG Korolenko visited with. Diveevo, Ardatovsky district and Mordovian villages Nizhny Novgorod province.
Having visited with. Old Pichingushi of the Elnikovsky district, the writer wrote:
“The Mordva people are generally less restrained, and, moreover, the matter here is complicated by the undoubted abuses of the rural authorities. There is a rumble of complaints in the hut, which I cannot stop in any way ... And complaints, reproaches, caustic remarks are in the air all the time of my work. Mordva, obviously, hopes that the newcomer "his honor" will still write something down.
In addition, Korolenko visited Pochinki, Bolshoye Boldino, where he met with Mordovian women, and was also in the village. Permeevo, Ichalkovsky district, the village of Raksazheny, Bolsheignatovsky district, in the city of Sarov.
Not without interest for the culture of Mordovia can be considered the fact that the outstanding literary critic V. G. Belinsky showed great interest in the Mordovian language. His plans included compiling the Mordovian Dictionary. Belinsky's knowledge of the life and way of life of the Mordovian people was undoubtedly reflected in his statements on national question, made it possible to theoretically comprehend this the hardest problem and figuratively express its essence in their articles.
The great Russian poet A. S. Pushkin showed a deep interest in the life and culture of the Mordovian people. The reason for this is proximity. family estate Pushkin s. Boldino, located three kilometers from the Erzya village. Pikshen of the Bolsheboldinsky district Nizhny Novgorod region. In 1830 the poet first came to Boldino. Archival data from the Simbirsk province make it possible to conclude that A.S. Pushkin passed through the Mordovian region. There are many memories of Pushkin's stay in the territory of present-day Mordovia, in the Bolsheignatovsky and Ardatovsky regions. Pushkin's hand made an entry in the Moksha language: "Otsyum kaibas, god." Pushkin was interested in mythology and epic tales of the Mordovian people. In the 8th chapter of the "History of Pugachev" he gives a detailed description of E. I. Pugachev's stay in Saransk, shows his meeting with the local population.
It is very important for the reading audience to know this, given that in Mordovia there are Pushkin places where the descendants and relatives of the great poet lived and stayed. The legends that exist in the villages of the Bolsheignatovsky district tell that during the three-month stay in Boldin, Pushkin visited the villages of Pikmen, Rakmazon, Chukaly, and Selishchi neighboring his estate. In addition, the sons of A. S. Pushkin in 1854 purchased 669 acres of land from the landowner Sukovkina in the Mordovian dacha of the Ardatovsky district of the Simbirsk province and founded a new village there called Aleksandrovka. It is assumed that the title new village brothers gave in honor of their father.
The work of S. A. Yesenin was associated with the Mordovian land. The poet began to write about the Mordovians in the years of his youth. In the poem “In the land where the yellow nettles” (1915), the poet clearly alludes to the fact that Russians and Mordovians, even under the conditions of autocratic Russia, historically merged into a single family: “Rus was lost in Mordovians and Chuds.” The respectful and loving attitude of the poet towards the Mordovians is known, which was especially clearly manifested in the generalization: “My land! Beloved Rus' and Mordva!
In the land where the yellow nettle
And dry wattle
Sheltered to the willows lonely
Huts of villages.
There in the fields, behind the blue thicket of the log,
In the green of the lakes
The sandy road
to the Siberian mountains.
Lost Rus' in Mordva and Chud,
She has no fear.
And people go down that road
People in shackles.
They are all murderers or thieves
As fate judged them.
I loved their sad eyes
With hollow cheeks.
Blue sky, colored arc <#"justify">Again I see a familiar cliff
With red clay and willow branches,
Dreaming over the lake red oats,
It smells of chamomile and honey from wasps.
My end! Beloved Rus' and Mordva!
By the parable of darkness, you are alive, as before.
Gently under the flutter of angel wings
Ringing crosses of nameless graves.
Many you, motherland, with your face
Burned and languished in the mines damp.
Many dreams of them, strong and evil,
Bite your perseus berries.
The work of L. N. Tolstoy is also associated with the Mordovian region. On September 4, 1869, the writer L. N. Tolstoy visited Saransk, while on a trip from "Moscow to the village of Ilyino, located on the banks of the Sura River. According to a legend recorded by I. D. Voronin, in Saransk Tolstoy stayed in the house of the merchant Korovin" in rooms (later the Rossiya Hotel) along Moskovskaya Street, as well as A. Melnikov-Pechersky, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin and other writers whose works are dedicated to the Mordovian region.
According to Russian literary tradition The image of the county town was formed as an integral structure, organized only as a social model, constructed according to the laws of being. Vivid images The county town was created by the outstanding Russian satirist writer M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. In 1866, he audited the treasuries in Saransk, Insar and Krasnoslobodsk. The nature of the problems of many cities that the writer visited and which served as his prototypes coincided, making them typical of the entire Russian province. We find signs of cities and villages of the Mordovian region in the Poshekhon stories, the story Spoiled Children and others.
Studying literary history region contributes to a deeper understanding of the culture of its people. This is intended to help the study of the features of the region, based on its representation in fiction. Here, the material for study is the works of writers, which capture the life of the region in its spatial and cultural characteristics, there are observations of everyday life of people. I use these texts practical lessons disciplines Russian language and culture of speech (Gorky's stories sorceress , Ice drift ). I also use texts about Saransk, the Republic.
"Ice drift"
The work "Ice drift" tells about the events that occurred in early spring during the repair of the ice cutter. The story is told from the perspective of a fifteen-year-old boy, who is assigned by the contractor to record material consumption and monitor the workers. The work is hard for him - the headman Osip scolds, the workers do not like him, they demand to cover the theft. However, having once talked heart to heart with Osip, the young man discovers that the headman has become pleasantly interesting to him, and since then they have often talked. The hero is amazed at the striking contrast between how Osip communicates with him and how he communicates with others, and the boy still cannot understand whether he likes the headman or not.
One night, the ice shifts, and on the eve of the holiday, the workers are cut off from the village by a river - it is dangerous to walk on the ice. However, Osip convinces people that nothing will happen if they still pass along the river. The workers follow him, sometimes falling through the ice, and Gorky very curiously shows the difference between their behavior - someone gets out on his own, and someone screams and demands help. Everyone made it to the shore, however. People were already crowding on the shore, someone called the police, but Osip saved the situation by deftly justifying himself to the policeman. The story ends with the boy throwing the book of expenses into the water, and on the way home he talks with Osip about what is right for a person.
In his works, Gorky pays considerable attention to the landscape. With its help, the social situation, mood, emotions of the characters are conveyed. In the landscape "Ice drift", perhaps the most striking contrast of the river before the ice drift and after. At first, she appears boredly calm:
“A languid boredom wafts from the river: deserted, covered with porous scab, it lies on a joylessly straight road to a misty region, from where a damp, cold wind breathes sadly and lazily.”
The hero of M. Gorky's story "Ice drift" - the carpenter Osip - both looks like Tyulin, and does not look like him: he also contains the continuation of the royal tradition<#"justify">The problem of displaying the image of the Mordovians in the literary and journalistic works of Mordovian and Russian writers is considered from the standpoint of the work of such masters of writing as V. V. Bazhanov, V. V. Bervi-Flerovsky, P. I. Melnikov. It is in their creative heritage the most essential and meaningful tendencies are revealed, the study of which provides an opportunity to feel the embodiment of Mordovian literary heroes in the literary creative heritage of the XIX - early XX century. The works of the above-named educators were the basis that preserved the spiritual culture of the Mordovian ethnos for centuries.
First literary experiments V. V. Bazhanov undertook at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, collaborating in provincial and metropolitan publications: “Simbirsky Bulletin”, the St. Petersburg magazine “Resurrection”, in which five works by V. V. Bazhanov were published: stories “In a rural shop” , "Volostny court", "Village meeting", essay "Gray and white", painting from life "Foreman". In the story “The Volost Court”, the image of a lower-level official is revealed, where the main figures were the chairman of the volost court and the clerk. They judge like this: the rich are whitewashed, the poor are denigrated. The skill of the author is shown in subtle humor, sharpness of the plot. The work “Foreman” shows the “newly minted” head of the volost. The inner world of the hero is displayed by his appearance. He wears "boots with red dots", "heavy, confident gait." A solid image is created, but not for long. At the end of the work, the foreman sends his son for vodka to treat the electors.
The works of V. V. Bazhanov are read very easily, the style of description is bright and colorful. In each of them, the life of the village inhabitants is revealed; The author skillfully builds the plot, correctly selects the style of narration. The artistic work of V.V. Bazhanov was one of the links that held the great Russian literature together with the written culture of the Mordovians that was emerging at that time.
Mordovian theme ( public relations, life and customs of the Mordovians) was also widely reflected in the literary and journalistic work of P. I. Melnikov. This is one of the most colorful figures of Russian ethnographic science. With his historical and ethnographic works, the writer made a significant contribution to the study of the Mordovian people. He is the author of many stories, short stories, essays, the novel-dilogue "In the Forests" and "On the Mountains", a remarkable connoisseur of provincial life and language.
Melnikov Pavel Ivanovich (1818-1883), Russian writer. Born into a noble family. He graduated from the verbal faculty of Kazan University (1837). Was a teacher. From 1847, serving as an official special assignments under the governor of Nizhny Novgorod, and then (since 1850) in the Ministry of the Interior, he participated in activities to "eradicate the split." In 1866 he retired. The stories of M. "Krasilnikovs" (1852), "Poyarkov", "Grandfather Polycarp", "Indispensable" (all 1857) and others attracted the attention of readers and critics by frankly exposing the "secrets" of the bureaucratic administration and artistic skill. The best works Melnikov - the novels "In the Forests" (1871-74) and "On the Mountains" (1875-81). In the novel "In the Forests" the image of the life of the Volga region (crafts, family relations, customs and rituals) is given against the background of poetic pictures of nature. Admiring the original integrity of the characters of the heroes - the bearers of the ancient national traditions, Melnikov shows the inevitability of the destruction of this antiquity under the onslaught of cynical business relations, strengthened in merchant environment. The accusatory motives are especially strong in the novel "On the Mountains", which depicts the life of the Volga right bank. If a number of heroes of the novel "In the Woods" are endowed with attractive features national character, then in the novel "On the Mountains" colorful figures " dark kingdom". Melnikov also owns numerous works on ethnography, statistics, and the history of the schism.
An essential place in Melnikov's creative heritage is occupied by ethnographic works dedicated to the Mordovians. His interest in the Mordovian people arose quite early, as evidenced by his published works “Travel notes on the way from Tambov province to Siberia” (1839-1840), “Nizhny Novgorod Mordva”, “Public prayers of peasants”, “Erzyanskaya wedding”, “Moksha wedding” (1851). In the essay "Road Notes" P. I. Melnikov acted as a novelist-researcher, skillfully subordinating his ethnographic knowledge and observations to the tasks of the artistic and pictorial order. Both lyrical intonations and publicism in showing life found a place in his style. The author of "Road Notes ..." is fascinated by all the details of Mordovian life, tells about the historical past of the people. He showed "a clumsy and boring Mordvinian, who, sitting on the goats, swayed, lazily waved his whip and from time to time sang some incoherent song ...". success this work contributed to the author's excellent knowledge of a wide variety of aspects folk life.
In 1857-1859, P. I. Melnikov’s novels and stories “Grandfather Polikarp”, “Poyarkov”, “Indispensable”, “Bear Corner”, “Birthday Cake”, “Old Years”, “Grandmother’s Tales” were published, mainly in the “Russian Herald”, the topics of which were bureaucratic careerism and embezzlement, cruel oppression of peasants, the horrors of serfdom. After the appearance of these works in the periodical press, real fame came to P.I. Melnikov.
Among the large number of Russian writers and publicists who made an invaluable contribution to the disclosure of the life of the Mordovian people, V. V. Bervi-Flerovsky should be noted. In the story "In the Wilderness", published in Sovremennik, the author describes the life of the Samara village with its Mordovian and Tatar population. Many publications of contemporaries of the author of the story "In the Wilderness" claimed that natural conditions determined the main types economic activity Mordovians (hunting, fishing, beekeeping, agriculture, cattle breeding) were reflected in the physical type of the people. A good climate and a healthy lifestyle, fertile lands, combined with the benefits of the forest (healing air, an abundance of game, various herbal products), contributed to the formation of a physically strong population.
Bibliography
1. Khalizev V. E., Art world writer and everyday culture (based on the works of N. S. Leskov) // Continent, 1981, lit. - theor. research M., 1982, p. 110-145
Ethnography of the food of the peoples of the countries Overseas Asia, M., 1981
Yesenin S.A. Favorites. / Comp., intro. article and commentary by Yu. Prokushev. M.: Artist. lit., 2005. 575 p.
Tynyanov Yu.N. Pushkin. M.: Artist. lit., 1987. 544 p.
Byaly G. A. V. G. Korolenko. Monograph. L.: Artist. lit., 1983. 352 p.
Leskov N. S. Novels and stories. / Comp., foreword. M.S. Goryachkina. M.: Det. lit., 1982. 366 p.
Ryabov A., About Mordovian fiction, "Red Print", 1427, No. 12;
Ryabov A., Literary Mordva, "Reader and Writer", 1928, No. 22; Vasiliev T., Mordovia, TsIZ, 1931;
Gorky A. M. In Rus'; Artamonov case./Enter, article and note. B. Bialik; It's bad. A. Taran and S. Gerasimov.-M.: Artist. lit., 1982.-590s- (Book of the classics. Soviet literature)
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Great importance in our country is attached to the development of national culture. Of particular importance is the publication of youth and children's literature in national languages.
The rapid development of our Mordovian children's literature is evidenced by the fact that before the war there were 5-6 books of poems and one story for young readers, now we have dozens of books of poems, poems, fairy tales, stories, stories. Our Mordovian writers, polishing their skills, learning their skills from Russian writers, mainly draw themes for their works from the life around them, from the heroic events and wonderful deeds of our people. Their works help to educate children as true patriots of their Motherland. Even before the war, good poetic works for children were created by F. Frolov "Tyaftamol Eryafs", A. Lukyanov "Minyok Vasya", I. Krivosheev, A. Chekashkin and other writers.
During the Great Patriotic War, children's poetry was enriched with many new works, both in theme and content. During this period, R. Fedkin's poem "Yomla partisan" ("Little partisan"), V. Chukarov's poem "Yakster banner" ("Red banner"), poems by P. Kirillov, A. Martynov were published.
Of the poetic works for children, the most prominent place is occupied by books of poems by I. Krivosheev, S. Vechkanov's poems "Grandfather Bogdan", "Cornflower", "A Poem about a Son" by I. Devin.
For young readers, the poems of F. Bobylev, P. Mashkantsev, M. Beban are interesting. Mordovian poets created many good and varied poetic tales. Among them are the tales of L. Makulov “0rdazh yaksyarga lefks” (“The obstinate duckling”), P. Gaini “Dushman ovto” (“Shaitan the bear”), V. Viard “The old man with the old woman and the rooster”.
Before the war, wonderful stories for children were created by D. Mokshoni, T. Raptanov, F. Chesnokov, V. Anoshkin and others. The stories of A. Sheglov “Heroes of a Village”, V. Kolomasov “Two Boys” tell about the participation of children in the Great Patriotic War . Young readers fell in love with the books of stories by V. Radin “Natasha dy sonze oyanzo” (“Natasha and her comrades") and "Chast" ("Hours"). Lots of great stories for kids younger age written by the Moksha writers F. Atyanin and M. Saynin, as well as the Erzya writer T. Timokhina, translated into Russian, for example, “My good friends”, “Mother's trick”, “Andryushka”.
Lots of interesting anduseful for children in the works of L. Makulov “Kafta yalgat” (“Two friends”), “Danilka”, “Pavazu tunda” (“Happy spring”), M. Imyarekov “Real friends”, “Who is more important”, “Helper” and etc.
