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Composition “What kind of man is the Governor?”
The life of city N did not change from year to year, the auditors came and left, but the city remained the same ... Charitable establishments are like taverns in which the sick smoke tobacco and do not know what they are sick with and how to treat them. In government places, geese with small goslings dart under their feet, a belt whip hangs over a cabinet with papers, and the assessor smells like he came out of a distillery. IN educational institutions the teacher, entering the pulpit, makes a grimace, another, talking about Alexander the Great, breaks the chairs on the floor. In the post office, the postmaster, out of curiosity, prints and reads other people's letters. The streets are not swept, and one of them is piled on forty carts of all sorts of rubbish. Oh, there are many more such "sights" of this amazing city.
The head of the city was Anton Antonovich Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky. This is a man who has already grown old in the service, he is experienced, not stupid in his own way, he knows a lot and the alignment of important matters. He likes to conduct moralizing speeches, each of his words is significant, does not beat around the bush. Before the lower in rank, he shows himself to be an important person, who is considered significant even in St. Petersburg. He is always ready to speak, deceive, play any role, he likes power over people, for the sake of profit he is capable of fraud. The mayor quickly moves from fear to joy, from meanness to arrogance, which makes his role comical. He is a bribe-taker, but behaves respectably at the same time; quite serious; speaks neither loudly, nor quietly, nor little.
But then one day the Mayor receives a letter saying that an auditor from St. Petersburg is coming to the city, incognito, with a secret order. And in this not a fun situation, the head of the city did not forget to tell his "dream in hand" about two terrible rats. Thus, he makes it clear that he has a very well developed intuition. After that, the fuss begins, everyone needs to cover up their sins as soon as possible. The mayor at home gathers the trustee of charitable institutions, the superintendent of schools, a judge, a private bailiff, a doctor and two quarterly. He gives instructions to everyone what and how to do, what and where to clean, sweep, and so on. Each in his part is doing everything possible, and together they are trying in a few hours to bring the city to " normal condition". Again, we see a comical situation when a few years were not enough to put the city in order, but the auditor arrives, and everyone starts running, fussing, groaning and gasping. But let us return to the mayor’s house, where the out of breath landowners come running and vying with each other to announce that a hundred
a young man has been living in a tavern for two weeks, he is dressed in the style of a capital, he is going to the Saratov province, he does not pay money and looks into all the plates. The mayor decides to personally go to the tavern, look at this auditor and find out everything as soon as possible ...
The scene of the first meeting of the mayor and Khlestakov takes on a comical situation when the interlocutors talk about different things. Khlestakov thinks that they want to take him to prison because he does not pay for housing and food, and the mayor thinks that the people have already complained about him, and this auditor is very indignant at what disorder is happening in the city. Khlestakov stutters at first, but then speaks loudly, and the mayor becomes more and more shy and trembles, but, not at a loss, invites the auditor to live at home. Khlestakov agrees, thinking that he is treated this way because of his capital costume and demeanor. The mayor is very pleased, because now he can follow every step of this official, gain confidence in him and give a bribe.
no harassment to those passing by and to all noble people ... KHLESTAKOV (at first he stutters a little, but towards the end of the speech he speaks loudly). But what can I do?.. It's not my fault... I really will cry... They will send me from the village. Bobchinsky looks out of the door. He is more to blame: he gives me beef as hard as a log; and the soup - he the devil knows what he splashed there, I had to throw it out the window. He starved me for whole days... The tea is so strange: it stinks of fish, not tea. Why am I... Here's the news! Mayor (timid). Sorry, it's not my fault. I always have good beef in the market. Kholmogory merchants bring them, sober people and good behavior. I don't know where he gets this from. And if something is wrong, then ... Let me suggest that you move with me to another apartment. Khlestakov. No I do not want to! I know what it means to - another apartment: that is - to prison. What right do you have? How dare you?.. Yes, here I am... I serve in St. Petersburg. (Invigorates.) I, I, I ... Mayor (aside). Oh my God, you're so angry! I learned everything, the damned merchants told me everything! Khlestakov (bravely). Yes, here you are even here with your whole team - I won’t go! I'm going straight to the minister! (Bangs his fist on the table.) What are you? What do you? Mayor (stretching out and trembling all over). Have mercy, do not lose! Wife, little children... don't make a man unhappy. Khlestakov. No I do not want! Here's another! what do I care? Because you have a wife and children, I have to go to prison, that's fine! Bobchinsky looks out the door and hides in fright. No, thank you very much, I don't want to. Mayor (trembling). Inexperience, by golly, inexperience. Insufficiency of the state ... If you please, judge for yourself: the state salary is not enough even for tea and sugar. If there were any bribes, then just a little: something on the table and for a couple of dresses. As for the non-commissioned officer's widow, engaged in the merchant class, whom I allegedly flogged, this is slander, by God, slander. My villains invented this: they are such a people that they are ready to encroach on my life. Khlestakov. What? I don't care about them. (Thinking.) I don’t know, however, why you are talking about villains and some non-commissioned officer’s widow ... A non-commissioned officer’s wife is completely different, but you don’t dare to flog me, you are far from that ... Here's another! Look what you are!.. I will pay, I will pay money, but now I don't have any. I'm sitting here because I don't have a penny. Mayor (aside). Oh, subtle thing! Ek where tossed! what a fog! Find out who wants! You don't know which side to take. Well, give it a try. (Aloud.) If you definitely need money or something else, then you are ready to serve this minute. My duty is to help passers-by. Khlestakov. Give, lend me! I'll pay off the innkeeper right now. I would only like two hundred rubles, or at least even less. Mayor (bringing papers). Exactly two hundred rubles, though don't bother counting. N.V. Gogol "Inspector"
In Gogol's comedy there is no name of the county town in which the events take place. By this, the writer wanted to show that such a position of power, officials,orders in the city was typical for most cities of that time. Describe the city to which the auditor arrived: its location relative to the capital, the border, how comfortable the city is, what disorders the author draws our attention to. (D.1)
Why did the mayor believe that a young man who eagerly looks at what hotel visitors eat and does not pay money for housing and food for two weeks is the auditor? (D.1)
Khlestakov cannot decide with whom he should flirt: with the mayor's wife Anna Andreevna or his daughter Marya Antonovna. But how did the heroines themselves react to the "auditor" Khlestakov? (D.4)
How did each of the officials behave who visited Khlestakov in the mayor's house with petitions and offering money?
Officials, reflecting on the rank of Khlestakov, suggest that "the general will not be a match for him! And when the general is, then the generalissimo himself." Meanwhile, out of fear of an "important" person, they did not notice that Khlestakov himself let slip about his true rank: "They even wanted to do it as a collegiate assessor, yes, I think why." That is the rank young man was even lower than that. What was actually the rank of Khlestakov? (D 2)
Re-read Silent Scene carefully at the end of the comedy. What is its significance, in your opinion?
This official is a passionate hunter. Even in an institution subordinate to him, there is "a hunting rapnik right above the cabinet with papers." Name the hero, what is he in charge of in the city? (D.1)
It was this hero who began to report to the "auditor" Khlestakov about how things really are in city institutions when he visited him in the mayor's house, among other officials. Name it. (D.4)
One of the employees of this institution has such violent temper that he is ready not only to beat furniture, but to lose his life - "for science." Name the institution and the official who manages it. (D.1)
This hero asked Khlestakov: "When you go to Petersburg, tell all the different nobles there: senators and admirals, that here, Your Excellency or Excellency, he lives in such and such a city:." Who wanted to inform all the capital's nobles about himself? (D.4)
The main significance of the comedy "The Inspector General" is in the merciless exposure of the structure of life, the rules and abuses of the officials of Nikolaev Russia, which is achieved by subtle and deep ridicule of the characters of the comedy. . Gogol's satirical laughter strikes the officials, urban landowners, merchants, mixed men, policemen, and Khlestakov, who arrived in this provincial city, ridiculed by Gogol's deeds, deeds and relationships of the characters in his comedy. The character of the very speech of the actors of the comedy also contributes to the satirical exposure. Gogol's laughter is merciless, it is connected with the author's reflections on life and people and pushes the reader to deep and sorrowful reflection. Gogol's laughter finds a variety of means for its expression.
At first, the reader laughs at the bewilderment of the mayor and officials invited to inform them " bad news”, over the mayor’s dream, which he conveys as a foreshadowing of the arrival of an unexpected auditor; over Chmykhov's letter, which serves as that "reliable" source, on the basis of which the mayor informs about the arrival of the auditor; over the orders and advice of the mayor; over the flirtatious wife of the mayor, who is interested in appearance capital guest; over an insignificant St. Petersburg official, now helpless in front of the tavern owner or cowardly in front of the incoming mayor, now putting on importance, carried away by unrestrained lies, dragging recklessly after the wife and daughter of the mayor, etc. is convinced that he blundered, mistaking "icicle, rag" for important person that many years have changed him practical experience hardened sly and deceitful. The severity of this situation is deepened by the fact that this "unparalleled embarrassment" occurs at the moment of the highest triumph of the mayor and his wife, anticipating all the sweetness of their upcoming happiness. An intonation full of drama is heard in the frantically pronounced words of the mayor: “Look, look, the whole world, all Christianity, everyone, look how foolish the mayor is!”
Here, in these words, the highest point of exposure of the mayor, it is not without reason that “the whole world, all Christianity” is involved as witnesses. In this monologue, the mayor expresses fear of being exposed to the eyes of the people, general ridicule, that is, what Gogol has already done.
Deep meaning is embedded in the words of the mayor, addressed not only to the public, sitting on the other side of the ramp, but also to all those who were representatives social order the then tsarist Russia and at the time of the performance was outside the theater: “What are you laughing at? laugh at yourself!"
Laughter in "The Inspector General" is connected with the author's bitter reflection on the depicted life, this is "laughter through tears."
How does Gogol achieve the effect of ridiculing his characters? How is it expressed in their language? The means of the comic are very diverse. The main character of laughter in The Inspector General, which the characters are exposed to, is revealing, and the author finds various means to express laughter.
Such, for example, is the explanation in Chmykhov's letter of the main feature of the mayor (behind him "there are sins") by the fact that he is "an intelligent person." The judge’s guess about the reason for the visit of the auditor also looks unfounded: “This means this: Russia ... wants to wage war, and the ministry ... sent an official to find out if there was treason anywhere” (act I, fig. 1 ). Even the mayor could not restrain himself from exclaiming: “Ek where enough! Also clever man!" The postmaster has the same guess. There is no logical connection in the juror's explanation of the reason for the smell of wine inherent in him: "he says (the judge reports) that his mother hurt him in childhood, and since then he has been reeking of a little vodka" (action I, fig. 1). The argument of the mayor in his dispute with the judge about bribes looks illogical. “Well, what if you take bribes with greyhound puppies? On the other hand, you do not believe in God” (Act I, Ph. 1).
The presence of small everyday details contributes to the ridicule of the orders and advice of the mayor. It turns out that the important thing is not how the sick are treated, but the fact that the sick "usually" "walk at home" (in dirty caps) and "smoke such strong tobacco that you always sneeze when you enter." The point is not how to improve the case of justice, but the fact that "there in the front, where petitioners usually go, the watchmen brought domestic geese with small caterpillars that dart under their feet." It is also bad that “all sorts of rubbish is dried in the very presence, and above the cupboard with papers there is a hunting rapnik”, etc.
Comedy is created unexpected situations and thoughts, conclusions of actors. Such, for example, is Strawberry's statement in Act I (phenomenon 1) about healing the sick: “As for healing, Khristian Ivanovich and I took our measures: the closer to nature, the better; We do not use expensive drugs. A simple man: if he dies, he will die anyway; If he recovers, then he will recover.” Khlestakov's opinion about officials after receiving money from them looks unexpected. “However, these officials are good people,” he characterizes them, “it’s on their part good trait that they lent me” (act IV, yavl. 8). This conclusion is unexpected, first of all, because the officials did not show any kindness, and besides, because Khlestakov just called them "what a fool!" In a letter to Tryapichkin, he himself ridicules the officials who helped him out and gave him money, although he does not realize that he himself is ridiculous in his unexpected and essentially incorrect confession.
When the mayor enters the hotel to Khlestakov, both stop “in fright”, And this fright is prepared: the mayor is afraid of responsibility for his “sins”, and his excitement and fear are already shown in act I, Khlestakov, who does not pay money, has already been warned by Osip and tavern servant about the intention of the owner of the hotel to complain to the mayor, and Osip had just informed him that "the mayor has come, inquires and asks" about him.
Khlestakov, frightened of prison, assumes importance, swaggers, “How dare you? .. I serve in St. Petersburg,” etc. The mayor, cowardly, suggests a slander of merchants to whom he “saltly fell” The reader laughs when he hears two frightened rogues, speaking as if in two different languages not understanding each other.
It is funny when Khlestakov protests against prison, which the mayor does not even think about, but it is no less funny when the mayor, completely at a loss, blurts out to the imaginary auditor about bribes, about a non-commissioned officer's widow, about merchants.
Both characters are funny too. The mayor asks the high person to take pity on him, not to destroy him, and as an excuse he points to his wife and small children (although the viewer knows what kind of children he has). Khlestakov perceives this as the reason that he must go to prison. Or: the mayor mentions the flogged non-commissioned officer's widow, but Khlestakov, not understanding this, thinks that they want to flog him. Khlestakov explains that he is sitting in a hotel because he does not have a penny, the mayor, immediately realizing, picks up this thought of Khlestakov and offers a loan, which saves the situation. For this, Khlestakov calls the mayor noble man, her understanding that he gave him money not out of a sense of nobility, but only out of fear of the arriving boss, in order to win him over.
Without dwelling on all the details of this dialogue, we note another detail: the mayor once again offers Khlestakov to move to another apartment, and he approaches carefully, courteously (“Do I dare to ask you”, “I am unworthy”, “I would dare”) and directly says about a room in his house, to which Khlestakov immediately agrees. When the mayor hinted about inspecting the prisons, Khlestakov, fearing to go to prison, refuses this offer: “But why prisons? It would be better if we inspect the charitable establishments.”
“To the Saratov province! he repeats incredulously to himself when he finds out where the passerby is heading. - A? And it won't blush! Oh, yes, you need to keep an eye on him! How much caustic mockery, mockery is heard in the words of the mayor, pronounced “to the side”, which contrast sharply with the words “out loud”, for example: “You deigned to do a good deed”, “And on for a long time would you like to go?" and etc.
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In 1836, the comedy N.V. Gogol's "Inspector" first appeared on stage Alexandrinsky Theater. Russian society was confused, on the face of each spectator after watching the play, bewilderment was reflected: everyone found The Inspector General to be something unexpected, not previously known.
In The Inspector General, Gogol skillfully combines "truth" and "malice", that is, realism and bold, merciless criticism of reality. With the help of laughter, mocking satire, Gogol denounces such vices of Russian reality as servility, corruption, arbitrariness of the authorities, ignorance and poor education. IN " Theatrical junction” Gogol wrote: “Now the desire to get a profitable place is tying up the drama more strongly ... Do they now have more electricity, money capital, a profitable marriage than love?”
The comedy The Inspector General presents a whole “corporation of various office thieves and robbers” that blissfully exist in the county town N.
When describing the world of bribe takers and embezzlers, Gogol used a number of artistic techniques that enhance the characteristics of the characters.
Gogol gave critical characteristics of each of the main characters. These characteristics help to better understand the essence of each character. Mayor: “Although he is a bribe-taker, he behaves very respectably”; Anna Andreevna: “Half brought up on novels and albums, half on chores in her pantry and girl's room”; Khlestakov: “Without a king in my head. He speaks and acts without any thought”, Osip: “Servant, such as servants of a few older years usually are”; Lyapkin-Tyapkin: “A person who has read five or six books, and therefore is somewhat freethinking”; postmaster: "A simple-minded person to the point of naivety."
Bright portrait characteristics are also given in Khlestakov's letter to his friend in St. Petersburg. So, speaking of Strawberry, Khlestakov calls the trustee of charitable institutions "a perfect pig in a yarmulke."
Main literary device, which is used by N.V. Gogol in the comic depiction of an official, is a hyperbole. Blinded by fear for their future, officials and clutching at Khlestakov like a straw, the city merchants and the townsfolk are not able to appreciate the absurdity of what is happening. Absurdities pile up one on top of the other: here is the non-commissioned officer who “whipped herself”, and Bobchinsky, who asks to bring to his attention imperial majesty that “Pyotr Ivanovich Bobchinsky lives in such and such a city”, etc.
The climax and the denouement immediately following it come abruptly, cruelly. Khlestakov's letter gives such a simple and even banal explanation of everything that happened that at that moment it looks for the mayor, for example, much more implausible than all Khlestakov's fantasies. A few words should be said about the image of the mayor. Apparently, he will have to pay for the sins of his entire entourage. Of course, he himself is not an angel, but the blow is so strong that the mayor has something like an epiphany: “I don’t see anything: I see some kind of pig snouts instead of faces, but nothing else ...”
Further, Gogol uses a technique that has become so popular in our time: the mayor, breaking the principle of the so-called fourth wall, addresses directly into the hall: “What are you laughing at? Laugh at yourself." With this remark, Gogol shows that the action of the comedy actually goes far beyond the theater stage, is transferred from the county town to the vast expanses of Russia. There is even a legend that Nicholas I, after watching the play, said: “Everyone got it, but most of all I!”
A silent scene: the inhabitants of a provincial town, mired in bribes, drunkenness, and gossip, stand as if struck by thunder. But here comes a cleansing thunderstorm that will wash away the dirt, punish vice and reward virtue. In this scene, Gogol reflected his belief in the justice of the highest authority, thereby scourging, in the words of Nekrasov, "little thieves for the pleasure of big ones." I must say that the pathos of the silent scene does not fit with the general spirit of this brilliant comedy.
To comprehend the play "The Inspector General" as a comedy, it is necessary to clearly understand what the comic is and what are the means of depicting the comic. The comic is a special aesthetic category. Aesthetic categories- these are certain concepts developed by people, with the help of which we evaluate various life phenomena: we call some phenomena beautiful, others - ugly, third - sublime, fourth - low, fifth - tragic, sixth - comic. Comic refers to such life phenomena, which contain a discrepancy with the generally accepted norm, alogism. A constant source of the comic in life is the unfounded claim: “... the true realm of the comic is man, human society, human life, because in a person only the desire to be not what he can be develops, inappropriate, unsuccessful, absurd claims develop. Everything that comes out in a person and in human life unfortunate, out of place, becomes comical if not terrible or pernicious.” Our reaction to the comic is laughter.
Poetic art has many ways, means, and techniques for displaying the comic. There are special genres whose content is only comic: comedy, vaudeville, farce, epigram, parody, etc. However, the comic may include integral part into content and other genres. Depicting the comic, writers use such a technique as the comic of situations, create comic characters, evaluate the actions of the characters, their behavior, individual situations through laughter. Gradations of laughter are different: humor, irony, sarcasm, grotesque.
Humor is the ability to recognize in life and reproduce in art comic features, aspects and phenomena. Humor - special kind comical, which manifests itself in the particular shortcomings of life phenomena, individual funny character traits, appearance and behavior of people.
Irony is a special kind of ideological and aesthetic assessment of the phenomena of reality, which is characterized by hidden (disguised by external seriousness) mockery. Irony in art artistic technique, used by the author for subtle ridicule and condemnation of human vices.
Grotesque is “one of the types of typification (mainly satirical), in which real life relationships are deformed, credibility gives way to caricature, fantasy, and a sharp combination of contrasts. “…” The grotesque principle of typification should be distinguished from the allegorical one, which is characterized by rationalism, given allegoricalness. The grotesque plan does not allow deciphering every conditional detail and, in general, unlike allegory, acts relatively independent in relation to real plan. However, in the end, he always depends on him.”
Let us recall the time when the comedy The Inspector General (1836) was written: the gloomy era of Nicholas I, the system of denunciation and investigation is in place, frequent inspector visits “incognito” are common. Gogol himself defined the idea of The Inspector General as follows: “In The Inspector General I decided to put together everything that was bad in Russia, which I then knew, all the injustices ... and at one time laugh at everything”3.
One of the features of the comedy "The Inspector General" is that it contains already established characters and these characters are described by the author in "Remarks for gentlemen of the actors." While reading a comedy, one must remember these remarks, refer to them from time to time in order to understand how the character of a particular hero is realized in actions, actions.
Let's read the first act, let's see how Gogol depicts the events that make up the plot of the conflict. The main events of the first act: The mayor reads a letter informing about the possible arrival of the auditor; The mayor gives orders to officials to restore order in their institutions; Dobchinsky and Bobchinsky report an unknown person staying in a hotel; The mayor decides to go to the hotel; The mayor instructs the quarterly and private bailiff to put the city in order; The mayor goes to the hotel.
In order for a dramatic conflict to start, the letter received by Gorodnichiy is not enough, it is necessary that just at that time Unknown person and for the city gossips Dobchinsky and Bobchinsky to see him, and it is necessary that Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky had a lot of official sins, that he was very afraid of revision (otherwise he would not have believed Dobchinsky and Bobchinsky so easily). The fact that there are sins behind the Governor is indicated by his orders to officials, a private bailiff and a quarterly officer, as well as the speed of the decision to go to a hotel: to find out whether the “auditor” is young or old, that is, it is easy or difficult to deceive him. In the first act, Gogol's amazing dramatic skill was manifested mainly in the fact that he came up with such a plot that immediately set in motion all the characters in the comedy. Each of the characters, alarmed by the news of a possible revision, behaves in accordance with his character and his crimes against the law.
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