Creative competition composition from geometric bodies. Static composition and dynamic composition

The graph in the picture on the left means growth. The graph in the figure on the right means a fall. It just so happened. And, accordingly, in the composition, a diagonal line drawn from the lower left corner to the upper right is perceived better than a line drawn from the upper left corner to the lower right.

closed and open composition

In a closed composition, the main directions of the lines tend to the center. Such a composition is suitable for conveying something stable, motionless.

The elements in it do not tend to go beyond the plane, but, as it were, close in the center of the composition. And the view from any point of the composition tends to this center. To achieve it, you can use a compact arrangement of elements in the center of the composition, framing. The arrangement of elements (in the image - geometric shapes) in such a way that they all point to the center of the composition.

An open composition, in which the directions of the lines emanate from the center, gives us the opportunity to continue mentally the picture and take it beyond the plane. It is suitable for conveying open space, movement.

golden section rule

A different arrangement of elements on a plane can create a harmonious or inharmonious image. Harmony is the feeling and concept of correct location elements are very intuitive. However, there are several completely non-intuitive rules.

The arrangement of simple geometric shapes in the image on the left looks much more harmonious. Why?

Harmony- it's harmony. A single whole in which all elements complement each other. Some single mechanism.

The largest such mechanism is the world around us, in which all elements are interconnected - animals breathe air, consume oxygen, exhale carbon dioxide, plants use its carbon and the energy of the sun for photosynthesis, returning oxygen. Some animals feed on these plants, others regulate the amount of those that feed on plants, feeding on them, thereby saving the plants, water evaporates to fall as precipitation and replenish the reserves of rivers, oceans, and so on ...

There is nothing more harmonious than nature itself. Therefore, the understanding of harmony comes to us from it. And in nature, a huge number of visual images obey two rules: symmetry and golden section rule.

What is symmetry, I think you know. What is the golden ratio?

golden ratio can be obtained by dividing the segment into two unequal parts in such a way that the ratio of the entire segment to the larger part is equal to the ratio of the larger part of the segment to the smaller one. It looks like this:

The parts of this segment are approximately equal to 5/8 and 3/8 of the entire segment. That is, according to the rule of the golden section, the visual centers in the image will be located as follows:

Three thirds rule

In this drawing, the rule of the golden section is not respected, but a feeling of harmony is created.

If we divide the plane on which our geometric figures are located into nine equal parts, we will see that the elements are located at the intersection points of the dividing lines, and the horizontal strip coincides with the lower dividing line. In this case, the rule of three thirds applies. This is a simplified version of the golden ratio rule.

MBOUDO Irkutsk CDT

Toolkit

Drawing of geometric bodies

Teacher of additional education

Kuznetsova Larisa Ivanovna

Irkutsk 2016

Explanatory note

This manual "Drawing of geometric bodies" is intended for teachers working with school-age children. From 7 to 17 years old. It can be used both when working in additional education, and in a drawing course at school. The manual is compiled on the basis of the author's study guide"Drawing of geometric bodies" intended for first-year students of the specialty Arts and Crafts and Folk Crafts and Design (not published).

The drawing of geometric bodies is an introductory material for teaching drawing. The introduction reveals the terms and concepts used in the drawing, the concepts of perspective, the procedure for performing work on the drawing. Using the material presented, you can study the required material to teach children, analyze their practical work. Illustrations can be used both for your own deeper understanding of the topic, and in the lesson as visual material.

The purpose of teaching drawing from life is to instill in children the basics of visual literacy, teaching realistic image nature, i.e. understanding and depiction three-dimensional shape on the sheet plane. main shape learning is drawing from a still nature. He teaches to correctly convey visible objects, their features, properties, gives children the necessary theoretical knowledge and practical skills.

The tasks of teaching drawing from nature:

To instill the skills of consistent work on a drawing according to the principle: from general to particular

To acquaint with the basics of observational, i.e., visual perspective, the concept of light and shade relations

Develop technical drawing skills.

In the drawing classes, work is carried out on the education of a complex of qualities necessary for an artist:

- eye placement

The development of "firmness of the hand"

The ability to see clearly

Ability to observe and remember what is seen

The sharpness and accuracy of the eye, etc.

This manual examines in detail one of the first topics of drawing from nature - “Drawing of Geometric Bodies”, allowing you to study in detail the shape, proportions, structural structure, spatial relationships, perspective contractions of geometric bodies and the transfer of their volume using light and shade ratios. Are being considered learning objectives- layout on a sheet of paper; construction of objects, transfer of proportions; from through drawing, to the transfer of volume by tone, the shape of objects to reveal light, penumbra, shadow, reflex, glare, full tonal solution.

Introduction

Drawing from nature

Drawing is not only an independent type of fine art, but also the basis for painting, engraving, posters, arts and crafts and other arts. With the help of the drawing, the first thought of the future work is fixed.

The laws and rules of drawing are assimilated as a result of a conscious attitude to work from nature. Each touch of the pencil to the paper must be thought out and justified by the feeling and understanding of the real form.

An educational drawing should give, perhaps, a more complete picture of nature, its form, plasticity, proportions and structure. It should be considered, first of all, as a cognitive moment in learning. In addition, knowledge of the features of our visual perception is necessary. Without this, it is impossible to understand why the objects around us in many cases do not appear to us as they really are: parallel lines seem to converge, right angles are perceived either sharp or obtuse, a circle sometimes looks like an ellipse; the pencil is larger than the house, and so on.

Perspective not only explains the mentioned optical phenomena, but also equips the painter with techniques of spatial representation of objects in all turns, positions, as well as at various degrees of distance from him.

Three-dimensionality, volume, shape

Every object is defined by three dimensions: length, width and height. Its volume should be understood as its three-dimensional value, limited by surfaces; under the form - the external view, the external outlines of the object.

Fine art mainly deals with three-dimensional form. Consequently, in drawing one should be guided precisely by the three-dimensional form, feel it, subordinate it to all the methods and techniques of drawing. Already when depicting the simplest bodies, it is necessary to develop this sense of form in children. For example, when drawing a cube, one cannot depict only its visible sides, without taking into account the sides hidden from view. Without representing them, it is impossible to build or draw a given cube. Without a sense of the whole form as a whole, the objects depicted will appear flat.

For a better understanding of the form, before proceeding to the drawing, it is necessary to consider nature from various angles. The painter is encouraged to observe the form from different points, but draw from one. Having mastered the main rules of drawing on the simplest objects - geometric bodies - in the future it will be possible to move on to drawing from nature, which is more complex in design.

The construction, or structure, of an object means the mutual arrangement and connection of its parts. The concept of "construction" is applicable to all objects created by nature and human hands, starting with the simplest household items and ending with complex forms. A drawing person needs to be able to find patterns in the structure of objects, to understand their shape.

This ability develops gradually in the process of drawing from nature. The study of geometric bodies and objects close to them in form, and then objects more complex in structure, obliges the painters to consciously relate to drawing, to reveal the nature of the design of the depicted nature. So, the lid, as it were, consists of a spherical and cylindrical neck, a funnel is a truncated cone, etc.

Line

The line, or line drawn on the surface of the sheet, is one of the main elements of the drawing. Depending on the purpose, it may have a different character.

It can be flat, monotonous. In this form, it mainly has an auxiliary purpose (this is the placement of a drawing on a sheet, a sketch of the general outline of nature, the designation of proportions, etc.).

The line can also have a spatial character, which the painter masters as he studies the form in lighting and environmental conditions. The essence and meaning of the spatial line is easiest to understand by observing the master's pencil in the process of his work: the line either intensifies, then weakens or completely disappears, merging with environment; then it reappears and sounds at the full power of the pencil.

Beginning draftsmen, not realizing that the line in the drawing is the result of complex work on the form, usually resort to a flat, monotonous line. Such a line, with the same indifference delineating the edges of figures, stones and trees, conveys neither form, nor light, nor space. Completely ignorant of the issues of spatial drawing, such draftsmen pay attention, first of all, to the external outlines of the object, trying to copy it mechanically, in order to then fill the contour with random spots of light and shadow.

But the planar line in art has its purpose. It is used in decorative painting, wall paintings, mosaics, stained glass, easel and book graphics, poster - all works of a planar nature, where the image is linked to a certain plane of the wall, glass, ceiling, paper, etc. Here, this line makes it possible to generalize the image.

The profound difference between planar and spatial lines must be learned from the very beginning, so that in the future there will be no confusion of these various elements of the drawing.

Beginning draftsmen have another characteristic feature of drawing lines. They put too much pressure on the pencil. When the teacher shows with his hand the techniques of drawing with light lines, they trace the lines with increased pressure. It is necessary from the very first days to wean from this bad habit. You can explain the requirement to draw with light, “airy” lines by the fact that at the beginning of the drawing we inevitably change something, move it. And erasing lines drawn with strong pressure, we spoil the paper. And, most often, there is a noticeable trace. The drawing looks messy.

If at first you draw with light lines, in the process of further work it is possible to give them a spatial character, then strengthening, then weakening.

Proportions

A sense of proportion is one of the main elements in the drawing process. Compliance with proportions is important not only in drawing from nature, but also in decorative drawing, for example, for ornament, appliqué, etc.

Compliance with proportions means the ability to subordinate the sizes of all elements of the picture or parts of the depicted object in relation to each other. Violation of proportions is unacceptable. The study of proportions is of great importance. It is necessary to help the painter to understand the mistake he made or to warn against it.

A person drawing from life should keep in mind that with the same size, horizontal lines appear longer than vertical ones. Among the elementary mistakes of novice artists is the desire to stretch objects horizontally.

If you divide the sheet into two equal halves, then the lower part will always appear smaller. Due to this property of our vision, both halves of the Latin S seem equal to us only because its lower part in the typographic font is made larger. This is the case with the number 8. This phenomenon is well known to architects, it is also necessary in the work of the artist.

Since ancient times, great importance has been attached to educating the artist's sense of proportions and the ability to accurately measure the size by eye. Leonardo da Vinci paid much attention to this issue. He recommended games and entertainment invented by him: for example, he advised sticking a cane into the ground and, at one distance or another, trying to determine how many times the size of the cane fits into this distance.

perspective

The Renaissance for the first time created a mathematically rigorous doctrine of the ways of transmitting space. Linear perspective(from lat. Rers Ri ser e "I see through""penetrating glance") - exact science, which teaches to depict objects on a plane surrounding reality so that the impression is created, as in nature. All construction lines are directed to the central vanishing point corresponding to the location of the viewer. The shortening of the lines is determined depending on the distance. This discovery made it possible to build complex compositions in three-dimensional space. True, retina human eye concave, and straight lines do not appear to be drawn along a ruler. Italian artists did not know this, so sometimes their work resembles a drawing.

Square perspective

a - frontal position, b - at a random angle. P is the central vanishing point.

Lines receding into the depth of the drawing seem to converge at the vanishing point. The vanishing points are on the horizon line. Lines receding perpendicular to the horizon converge at central vanishing point. Horizontal lines receding at an angle to the horizon converge at side vanishing points

circle perspective

The upper oval is above the horizon line. For circles below the horizon, we see their upper surface. The lower the circle, the wider it seems to us.

Already in the first tasks on drawing geometric bodies, children have to build the perspective of rectangular objects and bodies of revolution - cylinders, cones.

F 1 and F 2 - lateral vanishing points lying on the horizon line.

Perspective of a cube and a parallelepiped.

P is the vanishing point lying on the horizon line.

Chiaroscuro. Tone. Tonal relations

The visible shape of an object is determined by its illumination, which is necessary factor not only for the perception of the subject, but also for its reproduction in the drawing. Light, spreading through the form, depending on the nature of its relief, has different shades - from the lightest to the darkest.

This is how the concept of chiaroscuro arises.

Chiaroscuro implies a certain source of light and mostly the same light color of the illuminated object.

Considering the illuminated cube, we notice that its plane facing the light source will be the lightest, called in the figure light; the opposite plane shadow; semitone one should name the planes that are at different angles to the light source and, therefore, do not completely reflect it; reflex- reflected light falling on the shadow sides; highlight- a small part of the surface in the light, completely reflecting the strength of the light source (observed mainly on curved surfaces), and finally, drop shadow.

In order of decreasing light intensity, all light shades can be arranged conditionally in the following sequence, starting with the lightest ones: glare, light, semitone, reflex, own shadow, drop shadow.

Light reveals the shape of an object. Each form has its own character. It is limited to straight or curved surfaces, or combinations of both.

An example of chiaroscuro on faceted surfaces.

If the shape has a faceted character, then even with a minimal difference in the luminosity of the surfaces, their boundaries will be certain (see the cube illustration).

An example of chiaroscuro on curved surfaces.

If the shape is round or spherical (cylinder, ball), then light and shadow have gradual transitions.

So far, we have been talking about the chiaroscuro of equally colored objects. By means of this chiaroscuro and limited to the second half of XIX century when transmitting illuminated plaster casts and nude sitters.

In the end In the 19th and early 20th centuries, during the period of the development of a deeper understanding of color, demands of a picturesque nature began to be made to the drawing.

Indeed, everything colorful variety nature, especially festive elegant costumes, diffused lighting, excluding clear chiaroscuro, the transfer of the environment - all this puts forward a number of tasks for the draftsman, as it were, of a picturesque nature, the solution of which with the help of chiaroscuro alone is impossible.

Therefore, the pictorial term entered the drawing - "tone".

If we take, for example, yellow and Blue colour, then being in the same lighting conditions, they will appear one light, the other dark. Pink appears lighter than burgundy, brown appears darker than blue, etc.

In the drawing, it is impossible to convey the brightness of the flame and deep shadows on black velvet “at full strength”, since the tonal differences between pencil and paper are much smaller. But the artist must convey all the various tonal relationships with modest means of drawing. To do this, the darkest thing in the depicted object or still life is taken to the full strength of the pencil, and the paper remains the lightest. He arranges all other shadow gradations in tonal relationships between these extremes.

Draftsmen need to practice in developing the ability to subtly distinguish between gradations of lightness in natural productions. You need to learn to catch small tonal differences. Having determined where there will be one - two of the lightest and one - two of the darkest places, it is necessary to take into account the visual possibilities of materials.

When performing training tasks, you must comply proportional dependence between the luminosity of several places in nature and the corresponding several parts of the drawing. At the same time, it must be remembered that comparing the tones of only one place in nature with its image is the wrong method of work. All attention should be given to the method of working with relationships. In the process of drawing, you need to compare 2 - 3 areas in terms of lightness in kind with the corresponding places in the image. After applying the desired tones, it is recommended to check.

Drawing Sequence

The modern drawing technique provides for the 3 most common stages of working on a drawing: 1) compositional placement of the image on the plane of a sheet of paper and determining the general nature of the form; 2) plastic modeling of the form with chiaroscuro and a detailed description of nature; 3) summing up. In addition, each drawing, depending on the tasks and duration, may have more or less common stages, and each stage may include smaller drawing stages.

Let us consider in more detail these stages of work on the drawing.

one). The work begins with the compositional placement of the image on a sheet of paper. It is necessary to examine nature from all sides and determine from which point of view it is more effective to place the image on a plane. The painter must familiarize himself with nature, mark it characteristics understand its structure. The image is outlined with light strokes.

Starting a drawing, first of all, they determine the ratio of the height and width of the nature, after which they proceed to establishing the dimensions of all its parts. During work, you cannot change the point of view, since in this case the entire perspective construction of the drawing will be violated.

The scale of the objects depicted in the drawing is also determined in advance, and is not developed in the process of work. When drawing in parts, in most cases, the nature does not fit on the sheet, it turns out to be shifted up or down.

Premature loading of the sheet with lines and spots should be avoided. The form is drawn very generally and schematically. The main, generalized character of the large form is revealed. If this is a group of objects, you need to equate them to a single figure - to generalize.

Having completed the compositional placement of the image on a sheet of paper, the main proportions are set. In order not to be mistaken in proportions, one should first determine the ratio of large values, and then select the smallest ones from them. The task of the teacher is to teach to separate the main from the secondary. So that the details do not distract the beginner's attention from the main character of the form, you need to squint your eyes so that the form looks like a silhouette, like a common spot, and the details disappear.

2). The second stage is plastic modeling of the form in tone and detailed study of the drawing. This is the main and longest stage of work. Here, knowledge from the field of perspective, the rules of cut-off modeling is applied.

When drawing, it is necessary to clearly imagine the spatial arrangement of objects and the three-dimensionality of their constructive construction, since otherwise the image will be planar.

While working on a perspective construction of a drawing, it is recommended to regularly check, comparing the contractions of the surfaces of three-dimensional forms, comparing them with verticals and horizontals, which are mentally drawn through characteristic points.

After choosing a point of view, a horizon line is drawn in the drawing, which is at the level of the drawing's eyes. You can mark the horizon line at any sheet height. It depends on the inclusion in the composition of objects or their parts that are above or below the eyes of the painter. For objects below the horizon, their upper sides are shown in the figure, and for those placed above the horizon, their lower surfaces are visible.

When it is necessary to draw a cube standing on a horizontal plane or another object with horizontal edges that is visible at an angle, then both vanishing points of its faces are on the sides of the central vanishing point. If the sides of the cube are seen in the same perspective cuts, then their upper and lower edges are directed outside the picture to the side vanishing points. In the frontal position of the cube, which is at the level of the horizon, only one side of it is visible, which looks like a square. Then the edges receding into the depth are directed to the central vanishing point.

When we see 2 sides of a horizontally lying square in the frontal position, then the other 2 are directed to the central vanishing point. The drawing of a square in this case looks like a trapezoid. When depicting a horizontal square lying at an angle to the horizon line, its sides are directed towards the side vanishing points.

In perspective cuts, the circles look like ellipses. This is how bodies of revolution are depicted - a cylinder, a cone. The higher or lower the horizontal circle is from the horizon, the more the ellipse approaches the circle. The closer the depicted circle is to the horizon line, the narrower the ellipse becomes - the minor axes become shorter as they approach the horizon.

On the horizon line, both squares and circles look like one line.

The lines in the figure depict the shape of the object. The tone in the drawing conveys light and shadows. Chiaroscuro helps to reveal the volume of the object. By building an image, such as a cube, according to the rules of perspective, the painter thereby prepares the boundaries for light and shadows.

When drawing objects with rounded surfaces, children often experience difficulties that they cannot cope with without the help of a teacher.

Why is this happening? The shape of the cylinder and the ball remains unchanged during rotation. It complicates analytical work novice draftsman. Instead of the volume of a ball, for example, he draws a flat circle, which he then shades away from the contour line. The light-to-shadow ratios are given as random spots - and the ball appears to be just a smudged circle.

On the cylinder and the ball, light and shadow have gradual transitions, and the deepest shadow will not be on the edge of the shadow side that carries the reflex, but rather moving away in the direction of the illuminated part. Despite the apparent brightness, the reflex must always obey the shadow and be weaker than the halftone, which is part of the light, that is, it must be lighter than the shadow and darker than the halftone. For example, the reflex on the ball should be darker than the semitone in the light.

When drawing a group setting of geometric bodies located at different distances from a light source incident from the side, it should be borne in mind that as they move away from it, the illuminated surfaces of the bodies lose their luminosity.

According to the laws of physics, the intensity of light is inversely proportional to the square of the object's distance from the light source. Considering this law, when placing light and shadow, one should not forget the fact that the contrasts of light and shadow increase near the source of illumination, and weaken as they move away.

When all the details are drawn, and the drawing is modeled in tone, the generalization process begins.

3). The third stage is summarizing. This is the last and most important stage of work on the drawing. At this stage, we summarize the results of the work done: we check general state drawing, subordinating the details to the whole, refines the drawing in tone. It is necessary to subordinate lights and shadows, glare, reflexes and halftones to the general tone - one must strive to bring to a real sound and completion those tasks that were set at the very beginning of the work. Clarity and integrity, the freshness of the first perception should already appear in a new quality, as a result of long and hard work. At the final stage of work, it is desirable to return to a fresh, original perception again.

Thus, at the beginning of work, when the draftsman quickly outlines a general view of nature on a sheet of paper, he follows the path of synthesis - generalization. Further, when a careful analysis of the form is carried out in a generalized form, the draftsman enters the path of analysis. At the very end of the work, when the artist begins to subordinate the details to the whole, he again returns to the path of synthesis.

The work of generalizing the form for a novice draftsman presents rather great difficulties, because the details of the form attract his attention too much. The separate, insignificant details of an object observed by the draftsman often obscure the integral image of nature, do not make it possible to understand its structure, and, therefore, interfere with the correct depiction of nature.

So, consistent work on a drawing develops from the definition of generalized parts of the subject through a detailed study of complex details to a figurative expression of the essence of the depicted nature.

Note: This tutorial describes an image that is quite difficult to junior schoolchildren compositions from frames of geometric bodies. It is recommended to first depict the frame of one cube, one parallelepiped or cone. Later - a composition of two geometric bodies of a simple form. If the training program is designed for several years, it is better to postpone the image of a composition of several geometric bodies for subsequent years.

3 stages of work on a drawing: 1) compositional placement of the image on the plane of a sheet of paper and determination of the general nature of the form; 2) construction of frameworks of geometric bodies; 3) creating the effect of the depth of space using different line thicknesses.

one). The first stage is the compositional placement of the image on the plane of a sheet of paper and the determination of the general nature of the form. Starting a drawing, determine the ratio of height and width overall composition all geometric bodies in general. After that, they proceed to establishing the dimensions of individual geometric bodies.

During work, you cannot change the point of view, since in this case the entire perspective construction of the drawing will be violated. The scale of the objects depicted in the drawing is also determined in advance, and not in the process of work. When drawing in parts, in most cases, nature either does not fit on the sheet, or is shifted up, down, or to the side.

At the beginning of drawing, the form is drawn very generally and schematically. The main, generalized character of the large form is revealed. A group of objects needs to be equated to a single figure - to generalize.

2). The second stage is the construction of frames of geometric bodies. It is necessary to clearly imagine the spatial arrangement of objects, their three-dimensionality, how the horizontal plane is located, on which geometric bodies stand relative to the eye level of the painter. The lower it is, the wider it appears. In accordance with this, all horizontal faces of geometric bodies and the circles of bodies of revolution look more or less wide for the painter.

The composition consists of prisms and bodies of revolution - a cylinder, a cone, a ball. For prisms, it is necessary to find out how they are located relative to the drawing - frontally or at an angle? The body, located frontally, has 1 vanishing point - in the center of the object. But more often, geometric bodies are located relative to the drawing at a random angle. Horizontal lines receding at an angle to the horizon line converge atside vanishing points located on the horizon line.

Perspective of the box at a random angle.

Construction of a body of revolution - a cone.

Thus, all geometric bodies are built.

3) Third, final stage- creating the effect of the depth of space using different line thicknesses. The drawing person sums up the work done: checks the proportions of geometric bodies, compares their sizes, checks the general state of the drawing, subordinating the details to the whole.

Topic 2. Drawing of plaster geometric bodies:

cube, ball (black and white modeling).

Note: this manual describes the image of a gypsum cube and a ball on one sheet. You can draw on two sheets. For tasks on cut-off modeling, illumination by a closely spaced lamp, soffit, etc. is highly desirable. on one side (usually from the side of the window).

Cube

one). The first stage is the compositional placement of the image on the plane of a sheet of paper. Gypsum cube and ball are drawn sequentially. Both are illuminated by directional light. The upper half of the sheet of paper (A3 format) is reserved for the cube, the lower half for the ball.

The cube image is composited with a drop shadow in the center of the top half of the sheet. The scale is chosen such that the image is neither too large nor too small.

2). The second step is building the cube.

It is necessary to determine the location of the horizontal plane on which the cube stands and the horizontal faces relative to the level of the eyes, their width. How is the cube located - frontally or at an angle? If frontally, the cube has 1 vanishing point at the level of the painter's eyes - in the center of the cube. But more often the edges are located relative to the drawing at a random angle. Horizontal lines receding at an angle to the horizon converge atside vanishing points located on the horizon line.

Building a cube

The drawing must find out which of the side faces of the cube seems to be wider for him - for this face, the horizontal lines are directed to the vanishing point more gently, and the vanishing point itself is farther from the depicted object.

Having built a cube, according to the rules of perspective, we thereby prepared the borders for light and shadows. Considering the illuminated cube, we notice that its plane facing the light source will be the lightest, called light; the opposite plane - a shadow; semitones are called planes that are at angles to the light source and therefore do not completely reflect it; reflex - reflected light falling on the shadow sides. The falling shadow, the contour of which is built according to the rules of perspective, is darker than all the surfaces of the cube.

Black and white modeling of the cube

White can be left on the surfaces of the cube or sheet of paper on which it stands, illuminated by direct, bright light. The remaining surfaces should be hatched with light, transparent hatching, gradually increasing it on the lines of the light division (the edges of the cube where the illuminated and shadow faces meet). In order of decreasing light intensity, all light shades can be arranged conditionally in the following sequence, starting with the lightest ones: glare, light, semitone, reflex, own shadow, drop shadow.

Summing up, we check the general condition of the drawing, clarifying the drawing in tone. It is necessary to subordinate lights and shadows, glare, reflections and halftones to the general tone, trying to return to the clarity, integrity and freshness of the first perception.

Ball

one). The first stage is the compositional placement of the image of the ball along with the falling shadow in the center of the bottom half of the sheet of paper. The scale is chosen such that the image is neither too large nor too small.

Building a ball

2). The black-and-white modeling of a sphere is more complex than that of a cube. Light and shadow have gradual transitions, and the deepest shadow will not be on the edge of the shadow side that carries the reflex, but rather moving away in the direction of the illuminated part. Despite the apparent brightness, the reflex must always obey the shadow and be weaker than the halftone, which is part of the light, that is, it must be lighter than the shadow and darker than the halftone. For example, the reflex on the ball should be darker than the semitone in the light. Close to the light source, the contrasts of light and shadow intensify, as they move away, they weaken.

Black and white modeling of the ball

3). When all the details are drawn, and the drawing is carefully modeled in tone, the generalization process begins: we check the general condition of the drawing, refining the drawing in tone. Again trying to return to the clarity, integrity and freshness of the first perception.

Topic 3. Still life drawing from plaster

geometric bodies (black and white modeling).

Note: this tutorial describes the image complex composition from plaster geometric bodies. If the training program is designed for several years, it is better to postpone the image of such a composition for subsequent years. It is recommended to first depict the composition of two geometric bodies of a simple shape. Later, you can move on to a more complex composition. For a task on cut-off modeling, illumination by a closely spaced lamp, spotlight, etc. is highly desirable. on one side (usually from the side of the window).

3 stages of work on a drawing: 1) compositional placement of the image on the plane of a sheet of paper and determination of the general nature of the form; 2) construction of geometric bodies; 3) modeling of forms by tone.

one). The first stage is the compositional placement of images of geometric bodies on the plane of a sheet of A3 paper. Starting the drawing, determine the ratio of the height and width of the overall composition of all geometric bodies as a whole. After that, they proceed to establishing the dimensions of individual geometric bodies.

The scale of the objects depicted in the drawing is determined in advance. Premature loading of the sheet with lines and spots should be avoided. Initially, the shape of geometric bodies is drawn very generally and schematically.

Having completed the compositional placement of the image on a sheet of paper, the main proportions are set. In order not to be mistaken in proportions, you should first determine the ratio of large values, and then smaller ones.

2). The second stage is the construction of geometric bodies. It is necessary to clearly imagine the spatial arrangement of objects, how the horizontal plane is located on which geometric bodies stand relative to the eye level of the painter. The lower it is, the wider it appears. In accordance with this, all horizontal faces of geometric bodies and the circles of bodies of revolution look more or less wide for the painter.

The composition consists of prisms, pyramids and bodies of revolution - a cylinder, a cone, a ball. For prisms, it is necessary to find out how they are located relative to the drawing - frontally or at an angle? The body, located frontally, has 1 vanishing point - in the center of the object. But more often, geometric bodies are located relative to the drawing at a random angle. Horizontal lines receding at an angle to the horizon line converge at lateral pointsgathering located on the horizon line. In the bodies of revolution, horizontal and vertical centerlines, lay on them distances equal to the radius of the depicted circle.

Geometric bodies can not only stand or lie on the horizontal plane of the table, but also be at a random angle relative to it. In this case, the direction of inclination of the geometric body and the plane of the base of the geometric body perpendicular to it are found. If a geometric body rests on a horizontal plane with 1 edge (prism or pyramid), then all horizontal lines converge at the vanishing point lying on the horizon line. This geometric body will have 2 more vanishing points that do not lie on the horizon line: one on the line of the direction of the inclination of the body, the other on the line perpendicular to it, belonging to the plane of the base of the given geometric body.

3). The third stage is modeling the form with tone. This is the longest stage of work. Here knowledge of the rules of cut-off modeling is applied. By constructing geometric bodies according to the rules of perspective, the student thereby prepared the boundaries for light and shadows. The planes of the bodies facing the source of light will be the lightest, called light; opposite planes - a shadow; semitones are called planes that are at angles to the light source and therefore do not completely reflect it; reflex - reflected light falling on the shadow sides; and, finally, a falling shadow, the contour of which is built according to the rules of perspective.

White can be left on the surfaces of prisms, a pyramid or a sheet of paper on which they stand, illuminated by direct, bright light. The rest of the surfaces should be hatched with light, transparent hatching, gradually increasing it on the lines of the light division (edges of geometric bodies where the illuminated and shadow faces meet). In order of decreasing light intensity, all light shades can be arranged conditionally in the following sequence, starting with the lightest ones: glare, light, semitone, reflex, own shadow, drop shadow.

At the ball, light and shadow have gradual transitions, and the deepest shadow will not be on the edge of the shadow side that carries the reflex, but rather moving away in the direction of the illuminated part. Despite the apparent brightness, the reflex must always obey the shadow and be weaker than the halftone, which is part of the light, that is, it must be lighter than the shadow and darker than the halftone. For example, the reflex on the ball should be darker than the semitone in the light. Close to the light source, the contrasts of light and shadow intensify, as they move away, they weaken.

White leaves only a highlight on the ball. The remaining surfaces are covered with light and transparent shading, applying strokes according to the shape of the ball and the horizontal surface on which it lies. The tone is gaining gradually.

As they move away from the light source, the illuminated surfaces of bodies lose their luminosity. Close to the light source, the contrasts of light and shadow intensify, as they move away, they weaken.

four). When all the details are drawn and the picture is modeled in tone, the generalization process begins: we check the general condition of the picture, refining the picture in tone.

It is necessary to subordinate lights and shadows, glare, reflections and halftones to the general tone, trying to return to the clarity, integrity and freshness of the first perception.

Literature

Main:

Rostovtsev N. N. " academic drawing» M. 1984

"School of fine arts" v. 2, M. "Art" 1968

Trouble G.V. "Fundamentals of visual literacy" M. "Enlightenment" 1988

"School of Fine Arts" 1-2-3, "Fine Arts" 1986

"Fundamentals of Drawing", " Concise Dictionary artistic terms"- M. "Enlightenment", "Title", 1996

Additional:

Vinogradova G. “Drawing lessons from nature” - M., “Enlightenment”, 1980

Library of the "Young Artist" Drawing, tips for beginners. Issue 1-2 - "Young Guard" 1993

Kirtser Yu. M. “Drawing and painting. Textbook "- M., 2000

Kilpe T. L. "Drawing and Painting" - M., Publishing House "Oreol" 1997

Avsisyan O. A. "Nature and drawing by representation" - M., 19885

Odnoralov N.V. “Materials and tools, equipment in fine arts"- M., "Enlightenment" 1988

Applications

Topic 1. Building frames of geometric bodies

Topic 2. Drawing of plaster geometric bodies: cube, ball

Topic 3. Drawing of a still life from plaster geometric bodies

Explanatory note ____________________________________ 2

Introduction ________________________________________________ 3

Topic 1. Construction of frames of geometric bodies _____________ 12

Topic 2. Drawing of plaster geometric bodies: cube, ball (black and white modeling) _____________________________________________ 14

Topic 3. Drawing of a still life from plaster geometric bodies (black and white modeling) _____________________________________________ 17

Applications ____________________________________________ 21

84

Rice. 90. Drawing of a composition of geometric bodies, given in orthogonal

projections

Topic 2. Drawing a composition of geometric shapes by imagination

The applicant is invited to come up with a set of simple geometric bodiescomposition and draw it on the sheet. A set of 4-5 figures, their proportions and scale ratios are set. The task program is highlighted at the beginning of the exam in the form a drawing of two orthogonal projections of the bodies from which the composition. It is allowed to plunge one body into another, add and repeat 1- 2 tel.

You have 6 hours to complete the task. Work is carried out on a sheet of A3 format (30x42cm), issued by the selection committee and supplied with a stamp. Surnamethe author is not written on the sheet, and the work indicating the surname and any notes are not evaluated.

WORK EVALUATION CRITERIA

The main purpose of this task is to assess the level of development of the volume-spatialimagination of the applicant, that is, the ability to represent complex volumes in variousangles, under different lighting and transfer it on the plane of the sheet. Should focus not on the search for a particularly complex compositional idea, but on expressive and competent presentation of the idea in the form of a finished drawing.

When evaluating work, the following is taken into account:

1. Correct compositional placement of the drawing on the sheet.

2. Competent image of geometric bodies and their joints, taking into account
linear perspective.

3. Tonal transmission of proportions.

4. Tonal elaboration - identification with the help of well-constructed
shadows of the shape of objects, transmission by amplification (weakening) of contrasts
the degree of remoteness of objects from the viewer, the general graphic culture.

5. The artistic quality of the composition, the integrity of the author's intention.
You need to understand that the drawing is evaluated as an artistic whole, and not

its individual components, and these criteria are used synthetically, complementing each other.

At the beginning of work on the same examination sheet where the finaldrawing, several search sketches are made. Preferably immediatelydetermine the place of the final large drawing and sketches, that is, consider composition of the sheet as a whole,

In 2-4 small sketches, combinations of given bodies are outlined.At the same time, it is important to understand that the composition is interesting not by a complex intersectiontwo bodies. (for example, a cone and a cylinder) with random adjunctions of other figures, and the organization of all elements is one. The sketches are looking for common expressive silhouette, possible compositional ideas are revealed -the formation of a composition around the nucleus - one of their bodies, the development of the composition alongaxis - vertical or directed away from the viewer, the intersection of twocomposition axes at right or other angles, etc. The composition can stand on an imaginary plane or "hang" in space. 86

P. Refinement of the composition

By choosing the most interesting option, you need to represent it with different sides andfind the most expressive point of view for him in such a way that, on the one hand, sides of the objects, not too obscuring one another, were clearly readable, their places incisions or junctions were clearly visible and emphasized the shape of objects, and with on the other side, an interesting silhouette and rhythm of the planes were preserved, expressing the main compositional idea. Avoid coincidencescontours of objects.

Having specified, on the basis of this, his version and choosing the most convincing angle,you can go to the main drawing.

///. Construction of the main drawing (Fig. 92, 93)

First of all, you need to specify the size of the future image. The drawing should not be too small, "lost" in the sheet, which creates the impression of randomness and uncertainty, and should not be too large, "fitting" on the edges;the imaginary center of gravity of the depicted composition should be placed approximately at the geometric center of the sheet. Outlining the extreme points with light lines general contour, let's move on to drawing the details.

It is advisable to immediately clarify the ratios of all volumes indicated in the assignment,designate major divisions of the composition and the location of the main axes - thiswill save the further course of the drawing from strong corrections. To get it rightto convey the relative position of the figures, it is necessary to present not only visible, but also invisible parts of objects - therefore, the image of invisible lines and construction lines. It is important to know the laws of linear perspective - imagine a line horizon, vanishing points of parallel lines, picture plane. At the figuresrotation, you need to outline the axes and carefully draw the ellipses, rememberingincreasing their "opening" as they move away from the horizon line. Special attentionyou need to pay attention to the lines of embedding figures, in order to correctly draw them, you should represent the planes and surfaces that form the form, and the laws of their intersection. With all the care of drawing visible and invisible lines, it is impossible forget that we are not drawing lines, but volumes, and we need to constantly monitor and clarify the proportions of objects (for example, the faces of a cube should seem at least located in different angles, but the same squares; stove shouldlook the same thickness everywhere, etc.) and check the ratios of objects.To do this, by highlighting the visible lines, move away more often and compare objects. between themselves.

IV. Final study (Fig. 94)

The main task of this stage is to achieve a solid and vivid perception of the picture.First of all, you need to enhance the impression of volume and convey the degreethe distance of objects from the viewer. Keeping the construction lines, you need to strengthenvisible lines so that their contrast weakens from the foreground to back.

The black and white elaboration should be conditional and, obeying the author's intention, emphasize the main thing in the composition. Borders own

shadows will help to reveal the nature of the bodies of revolution, and the general light or shadow unitesparallel or perpendicular planes of rectangular shapes. BasedThis is what the direction of the light should be. Light can come from above, emphasizing horizontal planes, or slide along the side surfaces of the composition, revealing all protrusions. Drop shadows are optional and are made only if the drawing is not clear without them.

The borders of own shadows must be built, on spherical volumesit is desirable to represent the invisible part of these boundaries. No need to strive forcomplex gradations of tone, tonal elaboration should maintain a conditionalcharacter, maintaining a large light-shadow relationship. The tone of the shadows should belight, increasing only to the borders of chiaroscuro, emphasizing the edges of objects.

At the end of the work, you should consciously place accents - check the generalthe impression of the sheet and, if necessary, loosen the preliminary sketches by highlightingmain drawing; in the main drawing, it is clearer to indicate the distance of objects from the viewer, enhancing the contrasts in the foreground.

"4H":.,. ■

i"

Rice. 91

68

Rice. 93

B. Construction of solids having a regular hexagon at the base

Rice. 95

B. The composition is formed according totwo perpendicular axes - vertical and horizontal

D. The composition is formed by twohorizontal axes;intersecting at an angle of 45

Rice. 97. Examples of various compositional ideas

Rice. 101

Rice. 103

Section III . Drawing of a human head from a sculptural model.

The human head is a very interesting object to draw. One side,this is a plastically complex volumetric form, and on the other hand, the portrait character of the model makes it easy to notice similarity errors.

The shape of the head combines a three-dimensional design common to all models, due to a single anatomical structure of the skull and muscles, and portrait individuality. In the early stages of learning to draw a head, the focus is should be given to the general scheme for constructing a symmetrical volume, the generalproportional system, general anatomical patterns (skull pattern,anatomical head, sketches of heads), and at the final stage of trainingthe identification of the individual characteristics of a particular head is emphasized. Topic 1. Anatomical structure of the human head

In general, the head has a symmetrical ovoid shape, paired detailswhich (eyes, ears, cheekbones, etc.) can be mentally combined with spicyparallel lines. Viewed from above or below, these lines will go to a common vanishing point on the horizon line. If you mentally draw horizontal section lines, you will get ellipses, the disclosure of which will also depend onangle (Fig. 106). ■

The shape of the head can be divided into a larger brain region andfacial section (the so-called "mask") (Fig. 105). The skull that is the basishead, consists of six main bones: the frontal, two parietal, two temporal andoccipital. In the places of their connection, frontal and parietal tubercles protrude. The frontal bone forms the upper edge of the eye sockets, above which the superciliary arches are located.and brow ridges. The lower edge of the borders is formed by auditory bones withgoing back to the ear openings, auditory arches. At the base of the cranialbox is a horseshoe-shaped bone of the lower jaw. In the anatomical headattention should be paid to the powerful chewing muscles coming from the cornerslower jaw under the auditory bones.

Analysis of the anatomical structure of the head, characteristic turns and protrusionsbones allows us to present a general design scheme with a front, twolateral (temporal), occipital, parietal and lower chin sides. Such a scheme should not replace the complex plasticity of the head, but help to see directions of the main planes and subordinate the details to them (Fig. 107).

To understand the design of the head, you should draw the skull and anatomical head, as well as their generalized models (stubs), where the planes forminghead, accented (Fig. 109-110).

In order not to fall into gross errors, you need to know the general proportionalhead structure and average canonical proportions. The ratio of brain andfacial departments determines the position of the bridge of the nose. Horizontal linepassing through the bridge of the nose usually divides the head into two parts of equal height.The face is divided into three equal parts: the first - from the hairline to the protrusions of the eyebrows,the second - from the eyebrow to the base of the root of the nose, the third - from the base of the nose to the bottom chin. In this case, you need to focus on the backbone, since the eyebrows can be thick, hanging or raised, and the tip of the nose may be higher or lower grounds. A third of the distance from the eyebrow to the base of the nose is the line of the eyes, 102

and a third of the distance from the base of the nose to the chin is the incision line of the mouth.The distance between the eyes is equal to the length of the eye. Between the ear and the corner of the eye, almost two ears can be placed in width. The ear horizontally lies on the same level withnose and approximately equal to it in height. Knowing the proportional system, it is easy to outline the articulation of the head, and comparing with canonical proportions- the proportions of the specific head being drawn, it is easier to see it individual characteristics, (Fig. 108).

Imagine that you have a sheet plane in front of you, absolutely not filled with any image elements. In other words, a clean slate. How is it perceived by us? Naturally, the plane of the sheet does not carry any information, it is perceived by us as meaningless, empty, not organized. But! One has only to put on it any spot, or a line, a stroke, and this plane begins to come to life. This means that our pictorial elements, any - spot, line, stroke - enter into a spatial connection with it, forming some kind of semantic link. It's easier to say - the plane and any element on it begin to interact, conduct a dialogue with each other, and begin to "tell" us about something.

So we get the most primitive composition, which is even difficult to call such, but this is it.

Farther. You and I have one universal tool given to us by nature, these are our eyes, our vision. So, our eye sees and perceives the world around us in proportions and proportions. What does it mean? Our vision is able to feel harmony, and what is not harmonious. Our eye is able to find the difference between the discrepancy between the sizes of individual parts and the whole, or vice versa, to see a complete correspondence. Vision is able to perceive combinations of colors that do not irritate the eye, or vice versa - they can be completely disharmonious. I will say more, our natural instinct from the very beginning, whether you like it or not, strives for a sense of harmony in everything. And subconsciously obliges by feeling to arrange objects and their parts so that not a single part of the composition is alien or disproportionate. You only need learn to listen to your feelings and understand how to achieve harmony, that is, to compose a good composition. Any.

Move on. Let's take some shape, for example, a circle and try to place it in different places on the plane of the sheet. We can see, we can feel that in some cases it will take a more stable position, in others it will be unstable. The picture on the left: see how our vision works - it would seem that for a circle the most stable place is the coincidence of its center with the geometric center of the sheet plane (drawing diagonal lines from corner to corner of the sheet, we get the center of the sheet at the intersection of these lines). However, that's not all. Because of optical illusion(the eye somewhat overestimates the upper and underestimates the lower part of the plane) the circle is perceived to be slightly shifted down. Do you feel how the circle is somehow attracted to the base of the square? The circle is not clearly felt either in the middle or below, and this results in a misunderstanding of its position, disharmony is felt. How to achieve harmony? In what position should the circle be in order for us to perceive it harmoniously in the plane of the sheet? Naturally, it needs to be moved up a little. See picture on the right. Feel the stable position of the circle? He takes exactly his place in the square. Thus, our simplest composition will be more harmonious, and therefore more correct.
Understanding: the plane and the object form a kind of conditional spatial relationship that we can correct.

Our plane initially has a certain conditional structure, even if there is not a single element on it yet. The plane can be divided into axes - horizontal, vertical, diagonal. We get the structure - look at the picture on the left. In the center of the plane (geometric center), all the forces of this hidden structure are in a state of equilibrium, and the central part of the plane is perceived actively, while the non-central parts are perceived passively. This is how we feel. Such a perception of conditional space, so our vision seeks to find peace. Understanding this is rather arbitrary, but true.

The eye seeks to see harmony in what it observes - it determines the center of our composition, which seems to it more active, everything else is more passive. This is what only the study of one clean sheet plane can give us. Moreover, this is what only the study of one square-shaped leaf plane can give us. But the principle is the same. This is what concerns the structure of the sheet plane.

But this would be - completely insufficient - to dismember the plane or to compose a composition from one element on the sheet. It's boring and no one needs it, neither you nor the viewer. There is always more, more varied and much more interesting.

Now let's try to compose another composition, but with several participants. See picture on the left. What do we see, what do we feel? And we feel that our composition is not harmonious, because its individual parts are not balanced. The objects are strongly shifted to the left, leaving an empty, unnecessary, unused space on the right in the composition. And the eye always strives to balance everything and achieve harmony. What do we need to do here? It is natural to balance the parts of the composition so that they harmoniously make up one large composition and are part of one whole. We need to make sure that our vision is comfortable.

Look at the picture on the right. Is that how you feel more harmonious? I think yes. What does it mean? When visually perceiving the elements and the plane of the sheet and when analyzing their relationships: the impact is felt internal forces the structure of the plane on the nature of the behavior of the pictorial elements. What does it mean? Our elements participating in the composition interact with conditional diagonal, vertical and horizontal axes of the plane. We have achieved a stable visual balance of all components of the composition relative to the geometric center. Even if not a single figure is in the middle here, they balance each other, forming together a center where vision expects it, and therefore it is more comfortable to look at this drawing than at the previous one.

And if you add a few more elements, then in this case they should be somewhat weaker in size or tone (or color) and in a certain place, so as not to visually knock down the geometric center of the composition, otherwise you will have to change the arrangement of the elements in order to achieve harmony. again, that is, harmonious perception. This is about the concept geometric center of the composition, which we have now introduced into the study.

You always need to strive for a stable visual balance of all components of the composition in its various directions - up and down, right and left, diagonally. And the composition should be harmonious from any position, in any turn - turn your composition upside down, or 90 degrees, it should also be pleasant to view, without any hint of discomfort. And it is easier to consider that the geometric center of the composition is located at the intersection of diagonal lines or a little higher, it is in this place that the eyes, after viewing the composition itself, whatever it may be, eventually stops and finds “rest”, calms down precisely in this place, even if there is no object on it. This is a conditional place. And a harmonious composition is one when it is no longer required to either introduce new elements or remove any of it. All acting "persons" participating in a holistic composition are subordinated to one general idea.

Fundamentals of composition - static balance and dynamic balance

The composition must be harmonious and its individual sections must be balanced. Let's go ahead and understand the following concepts:

Static balance and dynamic balance. These are ways to balance the composition, ways to create harmony. The methods are different, as they affect our vision. differently. Let's say we have two compositions. We look at the picture on the left: what do we have? We have a composition in which a circle and stripes participate. This shows the static balance of the circle and the stripes. How is it achieved? Firstly, if you look at the hidden structure of the composition sheet, you can understand that it is built primarily along the horizontal and vertical axes. More than static. Secondly, static elements are used - a circle and stripes, the circle is balanced by stripes and does not fly out of the plane, and the conditional geometric visual center is located at the intersection of the diagonals, and the composition can also be viewed from all sides, without giving rise to disharmony.
Now look at the picture on the right. We see a dynamic balance of several semicircles and circles with highlighting of the dominant color. How is dynamic balance achieved? If you look at the hidden structure of the sheet, then in addition to the horizontal and vertical axes of the composition, you can clearly see the use of the diagonal axis. Its presence, use, gives out a red circle, which in this composition is a dominant, a dominant spot, an area that the eye pays attention to in the first place. We introduce the concept composition center.

Composition Center. Dominant

Compositional center, dominant, as it is understood: in the composition on the left there is a certain compositional center, or dominant, which is the beginning of the composition and to which all other elements are subordinate. We can say more: all other elements enhance the significance of the dominant and "play along" with it.

We have the main protagonist - the dominant and secondary elements. Secondary elements can also be divided by importance. More significant - accents, and less significant - secondary elements. Their significance is determined only by the content of the story, the plot of the composition, and so all the elements of the composition are important and must be subordinated to each other, "twisted" into one whole.

The compositional center depends on:

1. Its size and the size of other elements.

2. Positions on the plane.

3. The shape of the item, which is different from the shape of other items.

4. The texture of the element, which is different from the texture of other elements.

5. Colors. By applying a contrasting (opposite color) to the color of the secondary elements (a bright color in a neutral environment, and vice versa, or a chromatic color among achromatic ones, or a warm color with a general cold range of secondary elements, or dark color among the light...

6. Developments. The main element, the dominant, is more developed than the secondary ones.

Compositional and geometric centers of the composition

Let's continue... This dominant, a conspicuous active element, is located at least not in the center of the sheet, but its weight and activity is supported by many secondary elements located diagonally further, opposite this dominant. If we draw another diagonal, then on both sides of it the "weight" of the composition will be conditionally the same. The composition is balanced both vertically and horizontally, and diagonally. Elements are used that differ in activity from the previous composition - they are more actively located and more active in shape. Although they are arranged elementarily, according to a conditional grid, and the structure of the composition is simple, but besides this, the composition has a dynamic balance, as it leads the viewer along a certain trajectory.

Note: the composition on the right is not at all created with the help of paints on paper, but I really liked it, and in essence, by and large, this does not change. This is also a composition. We continue...

You say, where is the geometric center of the composition? I answer: the geometric center of the composition is where it should be. Initially, it may seem that it is located where the dominant is located. But the dominant is rather an accent, the plot of the composition, that is, the compositional center. However, we do not forget that there is also a hidden structure of the composition, the geometric center of which is located, as in the composition, on the left. The first glance the viewer turns to composition center, dominant, but after considering it, and further after reviewing the entire composition, your eye nevertheless stopped at geometric center, right? Check it out for yourself, follow your feelings. He found "calm" there, the most comfortable place. From time to time, he again examines the composition, paying attention to the dominant, but then again calms down in the geometric center. That is why such a balance is called dynamic, it introduces movement - visual attention is not scattered evenly throughout the composition, but follows a certain course that the artist created. Your eye will find in compositional center movement, but will not be able to calm down there. And it is precisely with the successful construction of the composition, namely, the correct use of the geometric center, that it is harmoniously visible from any turn. And the compositional center - from it the composition begins to conduct a dialogue with the viewer, this is the section of the composition that allows you to control the viewer's attention and direct him in the right direction.

Static composition and dynamic composition

Here we come to the following terms that we need to consider with you. These terms differ in meaning from static equilibrium and dynamic, meaning: you can balance any composition by nature different ways. So... What is static composition? This is the state of the composition, in which the balanced elements as a whole give the impression of its steady immobility.

1. A composition based on which one can visually clearly observe the use of a hidden sheet structure for building. In a static composition, there is a conditional order of construction.

2. Items for a static composition are chosen closer in shape, weight, texture.

3. There is a certain softness in the tonal solution.

4. Color solution build on the nuances - close colors.

dynamic composition, respectively, can be built in the opposite way. This is the state of the composition, in which elements balanced among themselves give the impression of its movement and internal dynamics.

I repeat: but, no matter what the composition is, you should always strive for a stable visual balance of all components of the composition in its various directions - up and down, right and left, diagonally.

And the composition should be harmonious from any position, in any turn - turn your composition upside down, or 90 degrees, with general masses and color / tonal spots, it should also be pleasantly viewed, without any hint of discomfort.

Composition basics - exercises

Additional exercises can be done with gouache, as an application, colored pencils and other materials with which your soul wishes to work. You can do from the exercise that you find easiest or most interesting to the most difficult.

1. Balance on a square plane a few simple-shaped elements. Follow the same principle to compose a simple landscape motif.

2. From simple stylized motifs of natural forms, sketch a closed composition (not going beyond the picture), enclosed in a sheet format. Closed composition - action twists only in the space you use, full disclosure. In the compositions there is a move in a circle.

3. Organize several triangles and circles according to the principle of dynamic composition (asymmetric arrangement of figures on a plane), varying the color, lightness of the figures and the background.

4. Applying the principle of dividing the elements of the composition, balance several figures of various configurations in a rectangular format. According to this principle, perform a simple composition on an arbitrary topic.

5. From simple stylized motifs of natural forms, using the principle of division of elements, sketch an open composition. An open composition is a composition that can be developed further - in breadth and height.

6. Divide the plane of the sheet into a conditional structure according to sensation and compose a composition based on it: solution black and white.

Expressive means of composition

To expressive means of composition in decorative and applied arts relate line, point, spot, color, texture ... These tools are at the same time elements of the composition. Based on the tasks and goals set and taking into account the possibilities of a certain material, the artist uses the necessary means of expression.

The line is the main shaping element that most accurately conveys the nature of the outlines of any shape. The line performs a dual function, being both a means of representation and a means of expression.

There are three types of lines:

Straight: vertical, horizontal, oblique
Curves: circles, arcs
Curves with variable radius of curvature: parabolas, hyperbolas and their segments

The expressiveness of the associative perception of lines depends on the nature of their outline, tonal and color sound.

Lines transmit:

Vertical - striving up

Inclined - instability, fall

Polylines - variable movement

Wavy - uniform smooth movement, swing

Spiral - slow rotational movement, accelerating towards the center

Round - closed movement

Oval - the aspiration of the form to tricks.

Thick lines protrude forward, while thin lines recede into the depths of the plane. Performing sketches of the composition, they create combinations of certain lines, spots, stimulating the manifestation of its plastic and color properties.

Dot - as one of the expressive means is widely used in many works of decorative and applied art. It helps to reveal the texture of the image, the transfer of conditional space.

The spot is used for the rhythmic organization of non-pictorial ornamental motifs. Spots of various configurations, organized into a certain composition, acquire artistic expressiveness and, emotionally influencing the viewer, evoke an appropriate mood in him.

Artists in their works often use as pictorial elements geometric figures: circle, square, triangle. Compositions from them can symbolize the movement of time, the rhythms of human life.

The rhythmic organization of ornamental motifs from non-pictorial elements (spots of abstract configuration, silhouettes of geometric figures), combined into compositional structures, becomes a means of artistic expression.

More composition tools

1. Subordination: a person in the first second begins to perceive the composition as a silhouette image against a certain background: the area of ​​​​the silhouette, the pattern of the contour line, the degree of compactness, tone, color, surface texture, and so on.

2. Symmetry and asymmetry: An effective means of achieving balance in the composition is symmetry - the regular arrangement of form elements relative to a plane, axis or point.

Asymmetry - the harmony of an asymmetric composition is more difficult to achieve, it is based on the use of a combination of various patterns of composition construction. However, compositions built on the principles of asymmetry are in no way inferior in aesthetic value to symmetrical ones. When working on its spatial structure, the artist combines symmetry and asymmetry, focusing on the dominant patterns (symmetry or asymmetry), uses asymmetry to highlight the main elements of the composition.

3. Proportions are the quantitative relationship of the individual parts of the composition with each other and with the whole, subject to a certain law. A composition organized by proportions is perceived much easier and faster than a visually unorganized mass. Proportions are divided into modular (arithmetic), when the relationship of parts and the whole is formed by repeating a single given size, and geometric, which are built on the equality of relations and are manifested in the geometric similarity of articulations of forms.

4. Nuance and contrast: nuance relationships - slight, weakly expressed differences in objects in size, pattern, texture, color, location in sheet space. As a means of composition, nuance can manifest itself in proportions, rhythm, color and tonal relationships, and plasticity.
Contrast: it consists in a pronounced opposition of the elements of the composition. The contrast makes the picture noticeable, distinguishes it from others. There are contrasts: directions of movement, size, conditional mass, shape, color, light, structure or texture. With a contrast of direction, the horizontal is opposed to the vertical, the slope from left to right is the slope from right to left. In size contrast, high is opposed to low, long - short, wide-narrow. With mass contrast, a visually heavy element of the composition is located close to the light one. With the contrast of the forms, "hard", angular forms are contrasted with "soft", rounded ones. With the contrast of light, light areas of the surface are contrasted with dark ones.

6. Rhythm is a certain ordering of single-character elements of a composition, created by repeating elements, their alternation, increase or decrease. The simplest pattern on the basis of which the composition is built is the repetition of elements and intervals between them, called modular rhythm or metrical repetition.

The metric series can be simple, consisting of one element of the form, repeating at regular intervals in space (a), or complex.

A complex metric series consists of groups of identical elements (c) or may include individual elements that differ from the main elements of the series in shape, size or color (b).

The combination of several metric series, combined into one composition, greatly enlivens the form. In general, the metric order expresses static, relative peace.

A certain direction can be given to the composition by creating a dynamic rhythm, which is based on the laws of geometric proportions by increasing (decreasing) the size of similar elements or on a regular change in the intervals between the same elements of a series (a - e). A more active rhythm is obtained by simultaneously changing the size of the elements and the intervals between them (e).
With an increase in the degree of rhythm, the compositional dynamics of the form intensifies in the direction of thickening the rhythmic series.

To create a rhythmic series, you can use a regular change in color intensity. Under conditions of metric repetition, the illusion of rhythm is created as a result of a gradual decrease or increase in the intensity of the color of an element. When the size of the elements changes, the color can enhance the rhythm, if the growth of its intensity occurs simultaneously with the increase in the size of the elements, or visually balance the rhythm, if the color intensity decreases with the increase in the size of the elements. The organizing role of rhythm in composition depends on relative magnitude the elements that make up the rhythmic series, and on their number (to create a series, you need to have at least four or five elements).

Warm bright colors used to identify the active elements of the composition. Cool colors visually remove them. Color actively affects the human psyche, is able to cause a variety of feelings and experiences: to please and upset, invigorate and oppress. Color acts on a person regardless of his will, since we receive up to 90% of information through vision. Experimental studies show that the least eye fatigue occurs when observing a color belonging to the middle part of the spectrum (yellow-green region). The colors of this region give a more stable color perception, and the extreme parts of the spectrum (violet and red) cause the greatest eye fatigue and irritation of the nervous system.

According to the degree of impact on the human psyche, all colors are divided into active and passive. Active colors (red, yellow, orange) have an exciting effect, accelerate the vital processes of the body. Passive colors (blue, purple) have the opposite effect: they soothe, cause relaxation, and reduce efficiency. Maximum performance is observed when the green color is active.

The natural human need is to color harmony = subordination of all the colors of the composition to a single compositional idea. The whole variety of color harmonies can be divided into nuance combinations based on rapprochement (identity of tonality, lightness or saturation), and contrast combinations based on opposition.

There are seven variants of color harmony based on similarity:

1. the same saturation with different lightness and color tone;

2. the same lightness with different saturation and color tone;

3. the same color tone with different saturation and lightness;

4. the same lightness and saturation with a different color tone;

5. the same color tone and lightness with different saturation;

6. the same color tone and saturation at different lightness;

7. the same color tone, lightness and saturation of all elements of the composition.

With changing tonality, harmony can be achieved by combining two main and intermediate colors (for example, yellow, green and mustard) or by contrasting tonality. Contrasting combinations are additional colors(for example, red with cool green, blue with orange, violet with yellow ...) or from triads that include colors equidistant on color wheel(for example, yellow, magenta, green-blue, red, green, and blue-violet). Color harmony is formed not only by combinations of chromatic colors, but also by saturated chromatic with achromatic (blue and gray, brown and gray, and so on).

More exercises...

1. Draw a natural motif with a line and a spot

2. Perform a thematic composition using graphic means of expression - line, spot, dot

3. From objects freely placed in space, make a balanced still life composition, without resorting to perspective reductions of objects and spatial plans

8. Dismember the plane of a circle inscribed in a square (black and white solution), and make a rappoport composition from the dissected circles. You can do the same with other geometric shapes.

Artist and composition

Now we will not talk about how to compose a composition, but rather about the forces that impel us to create it. These forces are much stronger and more efficient, than you would thoroughly and spending many hours studying the technical aspects of its creation, but sparingly investing even a drop of your soul into the process. It is a strong motivation, an impelling force. You are an artist, regardless of what knowledge and skills you have and at what stage of development you are. Are you an artist, creative person. Before creating a composition, any, you hatch an idea, think, feel emotions, observe its creation even within yourself. Some of us dream about it, some of us day by day are under the influence of this magical process, sometimes it just prevents us from living like all ordinary people, because we create it from the very beginning still inside ourselves. Any composition, any creation is a sublimation of those sensations and experiences that accompany the artist and grow in him, in his mind. And then, one day, at one moment, you understand that here it is, creation, it can now be born into the world, and you finally understand what you must do. And the composition is born. Now nothing can stop your creative process. But by and large, the composition is the mood of the artist, thoughts, the very idea that he splashes onto the lifeless plane of a sheet or canvas, forcing them to LIVE their own, original life, unlike everyone else. And even if the artist is not very strong in studying the laws of drawing up a composition on a sheet, the creative power of creation is many times stronger, everything else will come with time. Don't be afraid to express your thoughts and feelings. Daring and simple, mysterious and evil, joyful and fantastic.... no one will tell about your thoughts better than you.