In the first half of the first millennium A.D. e. notable development the Finno-Ugric tribes who lived in the basins of the Oka and Kama are also experiencing. In ancient authors, the Finno-Ugric tribes are mentioned under the name of the Fens (Tacitus) or Finns (Ptolemy), and possibly the Aestii (Tacitus), although the name "Aestii" could at that time also refer to the Baltic tribes. The first mention of individual Finno-Ugric tribes of Eastern Europe is found in the Gothic historian Jordanes, who ascribes to the “King of the Goths” Germanaric the victory over the Mordovians (“Mordens”), Merei (“Merens”) and other tribes. Archaeological data allow us to trace the fate of the Finno-Ugric tribes and at earlier stages of their development. So, they show that in the first half of the 1st millennium AD. e. among the Finno-Ugric tribes, iron finally replaced bronze, from which only jewelry was now made - buckles, breastplates, brooches, bracelets, pendants, necklaces, characteristic female headdresses with rims and pendants in the form of bells, and earrings ending in a spiral. Weapons, from which spears, darts, axes and similar to Roman swords were most common, were made of iron or supplied with iron parts: tips, etc. At the same time, many objects, in particular arrows, were still made of bone. As before, big role hunting for fur-bearing animals was played, the fur of which was exported.
By the end of the first half of the 1st millennium, the trade relations of the Kama tribes with Iran and the Eastern Roman Empire were intensifying. In the Kama region, especially in the region of Solikamsk and Kungur, late antique and Sasanian silver dishes decorated with highly artistic images are often found, which came here in exchange for furs and, apparently, were used for the needs of the cult. The role of horse breeding continues to grow in the Oka basin. In the graves of men, and sometimes women, horse harness is found, from which it can be concluded that horses were now also used for riding. At the same time, the remains of woolen fabrics preserved in the graves indicate the development of sheep breeding, and the remains of linen fabrics, finds of sickles and hoes - that farming was also familiar to the Finno-Ugric tribes.
The wealth inequality was already quite significant. Along with poor graves, where only knives were found or no items were found at all, there are rich burials with a lot of jewelry, weapons, etc. jewelry found in female graves. However, property inequality, apparently, has not yet led to the decomposition of the tribal system, since only personal items accumulated in the hands of individuals. The similarity of the Finno-Ugric settlements of the first centuries of our era with earlier ones testifies to the long-term preservation of the former forms of life. Thus, the Pyanobor culture on the Kama, which replaced the Ananyino culture, differs from it only in the style of bronze items and the predominance of iron.
Religious monuments and works of art are of considerable interest. The latter is characterized by bronze relief pendants depicting deer, eagles with human face on the chest, lizards, seven-headed elks, people, as well as small bronze and lead idols in the form of birds, animals and people. About 2 thousand of these figurines were found 20 km from the city of Molotov, down the Kama, where, apparently, there was a sanctuary of the god to whom they were sacrificed. A huge number of bones of various sacrificial animals, about 2,000 bone and iron arrowheads, and about 15,000 gilded glass beads were also found there. Another monument of the cult is a cave on the Chusovaya River, where several thousand bone and iron arrowheads were found. Archaeologists believe that archery competitions took place in this place in connection with some religious rites.
Great Definition
Incomplete definition ↓
Finno-Ugric tribes
History of the tribes inhabiting the Volga-Oka and Kama basins in the 1st millennium BC. e., differs significantly originality. According to Herodotus, the Boudins, Tissagets and Iirks lived in this part of the forest belt. Noting the difference between these tribes from the Scythians and Savromats, he points out that their main occupation was hunting, which delivered not only food, but also furs for clothing. Herodotus especially notes the equestrian hunting of the Iirks with the help of dogs. The information of the ancient historian is confirmed by archaeological sources, indicating that in the life of the studied tribes, hunting really took great place. However, the population of the Volga-Oka and Kama basins was not limited to those tribes mentioned by Herodotus. The names given by him can only be attributed to the southern tribes of this group - the immediate neighbors of the Scythians and Savromats. More detailed information about these tribes began to penetrate into ancient historiography only at the turn of our era. Tacitus probably relied on them when he described the life of the tribes in question, calling them the Fens (Finns). The main occupation of the Finno-Ugric tribes in the vast territory of their settlement should be considered cattle breeding and hunting. Slash-and-burn agriculture played a secondary role. characteristic feature production among these tribes was that, along with iron tools that came into use from about the 7th century. BC e., bone tools were still used here for a very long time. These features are typical of the so-called Dyakovskaya (between the Oka and Volga), Gorodets (southeast of the Oka), and Ananyinskaya (Prikamye) archaeological cultures.
The southwestern neighbors of the Finno-Ugric tribes, the Slavs, during the 1st millennium AD. e. significantly advanced into the area of \u200b\u200bsettlement of Finnish tribes. This movement caused the movement of part of the Finno-Ugric tribes, as the analysis of numerous Finnish river names in the middle part shows. European Russia. The processes in question took place slowly and did not violate cultural traditions Finnish tribes. This makes it possible to link a number of local archaeological cultures with the Finno-Ugric tribes already known from Russian chronicles and other written sources. Descendants of the Dyakovskaya tribes archaeological culture, probably, there were the tribes of Merya, Muroma, descendants of the tribes of the Gorodets culture - the Mordovians, and the origin of the annalistic Cheremis and Chud goes back to the tribes that created the Ananyinskaya archaeological culture.
Many interesting features of the life of the Finnish tribes have been studied in detail by archaeologists. The oldest method of obtaining iron in the Volga-Oka basin is indicative: iron ore was smelted in clay vessels that stood in the middle of open fires. This process, noted in the settlements of the 9th-8th centuries, is characteristic of the initial stage of the development of metallurgy; later ovens appeared. Numerous products made of bronze and iron and the quality of their manufacture suggest that already in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. e. among the Finno-Ugric tribes of Eastern Europe, the transformation of household industries into crafts, such as foundry and blacksmithing, began. Of other industries, the high development of weaving should be noted. The development of cattle breeding and the beginning of the emergence of handicrafts, primarily metallurgy and metalworking, led to an increase in labor productivity, which in turn contributed to the emergence of property inequality. Still the accumulation of property inside tribal communities the Volga-Oka basin occurred rather slowly; because of this, up to the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. tribal settlements were relatively weakly fortified. Only in subsequent centuries the settlements of the Dyakovo culture were strengthened by powerful ramparts and ditches.
The picture of the social structure of the inhabitants of the Kama region is more complex. The inventory of burials clearly indicates the presence of property stratification among local residents. Some burials dating back to the end of the 1st millennium allowed archaeologists to suggest the appearance of some kind of inferior category of the population, possibly slaves from among prisoners of war. On the position of the tribal aristocracy in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. testifies to one of the brightest monuments of the Ananyinsky burial ground (near Yelabuga) - a tombstone made of stone with a relief image of a warrior armed with a dagger and a war hammer and decorated with a torc. The rich inventory in the grave under this slab contained a dagger and a hammer made of iron, and a silver hryvnia. The buried warrior was undoubtedly one of the tribal leaders. The isolation of the tribal nobility especially intensified by the 2nd-1st centuries. BC e. It should be noted, however, that at that time the tribal nobility was probably relatively few in number, since low labor productivity still greatly limited the number of members of society who lived off the labor of others.
—Incomplete definition ↓
Peoples speaking Finno-Ugric (Finnish-Ugric) languages. Finno-Ugric languages. make up one of the two branches (along with the Samoyedic) ur. lang. families. According to the linguistic principle of F.U.N. are divided into groups: Baltic-Finnish (Finns, Karelians, Estonians ... Ural Historical Encyclopedia
Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia Ethnopsychological dictionary
FINNO-UGRIAN PEOPLES OF RUSSIA- the peoples of our country (Mordovians, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Khanty, Mansi, Saami, Karelians) living in the north of the European part, in the northern, central and southern parts of the Urals and originating from the Ananyin archaeological culture (VII III ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary in psychology and pedagogy
Finno-Ugric Taxon: branch Range: Hungary, Norway, Russia, Finland, Sweden, Estonia, etc. Classification ... Wikipedia
Finno-Hungarian peoples (Finno-Ugrians) are a group of peoples who speak Finno-Hungarian languages, living in stripes in Western Siberia, Central and Eastern Europe. Contents 1 Representatives of the Finno-Ugrians 2 History 3 Links ... Wikipedia
Finno-Ugric languages- The Finno-Ugric languages are a family of languages that are part of a larger genetic association of languages called the Uralic languages. Before the genetic relationship of the Samoyedic languages with the Finno-Ugric languages was proved, the F.-u. I. considered... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary
Finno-Ugric (or Finno-Ugric) peoples- population speaking Finno-Ugric languages. Finno group Ugric languages, one of two branches of the Ural language family. Divided by language groups(ethnoses corresponding to them): Baltic-Finnish (Finnish, Izhora, Karelian, Ludikov, ... ... Physical Anthropology. Illustrated explanatory dictionary.
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- Leningrad region. Did you know? , . Leningrad region - region with rich history. Did you know that its territory has long been inhabited by Slavs and Finno-Ugric peoples, who together created Northern Rus'? A great…
- Monuments of the Fatherland. Almanac, No. 33 (1-2/1995). Complete description of Russia. Udmurtia, . Different nations have been living on our land as good neighbors for centuries. The ancient Finno-Ugric tribes left traces of their high culture and art. Their descendants, the Udmurts, have kept the going…
Among those living on the planet today there are many unique, original and even a few mysterious peoples and nationalities. These, of course, include the Finno-Ugric peoples, who are considered the largest ethno-linguistic community in Europe. It includes 24 nations. 17 of them live on the territory of the Russian Federation.
The composition of the ethnic group
All numerous Finno-Ugric peoples are divided by researchers into several groups:
- Baltic-Finnish, the backbone of which is quite numerous Finns and Estonians who have formed their own states. Sets, Ingrians, Kvens, Vyru, Karelians, Izhors, Vepsians, Vods and Livs also belong here.
- Saami (Lapp), which includes residents of Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula.
- Volga-Finnish, including the Mari and Mordovians. The latter, in turn, are divided into moksha and erzya.
- Perm, which includes Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Komi-Zyryans, Komi-Izhma, Komi-Yazvins, Besermyans and Udmurts.
- Ugrian. It includes Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi separated by hundreds of kilometers.
Disappeared tribes
Among modern Finno-Ugric peoples there are numerous nations and very small groups - less than 100 people. There are also those whose memory is preserved only in ancient chronicles. The disappeared, for example, include Merya, Chud and Muroma.
The Meryans built their settlements between the Volga and the Oka several hundred years before our era. According to the assumption of some historians, later this people assimilated with the East Slavic tribes and became the progenitor of the Mari people.
An even more ancient people was the Muroma, who lived in the Oka basin.
As for the Chud, this people lived along the Onega and the Northern Dvina. There is an assumption that these were the ancient Finnish tribes from which modern Estonians descended.
Settlement regions
The Finno-Ugric group of peoples today is concentrated in the north-west of Europe: from Scandinavia to the Urals, the Volga-Kama, the West Siberian Plain in the lower and middle reaches of the Tobol.
The only people who formed their own state at a considerable distance from their brethren are the Hungarians living in the Danube basin in the Carpathian Mountains.
The most numerous Finno-Ugric people in Russia are the Karelians. In addition to the Republic of Karelia, many of them live in Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Tver and Leningrad regions countries.
Most of Mordovians live in the Republic of Mordva, but many of them settled in neighboring republics and regions of the country.
In the same regions, as well as in Udmurtia, Nizhny Novgorod, Perm and other regions, Finno-Ugric peoples can also be found, especially a lot of Mari here. Although their main backbone lives in the Republic of Mari El.
The Komi Republic, as well as nearby regions and autonomous regions- the place of permanent residence of the Komi people, and in the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug and the Perm region live from the closest "relatives" - the Komi-Permyaks.
More than a third of the population of the Udmurt Republic are ethnic Udmurts. In addition, small communities in many nearby regions.
As for the Khanty and Mansi, their main part lives in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. In addition, large communities of Khanty live in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Tomsk Region.
Appearance type
Among the ancestors of the Finno-Ugric peoples were both ancient European and ancient Asian tribal communities, therefore, in the appearance of modern representatives, one can observe features inherent in both the Mongoloid and Caucasoid races.
common features to hallmarks representatives this ethnic group refer average height, very blond hair, broad-cheeked face with upturned nose.
At the same time, each nationality has its own “variations”. For example, Erzya Mordvins are much taller than average, but at the same time they are pronounced blue-eyed blondes. But the Moksha Mordvins, on the contrary, are undersized, and their hair color is darker.
The Udmurts and the Mari are the owners of the "Mongolian type" of eyes, which makes them related to the Mongoloid race. But at the same time, the vast majority of representatives of the nationality are fair-haired and light-eyed. Similar facial features are also found among many Izhors, Karelians, Vodi, Estonians.
But the Komi can be both dark-haired owners of slanting eyes, and fair-haired with pronounced Caucasoid features.
Quantitative composition
In total, about 25 million people belonging to the Finno-Ugric peoples live in the world. The most numerous of them are Hungarians, of which there are more than 15 million. Finns are almost three times less - about 6 million, and the number of Estonians is a little more than a million.
The number of other nationalities does not exceed a million: Mordvins - 843 thousand; Udmurts - 637 thousand; Mari - 614 thousand; Ingrians - a little over 30 thousand; kvens - about 60 thousand; vyru - 74 thousand; setu - about 10 thousand, etc.
The smallest ethnic groups are the Livs, whose number does not exceed 400 people, and the Vot, whose community consists of 100 representatives.
An excursion into the history of the Finno-Ugric peoples
About the origin and ancient history peoples belonging to the Finno-Ugric, there are several versions. The most popular of them is the one that suggests the presence of a group of people who spoke the so-called Finno-Ugric parent language, and until about the 3rd millennium BC, remained united. This Finno-Ugric group of peoples lived in the Urals and the western Urals. In those days, the ancestors of the Finno-Ugric peoples kept in touch with the Indo-Iranians, as evidenced by all sorts of myths and languages.
Later, a single community broke up into Ugric and Finno-Perm. The Baltic-Finnish, Volga-Finnish and Perm language subgroups subsequently emerged from the second. Separation and isolation continued until the first centuries of our era.
Scientists consider the region located on the border of Europe with Asia in the interfluve of the Volga and Kama, the Urals, to be the homeland of the ancestors of the Finno-Ugric peoples. At the same time, the settlements were at a considerable distance from each other, which, perhaps, was the reason that they did not create their own single state.
The main occupations of the tribes were agriculture, hunting and fishing. The earliest references to them are found in documents from the time of the Khazar Khaganate.
For many years, the Finno-Ugric tribes paid tribute to the Bulgar khans, were part of the Kazan Khanate and Rus'.
In the XVI-XVIII centuries, the territory of the Finno-Ugric tribes began to be settled by thousands of migrants from various regions of Rus'. The owners often resisted such an invasion and did not want to recognize the power of the Russian rulers. The Mari resisted especially fiercely.
However, despite the resistance, gradually the traditions, customs and language of the "newcomers" began to crowd out the local speech and beliefs. Assimilation intensified during subsequent migration, when the Finno-Ugric peoples began to move to various regions of Russia.
Finno-Ugric languages
Initially, there was a single Finno-Ugric language. As the group divided and various tribes settled further and further from each other, it changed, broke up into separate dialects and independent languages.
Until now, the Finno-Ugric languages have been preserved as large nations(Finns, Hungarians, Estonians), and small ethnic groups(Khanty, Mansi, Udmurts, etc.). Yes, in primary school row Russian schools, where representatives of the Finno-Ugric peoples study, study the Sami, Khanty and Mansi languages.
Komi, Mari, Udmurts, Mordovians can also learn the languages of their ancestors, starting from the middle classes.
Other peoples who speak Finno-Ugric languages, they can also speak dialects similar to the main languages of the group they belong to. For example, Bessermen communicate in one of the dialects Udmurt language, Ingrian - in the eastern dialect of Finnish, Kvens speak Finnish, Norwegian or Sami.
Currently common words in all languages of the peoples belonging to the Finno-Ugric peoples, there are barely about a thousand. So, "family" relationship various peoples can be traced in the word "home", which among the Finns sounds like koti, among Estonians - kodu. “Kudu” (Mord.) and “Kudo” (Mari) have a similar sound.
Living next to other tribes and peoples, the Finno-Ugrians adopted their culture and language from them, but also generously shared their own. For example, “rich and mighty” includes such Finno-Ugric words as “tundra”, “sprat”, “salaka” and even “dumplings”.
Finno-Ugric culture
Archaeologists find cultural monuments of the Finno-Ugric peoples in the form of settlements, burials, household items and jewelry throughout the entire territory of the ethnic group. Most of the monuments belong to the beginning of our era and early medieval. Many peoples have managed to preserve their culture, traditions and customs up to the present day.
Most often, they appear in various rituals (weddings, folk holidays, etc.), dances, clothing and household arrangements.
Literature
Finno-Ugric literature is conventionally divided by historians and researchers into three groups:
- Western, which includes the works of Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian writers and poets. This literature, which was influenced by literatures European nations, has the richest history.
- Russian, the formation of which begins in the XVIII century. It includes the works of the authors of the Komi, Mari, Mordovians, Udmurts.
- Northern. The youngest group, developed only about a century ago. It includes the works of Mansi, Nenets, Khanty authors.
At the same time, all representatives of the ethnic group have a rich heritage of oral folk art. Each nationality has numerous epics and legends about the heroes of the past. One of the most famous works The national epic is the Kalevala, which tells about the life, beliefs and customs of the ancestors.
Religious preferences
Most of the peoples belonging to the Finno-Ugric peoples profess Orthodoxy. Finns, Estonians and Western Sami are Lutheran, while Hungarians are Catholic. At the same time, ancient traditions are preserved in rituals, mostly wedding ones.
But the Udmurts and Mari in some places still retain their ancient religion, just as the Samoyed and some peoples of Siberia worship their gods and practice shamanism.
Features of national cuisine
In ancient times, the main food of the Finno-Ugric tribes was fish, which was fried, boiled, dried and even eaten raw. At the same time, each type of fish had its own way of cooking.
They also used the meat of forest birds and small animals caught in snares for food. The most popular vegetables were turnips and radishes. Food was richly seasoned with spices, such as horseradish, onion, cow parsnip, etc.
Finno-Ugric peoples prepared porridges and kissels from barley and wheat. They were also used to fill homemade sausages.
Modern Finno-Ugric cuisine, heavily influenced by neighboring nations, has almost no special traditional features. But almost every nation has at least one traditional or ritual dish, the recipe of which has been brought to our days almost unchanged.
A distinctive feature of the cooking of the Finno-Ugric peoples is that in food preparation, preference is given to products grown in the place of residence of the people. But imported ingredients are used only in the smallest amount.
Save and multiply
In order to preserve cultural heritage of the Finno-Ugric peoples and the transmission of traditions and customs of their ancestors to future generations, all kinds of centers and organizations are being created everywhere.
Much attention is paid to this in the Russian Federation. One of these organizations is the non-profit association Volga Center of Finno-Ugric Peoples, established 11 years ago (April 28, 2006).
As part of its work, the center not only helps large and small Finno-Ugric peoples not to lose their history, but also acquaints other peoples of Russia with it, contributing to the strengthening of mutual understanding and friendship between them.
Notable Representatives
As in every nation, the Finno-Ugric peoples have their own heroes. A well-known representative of the Finno-Ugric people - the nanny of the great Russian poet - Arina Rodionovna, who was from the Ingrian village of Lampovo.
Also Finno-Ugric are such historical and modern personalities as Patriarch Nikon and Archpriest Avvakum (both were Mordvins), physiologist V. M. Bekhterev (Udmurt), composer A. Ya. Eshpay (Mari), athlete R. Smetanina (Komi) and many others.
1. Title
The Finno-Ugric peoples were an autochthonous population of the Oka-Volga interfluve, their tribes were Ests, all, Merya, Mordvins, Cheremis were part of the Gothic kingdom of Germanarich in the 4th century. The chronicler Nestor in the Ipatiev Chronicle indicates about twenty tribes of the Ural group (Ugrofiniv): Chud, Livs, waters, yam (Ӕm), all (even North of them on the White Lake sit Vѣt Vѣs), Karelians, Yugra, caves, Samoyeds, Perm ), cheremis, casting, zimgola, kors, nerom, mordvinians, measuring (and on Rostov ѡzere Merѧ and on Kleshchin and ѣzer sѣdѧt mѣrzh same), murom (and Ѡtsѣ rѣtsѣ where to flow into the Volga ҕzyk Svoi Murom) and Meshchery. The Muscovites called all the local tribes Chud from the indigenous Chud, and accompanied this name with irony, explaining it through Moscow weird, weird, strange. Now these peoples are completely assimilated by Russians, they have disappeared from the ethnic map of modern Russia forever, having replenished the number of Russians and leaving only a wide range of their ethnic place names.
These are all the names of the rivers with ending-wa: Moscow, Protva, Kosva, Silva, Sosva, Izva, etc. The Kama River has about 20 tributaries whose names end with na-va, means "water" in Finnish. Muscovite tribes from the very beginning felt their superiority over the local Finno-Ugric peoples. However, Finno-Ugric toponyms are found not only where these peoples today make up a significant part of the population, form autonomous republics and national districts. Their distribution area is much larger, for example, Moscow.
According to archaeological data, the settlement area of the Chud tribes in Eastern Europe remained unchanged for 2 thousand years. Beginning in the 9th century, the Finno-Ugric tribes of the European part of present-day Russia were gradually assimilated by Slavic colonists who came from Kievan Rus. This process formed the basis for the formation of modern Russian nation.
The Finno-Ugric tribes belong to the Ural-Altai group and a thousand years ago they were close to the Pechenegs, Polovtsians and Khazars, but were at a much lower level of social development than the rest, in fact, the ancestors of the Russians were the same Pechenegs, only forest. At that time they were primitive and the most backward in culturally tribes of Europe. Not only in the distant past, but even at the turn of the 1st and 2nd millennia, they were cannibals. The Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC) called them androphagi (devourers of people), and Nestor the chronicler already in the period of the Russian state - Samoyeds (Samoyed) .
The Finno-Ugric tribes of a primitive gathering and hunting culture were the ancestors of the Russians. Scientists claim that the Muscovite people received the greatest admixture Mongoloid race through the assimilation of Finno-Ugric peoples who came to Europe from Asia and partially absorbed Caucasoid admixture even before the arrival of the Slavs. A mixture of Finno-Ugric, Mongolian and Tatar ethnic components led to the ethnogenesis of Russians, which was formed with the participation of the Slavic tribes Radimichi and Vyatichi. Due to ethnic mixing with the Finns, and later the Tatars and partly with the Mongols, the Russians have an anthropological type that is different from the Kievan-Russian (Ukrainian). The Ukrainian diaspora jokes about this: "The eye is narrow, the nose is plush - completely Russian"Under the influence of the Finno-Ugric language environment, the formation of the phonetic system of Russians (akanye, gekanya, ticking) took place. Today, "Ural" features are inherent to one degree or another in all the peoples of Russia: average height, wide face, nose, referred to as "snub-nosed", sparse beard. The Mari and Udmurts often have eyes with the so-called Mongolian fold - epicanthus, they have very wide cheekbones, a liquid beard. But at the same time blond and red hair, blue and gray eyes. The Mongolian fold is sometimes found among Estonians and Karelians. Komi are different: in those places where there are mixed marriages with growing up, they are dark-haired and braced, others are more like Scandinavians, but with a slightly wider face.
According to the studies of the Meryanist Orest Tkachenko, "In the Russian people, on the maternal side associated with the Slavic ancestral home, the father was a Finn. On the paternal side, the Russians descended from the Finno-Ugric peoples." It should be noted that according to modern research In fact, the Y-chromosome halotype was the opposite - Slavic men married women of the local Finno-Ugric population. According to Mikhail Pokrovsky, the Russians are an ethnic mixture, in which the Finns belong to 4/5, and the Slavs - 1/5. , men's shirt-kosovorotka, bast shoes (bast shoes) in national costume, dumplings in dishes, the style of folk architecture (tent buildings, porch), Russian bath, sacred animal - bear, 5-tone scale of singing, a-touch and vowel reduction, pair words like stitches, paths, arms and legs, alive and well, such and such, turnover I have(instead of I, characteristic of other Slavs) a fabulous beginning "once upon a time", the absence of a mermaid cycle, carols, the cult of Perun, the presence of a cult of birch, not oak.
Not everyone knows that there is nothing Slavic in the surnames Shukshin, Vedenyapin, Piyashev, but they come from the name of the Shuksha tribe, the name of the goddess of war Vedeno Ala, the pre-Christian name Piyash. So a significant part of the Finno-Ugric peoples was assimilated by the Slavs, and some, having adopted Islam, mixed with the Turks. Therefore, today ugrofins do not make up the majority of the population, even in the republics to which they gave their name. But, having dissolved in the mass of Russians (Rus. Russians), the Ugrofins have retained their anthropological type, which is now perceived as typically Russian (Rus. Russian ) .
According to the overwhelming majority of historians, the Finnish tribes had an extremely peaceful and meek disposition. By this, Muscovites themselves explain the peaceful nature of colonization, stating that there were no military clashes, because written sources they don't remember anything like that. However, as the same V.O. Klyuchevsky notes, "in the legends of Great Russia, some vague memories of the struggle that flared up in some places survived."
3. Toponymy
Toponyms of Meryan-Yerzyans origin in Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Vologda, Tver, Vladimir, Moscow regions account for 70-80% (Veksa, Voksenga, Elenga, Kovonga, Koloksa, Kukoboy, lekht, Meleksa, Nadoksa, Nero (Inero), Nuks, Nuksha, Palenga, Peleng, Pelenda, Peksoma, Puzhbol, Pulokhta, Sara, Seleksha, Sonohta, Tolgobol, otherwise, Sheksheboy, Shehroma, Shileksha, Shoksha, Shopsha, Yakhrenga, Yahrobol(Yaroslavl region, 70-80%), Andoba, Vandoga, Vokhma, Vokhtoga, Voroksa, Lynger, Mezenda, Meremsha, Monza, Nerekhta (flicker), Neya, Notelga, Onga, Pechegda, Picherga, Poksha, Pong, Simonga, Sudolga, Toyehta, Urma, Shunga, Yakshanga(Kostroma region, 90-100%), Vazopol, Vichuga, Kineshma, Kistega, Kokhma, Ksty, Landeh, Nodoga, Paksh, Palekh, Scab, Pokshenga, Reshma, Sarokhta, Ukhtoma, Ukhtokhma, Shacha, Shizhegda, Shileksa, Shuya, Yukhma etc. (Ivanovsk region), Vokhtoga, Selma, Senga, Solokhta, Sot, Tolshmy, Shuya and others. (Vologda region), "" Valdai, Koi, Koksha, Koivushka, Lama, Maksatikha, Palenga, Palenka, Raida, Seliger, Siksha, Syshko, Talalga, Udomlya, Urdoma, Shomushka, Shosha, Yakhroma etc. (Tver region), Arsemaky, Velga, Voininga, Vorsha, Ineksha, Kirzhach, Klyazma, Koloksha, Mstera, Moloksha, Motra, Nerl, Peksha, Pichegino, Soima, Sudogda, Suzdal, Tumonga, Undol etc. (Vladimir region), Vereya, Vorya, Volgusha, Lama,
). This time we will talk about the Finno-Ugric peoples, i.e. peoples speaking Finno-Ugric languages. This branch of languages is part of the Uralic language family, the other branch of which is the Samoyedic languages (which are currently spoken by the Nenets, Enets, Nganasans and Selkups).
The Finno-Ugric languages are divided into 2 groups: Finno-Permian and Ugric. The Finno-Permian group includes the following nations: Finns (sometimes Ingrian Finns are considered an independent ethnic group), Estonians, Karelians, Veps, Izhors, Livs, Vods, Sami, Mordovians (this people actually represents two different people: Erzyans and Mokshans), Maris, Udmurts, Komi-Zyrians, Komi-Permyaks. TO Ugric group include Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi.
Currently, there are 3 independent Finno-Ugric states: Hungary, Finland and Estonia. There are several Finno-Ugric languages in Russia national autonomies, however, in all of them, the Finno-Ugric nations are inferior in number to the Russians.
The total number of Finno-Ugric peoples is 25 million people, of which more than half are Hungarians (14.5 million). Finns are second in number (6.5 million), Estonians are third (1 million). The most numerous Finno-Ugric people of Russia is the Mordovians (744 thousand).
The ancestral home of the Finno-Ugric peoples is Western Siberia, where the ancestors of modern Finno-Ugric peoples settled in Eastern Europe and the Scandinavian Peninsula. The Finno-Ugrians influenced the ethnogenesis of the Russian people, this influence is especially great on the northern Russians (the territory of the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions). Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky wrote: “Our Great Russian physiognomy does not accurately reproduce common Slavic features. Other Slavs, recognizing these features in it, however, notice some third-party admixture: namely, the high cheekbones of the Great Russian, the predominance of swarthy complexion and hair, and especially the typical Great Russian nose, resting on a broad base, with most likely put on account of the Finnish influence".
The most beautiful Finnish- model Emilia Järvela. Known as the face of the Finnish cosmetics company Lumene. Height 180 cm, figure parameters 86-60-87.
The most beautiful ingrian - Russian actress, Honored Artist Russian Federation Elena Kondulainen(born April 9, 1958, Toksovo village, Leningrad region).
The most beautiful Lapp - Berit-Anne Juuso. In 2012, she won the Hymytyttö (Girl's Smile) competition, held annually by the Finnish Internet portal hymy.fi. She was born and lives in the Finnish province of Lapland. Her father is Sami, mother is Finnish.
The most beautiful Hungarian - Catherine Schell / Catherine Schell(born July 17, 1944, Budapest) is a British actress of Hungarian origin. Real name -Katherina Freiin Schell von Bauschlott / Katherina Freiin Schell von Bauschlott. Despite German surname(inherited from her German great-grandfather), Catherine Schell is almost completely Hungarian by blood, her parents belonged to the Hungarian nobility: her father had the title of baron, and her mother was a countess.
Most famous movies with her participation: the 6th Bond film "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" (1969, the role of Nancy), "Moon 02" (1969, the role of Clementine), "The Return of the Pink Panther" (1975, the role of Lady Claudine Lytton). In the UK, the actress is best known for her role as Maya in the 1970s sci-fi series Space: 1999.
Katherine Shell in the film "Moon 02" (1969):
The most beautiful Estonian- singer (born September 24, 1988, Kohila, Estonia). Represented Estonia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013.
The most beautiful mokshanka -Svetlana Khorkina(born January 19, 1979, Belgorod) - Russian gymnast, two-time Olympic champion in uneven bars (1996, 2000), three-time absolute world champion and three-time absolute European champion. In an interview, he calls himself a Mordovian: "My parents are Mordovians, and since their blood flows in me, I consider myself a purebred Mordovian."
The most beautiful Erzyanka -Olga Kaniskina(born January 19, 1985, Saransk) - athlete, Olympic champion in 2008, the first three-time world champion in the history of race walking (2007, 2009 and 2011), European champion in 2010, two-time champion of Russia.
The most beautiful Komi Permian - Tatyana Totmyanina(born November 2, 1981, Perm) - figure skater, Olympic champion in Turin, paired with Maxim Marinin. The same pair won the World Championship twice and the European Championship 5 times.
The most beautiful Udmurt- singer Svetlana (Sveti) Ruchkina(born September 25, 1988). She is the vocalist of the Udmurt rock band Silent Woo Goore.
The most beautiful karelka - Maria Kalinina. The winner of the contest "Miss students of Finno-Ugria 2015".
