The peoples of our country. Traditions of the peoples of Russia

A lot of National composition of the population of the Russian Federation is enshrined in the first lines of the Constitution and is conditioned historical traditions left over from previous historical eras.

The documents of the last census fixed the voluntary nature national definition individual, therefore, the question "how many nationalities are there in Russia" can only receive a conditional answer.

Construction of a common house

The history of Russian statehood, which began in ancient times, is the process of formation on a vast area of ​​a social organism, consisting of very different in composition national formations. The quantitative predominance of the Russian nation largely determined the qualitative composition of the multinational formation. The real Russian mentality is characterized by natural tolerance, which was formed from the habit of living in peace with neighbors. And how many nationalities are there in Russia - those who came with formidable intentions and became one people with the Russians?! How can one not recall the history of the Kazan Khanate or nomadic peoples from the southern steppes.

Another reason for the increase in the number of peoples who gathered on one sixth of the land was the imperial policy of expanding the territory, which led to the unification under a single state formation of a huge number of "foreigners" with their own customs, languages ​​and culture. Respectful attitude of the titular nation to way of life other peoples was in many ways the basis of state unity, and how many nationalities there are in Russia can be understood by the huge variety of languages, costumes and traditions.

Ethnicity

It is human nature to strive to realize one's place in society, belonging to certain linguistic, cultural, professional, educational, religious groups. Ethnic division has always been one of the most important and habitual, nationality - one of the main categories of stratification. Appeals to return to the roots, to search for national roots are characteristic of even the most advanced and educated strata of society.

Unfortunately, the desire for national identity often takes the form of a fad, a fashion fad, or, even worse, xenophobia and chauvinism, to please the political needs of the moment. This has always been a serious danger, considering how many nationalities live in Russia. But hope remains for the minds of people, because a rare nationality can consciously declare intolerance towards other people's customs, call for the destruction of a culture born within the framework of another people.

Fifth column

A mandatory item about nationality (in the sense of belonging to a specific ethnic group) was in the Soviet passport, which was in direct accordance with the beliefs of the founder of the communist state - Lenin. Even before the revolution, in the questionnaires of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, at the direction of the leader, the column "nationality" was introduced.

Stalin became a faithful successor of the national policy, which aimed to hide interethnic problems, and solve obvious and urgent problems with an iron fist, not taking into account the diversity, how many nationalities and nationalities there are in Russia, evicting entire peoples from their usual places or creating artificial formations such as autonomous republics with complex composition . During the collapse of the USSR, this approach created huge problems in the form of interethnic conflicts, often with the use of armed force.

The Soviet document flow made the state bureaucracy a powerful force. It was easier to take into account how many nationalities live in Russia with such a document flow, although some nationalities, in particular small Finno-Ugric groups, were considered non-existent because they were not included in the list approved by the authorities.

Modern perspectives on national identity are in the nature of approaching a specific person, who himself draws conclusions about belonging to a specific ethnic group based on linguistic and cultural preferences.

Number of nations and nationalities

More than 800 answers to the census questionnaire question about nationality, but after processing the figures with the participation of ethnographers, it turned out that the names of many nations and nationalities differ only in pronunciation in various dialects.

Thus, 193 ethnic formations of various scales were identified: 145 were separate ethnic groups, and 48 were their constituent parts in the process of historical and cultural evolution. This is one of the answers to the question "how many nationalities are there in Russia". That this is only an option is clear from an analysis of the results of censuses conducted in other years. It becomes clear that the allocation of ethnic groups in a separate category or their inclusion in another entity is made at the discretion of expert ethnographers on the basis of their scientific developments.

indigenous peoples

There is another type of statistical data showing how many nationalities there are in Russia. They divide all the nationalities of Russia into three groups:

The first is large ethnic groups, most of who lives within the borders Russian state, often forming national-administrative units. A minority of these peoples live outside the Russian Federation. This group includes Russians, Tatars, Chuvashs, Komi, Yakuts, Kalmyks and others - about 100 peoples in total.

The second group is the peoples from the countries of the near abroad (former Soviet republics). Namely: Ukrainians, Belarusians, Armenians, Kazakhs, etc.

In the third group - representatives of the peoples, which are not numerous in terms of population, most of which live outside Russia: Romanians, Hungarians, Chinese, Vietnamese, etc. The total number ethnic groups the second and third categories depend on the method of calculation and range from 60 to 90. This statistics shows how many nationalities in Russia and nationalities whose representatives belong to a foreign ethnic group.

The majority of the population of Russia consider themselves Russians - 81%, this is 111 million people. In addition to them, there are six more nationalities that number more than 1 million people: Tatars - 5.3 million (3.72%), Ukrainians - 1.92 million (1.35%), Bashkirs 1.58 million (1.11% ), Chuvash 1.43 (1.01%), Chechens - 1.41 million (1.0%) and Armenians - 1.1 million (0.83%).

Geographic ethnography

History of the Russian Empire, history Soviet Union, today's period is an endless process of interaction between large and small ethnic entities, resettlement of peoples, migration and re-emigration. And how many nationalities in Russia have experienced cataclysms of various scales in their history at the behest of the authorities?

As a result, there are no more or less vast areas inhabited by representatives of one nation on the map of Russia, there are areas with a relatively homogeneous national composition and areas that are a motley mixture of customs and languages. The latter can be safely attributed to the Middle Volga and North Caucasus. Using their example, one can imagine how many nationalities live in Russia, if, say, in small developed mountainous areas, speakers of several dialects belonging to different language families coexist.

language tree

It is the language, and not a typical way of life for a group of people or similar external signs, is a defining category for the nationality. How many nationalities in Russia - almost the same number of languages! That is, no one knows a definite answer, and every linguist and ethnographer has his own special opinion. This is as true as the fact that language is like a living organism: it changes, develops or withers away. Science knows many dead languages.

The number of only language families is striking, to which scientists include dialects spoken by Russians, there are 14 of them. This is like the number of branches extending from a single trunk, and smaller branches extend from them, the number of languages ​​is comparable to the number of leaves, and in the case of languages throughout Russia, according to a number of scientists, this figure is approaching two hundred.

Conclusion

Even world-famous scientists, linguists, ethnographers, and sociologists consider the most reasonable answer to the question of how many nationalities and languages ​​there are in Russia - more than a hundred. But just reasonable people add that the point is not in quantity, but in the fact that common house enough room for happy life to all peoples, and the smallest of them would feel like a part of a friendly family.

As a child, my mother and I learned Barto's poem. The same one where it was said about twenty-five braids of an Uzbek woman. A Yakut boy was also mentioned there - and it immediately became clear that there were many peoples in the USSR. And I asked myself: what peoples live in modern Russia and how many are there?

How many peoples live in Russia

Even after reading the most important law of our country - the Constitution, one can come across the phrase that The Russian Federation is a multinational country. But the exact number of peoples there, of course, is not indicated.

We can learn it only from the All-Russian census. According to the latest data from 2010, About 190 peoples live on the territory of the country.

However, it should be borne in mind that this number may not be 100% accurate - after all, 7% of the population did not take part in this survey, which means that there may be even more of them.

What peoples live in Russia

It would be too stupid to list such a large list here - it would take a long time to write it, and even more so to read it. But I will list the most numerous peoples of our country:

Traditions of the peoples of Russia

Each nation has its own traditions features that have evolved over the years.

Everyone remembers the Buranovsky grandmothers who conquered Eurovision? They are representatives Udmurt people. Unusual costumes of performers with beautiful embroidery are traditional for the Udmurts.

At archintsev, living on the territory of Dagestan, There is a funny New Year's tradition. Instead of beads, balls and tinsel, they wrap the Christmas tree in sheepskin coats. And instead of round dances, they dance around the lezginka tree.

Very few Khanty and Mansi tribes remain. Their culture is very closely connected with nature. According to these nationalities, a person should not thoughtlessly take away wealth from nature, he should treat it with respect and care.

To be honest, each of us should learn this.

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I have very beautiful girlfriend with swarthy coppery skin, thick black hair resting on his shoulders, and brown-brown eyes, into which you can look endlessly. Her father is Uzbek, and her mother is Russian. Millions of people live in Russia, identifying themselves as different peoples. Every day, representatives of various peoples in our country coexist peacefully and develop successfully.

The peoples inhabiting our vast country

Russia is a multinational country, its history is closely intertwined with the history of the peoples inhabiting it, it is a place of unification of hundreds of millions of people with different skin color, body structure, eye color. Tatars coexist with Russians, Mari with Udmurts, Yakuts with Buryats, etc. Our country is literally dotted with numerous nationalities (more than 190), which have their own traditions, customs, spiritual and life principles.

The diversity of the peoples of Russia is determined, first of all, by its long history, as well as a peculiar geographical position, suggesting since ancient times close relationships between peoples.

Some peoples of Russia, rare and interesting

In the Russian Federation, there are quite a lot of peoples with a small number, however, with an exciting and fascinating history filled with ups and downs, misfortunes and joy.

Here are some of them:

• Finns and Ingrian Finns. They live mainly in Leningrad region, the Republic of Karelia and Western Siberia. During Soviet power many representatives of the people were repressed, and many of them died during the Great Patriotic War.
• Nanais are the indigenous people of Russia, living in the Far East (the banks of the Amur). Nanais - representatives Mongoloid race, characterized by narrow almond-shaped eyes and wide beautiful lips. The clothes of the people are distinguished by pretentiousness and bright colors. Personally, I really like her!

• Pomors are a small people of the north of our country, living on the shores of the White Sea. In ancient times, they were famous as excellent sailors who sailed to Svalbard and Novaya Zemlya.

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The Russian Federation is a large state and, at the same time, multinational. I think it's obvious given the number of countries we border on and geographical position our state. About 190 peoples live on our territory, and I want to analyze the most interesting of them for me.

Avars as residents of Russia

This people is one of the indigenous in the Caucasus. They live on the territory of Dagestan and in Eastern Georgia. It is considered the most numerous of all the peoples of Dagestan. But why are they called "Avars"? It is believed that in honor of the ancient Avars who lived in this territory in distant years. About 1.2 million representatives live in Russia given people. We can distinguish the main regions in Russia where you can meet the Avars:

• Dagestan;
• Chechnya;
• Kalmykia.

With the territory of settlement, everything is clear, now let's move on to the language. There is a language - Avar, which, in turn, has dialects. Although this people communicates, both in their native language and in Russian.

Russian people - Kabardians

Another interesting people, which is located in the Middle East and on the territory of Russia. The main regions dominated by given population, is the Stavropol and Krasnodar Territories. national language they can be considered Kabardino-Circassian, but they also know our Russian. Large numbers of Kabardians are also found in Turkey (twice as many as in Russia). In our territories, the number of people who belong to the Kabardians is about 515 thousand people.

Mari representatives in Russia

The Mari are a Finno-Ugric people who live in Russia (mainly in the Republic of Mari El). Half of the world's population of this nation is located in our country. Their number is 557 thousand people. The Mari are divided into groups:

• mountainous (left bank of the Volga);
• meadow (Volga-Vyatka interfluve);
• Eastern (immigrants from previous groups).

The main language of communication is Mari and Mountain Mari. By the way, in religious terms, the Mari profess Orthodoxy.

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Every day I leave home and go to work, to the store or just for a walk, I am faced with the fact that a large number of people on the streets of the city has a wide variety of nationalities. I think you also noticed this feature, especially if, like me, you live in one of the megacities of Russia, for example, in Moscow or St. Petersburg. Today I will try to answer your question: What peoples live in Russia?».

Peoples living in Russia

No wonder they say that Russia is a multinational country I completely agree with this expression. I myself have enough friends and acquaintances, colleagues and even relatives who are representatives of other countries and peoples. The good news is that if you believe their words, then we can conclude that the attitude of the indigenous people towards them in the vast majority of cases is extremely friendly. My Ukrainian neighbor says that he does not feel any sidelong glances at his work even after the conflict between our countries. And this is definitely pleasing, since my personal opinion is this - all people, regardless of race or religion, should live in complete peace and harmony, we are people, not savages! I also noticed a trend that people in Lately started actively become friends, and at the present time in one company of people you can often see representatives several nationalities at once.

Representatives of various nations with whom I communicate

Given that the percentage of Russian people living in Russia is about 80%, also lives in our country over 190 other nationalities. I have no desire to Once again to write out official statistics, I’d better try to tell by my own example who I personally have to deal with almost every day while living in Moscow.

• Azerbaijanis. Two large wonderful families of this people live in two neighboring apartments on my floor, I often greet and communicate with them.

• Ukrainians. One of my neighbors is Ukrainian, as are five of my colleagues. With all only positive communication.

• Armenians. Extremely pleasant and polite people, who have always been famous for their hospitality.

• Bashkirs. Being classmates in the past, we are still happy to keep in touch.

• Chechens. I have several distant relatives of representatives of this people. We communicate with pleasure.

I want to wish all readers to be wiser and think with their own heads, and not public opinion often imposed on us by politicians. Remember - there are no bad or good nations, there are only bad and good people!

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For a long time I lived in the student district of the city of Kuibyshev. (This is the one in Siberia). And during that period, I was surprised by the numerous students with a narrow slit of the eyes. Since I was little and knew only the basics of geography, I called them Chinese. In fact, they were residents of Kazakhstan. Later, having learned about different nationalities, I thought about who else lives in Russia besides Russians.

National composition of the Russian Federation

The abundance of peoples in Russia is associated with a vast territory. The country waged wars, negotiations for hundreds of years, annexed new territories, lost cities. Since then, the national composition has become motley and heterogeneous. In percentage terms, most Russians. Less than half are Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens, Armenians, Kazakhs and others.

Ethnos

All peoples living on the territory of Russia belong to nine language families.

1. indo-european,
2. kartvelian,
3. Ural-Yukaghir,
4. Altai,
5. Eskimo-Aleutian,
6. North Caucasian,
7. Yenisei,
8. Sino-Tibetan,
9. Chukchi-Kamchatka.

These families are divided into innumerable groups. They are often classified according to where they live. Most of the inhabitants of Russia and Europe belong to the Indo-European family, and the rest are few.

Places of residence of different peoples

Majority Tatars And Chuvash lives in the Volga region, as it was already noted by a previous commenter. Bashkirs are numerous in the Altai Territory, Tyumen. Ukrainians, Belarusians live evenly throughout the territory of Russia, and caucasian peoples live mainly in the southern part of Russia. After the census, it was noticed that there is no city with people of the same nationality in the country. They are all mixed.

Do you know how many nationalities there are in the world? The answer to this question is not as easy as it seems at first glance. There are quite a few contradictions in the understanding of the very term "nationality". What is this? Language community? Citizenship? This article will be devoted to bringing some clarity to the problems of the nationalities of the world. And we will also consider which ethnic groups give rise to beauties and attractive men. Naturally, nationalities can disappear, assimilate. Yes, and an individual in our age of globalization can be a product of a mixture of different ethnic groups. And often it is difficult for a person to answer the question of who he is by nationality. But if we talk about large groups of people, then here we can isolate several factors by which ethnicity is determined.

Citizenship and nationality

First, not all powers are monolithic in the ethnic composition of their population. And even if we do not take into account the presence of migrants, the so-called "citizens of the first generation", even then it cannot be said that there are one hundred and ninety-two nationalities of the world. The list of states (namely, how many of them are on the political map) does not give us an idea of numerous ethnic groups inhabiting these same countries. For example, representatives of more than one hundred and eighty nationalities live in the Russian Federation. And the North and South Korea inhabits one people, separated by a demarcation line due to political strife. There is the concept of "American nation", but it is extremely motley in ethnic composition. The same can be said about Australia, New Zealand and Canada, whose lands were settled by emigrants from all over the world. At the same time, even in such a seemingly monolithic country as Poland, there are Silesians, Kashubians, Lemkos and other groups.

Language and nationality

One of the markers by which one can determine a person's belonging to a particular people is his language. During the census, this factor is put at the forefront. If we are guided by this marker, then the question of how many nationalities in the world can be answered: from two and a half to five thousand. Why such a huge spread in numbers? Because we are faced with a new difficulty: what is language? Is it a dialect, a dialect used by a certain ethnic community? But it is also not entirely correct to determine the nationality of a person by language. After all, not all Jews know Hebrew. A almost died, and now the government is making incredible efforts to revive it. Residents of the "Green Island" speak English, but they do not consider themselves British.

Appearance and nationality

An even more shaky way is to define ethnic background individual according to his physiological characteristics. What can we say about a person's appearance? If he has blond hair and Blue eyes, then he can equally successfully turn out to be both a Swede and a Russian or a Pole. You can, of course, talk about the Scandinavian, Mediterranean, Latin American, but all this does not give us an idea of ​​\u200b\u200bhow a representative of the “titular nation” should look like. Moreover, with the dominant gene of brunettes, blondes gradually “die out”. The nationalities of the world, whose representatives inhabited the lands formerly known as the countries of the fair-haired people (Bulgaria, the states on the Balkan Peninsula, Italy, Georgia), after the Turkish conquest noticeably "darkened". So it is not possible to determine the ethnic group in appearance. Although, of course, there are certain facial features that are often found in representatives of a particular nationality.

Formation of ethnic groups

All nationalities of the world in their historical development have passed long haul. Ancient tribes entered into military-trade alliances among themselves and long time lived in close proximity. From this, certain differences were erased, dialects converged, forming one language. It can be cited as an example of the ancient Romans. In addition to the Latins who inhabited the regions along the banks of the Tiber, Veneti, Avzones, Lukans, Osci, Messaps, Piceni, Umbers and Falisci took part in the formation of the people. And their dialects still exist! The vast Roman Empire, which included many nationalities, collapsed in the Middle Ages. Latin - official language ancient state- gave impetus to the formation of Romance languages: Italian, French, Spanish. Awareness of the multitude by one community within the state generates a nation.

natural assimilation

Not all nationalities of the countries of the world have survived to this day. A smaller nationality, surrounded by a larger one, risks losing its identity, especially if it is included in a state where this largest nationality is considered the “titular nation”. This is what happened in the USSR. The first census, conducted in 1926, found that 178 nationalities live in the state. In 1956, there were only 109 of them. And there were 91 large nationalities, which included more than ten thousand people. Thus, in less than thirty years, the number of ethnic groups has significantly decreased. Of course, not everyone became Russian. Adjarians, Laz, Svans and Mingrelians began to associate themselves with Georgians; Kuramins, Turks and Kipchaks began to consider themselves Uzbeks. Thus, if the cultural characteristics of small peoples are not maintained, there is a serious risk that they will disappear.

Forced assimilation

Sometimes governments, wary of separatist sentiments, pursue a policy aimed at the deliberate destruction of nationality as such. They do not kill members of an ethnic minority, but carry out targeted assimilation measures. For example, in Poland after the Second World War, all Lemkos were taken out of their places of compact residence and settled in small groups in other regions of the country. In the south of France for a long time schoolchildren were punished if they began to speak the local Occitan dialect. Only since the eighties of the twentieth century, under pressure from the public, optional courses were opened to study the almost disappeared dialect. Since the small nationalities of the world are already inclined to dissolve into large ones, it is a violation of human rights to assimilate them by force.

How many nationalities are there in the world?

Nobody knows. According to various sources, the nationalities of the peoples of the world can number from four and a half to six thousand. The total number of languages ​​and dialects ranges from two and a half to five thousand. But there are still tribes that do not make contact with civilized world(the so-called un-contacted people). How many such tribes are still found in Africa, the Amazon Valley? It is also rather difficult to define the line between ethnos, nationality and nationality. But there is another opinion about larger communities. It is believed that the nation is a purely political construct. This theory is gaining more and more supporters in modern society.

Beautiful nationalities of the world: list

Assimilation, of course, can lead to the disappearance of an ethnic group. But mixing blood only improves the gene pool. The so-called mestizos have always amazed with their beauty and talents. Let us recall at least the Russian poet A. S. Pushkin, in whose veins Slavic and African blood flowed. If we are not talking about certain individuals, but about large groups people, the same relationship can be traced here. The most beautiful community is the one in which they are mixed, as in a crucible, different nationalities peace. So, the countries of Latin America amaze with an abundance of beauties and angelic men. After all, locals took part in the formation of Costa Ricans, Brazilians and Colombians Indian tribes, Spaniards and Africans. citizens former USSR also not bad-looking, since many of them were born as a result of mixed interethnic marriages.

Where do the most beautiful girls live?

This question worries not only the representatives of the stronger sex. Of course, everyone has their own standard of beauty, but are Miss Universe contests held? Let's do a little statistical analysis to find out in which country the most beautiful women in the world are most often found. The nationality of the charming winner is not taken into account by the jury members. But we will count charming girl representative of the "titular nation".

So, according to surveys made by various men's and women's magazines, Brazilian women are in first place in terms of beauty. After all, this Latin American country is real. Here you can meet both an irresistible blonde and a charming black woman. Many immigrants from Asia gave the Brazilians the languor of the Japanese orchid and almond-shaped eyes. If you like tall blondes, then feel free to follow them to Sweden. In third place are the Argentines. The fourth position is held by Ukrainians, and the fifth by Russians.

Where do the most beautiful men in the world live by nationality?

A selection of super attractive macho different countries made a portal for tourists Travelers Digest. He did his own research to properly guide single ladies to romantic getaway. What happened? What nationalities of the world gave birth to more Apollos?

The portal warns that it evaluated not only the external data of men, but also their upbringing, intelligence level, and the ability to care for a lady. The leaders in this list are the Swedes, residents of New York and Amsterdam. The top ten included the Portuguese, Argentines, Australians, Spaniards, Germans, Italians and Israelis. But girls often notice that the portal is wrong. In their opinion, residents of Latin American countries, Spaniards, Italians and Turks are more attractive.

Russia is rich not only in amazing natural monuments, beautiful architectural structures and other wonderful sights. It also has a multinational composition of the indigenous population. At the beginning of this decade, more than two hundred diverse nationalities were officially attested. The country has about 145 million residents who live in it permanently, of which the largest group is Russians, there are 116 million people in Russia, which is 80% of the total population.

It is worth adding that the national composition of our country is not some kind of static indicator, it is constantly changing under the influence of various processes (migrations, wars, resettlement, etc.).

Russia ranks 7th in the world in terms of population and 2nd in terms of density, second only to the United States of America. 1/5 of the population of our country lives in 13 largest cities countries. 7 peoples living in Russia have a population exceeding a million people.

Indo-European group

This vast group includes two subgroups: the Slavic, which is the most numerous, and a group of other peoples. The Slavic group includes Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles. The peoples of other groups include Jews, Ossetians, Armenians and Germans.

From time immemorial, the Central regions of the country, the North-West and the European North were considered Russian regions, but Russians live everywhere.

The Ukrainian nationality in Russia is slightly more than 2% of the total population (4 million 360 thousand people). Ukrainians take their origin from the Circassians. The main thing in the diet of this nationality is flour (dumplings, donuts, dumplings) and vegetable (borscht, cabbage soup) food, as well as cereals (favorite ones are buckwheat and wheat). Of the meat products, pork and lard are the most common. On all holidays, Ukrainians dress up in national sundresses and embroidered shirts.

Belarusians make up about 1% of the population of our country. This nationality is the descendants of the ancient Wends, who settled in the territory of the present Smolensk, Vitebsk, Pskov, Minsk and Mogilev regions. The table of Belarusians has long consisted of milk, cabbage, cottage cheese, eggs, peas, beans, rye bread, in general, everything that can be prepared from products household. Indigenous Belarusians are distinguished by small stature, sunken eyes, a dense physique, a round face framed by blond hair.

The number of Poles in Russia is about 70 thousand people. This nationality is characterized by undersized representatives. Traditionally, on great holidays, Poles wear their national clothes: striped skirts, aprons, men's trousers made of white cloth, plain shirts and leather belts. National dishes are sourdough, zhur, barshch with the addition of sour cream, lard or butter. Often used potatoes, mushrooms, apples, homemade sausage, cheese, cottage cheese and milk. The Poles have well-developed folk crafts: carving, embroidery, painting on glass surfaces, ceramics, weaving, sculpture and weaving.

There are Jews in Russia about 0.5% of the total population of the country. "Russian Jews" are distinguished by a small religiosity compared to the indigenous population of Israel. Jews have an elongated nose with a curved tip, which betrays their belonging to this nation. They are distinguished by a cheerful disposition, stress resistance, and a good mind.

About 515 thousand Ossetians live in our country, which is 1.8% of the country's population. They are mainly located in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Karachay-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria. This nationality is considered the descendants of the Alans. Ossetians mostly have dark eyes and hair, dark skin tone, high growth. In food, these people are quite moderate, the diet mainly consists of wheat, barley, corn, cheese, millet and milk, meat is consumed on holidays.

Armenians make up more than 4% of the total population of the Russian Federation, which is approximately 1 million 150 thousand people. The Armenian family is characterized by a large number with a clear definition of the rights and obligations of its members. Traditional food is cereals, from which lavash is baked, butter cookies, noodles are made, porridges and pilaf are made. Of the dairy products, the most popular are a variety of cheeses, buttermilk, milk, matsun.

The German nation in Russia is 2.1% (843 thousand). Germans are characterized by a small family with one or two children. There is a lot of severity in the appearance of representatives of this nationality, they are silent and inhospitable, but at the same time neat, friendly and practical.

Altai group

This group is divided into two subgroups: the Turkic, which has about 11 million people in our country, and the Mongolian, whose representatives in Russia are about 800 thousand. The Turkic group is represented by such peoples as: Tatars, Kazakhs, Chuvashs, Azerbaijanis, Bashkirs, Yakuts and Tuvans. The Mongolian group includes Kalmyks and Buryats.

Tatars are the most numerous, after the Russians, nationality in the Russian Federation, they make up 3.8% of the total strength of the country, that is, approximately 5.5 million people. Tatars are distinguished by their bright appearance: brown eyes, dark hair, well-defined cheekbones, a wide nose, narrowed eyes. This people is hospitable, hardworking and clean, but they are also characterized by stubbornness and indifference.

There are more than 655 thousand Kazakhs. They live mainly in Western Siberia, Lower Volga and in the south of the Urals. Traditionally, Kazakhs are engaged in livestock breeding (cattle, sheep, goats, camels). It is customary for women to work with wool, and for men - with jewelry, leather, wood and metal.

The number of Chuvash in our country is 1.2%. The Chuvash are traditionally employed in the agricultural sector, but now many representatives of this nationality are employed in the service sector, culture and trade.

Azerbaijanis live in the Republic of Dagestan, there are 4.5% of them there. total number residents of this republic. The traditional occupation of Azerbaijanis is horticulture, agriculture and viticulture, common crafts are leather work, jewelry production, and the manufacture of objects from copper.

Bashkirs live mainly in the Republic of Bashkortostan, which is part of the Russian Federation. There are approximately 1 million 670 thousand people. They have a memorable appearance: a straight wide nose, a protruding chin, a large head, and short stature.

The Yakuts have a population of 444 thousand people and live predominantly in the Republic of Sakha. Here the proportion of the urban population is low, since the traditional occupation of the Yakuts is agriculture and other agricultural activities. The inhabitants live in small villages.

The nationality of Tuvans in our country is about 223 thousand inhabitants, mostly living in the Republic of Tuva.

Buryatov has about 460 thousand people, they are settled in the Republic of Buryatia. Folk crafts - fishing, hunting, livestock breeding, agriculture.

Kalmyks settled in the Republic of Kalmykia, Rostov, Astrakhan, Orenburg and Volgograd regions, there are 147 thousand of them.

Ural group

This family includes Finnish and Ugric group. Finnish consists of representatives of the Mordovians, Komi, Mari, Karelians, Udmurts. And Ugric - Mansi and Khanty.

Mordva lives in the Republics of Mordovia, Chuvashia, Bashkiria, in the Ulyanovsk, Samara, Orenburg and Penza regions, the population is 1 million 720 thousand people. The occupations of the representatives of the Mordovians are not much different from the Russians; agriculture is given priority.

There are almost 605 thousand Maris in the population of Russia. They have been busy growing oats, hemp, rye, barley, buckwheat, carrots, onions, flax, turnips, hops and potatoes since ancient times.

The number of Karelians in the Russian Federation is approximately 100 thousand people. traditional crafts Karelians favor weaving, hunting, fishing, embroidery, reindeer herding. national drink- turnip kvass.

There are 637 thousand Udmurts in our country. The national clothes of this people are very bright, painted. However, in holidays Udmurts wear exclusively white outfits. The territory of the Udmurts is perfect for growing all kinds of grain, so this activity is predominant here.

Khanty and Mansi are representatives of the peoples of the North. The first nationality consists of 21 thousand representatives, and the second - only 7.6 thousand.

caucasian group

This group included representatives of the peoples of Dagestan, Ingush, Chechens, Georgians, Kabardians.

The Ingush number 411 thousand people, whose main occupation is agriculture, growing grapes, tea, honey production, gardening. In addition, breeding of horses and cattle is common.

The number of Chechens is more than 1 million 300 thousand people. They live in auls, eat wheat stew, home-made bread, corn porridge, urek and barbecue. They are engaged in the manufacture of carpets, shoes and clothes, cloth and felt.

More than half a million Kabardians live in our country. Here the etiquette of communication between elders and younger generations, women and men. From time immemorial, Kabardian men have been considered excellent warriors; national clothes contain many devices for carrying weapons and ammunition. Women's clothing distinguished by long closed dresses and high headdresses.

There are 131 thousand Georgians in the Russian Federation. Positive traits of their character are hospitality, friendliness, tact and tolerance.

Welcome to Russia!!!

The 2002 census confirmed that the Russian Federation is one of the most multinational states world - representatives of over 160 nationalities live in the country. During the census, the implementation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in terms of free self-determination of nationality was ensured. During the census, more than 800 different variants of the population's responses to the question of nationality were received.

The seven peoples inhabiting Russia - Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens and Armenians - have a population of more than 1 million people. Russians are the most numerous nationality, their number was 116 million people (about 80% of the country's inhabitants).

For the first time after the 1897 census, the number of people who identified themselves as Cossacks (140 thousand people) was obtained, and also for the first time after the 1926 census, the number of people who called themselves Kryashens was obtained (about 25 thousand people). About 1.5 million people did not indicate their nationality.

The population of Russia by national composition

79.8% (115,868.5 thousand) are Russians;

1% (1457.7 thousand) - nationality is not specified;

19.2% (27838.1) are other nationalities. Of them:

All the peoples inhabiting our country can be divided into three groups:

• The first is ethnic groups, most of which live in Russia, and outside of it they make up only small groups(Russians, Chuvashs, Bashkirs, Tatars, Komi, Yakuts, Buryats, etc.). They, as a rule, form national-state units.
• The second group is those peoples of the countries of the “near abroad” (i.e., the republics of the former USSR), as well as some other countries that are represented on the territory of Russia by significant groups, in some cases by compact settlement (Ukrainians, Belarusians, Kazakhs, Armenians, Poles , Greeks, etc.).
• And, finally, the third group is formed by small divisions of ethnic groups, most of them living outside of Russia (Romanians, Hungarians, Abkhazians, Chinese, Vietnamese, Albanians, etc.).

Thus, about 100 peoples (the first group) live mainly on the territory of Russia, the rest (representatives of the second and third groups) live mainly in the countries of the "near abroad" or other states of the world, but are still an essential element of the population of Russia.

The peoples living in Russia (representatives of all three groups identified earlier) speak languages ​​​​that belong to different language families . The most numerous of them are representatives of four language families: Indo-European (89%), Altaic (7%), North Caucasian (2%) and Uralic (2%).

Indo-European family

The most numerous in Russia - Slavic group, including Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, and others. Originally Russian regions are the territories of the European North, North-West and central regions Russia, but they live everywhere and prevail in most regions (in 77 out of 88 regions), especially in the Urals, southern Siberia and the Far East. Among other peoples of this language group Ukrainians stand out (2.9 million people - 2.5%), Belarusians (0.8 million)

Thus, it can be argued that, first of all, Slavic state(the share of Slavs over 85%) and the largest Slavic state in the world.

The second largest among Indo-European family German group (Germans).Since 1989, their number has decreased from 800 to 600 thousand people as a result of emigration to.

Iranian group - Ossetians. Their number has increased from 400 to 515 thousand largely as a result of emigration from the territory as a result of the armed conflict in South Ossetia.

In addition to those listed Indo-European family other peoples are also represented in Russia: Armenians ( Armenian group); Moldovans and Romaniansroman group ) and etc.

Altai family

The largest Turkic group in the Altai family (11.2 million people out of 12), which includes Tatars, Chuvashs, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Yakuts, Shors, Azerbaijanis, and others. Representatives of this group - the Tatars - are the second largest people in Russia after the Russians.

The largest Turkic peoples (Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs) are concentrated in the Ural-Volga region.

Other Turkic peoples settled in the south of Siberia (Altaians, Shors, Khakasses, Tuvans) up to Far East(Yakuts).

The third area of ​​settlement Turkic peoples- (, Karachays, Balkars).

The Altai family also includes: (Buryats, Kalmyks);Tungus-Manchu group(Evens, Nanais, Ulchis, Udeges, Orochs),

Ural family

The largest of this family Finno-Ugric group, which includes Mordvins, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Finns, Hungarians, Saami. In addition, this family includessamoyed group( , Selkups, Nganasans),Yukagir group(). The main area of ​​residence of the peoples of the Uralic language family is the Ural-Volga region and the north of the European part of the country.

North Caucasian family

North Caucasian family represented mainly by the peoplesNakh-Dagestan group(Chechens, Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Ingush, etc.) andAbkhaz-Adyghe group(Kabardians, Abaza). The peoples of this family live more compactly, mainly in the North Caucasus.

Representatives also live in Russia Chukchi-Kamchatka family( , Itelmens); Eskimo-Aleut family( , Aleuts); Kartvelian family() and peoples of other language families and peoples (Chinese, Arabs, Vietnamese, etc.).

The languages ​​of all the peoples of Russia are equal, but the language of interethnic communication is Russian.

Russia, being a multinational republic in its own way state structure, is a federation built according to the national-territorial principle. The federal structure of the Russian Federation is based on its state integrity, the unity of the system state power, delimitation of subjects of jurisdiction and powers between state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of subjects of the Russian Federation, equality and self-determination of peoples in the Russian Federation (Constitution of the Russian Federation, 1993). The Russian Federation consists of 88 subjects, of which 31 are national entities (republics, autonomous regions, autonomous regions). total area national formations makes up 53% of the territory of the Russian Federation. At the same time, only about 26 million people live here, of which almost 12 million are Russians. At the same time, many peoples of Russia are dispersed in different regions of Russia. As a result, a situation has arisen where, on the one hand, part of the peoples of Russia are settled outside their national formations, and, on the other hand, within many national formations, the share of the main or “titular” (which gave the name to the corresponding formation) nation is relatively small. So, out of 21 republics of the Russian Federation, only in eight the main peoples make up the majority ( Chechen Republic, Ingushetia, Tuva, Chuvashia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Tatarstan and Kalmykia. In multi-ethnic Dagestan there are ten local peoples(Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks, Tabasarans, Nogais, Rutuls, Aguls, Tsakhurs) form 80% of the total population. Khakassia (11%) also has the lowest share of "titular" peoples (10%).

A peculiar picture of the settlement of peoples in the autonomous regions. They are very rarely populated and for many decades have attracted migrants from all the republics of the former USSR (Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Belarusians, Chechens, etc.), who came to work - to develop the richest deposits, build roads, industrial facilities and cities. As a result, the main peoples in most autonomous regions (and in the only autonomous region) make up only a small percentage of their total population. For example, in the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region- 2%, in Yamal-Nenets - 6%, Chukotsky - about 9%, etc. Only in one Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug titular peoples make up the majority (62%).

The dispersal of many peoples and their intensive contacts with other peoples, especially with Russians, contribute to their assimilation.